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Yang L, Yuan J, Liu L, Shi C, Wang L, Tian F, Liu F, Wang H, Shao C, Zhang Q, Chen Z, Qin W, Wen W. α-linolenic acid inhibits human renal cell carcinoma cell proliferation through PPAR-γ activation and COX-2 inhibition. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:197-202. [PMID: 23946803 PMCID: PMC3742629 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
ω-3 fatty acids have potential anticancer effects, and consuming food rich in ω-3 fatty acids reduces the human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk. However, the direct effect of ω-3 fatty acids on RCC in vitro is unknown. In the present study, the effects of α-linolenic acid (ALA), an ω-3 fatty acid, were observed on cell proliferation in the RCC cell line OS-RC-2. The activity and gene expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the OS-RC-2 cells were measured by ELISA and real-time RT-PCR, respectively, following ALA treatment. ALA (20–80 μM) dose-dependently suppressed the proliferation of the OS-RC-2 cells. PPAR-γ activity and gene expression were significantly increased by ALA at 20 and 40 μM. COX-2 activity and gene expression levels were significantly decreased by ALA from 20 μM. Use of purely the PPAR-γ agonist, rosiglitazone, decreased the proliferation of the OS-RC-2 cells, while ALA induced further suppression of cell proliferation in the presence of rosiglitazone. The COX-2 inhibitor N-(3-Pyridyl)indomethacinamide induced further suppression of cell proliferation in the presence of rosiglitazone. N-(3-Pyridyl)indomethacinamide also suppressed the proliferation of the OS-RC-2 cells. In the presence of N-(3-Pyridyl)indomethacinamide, ALA and rosiglitazone further inhibited OS-RC-2 cell proliferation. In conclusion, ALA inhibits the cell proliferation of the OS-RC-2 human RCC cell line. PPAR-γ activation and COX-2 inhibition serve as two signaling pathways for the inhibitory effects of ALA on RCC cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yang
- Departments of Urology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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Kouskoumvekaki I, Petersen RK, Fratev F, Taboureau O, Nielsen TE, Oprea TI, Sonne SB, Flindt EN, Jónsdóttir SÓ, Kristiansen K. Discovery of a Novel Selective PPARγ Ligand with Partial Agonist Binding Properties by Integrated in Silico/in Vitro Work Flow. J Chem Inf Model 2013; 53:923-37. [DOI: 10.1021/ci3006148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Kouskoumvekaki
- Center for Biological Sequence
Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800
Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rasmus K. Petersen
- BioLigands, Science Park, 5230, Odense, Denmark
- Department
of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip Fratev
- Center for Biological Sequence
Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800
Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Micar 21 Ltd., 34B Persenk Str., 1407, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Olivier Taboureau
- Center for Biological Sequence
Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800
Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- UMR-S973, MTi, University Paris Diderot, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Thomas E. Nielsen
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Singapore Centre on Environmental
Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Tudor I. Oprea
- Center for Biological Sequence
Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800
Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Translational
Informatics Division, Department of Internal
Medicine, MSC09 5025, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131,
United States
| | - Si B. Sonne
- Department
of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Esben N. Flindt
- BioLigands, Science Park, 5230, Odense, Denmark
- Department
of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Svava Ósk Jónsdóttir
- Center for Biological Sequence
Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800
Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department
of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj
Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - Karsten Kristiansen
- Department
of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
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53
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Raza S, Srivastava SP, Srivastava DS, Srivastava AK, Haq W, Katti SB. Thiazolidin-4-one and thiazinan-4-one derivatives analogous to rosiglitazone as potential antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:611-20. [PMID: 23567949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A number of thiazolidin-4-one and thiazinan-4-one derivatives were prepared by three component condensation in one pot reaction method. These compounds were evaluated for anti-hyperglycemic activity by in vitro and in vivo assay systems. The compounds with thiazolidin-4-one and thiazinan-4-one moieties exhibited significant anti-hyperglycemic activity. A few compounds (3a, 3b, 4a and 4b) have exhibited both anti-hyperglycemic and anti-dyslipidemic activities. Among them the thiazinan-4-one derivative 4a showed maximal (45%) improvement in oral glucose tolerance test in db/db mice at 30 mg/kg oral dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Raza
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
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54
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Dongiovanni P, Valenti L. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor genetic polymorphisms and nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease: any role in disease susceptibility? PPAR Res 2013; 2013:452061. [PMID: 23431284 PMCID: PMC3575610 DOI: 10.1155/2013/452061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) defines a wide spectrum of liver diseases that extend from simple steatosis, that is, increased hepatic lipid content, to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a condition that may progress to cirrhosis with its associated complications. Nuclear hormone receptors act as intracellular lipid sensors that coordinate genetic networks regulating lipid metabolism and energy utilization. This family of transcription factors, in particular peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), represents attractive drug targets for the management of NAFLD and NASH, as well as related conditions such as type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. The impact on the regulation of lipid metabolism observed for PPARs has led to the hypothesis that genetic variants within the human PPARs genes may be associated with human disease such as NAFLD, the metabolic syndrome, and/or coronary heart disease. Here we review the available evidence on the association between PPARs genetic polymorphism and the susceptibility to NAFLD and NASH, and we provide a meta-analysis of the available evidence. The impact of PPAR variants on the susceptibility to NASH in specific subgroup of patients, and in particular on the response to therapies, especially those targeting PPARs, represents promising new areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dongiovanni
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Valenti
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
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55
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Bénardeau A, Verry P, Atzpodien EA, Funk JM, Meyer M, Mizrahi J, Winter M, Wright MB, Uhles S, Sebokova E. Effects of the dual PPAR-α/γ agonist aleglitazar on glycaemic control and organ protection in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 15:164-74. [PMID: 22958363 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effects of aleglitazar, a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α/γ agonist, on the development of diabetes-related organ dysfunction, in relation to glycaemic and lipid changes, in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. METHODS Six-week-old, male ZDF rats received aleglitazar 0.3 mg/kg/day or vehicle as food admix for 13 weeks (n = 10 per group). Age-matched male Zucker lean rats served as non-diabetic controls. Plasma and renal markers were measured at several time points. Histopathology and quantitative immunohistochemistry were performed at 13 weeks. RESULTS Glycated haemoglobin (5.4 vs. 9.2%) and blood glucose (8.3 ± 0.3 vs. 26.1 ± 1.0 mmol/l) were significantly reduced at 12 weeks with aleglitazar versus vehicle-treated ZDF rats (both p < 0.01), while aleglitazar preserved near-normal plasma insulin levels. Aleglitazar prevented the development of hypertriglyceridaemia (1.4 ± 0.1 vs. 8.5 ± 0.9 mmol/l) and reduced plasma non-esterified fatty acids (0.09 ± 0.02 vs. 0.26 ± 0.04 mmol/l) relative to vehicle-treated animals (both p < 0.01). Urinary glucose and protein concentrations were significantly reduced at 13 weeks with aleglitazar versus vehicle-treated rats (both p < 0.01). Consistent with its effect on glycaemic control, aleglitazar protected β-cell morphology, as evidenced by preservation of islet integrity, and reduction of β-cell apoptosis and islet fibrosis. Aleglitazar prevented renal glomerular hypertrophy, podocyte degeneration, glomerulosclerosis, tubulo-interstitial lesions and development of cataracts. CONCLUSIONS Aleglitazar strongly improved glycaemic and lipid parameters while protecting key tissues, including the pancreas, kidneys and eyes, against diabetes-associated structural and functional changes in the ZDF rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bénardeau
- pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, DTA Cardiovascular & Metabolism, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Watanabe M, Uesugi M. Small-molecule inhibitors of SREBP activation – potential for new treatment of metabolic disorders. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00177f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Santoro M, Guido C, De Amicis F, Sisci D, Vizza D, Gervasi S, Carpino A, Aquila S. Sperm metabolism in pigs: a role for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 216:1085-92. [PMID: 23155087 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.079327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear hormone receptor expressed predominantly in adipose tissue, also implicated in energy homeostasis. In this study, we used western blotting and immunofluorescence techniques to demonstrate for the first time that pig spermatozoa express PPARγ. To investigate the functional role of PPARγ in pig sperm, we evaluated its action on different events that characterize the biology of sperm cells, i.e. motility, capacitation, viability and acrosome reaction, using the PPARγ-agonist 15-deoxy-12,14-prostaglandin J2 (PGJ2). In responses to PGJ2 treatment, motility, cholesterol efflux and tyrosine phosphorylation were increased, which broadens the role of PPARγ from that previously described in the literature, as it also acts to improve sperm functionality. To further our understanding of the significance of PPARγ in pig sperm, we focused its effects on lipid and glucose metabolism. Evaluation of triglyceride content and lipase, acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and G6PDH activities suggests that PPARγ induces energy expenditure in pig spermatozoa. These data represent a meaningful advance in the field of sperm energy metabolism. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that PPARγ is expressed by pig sperm, thus improving its functionalities in terms of motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction, survival and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Santoro
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
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58
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Hung YP, Lee NY, Lin SH, Chang HC, Wu CJ, Chang CM, Chen PL, Lin HJ, Wu YH, Tsai PJ, Tsai YS, Ko WC. Effects of PPARγ and RBP4 gene variants on metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients with anti-retroviral therapy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49102. [PMID: 23145084 PMCID: PMC3492303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PPARγ and RBP4 are known to regulate lipid and glucose metabolism and insulin resistance. The influences of PPARγ (C1431T and Pro12Ala) and RBP4 (−803GA) polymorphisms on metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy were examined in this study. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study of HIV-1 infected adults with antiretroviral therapy for more than one year in the National Cheng Kung University Hospital was conducted. The gene polymorphisms were determined by quantitative PCR. Results Ninety-one patients were included in the study. Eighty-two (90.1%) patients were males with a mean age of 44.4 years. For the C1431T polymorphism in PPARγ, while patients with the T allele (48.4%) had trends toward lower rate of hypertriglyceridemia, the borderline significance together with insignificant power did not support the protective effect of the T allele against development of hypertriglyceridemia. For the Pro12Ala polymorphism in PPARγ, although patients with the Pro/Ala genotype (8.8%) had a higher level of serum LDL (138.0 vs. 111.5 mg/dl, P = 0.04) and trends toward higher rates of hypercholesterolemia and serum LDL>110 mg/dl, these variables were found to be independent of the Pro/Ala genotype in the multivariate analysis. For the −803GA polymorphism in RBP4, patients with the A allele (23.1%) more often had insulin resistance (HOMA>3.8; 33.3 vs. 8.7%, P = 0.01) and more often received anti-hypoglycemic drugs (14.3 vs. 1.4%, P = 0.04). The detrimental effect of the A allele in RBP4 −803GA polymorphism on development of insulin resistance was supported by the multivariate analysis adjusting for covariates. Conclusion The impacts of PPARγ C1431T and Pro12Ala polymorphisms on metabolism in HIV-infected patients are not significant. RBP4 −803GA polymorphism has increased risk of insulin resistance in HIV-infected patients with anti-retroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Pin Hung
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Yao Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Ching Chang
- Department of Nutrition, Chi-Mei Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Jung Wu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Division of Clinical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ming Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ju Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hui Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Research Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Sheng Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Research Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (WCK); (YST)
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center for Infection Control, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Research Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (WCK); (YST)
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Arnaiz-Villena A, Fernández-Honrado M, Areces C, Enríquez-de-Salamanca M, Abd-El-Fatah-Khalil S, Coca C, Arribas I, Algora M, Rey D. Amerindians show no association of PPAR-γ2 gene Ala12 allele and obesity: an “unthrifty” variant population genetics. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:1767-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Arnaiz-Villena
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, The Madrid Regional Blood Center, University Complutense, Pabellón 5, Planta 4. Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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60
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Ghoreishi S, Rajaian H, Sheykhzade M, Alikhani M, Rahmani H, Hajipour A, Khorvash M, Khodaei H. Pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione derivative, in male Naeini (Iranian fat-tailed) sheep. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2012.658061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy, a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, is major cause of non-inherited blindness among adults. Although diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes, we still know little about the underlying molecular mechanisms. In recent years, complex connections between important molecules and pathways in the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy, such as advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress and inflammation, have been elucidated. Biochemical, genetic and functional studies strongly indicate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), a pleiotropic transcription factor, as a primary target in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. In this issue, Song et al. detail the role of PPARγ in diabetic retinopathy-related disorders, illustrating PPARγ-mediated inhibition of diabetes-induced leukostasis and leakage, and its beneficial role in modulating inflammation, angiogenesis and apoptosis in retinal and endothelial cells. Moreover, they describe alternative treatments for diabetic retinopathy, such as plant-derived PPARγ ligands, proposing their use - in combination with standard therapies - for modulation of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Costa
- CNR, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A. Buzzati-Traverso, Naples, Italy
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62
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Tan Y, Muise ES, Dai H, Raubertas R, Wong KK, Thompson GM, Wood HB, Meinke PT, Lum PY, Thompson JR, Berger JP. Novel transcriptome profiling analyses demonstrate that selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) modulators display attenuated and selective gene regulatory activity in comparison with PPARγ full agonists. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:68-79. [PMID: 22496518 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.076679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) modulators (SPPARγMs) have been actively pursued as the next generation of insulin-sensitizing antidiabetic drugs, because the currently marketed PPARγ full agonists, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, have been reported to produce serious adverse effects among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We conducted extensive transcriptome profiling studies to characterize and to contrast the activities of 70 SPPARγMs and seven PPARγ full agonists. In both 3T3-L1 adipocytes and adipose tissue from db/db mice, the SPPARγMs generated attenuated and selective gene-regulatory responses, in comparison with full agonists. More importantly, SPPARγMs regulated the expression of antidiabetic efficacy-associated genes to a greater extent than that of adverse effect-associated genes, whereas PPARγ full agonists regulated both gene sets proportionally. Such SPPARγM selectivity demonstrates that PPARγ ligand regulation of gene expression can be fine-tuned, and not just turned on and off, to achieve precise control of complex cellular and physiological functions. It also provides a potential molecular basis for the superior therapeutic window previously observed with SPPARγMs versus full agonists. On the basis of our profiling results, we introduce two novel, gene expression-based scores, the γ activation index and the selectivity index, to aid in the detection and characterization of novel SPPARγMs. These studies provide new insights into the gene-regulatory activity of SPPARγMs as well as novel quantitative indices to facilitate the identification of PPARγ ligands with robust insulin-sensitizing activity and improved tolerance among patients with type 2 diabetes, compared with presently available PPARγ agonist drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejun Tan
- Department of Informatics and Analysis, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA
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Dekkers JF, van der Ent CK, Kalkhoven E, Beekman JM. PPARγ as a therapeutic target in cystic fibrosis. Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:283-91. [PMID: 22494945 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by a proinflammatory pulmonary condition that may result from increased infections and altered intracellular metabolism in CFTR-deficient cells. The lipid-activated transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) has well-established roles in immune cell function and inflammatory modulation and has been demonstrated to play an important role in the heightened inflammatory response in CF cells. Here, we summarize current literature describing PPARγ-dependent alterations of CF cells and discuss the potential of PPARγ ligands for treating CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna F Dekkers
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Pirat C, Farce A, Lebègue N, Renault N, Furman C, Millet R, Yous S, Speca S, Berthelot P, Desreumaux P, Chavatte P. Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs): Development of Modulators. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4027-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101360s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Pirat
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique,
Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3
Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Amaury Farce
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique,
Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3
Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Lebègue
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique,
Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3
Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Renault
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique,
Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3
Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Furman
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique
Albert Lespagnol, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex,
France
| | - Régis Millet
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique
Albert Lespagnol, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex,
France
| | - Saı̈d Yous
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique,
Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3
Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Silvia Speca
- Faculté de
Médecine, Amphis J et K, Université Lille-Nord de France, INSERM U995, Boulevard du Professeur Jules
Leclerc, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Berthelot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique,
Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3
Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Desreumaux
- Faculté de
Médecine, Amphis J et K, Université Lille-Nord de France, INSERM U995, Boulevard du Professeur Jules
Leclerc, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Laboratoire de Chimie Thérapeutique,
Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3
Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex, France
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique
Albert Lespagnol, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA 4481, 3 Rue du Professeur Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille Cedex,
France
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Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma by glitazones reduces the expression and release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human mesothelial cells. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:217696. [PMID: 22496599 PMCID: PMC3306974 DOI: 10.1155/2012/217696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human peritoneal mesothelial cells (MC) play an important role in inflammatory processes of the peritoneal cavity by producing various cytokines and chemokines, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). The present study was designed to assess the effect of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma- (PPARγ-) activator rosiglitazone on the mesothelial MCP-1 expression and release. Primary cultures of MC were obtained from omental tissue. MCP-1 antigen concentrations were measured in the cell supernatant by ELISA and MCP-1 mRNA levels by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The presence of PPARγ on MC was assayed in a Western Blot analysis. MC constitutively express PPARγ. Activation of this receptor via rosiglitazone (0,1–10 μmol/L) resulted in significantly reduced amounts of mesothelial MCP-1 release as well as MCP-1 mRNA. The use of the PPARγ inhibitor GW-9662 could completely prevent the rosiglitazone effects. Rosiglitazone was also effective in reducing TNFα-induced enhanced secretion of MCP-1. Our findings indicate that glitazones are effective in reducing constitutive and TNFα-stimulated mesothelial MCP-1 mRNA expression and release.
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Sabatino L, Fucci A, Pancione M, Carafa V, Nebbioso A, Pistore C, Babbio F, Votino C, Laudanna C, Ceccarelli M, Altucci L, Bonapace IM, Colantuoni V. UHRF1 coordinates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARG) epigenetic silencing and mediates colorectal cancer progression. Oncogene 2012; 31:5061-72. [PMID: 22286757 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) inactivation has been identified as an important step in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, although the events involved have been partially clarified. UHRF1 is emerging as a cofactor that coordinates the epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes, but its role in CRC remains elusive. Here, we report that UHRF1 negatively regulates PPARG and is associated with a higher proliferative, clonogenic and migration potential. Consistently, UHRF1 ectopic expression induces PPARG repression through its recruitment on the PPARG promoter fostering DNA methylation and histone repressive modifications. In agreement, UHRF1 knockdown elicits PPARG re-activation, accompanied by positive histone marks and DNA demethylation, corroborating its role in PPARG silencing. UHRF1 overexpression, as well as PPARG-silencing, imparts higher growth rate and phenotypic features resembling those occurring in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In our series of 110 sporadic CRCs, high UHRF1-expressing tumors are characterized by an undifferentiated phenotype, higher proliferation rate and poor clinical outcome only in advanced stages III-IV. In addition, the inverse relationship with PPARG found in vitro is detected in vivo and UHRF1 prognostic significance appears closely related to PPARG low expression, as remarkably validated in an independent dataset. The results demonstrate that UHRF1 regulates PPARG silencing and both genes appear to be part of a complex regulatory network. These findings suggest that the relationship between UHRF1 and PPARG may have a relevant role in CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sabatino
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
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Chacko BK, Scott DW, Chandler RT, Patel RP. Endothelial surface N-glycans mediate monocyte adhesion and are targets for anti-inflammatory effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligands. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38738-38747. [PMID: 21911496 PMCID: PMC3207389 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.247981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-monocyte interactions are regulated by adhesion molecules and key in the development of vascular inflammatory disease. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ activation in endothelial cells is recognized to mediate anti-inflammatory effects that inhibit monocyte rolling and adhesion. Herein, evidence is provided for a novel mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effects of PPARγ ligand action that involves inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine-dependent up-regulation of endothelial N-glycans. TNFα treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells increased surface expression of high mannose/hybrid N-glycans. A role for these sugars in mediating THP-1 or primary human monocyte rolling and adhesion was indicated by competition studies in which addition of α-methylmannose, but not α-methylglucose, inhibited monocyte rolling and adhesion during flow, but not under static conditions. This result supports the notion that adhesion molecules provide scaffolds for sugar epitopes to mediate adhesion with cognate receptors. A panel of structurally distinct PPARγ agonists all decreased TNFα-dependent expression of endothelial high mannose/hybrid N-glycans. Using rosiglitazone as a model PPARγ agonist, which decreased TNFα-induced high mannose N-glycan expression, we demonstrate a role for these carbohydrate residues in THP-1 rolling and adhesion that is independent of endothelial surface adhesion molecule expression (ICAM-1 and E-selectin). Data from N-glycan processing gene arrays identified α-mannosidases (MAN1A2 and MAN1C1) as targets for down-regulation by TNFα, which was reversed by rosiglitazone, a result consistent with altered high mannose/hybrid N-glycan epitopes. Taken together we propose a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of endothelial PPARγ activation that involves targeting protein post-translational modification of adhesion molecules, specifically N-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balu K Chacko
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - David W Scott
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Robert T Chandler
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | - Rakesh P Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294.
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Dubuisson O, Dhurandhar EJ, Krishnapuram R, Kirk-Ballard H, Gupta AK, Hegde V, Floyd E, Gimble JM, Dhurandhar NV. PPARgamma-independent increase in glucose uptake and adiponectin abundance in fat cells. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3648-60. [PMID: 21791563 PMCID: PMC3176641 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although thiazolidinediones (TZD) effectively improve hyperglycemia and increase adiponectin, a proinsulin-sensitizing adipokine, they also increase adipogenesis via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ induction, which may be undesirable. Recent safety concerns about some TZD have prompted the search for next generation agents that can enhance glycemic control and adiponectin independent of PPARγ or adipogenesis. Reminiscent of TZD action, a human adenovirus, adenovirus 36 (Ad36), up-regulates PPARγ, induces adipogenesis, and improves systemic glycemic control in vivo. We determined whether this effect of Ad36 requires PPARγ and/or adipogenesis. Glucose uptake and relevant cell signaling were determined in mock-infected or human adenoviruses Ad36 or Ad2-infected cell types under the following conditions: 1) undifferentiated human-adipose-tissue-derived stem cells (hASC), 2) hASC differentiated as adipocytes, 3) hASC in presence or absence of a PPARγ inhibitor, 4) NIH/3T3 that have impaired PPARγ expression, and 5) PPARγ-knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts with intact PPARγ served as a positive control. Additionally, to determine natural Ad36 infection, human sera were screened for Ad36 antibodies. In undifferentiated or differentiated hASC, or despite the inhibition, down-regulation, or the absence of PPARγ, Ad36 significantly enhanced glucose uptake and PPARγ, adiponectin, glucose transporter 4, and glucose transporter 1 protein abundance, compared with mock or Ad2-infected cells. This indicated that Ad36 up-regulates glucose uptake and adiponectin secretion independent of adipogenesis or without recruiting PPARγ. In humans, natural Ad36 infection predicted greater adiponectin levels, suggesting a human relevance of these effects. In conclusion, Ad36 provides a novel template to metabolically remodel human adipose tissue to enhance glycemic control without the concomitant increase in adiposity or PPARγ induction associated with TZD actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dubuisson
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
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69
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Lewis JP, Shuldiner AR. Genetics of the metabolic complications of obesity. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 94:349-72. [PMID: 21036331 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-375003-7.00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Lewis
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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70
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Zhang F, Lavan BE, Gregoire FM. Selective Modulators of PPAR-gamma Activity: Molecular Aspects Related to Obesity and Side-Effects. PPAR Res 2011; 2007:32696. [PMID: 17389769 PMCID: PMC1783742 DOI: 10.1155/2007/32696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) is a key regulator of lipid metabolism and energy balance implicated in the development of insulin resistance and obesity. The identification of putative natural and synthetic ligands and activators of PPAR-gamma has helped to unravel the molecular basis of its function, including molecular details regarding ligand binding, conformational changes of the receptor, and cofactor binding, leading to the emergence of the concept of selective PPAR-gamma modulators (SPPARgammaMs). SPPARgammaMs bind in distinct manners to the ligand-binding pocket of PPAR-gamma, leading to alternative receptor conformations, differential cofactor recruitment/displacement, differential gene expression, and ultimately differential biological responses. Based on this concept, new and improved antidiabetic agents for the treatment of diabetes are in development. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the mechanism of action and biological effects of recently characterized SPPARgammaMs, including metaglidasen/halofenate, PA-082, and the angiotensin receptor antagonists, recently characterized as a new class of SPPARgammaMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhang
- Department of Biology, Metabolex Inc., 3876 Bay Center Place, Hayward, CA 94545, USA
| | - Brian E. Lavan
- Department of Biology, Metabolex Inc., 3876 Bay Center Place, Hayward, CA 94545, USA
| | - Francine M. Gregoire
- Department of Biology, Metabolex Inc., 3876 Bay Center Place, Hayward, CA 94545, USA
- *Francine M. Gregoire:
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71
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PPARgamma and PPARdelta as Modulators of Neoplasia and Cell Fate. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:247379. [PMID: 18566686 PMCID: PMC2430014 DOI: 10.1155/2008/247379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARγ and PPARδ agonists represent unique classes of drugs that act through their ability to modulate gene transcription associated with intermediary metabolism, differentiation, tumor suppression, and in some instances proliferation and cell adhesion. PPARγ agonists are used by millions of people each year to treat type 2 diabetes but may also find additional utility as relatively nontoxic potentiators of chemotherapy. PPARδ agonists produce complex actions as shown by their tumor promoting effects in rodents and their cholesterol-lowering action in dyslipidemias. There is now emerging evidence that PPARs regulate tumor suppressor genes and developmental pathways associated with transformation and cell fate determination. This review discusses the role of PPARγ and PPARδ agonists as modulators of these processes.
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72
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Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and lipoprotein metabolism. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:132960. [PMID: 18288277 PMCID: PMC2220040 DOI: 10.1155/2008/132960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma lipoproteins are responsible for carrying triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood and ensuring their delivery to target organs. Regulation of lipoprotein metabolism takes place at numerous levels including via changes in gene transcription. An important group of transcription factors that mediates the effect of dietary fatty acids and certain drugs on plasma lipoproteins are the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs). Three PPAR isotypes can be distinguished, all of which have a major role in regulating lipoprotein metabolism. PPARalpha is the molecular target for the fibrate class of drugs. Activation of PPARalpha in mice and humans markedly reduces hepatic triglyceride production and promotes plasma triglyceride clearance, leading to a clinically significant reduction in plasma triglyceride levels. In addition, plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels are increased upon PPARalpha activation in humans. PPARgamma is the molecular target for the thiazolidinedione class of drugs. Activation of PPARgamma in mice and human is generally associated with a modest increase in plasma HDL-cholesterol and a decrease in plasma triglycerides. The latter effect is caused by an increase in lipoprotein lipase-dependent plasma triglyceride clearance. Analogous to PPARalpha, activation of PPARbeta/delta leads to increased plasma HDL-cholesterol and decreased plasma triglyceride levels. In this paper, a fresh perspective on the relation between PPARs and lipoprotein metabolism is presented. The emphasis is on the physiological role of PPARs and the mechanisms underlying the effect of synthetic PPAR agonists on plasma lipoprotein levels.
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73
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Ackert-Bicknell C, Rosen C. The Genetics of PPARG and the Skeleton. PPAR Res 2011; 2006:93258. [PMID: 17347532 PMCID: PMC1679963 DOI: 10.1155/ppar/2006/93258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a complex metabolic bone disorder. Recently it has been
appreciated that the “obesity in bone” phenomenon occurs at the expense of bone formation, and that is a key component of the pathology of this disease. Mouse models
with altered bone expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
(PPARG) impact bone formation, but genetic studies connecting PPARG polymorphisms to skeletal phenotypes in humans have proven to be less than satisfactory. One missense polymorphism in exon one has been linked to low bone mineral density (BMD), but the most studied polymorphism, Pro12Ala, has not yet been examined in the context of skeletal phenotype. The studies to date are a promising start in leading to our understanding of the genetic contribution of PPARG to the phenotypes of BMD and fracture risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clifford Rosen
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor ME 04609, USA
- St. Joseph's Hospital, The Maine Center for Osteoporosis Research and Education, Bangor ME 04401, USA
- *Clifford Rosen:
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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), an essential transcriptional mediator of adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and glucose homeostasis, is increasingly recognized as a key player in inflammatory cells and in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, congestive heart failure, and atherosclerosis. PPAR-γ agonists, the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), increase insulin sensitivity, lower blood glucose, decrease circulating free fatty acids and triglycerides, lower blood pressure, reduce inflammatory markers, and reduce atherosclerosis in insulin-resistant patients and animal models. Human genetic studies on PPAR-γ have revealed that functional changes in this nuclear receptor are associated with CVD. Recent controversial clinical studies raise the question of deleterious action of PPAR-γ agonists on the cardiovascular system. These complex interactions of metabolic responsive factors and cardiovascular disease promise to be important areas of focus for the future.
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75
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Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. Targeting the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in spinal cord injury. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2011; 15:943-59. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2011.581231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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76
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Novel PPARγ partial agonists with weak activity and no cytotoxicity; identified by a simple PPARγ ligand screening system. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 358:75-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-0923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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77
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Soskić SS, Dobutović BD, Sudar EM, Obradović MM, Nikolić DM, Zarić BL, Stojanović SD, Stokić EJ, Mikhailidis DP, Isenović ER. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and atherosclerosis. Angiology 2011; 62:523-34. [PMID: 21467121 DOI: 10.1177/0003319711401012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) represent the family of 3 nuclear receptor isoforms-PPARα, -γ, and -δ/β, which are encoded by different genes. As lipid sensors, they are primarily involved in regulation of lipid metabolism and subsequently in inflammation and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis considers accumulation of the cells and extracellular matrix in the vessel wall leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque, atherothrombosis, and other vascular complications. Besides existence of natural ligands for PPARs, their more potent synthetic ligands are fibrates and thiazolidindiones. Future investigations should now focus on the mechanisms of PPARs activation, which might present new approaches involved in the antiatherosclerotic effects revealed in this review. In addition, in this review we are presenting latest data from recent performed clinical studies which have focus on novel approach to PPARs agonists as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of complex disease such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja S Soskić
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Ing SW, Belury MA. Impact of conjugated linoleic acid on bone physiology: proposed mechanism involving inhibition of adipogenesis. Nutr Rev 2011; 69:123-31. [PMID: 21348876 PMCID: PMC3814018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation decreases adipose mass and increases bone mass in mice. Recent clinical studies demonstrate a beneficial effect of CLA on reducing weight and adipose mass in humans. This article reviews possible biological mechanisms of action of CLA on bone metabolism, focusing on modulation of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity to steer mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward an adipose and away from an osteoblast lineage. Clinical studies of the effects of CLA on bone mass and clinical implications of the effects of CLA on bone health in humans are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Ing
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1296, USA.
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79
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Vacca M, Degirolamo C, Mariani-Costantini R, Palasciano G, Moschetta A. Lipid-sensing nuclear receptors in the pathophysiology and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 3:562-87. [PMID: 21755605 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of different diseases, namely central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, together with a pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory state. These metabolic abnormalities are often associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. Dietary and lifestyle modifications are currently believed more effective than pharmacological therapies in the management of MS patients. Nevertheless, the relatively low grade of compliance of patients to these recommendations, as well as the failure of current therapies, highlights the need for the discovery of new pharmacological and nutraceutic approaches. A deeper knowledge of the patho-physiological events that initiate and support the MS is mandatory. Lipid-sensing nuclear receptors (NRs) are the master transcriptional regulators of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and inflammatory responses, thus standing as suitable targets. This review focuses on the physiological relevance of the NRs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, liver X receptors, and farnesoid X receptor) in the control of whole-body homeostasis, with a special emphasis on lipid and glucose metabolism, and on the relationships between metabolic unbalances, systemic inflammation, and the onset of CVD. Future perspectives and possible clinical applications are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Vacca
- Clinica Medica Augusto Murri, Aldo Moro University of Bari, and Department of Translational Pharmacology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro (CH), Italy
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Bogazzi F, Rossi G, Lombardi M, Raggi F, Urbani C, Sardella C, Cosci C, Martino E. Effect of rosiglitazone on serum IGF-I concentrations in uncontrolled acromegalic patients under conventional medical therapy: results from a pilot phase 2 study. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:e43-51. [PMID: 20671417 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current therapies for acromegaly are unsatisfactory for some patients. High-dose thiazolidinediones have been reported to reduce serum GH levels in animal models of acromegaly. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of rosiglitazone on serum GH and IGF-I concentrations in acromegalic patients. DESIGN Phase 2 clinical trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS Five consecutive patients with active and uncontrolled acromegaly under conventional medical therapies were treated with increasing doses of rosiglitazone [4 mg/day every month, starting from 8 up to 20 mg/day] added to previous medical therapies for acromegaly. RESULTS Mean serum IGF-I concentrations decreased from 547 ± 91 to 265 ± 126 μg/l (p<0,001) during rosiglitazone treatment: 4 patients had normal serum IGF-I concentrations, and a patient had lowered serum IGF-I values, although still abnormal, at the end of the study. On the contrary, serum GH concentrations did not significantly changed during rosiglitazone therapy as well as other pituitary hormones. No relevant side effects of rosiglitazone were observed during the study period. Quantitative real time PCR and Western blotting showed that rosiglitazone lowered GH-dependent hepatic generation of IGF-I in HepG2 cell line. CONCLUSIONS Rosiglitazone reduces serum IGF-I concentrations in patients with uncontrolled acromegaly under conventional medical therapies, likely acting on the GH-dependent hepatic synthesis of IGF-I. Large studies are necessary to confirm the role of rosiglitazone as an adjunctive therapy for uncontrolled acromegalic patients under conventional medical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bogazzi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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81
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TAKITANI K, MIYAZAKI H, FUKUNISHI S, TAKAYA R, YODEN A, HIGUCHI K, TAMAI H. Altered Expression of Both β-Carotene 15,15' Monooxygenase and Lecithin:Retinol Acyltransferase in Obese Zucker Rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2011; 57:108-13. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.57.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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82
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Kim MK, Chae YN, Choi SH, Moon HS, Son MH, Bae MH, Choi HH, Hur Y, Kim E, Park YH, Park CS, Kim JG, Lim JI, Shin CY. PAM-1616, a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ modulator with preserved anti-diabetic efficacy and reduced adverse effects. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 650:673-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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83
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Makadia P, Shah SR, Pingali H, Zaware P, Patel D, Pola S, Thube B, Priyadarshini P, Suthar D, Shah M, Giri S, Trivedi C, Jain M, Patel P, Bahekar R. Effect of structurally constrained oxime–ether linker on PPAR subtype selectivity: Discovery of a novel and potent series of PPAR-pan agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:771-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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84
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Al-Jarallah KF, Shehab DK, Haider MZ. Prevalence of the Pro12Ala missense mutation in the PPARG2 gene in Kuwaiti patients with primary knee osteoarthritis. Ann Saudi Med 2011; 31:35-9. [PMID: 21245597 PMCID: PMC3101723 DOI: 10.4103/0256-4947.75776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play an important role in a number of cellular and metabolic functions. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of a missense mutation (Pro12Ala) in the PPARG2 gene in Kuwaiti Arab patients with primary knee osteoarthritis (OA) and healthy controls with the aim of identifying a possible association. DESIGN AND SETTING A prospective cross-sectional study carried out at three major teaching hospitals (referral centers) in the country over a one-year period. PATIENTS AND METHODS The prevalence of PPARG2 gene Pro12Ala missense mutation was determined in 104 Kuwaiti Arab patients with primary knee OA and 111 ethnically matched healthy controls. The prevalence of this Pro12Ala missense mutation was also determined in clinical subgroups of OA patients divided on the basis of age at onset, function and radiologic grading. RESULTS The Pro-Pro genotype of the PPARG2 gene Pro12Ala missense mutation was detected in 95/104 (91.3%) cases compared to 111/111 (100%) in the control subjects. The heterozygous Pro-Ala genotype was detected in 9/104 (8.7%) of the OA patients, while it was not detected in any of the controls. The Ala-Ala genotype was not detected in any of the OA patients or the controls. No significant differences were detected in the PPARG2 gene Pro12Ala genotypes in the subgroups of patients classified on the basis of age at onset, functional assessment using Lequesne's functional index, and radiological grading using Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grading. CONCLUSIONS This study found no significant association between the PPARG2 gene Pro12Ala missense mutation and knee OA. However, the presence of the Pro-Pro genotype of the PPARG2 gene mutation has a protective effect against development of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled F Al-Jarallah
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuwait University, Faculty of Medicine, Jabriya, Kuwait
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85
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Rey JW, Noetel A, Hardt A, Canbay A, Alakus H, Hausen AZ, Dienes HP, Drebber U, Odenthal M. Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 in patients with fatty liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:5830-7. [PMID: 21155004 PMCID: PMC3001974 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i46.5830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To test the occurrence of the Pro12Ala mutation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ)2-gene in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD).
METHODS: DNA from a total of 622 specimens including 259 blood samples of healthy blood donors and 363 histologically categorized liver biopsies of patients with NAFLD (n = 263) and AFLD (n = 100) were analyzed by Real-time polymerase chain reaction using allele-specific probes.
RESULTS: In the NAFLD and the AFLD collective, 3% of the patients showed homozygous occurrence of the Ala12 PPARγ2-allele, differing from only 1.5% cases in the healthy population. In NAFLD patients, a high incidence of the Ala12 mutant was not associated with the progression of fatty liver disease. However, we observed a significantly higher risk (odds ratio = 2.50, CI: 1.05-5.90, P = 0.028) in AFLD patients carrying the mutated Ala12 allele to develop inflammatory alterations. The linkage of the malfunctioning Ala12-positive PPARγ2 isoform to an increased risk in patients with AFLD to develop severe steatohepatitis and fibrosis indicates a more prominent anti-inflammatory impact of PPARγ2 in progression of AFLD than of NAFLD.
CONCLUSION: In AFLD patients, the Pro12Ala single nuclear polymorphism should be studied more extensively in order to serve as a novel candidate in biomarker screening for improved prognosis.
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Pancione M, Sabatino L, Fucci A, Carafa V, Nebbioso A, Forte N, Febbraro A, Parente D, Ambrosino C, Normanno N, Altucci L, Colantuoni V. Epigenetic silencing of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ is a biomarker for colorectal cancer progression and adverse patients' outcome. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14229. [PMID: 21151932 PMCID: PMC2997072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG) expression and epigenetic changes occurring in colorectal-cancer pathogenesis is largely unknown. We investigated whether PPARG is epigenetically regulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. PPARG expression was assessed in CRC tissues and paired normal mucosa by western blot and immunohistochemistry and related to patients' clinicopathological parameters and survival. PPARG promoter methylation was analyzed by methylation-specific-PCR and bisulphite sequencing. PPARG expression and promoter methylation were similarly examined also in CRC derived cell lines. Chromatin immunoprecipitation in basal conditions and after epigenetic treatment was performed along with knocking-down experiments of putative regulatory factors. Gene expression was monitored by immunoblotting and functional assays of cell proliferation and invasiveness. Methylation on a specific region of the promoter is strongly correlated with PPARG lack of expression in 30% of primary CRCs and with patients' poor prognosis. Remarkably, the same methylation pattern is found in PPARG-negative CRC cell lines. Epigenetic treatment with 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine can revert this condition and, in combination with trichostatin A, dramatically re-activates gene transcription and receptor activity. Transcriptional silencing is due to the recruitment of MeCP2, HDAC1 and EZH2 that impart repressive chromatin signatures determining an increased cell proliferative and invasive potential, features that can experimentally be reverted. Our findings provide a novel mechanistic insight into epigenetic silencing of PPARG in CRC that may be relevant as a prognostic marker of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Pancione
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Lina Sabatino
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fucci
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Carafa
- Department of General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela Nebbioso
- Department of General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Forte
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Clinical Pathology, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonio Febbraro
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Clinical Pathology, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Benevento, Italy
| | - Domenico Parente
- Departments of Medical Oncology and Clinical Pathology, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Benevento, Italy
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
- Biogem “G. Salvatore” Genetic Research Institute, Ariano Irpino, Italy
| | - Nicola Normanno
- Pharmacogenomic Laboratory, Center for Oncology Research, Mercogliano, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Department of General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Napoli, Italy
- CNR-IGB, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vittorio Colantuoni
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
- Biogem “G. Salvatore” Genetic Research Institute, Ariano Irpino, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Bruedigam C, Eijken M, Koedam M, van de Peppel J, Drabek K, Chiba H, van Leeuwen JPTM. A new concept underlying stem cell lineage skewing that explains the detrimental effects of thiazolidinediones on bone. Stem Cells 2010; 28:916-27. [PMID: 20213769 DOI: 10.1002/stem.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bone-marrow adipogenesis is an aging-related phenomenon and is correlated with osteoporosis. The latter is a prevalent bone disease in the elderly leading to increased fracture risk and mortality. It is widely hypothesized that the underlying molecular mechanism includes a shift in the commitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the osteogenic lineage to the adipogenic lineage. Lineage skewing is at least partially a result of transcriptional changes. The nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma) has been proposed as a major decision factor in MSC lineage commitment, promoting adipogenesis at the expense of osteogenesis. Here we found that PPAR-gamma acted unexpectedly to stimulate osteoblast differentiation from human bone marrow-derived MSCs. Both rosiglitazone-mediated activation and overexpression of PPAR-gamma caused acceleration of osteoblast differentiation. Conversely, shRNAi-mediated PPAR-gamma knockdown diminished osteoblast differentiation. MSCs that were treated with rosiglitazone did not preferentially differentiate into adipocytes. However, the rosiglitazone-mediated acceleration of osteoblast differentiation was followed by increased accumulation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. In contrast to the osteogenic lineage, cells of the adipogenic lineage were protected from this. Our data support a new concept on bone health that adds to the explanation of the clinically observed suppressive action of activated PPAR-gamma on bone and the associated phenomenon of bone marrow adipogenesis. This concept is based on a higher susceptibility of the osteogenic than the adipogenic lineage to oxidative stress and apoptosis that is preferentially triggered in the osteoblasts by activated PPAR-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bruedigam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, NL-3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The growing worldwide obesity epidemic and obesity-related disorders present a huge unmet medical need for safe and effective anti-obesity medications. The discovery of leptin in 1994 was rapidly succeeded by a wave of related discoveries leading to the elaboration of a hypothalamic melanocortinergic neuronal circuit regulated by leptin and other central and peripheral signaling molecules to control energy homeostasis. The identification of specific neuronal subtypes along with their unique connections and expression products generated a rich target menu for anti-obesity drug discovery programs. Over the course of the last decade, several new chemical entities aimed at these targets have reached various stages or successfully completed the drug discovery/regulatory process only to be dropped or taken off the market. There are now in fact fewer options for anti-obesity drug therapies in late 2010 than were available in 2000. The challenge to discover safe and effective anti-obesity drugs is alive and well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert George MacKenzie
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-313-577-0677; Fax: +1-313-577-9469
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Costa V, Gallo MA, Letizia F, Aprile M, Casamassimi A, Ciccodicola A. PPARG: Gene Expression Regulation and Next-Generation Sequencing for Unsolved Issues. PPAR Res 2010; 2010:409168. [PMID: 20871817 PMCID: PMC2943117 DOI: 10.1155/2010/409168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is one of the most extensively studied ligand-inducible transcription factors (TFs), able to modulate its transcriptional activity through conformational changes. It is of particular interest because of its pleiotropic functions: it plays a crucial role in the expression of key genes involved in adipogenesis, lipid and glucid metabolism, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and cancer. Its protein isoforms, the wide number of PPARγ target genes, ligands, and coregulators contribute to determine the complexity of its function. In addition, the presence of genetic variants is likely to affect expression levels of target genes although the impact of PPARG gene variations on the expression of target genes is not fully understood. The introduction of massively parallel sequencing platforms-in the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) era-has revolutionized the way of investigating the genetic causes of inherited diseases. In this context, DNA-Seq for identifying-within both coding and regulatory regions of PPARG gene-novel nucleotide variations and haplotypes associated to human diseases, ChIP-Seq for defining a PPARγ binding map, and RNA-Seq for unraveling the wide and intricate gene pathways regulated by PPARG, represent incredible steps toward the understanding of PPARγ in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Costa
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso” (IGB), CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Letizia
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso” (IGB), CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Aprile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso” (IGB), CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Amelia Casamassimi
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso” (IGB), CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of General Pathology, 1st School of Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Ciccodicola
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso” (IGB), CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Gastaldelli A, Basta G. Ectopic fat and cardiovascular disease: what is the link? Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010; 20:481-490. [PMID: 20659791 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 05/23/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM of this paper is to review the recent literature on the relationship between ectopic fat accumulation and cardiovascular disease. DATA SYNTHESIS Ectopic fat is an important predictor of metabolic (in particular insulin resistance) and cardiovascular disease, carrying more risk than general fat accumulation. Recent studies have shown a link between ectopic fat accumulation, as cardiac (epicardial or intra-myocardial fat) and/or visceral and/or hepatic fat, and development of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Ectopic fat accumulation is not only a marker of cardiometabolic disease, since through the release of adipocitokines, lipotoxic and glucotoxic agents, participates in the crosstalk with insulin-sensitive organs leading to metabolic, cardiac and vascular dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gastaldelli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, CNR, Cardiometabolic Risk Unit, Via Moruzzi 1 Pisa 56100, Italy.
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93
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Luconi M, Cantini G, Serio M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma): Is the genomic activity the only answer? Steroids 2010; 75:585-94. [PMID: 19900469 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors, widely expressed in the organism, including adipose, vascular and immune cells. Besides the well-known role in lipid/glycidic homeostasis, PPARgamma has also recently emerged as a key regulator of inflammatory and immune responses. Besides the natural ligands, more potent synthetic agonists of PPARgamma have been developed, including thiazolidinediones (TZDs), currently used in type 2 diabetes treatment, which also exert anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic effects. PPARgamma mechanism of action has focused considerable attention over the years. This receptor was initially shown to act on gene expression through a direct transcription and an indirect transrepression activity, mainly associated with metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects. Different post-translational modifications of the receptor can modulate PPARgamma activity. More recently, rapid nongenomic activity of TZDs affecting post-translation modifications of extranuclear proteins involved in cell signaling, has been reported. In particular, PPARgamma can physically interact with protein kinases resulting in a compartment specific recruitment and activity modulation of these enzymes. Among them, ERK can be positively/negatively regulated by PPARgamma ligands, as in endothelial cells, where TZDs exert anti-inflammatory effects through a novel mechanism involving a rapid inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation/activation. Finally, some of the TZD anti-tumor effects seem to be PPARgamma-independent, raising the possibility that alternative receptors can act through extranuclear nongenomic pathways. In conclusion, different mechanisms of action of PPARgamma seem to coexist in an interacting functional network in the cell, concurring in mediating both pharmacological and natural ligand effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Luconi
- DENOthe Center of Excellence for Research, Transfer and High Education: Endocrinology Unit, Dept. Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, Florence 50139, Italy.
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Associations for lipoprotein lipase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma gene and coronary artery disease in an Indian population. Arch Med Res 2010; 41:19-25.e1. [PMID: 20430250 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) genes are important in pathways of triglyceride metabolism, insulin resistance and adipogenesis. We hypothesized that polymorphisms of PPARgamma Pro12Ala, LPL HindIII and LPL Ser447X influence severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in an Indian population. METHODS PPARgamma Pro12Ala, LPL HindIII and LPL Ser447X polymorphisms were genotyped in 414 patients with CAD and matched with 424 controls. The study subjects were inducted after standard diagnostic procedures and analyzed statistically for the association of polymorphisms with clinical characteristics. RESULTS We found that PPARgamma alleles were not associated with CAD among Indians although proline carriers had significantly higher levels of HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.03) among CAD patients. The LPL HindIII also had no significant correlations for CAD or for any clinical characteristics. The Ser447X polymorphism (p = 0.015) influenced lower triglyceride levels among CAD patients with significant associations (OR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.483-0.915, p = 0.012). This protective effect of the 447X allele was more pronounced among the CAD patients without the risk factor of diabetes (OR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.403-0.907, p = 0.014) along with less progression of a severe atherosclerotic disease. CONCLUSIONS PPARgamma and LPL have intractable roles in pathways that lead to CAD, but their gene polymorphisms associate differently. Our results imply a significant correlation of Ser447X polymorphism and its protective effect on Indians against severity of CAD modified by the risk of diabetes, than LPL HindIII and PPARgamma Pro12Ala.
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95
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Del Fattore A, Capannolo M, Rucci N. Bone and bone marrow: the same organ. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 503:28-34. [PMID: 20655867 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interplays between bone and bone marrow are not limited to merely anatomic and histological connections, but include a tight functional correlation. Bone marrow resides within the medullary cavity of the bones and the process of hematopoiesis is regulated, at least in part, by bone cells. Moreover, osteoclasts and osteoblasts derive from precursors of hematopoietic and mesenchymal origin, respectively, both residing within the bone marrow. Alterations in one of these components typically cause impairment in the other, so diseases of the bone marrow compartment often affect the bone and vice versa. All these findings could make us to speculate that bone and bone marrow are not two separate districts, but can be considered as the two elements of the same unique functional unit, the bone-bone marrow organ. Here we will describe histological and functional interplays between bone and bone marrow, and will illustrate some diseases in which this tight correlation is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Del Fattore
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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96
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Manolagas SC. From estrogen-centric to aging and oxidative stress: a revised perspective of the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 2010; 31:266-300. [PMID: 20051526 PMCID: PMC3365845 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 816] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency has been considered the seminal mechanism of osteoporosis in both women and men, but epidemiological evidence in humans and recent mechanistic studies in rodents indicate that aging and the associated increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the proximal culprits. ROS greatly influence the generation and survival of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. Moreover, oxidative defense by the FoxO transcription factors is indispensable for skeletal homeostasis at any age. Loss of estrogens or androgens decreases defense against oxidative stress in bone, and this accounts for the increased bone resorption associated with the acute loss of these hormones. ROS-activated FoxOs in early mesenchymal progenitors also divert ss-catenin away from Wnt signaling, leading to decreased osteoblastogenesis. This latter mechanism may be implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 and 2 diabetes and ROS-mediated adverse effects of diabetes on bone formation. Attenuation of Wnt signaling by the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma by ligands generated from lipid oxidation also contributes to the age-dependent decrease in bone formation, suggesting a mechanistic explanation for the link between atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. Additionally, increased glucocorticoid production and sensitivity with advancing age decrease skeletal hydration and thereby increase skeletal fragility by attenuating the volume of the bone vasculature and interstitial fluid. This emerging evidence provides a paradigm shift from the "estrogen-centric" account of the pathogenesis of involutional osteoporosis to one in which age-related mechanisms intrinsic to bone and oxidative stress are protagonists and age-related changes in other organs and tissues, such as ovaries, accentuate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros C Manolagas
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205-7199, USA.
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Abstract
Obesity, diabetes, and osteoporosis are major public health concerns. Current estimates indicate that the US population consists of 25% obese, 30% diabetic and prediabetic, and, among the elderly, 50% of all osteoporotic individuals. Mechanistically, these pathologies share several features including common regulators of bone homeostasis and energy metabolism. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) represent a family of proteins that control energy turnover in adipose, liver, and muscle tissue. These proteins also control bone turnover and regulate bone cell differentiation. Recent evidence suggests that bone is an organ integral to energy metabolism not only with respect to energy storage, but also as an organ regulating systemic energy homeostasis. In this article, we review current knowledge on the role of PPARs in bone metabolism and bone cell differentiation. We also discuss the role of bone fat in modulation of bone marrow microenvironment and its possible contribution to the systemic regulation of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Lecka-Czernik
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo Medical Center, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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Thieme TM, Steri R, Proschak E, Paulke A, Schneider G, Schubert-Zsilavecz M. Rational design of a pirinixic acid derivative that acts as subtype-selective PPARγ modulator. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:2469-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Costa V, Casamassimi A, Ciccodicola A. Nutritional genomics era: opportunities toward a genome-tailored nutritional regimen. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 21:457-67. [PMID: 20233651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2009.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence indicating that nutritional genomics represents a promise to improve public health. This goal will be reached by highlighting the mechanisms through which diet can reduce the risk of monogenic and common polygenic diseases. Indeed, nutrition is a very relevant environmental factor involved in the development and progression of metabolic disorders, as well as other kind of diseases. The revolutionary changes in the field of genomics have led to the development and implementation of new technologies and molecular tools. These technologies have a useful application in the nutritional sciences, since they allow a more precise and accurate analysis of biochemical alterations, in addition to filling fundamental gaps in the knowledge of nutrient-genome interactions in both health and disease. Overall, these advances will open undiscovered ways in genome-customized diets for disease prevention and therapy. This review summarizes the recent knowledge concerning this novel nutritional approach, paying attention to the human genome variations, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variations, gene expression and innovative molecular tools to reveal them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Costa
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics Adriano Buzzati-Traverso, IGB-CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Kwintkiewicz J, Nishi Y, Yanase T, Giudice LC. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma mediates bisphenol A inhibition of FSH-stimulated IGF-1, aromatase, and estradiol in human granulosa cells. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:400-6. [PMID: 20064783 PMCID: PMC2854770 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA), a chemical used as a plasticizer, is a potent endocrine disruptor that, even in low concentrations, disturbs normal development and functions of reproductive organs in different species. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether BPA affects human ovarian granulosa cell function. METHODS We treated KGN granulosa cells and granulosa cells from subjects undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), BPA, or BPA plus FSH in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We then evaluated expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), aromatase, and transcription factors known to mediate aromatase induction by FSH [including steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), GATA4, cAMP response element binding protein-1 (CREB-1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma)], as well as 17beta-estradiol (E2) secretion. KGN cells were transfected with a PPARgamma-containing vector, followed by assessment of aromatase and IGF-I expression. RESULTS BPA reduced FSH-induced IGF-1 and aromatase expression and E2 secretion in a dose-dependent fashion. Similar effects on aromatase were observed in IVF granulosa cells. SF-1 and GATA4, but not CREB-1, were reduced after BPA treatment, although PPARgamma, an inhibitor of aromatase, was significantly up-regulated by BPA in a dose-dependent manner, with simultaneous decrease of aromatase. Overexpression of PPARgamma in KGN cells reduced FSH-stimulated aromatase and IGF-1 mRNAs, with increasing concentrations of the transfected expression vector, mimicking BPA action. Also, BPA reduced granulosa cell DNA synthesis without changing DNA fragmentation, suggesting that BPA does not induce apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the data demonstrate that BPA induces PPARgamma, which mediates down-regulation of FSH-stimulated IGF-1, SF-1, GATA4, aromatase, and E2 in human granulosa cells. These observations support a potential role of altered steroidogenesis and proliferation within the ovarian follicular compartment due to this endocrine disruptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kwintkiewicz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Nishi
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yanase
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Linda C. Giudice
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Address correspondence to L.C. Giudice, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus, M1495, Box 0132, San Francisco, CA 94143-0132 USA. Telephone: (415) 476-2564. Fax: (415) 476-1811. E-mail:
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