51
|
Abdel-Wahhab MA, Aljawish A, El-Nekeety AA, Abdel-Aiezm SH, Abdel-Kader HAM, Rihn BH, Joubert O. Chitosan nanoparticles and quercetin modulate gene expression and prevent the genotoxicity of aflatoxin B 1 in rat liver. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:737-747. [PMID: 28962409 PMCID: PMC5598511 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the current study were to prepare chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) and to evaluate its protective role alone or in combination with quercetin (Q) against AFB1-induce cytotoxicity in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 12 groups and treated orally for 4 weeks as follow: the control group, the group treated with AFB1 (80 μg/kg b.w.) in corn oil, the groups treated with low (140 mg/kg b.w.) or high (280 mg/kg b.w.) dose of CNPs, the group treated with Q (50 mg/kg b.w.), the groups treated with Q plus the low or the high dose of CNPs and the groups treated with AFB1 plus Q and/or CNPs at the two tested doses. The results also revealed that administration of AFB1 resulted in a significant increase in serum cytokines, Procollagen III, Nitric Oxide, lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation accompanied with a significant decrease in GPx I and Cu–Zn SOD-mRNA gene expression. Q and/or CNPs at the two tested doses overcome these effects especially in the group treated with the high dose of CNPs plus Q. It could be concluded that CNPs is a promise candidate as drug delivery enhances the protective effect of Q against the cytogenetic effects of AFB1 in high endemic areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mosaad A Abdel-Wahhab
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdulhadi Aljawish
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Biomolécules (LIBio), 2 avenue de la Forêt de Haye, TSA40602-F-54518 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Aziza A El-Nekeety
- Food Toxicology & Contaminants Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Bertrand H Rihn
- Faculty of Pharmacy, EA 3452 CITHEFOR, Lorraine University, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Olivier Joubert
- Faculty of Pharmacy, EA 3452 CITHEFOR, Lorraine University, 54001 Nancy Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Huang L, Chen J, Cao P, Pan H, Ding C, Xiao T, Zhang P, Guo J, Su Z. Anti-obese effect of glucosamine and chitosan oligosaccharide in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2732-56. [PMID: 25942093 PMCID: PMC4446603 DOI: 10.3390/md13052732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study is to evaluate the anti-obese effects of glucosamine (GLC) and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Methods: The rats were randomly divided into twelve groups: a normal diet group (NF), a high-fat diet group (HF), Orlistat group, GLC high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (GLC-H, GLC-M, GLC-L), COS1 (COS, number-average molecular weight ≤1000) high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (COS1-H, COS1-M, COS1-L), and COS2 (COS, number-average molecular weight ≤3000) high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (COS2-H, COS2-M, COS2-L). All groups received oral treatment by gavage once daily for a period of six weeks. Results: Rats fed with COS1 gained the least weight among all the groups (P < 0.01), and these rats lost more weight than those treated with Orlistat. In addition to the COS2-H and Orlistat groups, the serum total cholesterol (CHO) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were significantly reduced in all treatment groups compared to the HF group (P < 0.01). The various doses of GLC, COS1 and COS2 reduced the expression levels of PPARγ and LXRα mRNA in the white adipose tissue. Conclusions: The results above demonstrated that GLC, COS1, and COS2 improved dyslipidemia and prevented body weight gains by inhibiting the adipocyte differentiation in obese rats induced by a high-fat diet. Thus, these agents may potentially be used to treat obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Huang
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Peiqiu Cao
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Haitao Pan
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Chen Ding
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tiancun Xiao
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, OX1 3QR Oxford, UK.
- Guangzhou Boxabio Technology Ltd., Guangzhou Hi-Tech Development Zone, Guangzhou 510663, China.
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Guangzhou Boxabio Technology Ltd., Guangzhou Hi-Tech Development Zone, Guangzhou 510663, China.
| | - Jiao Guo
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Key Research Center of Liver Regulation for Hyperlipidemia SATCM/Class III Laboratory of Metabolism SATCM, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Esteghamati A, Mazaheri T, Vahidi Rad M, Noshad S. Complementary and alternative medicine for the treatment of obesity: a critical review. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2015; 13:e19678. [PMID: 25892995 PMCID: PMC4386228 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.19678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity and its associated morbidities pose a major health hazard to the public. Despite a multiplex of available diet and exercise programs for losing and maintaining weight, over the past years, interest in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for obesity treatment has greatly increased. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We searched PubMed, Google scholar and the Cochrane databases for systemic reviews, review articles, meta-analysis and randomized clinical trials up to December 2013. RESULTS In this review, the efficacy and safety of the more commonly used CAM methods for the treatment of obesity, namely herbal supplements, acupuncture, and non-invasive body-contouring, are briefly discussed. The evidence supporting the effectiveness and safety of these methods is either lacking or point to a negligible clinical benefit, barely surpassing that of the placebo. Furthermore, several limitations are observed in the available scientific literature. These shortcomings include, without being limited to, uncontrolled trial designs, non-random allocation of subjects to treatment arms, small number of patients enrolled, short durations of follow-up, and ambiguous clinical and laboratory endpoints. CONCLUSIONS Further investigations are necessary to accurately determine the efficacy, safety, standard dosage/procedure, and potential side effects of the various CAM methods currently in use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Esteghamati
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Alireza Esteghamati, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Fax: +98-2164432466, Tel: +98-2188417918, E-mail:
| | - Tina Mazaheri
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mona Vahidi Rad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Sina Noshad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Chiu CY, Chan IL, Yang TH, Liu SH, Chiang MT. Supplementation of chitosan alleviates high-fat diet-enhanced lipogenesis in rats via adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase activation and inhibition of lipogenesis-associated genes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:2979-2988. [PMID: 25756465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of chitosan in lipogenesis in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. The lipogenesis-associated genes and their upstream regulatory proteins were explored. Diet supplementation of chitosan efficiently decreased the increased weights in body, livers, and adipose tissues in high-fat diet-fed rats. Chitosan supplementation significantly raised the lipolysis rate; attenuated the adipocyte hypertrophy, triglyceride accumulation, and lipoprotein lipase activity in epididymal adipose tissues; and decreased hepatic enzyme activities of lipid biosynthesis. Chitosan supplementation significantly activated adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and attenuated high-fat diet-induced protein expressions of lipogenic transcription factors (PPAR-γ and SREBP1c) in livers and adipose tissues. Moreover, chitosan supplementation significantly inhibited the expressions of downstream lipogenic genes (FAS, HMGCR, FATP1, and FABP4) in livers and adipose tissues of high-fat diet-fed rats. These results demonstrate for the first time that chitosan supplementation alleviates high-fat diet-enhanced lipogenesis in rats via AMPK activation and lipogenesis-associated gene inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yuan Chiu
- †Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Im-Lam Chan
- ‡Department of Food Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Han Yang
- ‡Department of Food Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- †Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- §Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- #Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 104, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Tsan Chiang
- ‡Department of Food Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Souza AL, Pavinatto FJ, Caseli L, Volpati D, Miranda PB, Oliveira Jr. ON. Chitosan does not inhibit enzymatic action of human pancreatic lipase in Langmuir monolayers of 1,2-didecanoyl-glycerol (DDG). Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 123:870-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
56
|
Fratter A, Frare C, Uras G, Bonini M, Casari Bariani E, Ragazzo B, Gaballo P, Longobardi P, Codemo C, Paoli A. New chitosan salt in gastro-resistant oral formulation could interfere with enteric bile salts emulsification of diet fats: preliminary laboratory observations and physiologic rationale. J Med Food 2014; 17:723-9. [PMID: 24827073 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan (CH) is a polymer of glucosamine that is extracted from the shells of several sea fruits. It is well recognized as a nutritional supplement that is used to reduce body weight and blood lipid levels, but its clinical efficacy has not been clearly demonstrated. The true mechanism of action and physiological processes involved in these properties of CH are not yet understood or explained. The most accepted theories assume that CH reduces dietary fat absorption by trapping the fat in the gastric lumen. The very low pH of the gastric lumen induces CH jellification and, therefore, entrapment of the fats. This article describes the most plausible mechanism by which CH interferes with fat absorption in the first part of the enteric tract while interacting with cholic acids. We emphasize the weak points of the classic CH-containing formulations, which are unable to prove this theory. We also report preliminary experimental data of a new CH salt-containing formulation that is capable of effectively interfering with bile salt emulsification processes and, as a result, reducing dietary fat absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fratter
- 1 Innovation Technology, Labomar Research , Istrana, Treviso, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Tomza-Marciniak A, Pilarczyk B, Stankiewicz T, Błaszczyk B, Kuba J. The effect of chitosan on the concentration of 17β-estradiol and free triiodothyronine in mice exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:376-382. [PMID: 24345235 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.854568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to examine (i) how the applied PCB mixture influences the level of 17β-estradiol (E2) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) in the blood plasma of mice (C57/BL/6J) and (ii) whether supplementation with chitosan would protect against the observed changes in the examined plasma hormone concentrations. In the study we used a mixture of indicator PCBs (CB no. 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180) and our results showed their anti-estrogenic effects. Exposure to the mixture resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in plasma concentration of E2 relative to the control, and chitosan administration did not prevent the decrease. To the contrary, E2 concentration in the blood plasma of the mice which received both the PCB mixture and chitosan was lower compared to those which did not receive chitosan. Exposure to the PCBs also resulted in a decrease in FT3 concentration in the treatedgroup, although it was not as pronounced as for E2 and was prevented with dietary supplementation with chitosan, with the observed FT3 level in the chitosan-treated group similar to the control. In summary, supplementation with chitosan can only to a certain extent minimize the negative effects of exposure to PCBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Tomza-Marciniak
- a Department of Animal Reproduction Biotechnology and Environmental Hygiene , West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin , Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Hypolipidemic activity of the chitooligosaccharides from Clanis bilineata (Lepidoptera), an edible insect. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 59:96-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
59
|
Qinna NA, Akayleh FT, Al Remawi MM, Kamona BS, Taha H, Badwan AA. Evaluation of a functional food preparation based on chitosan as a meal replacement diet. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
60
|
Zhang W, Zhang J, Jiang Q, Xia W. The hypolipidemic activity of chitosan nanopowder prepared by ultrafine milling. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 95:487-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
61
|
Liu SH, Huang YW, Wu CT, Chiu CY, Chiang MT. Low molecular weight chitosan accelerates glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion in human intestinal endocrine cells via a p38-dependent pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4855-4861. [PMID: 23611362 DOI: 10.1021/jf305410k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is widely employed as a dietary supplement. Several studies have shown that chitosan possesses an antidiabetic effect. An important intestinal incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), is also known to contribute to the amelioration of diabetes. This study investigated whether chitosan possesses an ability in GLP-1 synthesis and secretion in human intestinal cells. Low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) significantly increases GLP-1 secretion in human intestinal endocrine cells (NCI-H716) in a dose-dependent manner. LMWC could also dose-dependently increase the mRNA expression of proglucagon, a GLP-1 precursor, but did not affect prohormone convertase 3 (PC 3) mRNA expression. LMWC effectively increased the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)-p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), but not extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK). An inhibitor of p38, but not JNK and ERK, significantly reversed the LMWC-increased proglucagon expression. Taken together, LMWC accelerates proglucagon expression and GLP-1 secretion through a p38/MAPK-dependent signaling pathway. These findings suggest that LMWC may provide a strategy for diabetes therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shing Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Preparation of Chitosan and Water-Soluble Chitosan Microspheres via Spray-Drying Method to Lower Blood Lipids in Rats Fed with High-Fat Diets. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:4174-84. [PMID: 23429200 PMCID: PMC3588093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14024174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of the chitosan (CTS) and water-soluble chitosan (WSC) microspheres on plasma lipids in male Sprague-Dawley rats fed with high-fat diets. CTS microspheres and WSC microspheres were prepared by the spray-drying technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs showed that the microspheres were nearly spherical in shape. The mean size of CTS microspheres was 4.07 μm (varying from 1.50 to 7.21 μm) and of WSC microspheres was 2.00 μm (varying from 0.85 to 3.58 μm). The rats were classified into eight groups (n = 8) and were fed with high-fat diets for two weeks to establish the hyperlipidemic condition and were then treated with CTS microspheres and WSC microspheres, CTS and WSC for four weeks. The results showed that CTS and WSC microspheres reduced blood lipids and plasma viscosity and increased the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels significantly. This study is the first report of the lipid-lowering effects of CTS and WSC microspheres. CTS and WSC microspheres were found to be more effective in improving hyperlipidemia in rats than common CTS and WSC.
Collapse
|
63
|
Walsh AM, Sweeney T, Bahar B, O’Doherty JV. Multi-functional roles of chitosan as a potential protective agent against obesity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53828. [PMID: 23342013 PMCID: PMC3544718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan, a natural polysaccharide comprising copolymers of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine, has been shown to have anti-obesity properties. Two experiments (Exp. 1 and Exp. 2) were performed to determine the role of chitosan on dietary intake, body weight gain, and fat deposition in a pig model, as well as identifying potential mechanisms underlying the anti-obesity effect of chitosan. In Exp. 1, the nutrient digestibility experiment, 16 pigs (n = 4/treatment) were randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatments as follows: 1) basal diet; 2) basal diet plus 300 ppm chitosan; 3) basal diet plus 600 ppm chitosan; 4) basal diet plus 1200 ppm chitosan. The main observation was that crude fat digestibility was lower in the 1200 ppm chitosan group when compared with the control group (P<0.05). In Exp. 2, a total of 80 pigs (n = 20/treatment) were offered identical dietary treatments to that offered to animals in Exp. 1. Blood samples were collected on day 0, day 35 and at the end of the experiment (day 57). Animals offered diets containing 1200 ppm chitosan had a lower daily dietary intake (P<0.001) and body weight gain (P<0.001) from day 35 to 57 when compared with all the other treatment groups. Animals offered diets containing 1200 ppm chitosan had a significantly lower final body weight (P<0.01) when compared with all the other treatment groups. The decreased dietary intake observed in the 1200 ppm chitosan group was associated with increased serum leptin concentrations (P<0.001) and a decrease in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations (P<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study highlight novel endocrine mechanisms involving the modulation of serum leptin and CRP concentrations by which chitosan exhibits anti-obesity properties in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M. Walsh
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Lyons Research Farm, Newcastle, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bojlul Bahar
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Lyons Research Farm, Newcastle, Co. Dublin, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Co. Dublin, Ireland
| | - John V. O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Lyons Research Farm, Newcastle, Co. Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Anandan R, Ganesan B, Obulesu T, Mathew S, Asha KK, Lakshmanan PT, Zynudheen AA. Antiaging effect of dietary chitosan supplementation on glutathione-dependent antioxidant system in young and aged rats. Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:121-5. [PMID: 22828860 PMCID: PMC3508130 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging has been defined as the changes that occur in living organisms with the passage of time that lead to functional impairment and ultimately to death. Free radical-induced oxidative damage has long been thought to be the most important consequence of the aging process. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the salubrious effects of dietary supplementation of chitosan on glutathione-dependent antioxidant defense system in young and aged rats. The dietary supplementation of chitosan significantly reduced the age-associated dyslipidemic abnormalities noted in the levels of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol in plasma and heart tissue. Its administration significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated the oxidative stress in the heart tissue of aged rats through the counteraction of free radical formation by maintaining the enzymatic [glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR)] and non-enzymatic [reduced glutathione (GSH)] status at levels comparable to that of normal young rats. Our results conclude that dietary intake of chitosan restores the depleted myocardial antioxidant status and suggest that it could be an effective therapeutic agent in treatment of age-associated disorders where hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress are the major causative factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Anandan
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri (PO), Cochin, 682029 Kerala India
| | - B. Ganesan
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri (PO), Cochin, 682029 Kerala India
| | - T. Obulesu
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri (PO), Cochin, 682029 Kerala India
| | - S. Mathew
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri (PO), Cochin, 682029 Kerala India
| | - K. K. Asha
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri (PO), Cochin, 682029 Kerala India
| | - P. T. Lakshmanan
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri (PO), Cochin, 682029 Kerala India
| | - A. A. Zynudheen
- Fish Processing Division, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Matsyapuri (PO), Cochin, 682029 Kerala India
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Anandan R, Ganesan B, Obulesu T, Mathew S, Kumar R, Lakshmanan P, Zynudheen A. Dietary chitosan supplementation attenuates isoprenaline-induced oxidative stress in rat myocardium. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:783-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
66
|
Zhang J, Zhang W, Mamadouba B, Xia W. A comparative study on hypolipidemic activities of high and low molecular weight chitosan in rats. Int J Biol Macromol 2012; 51:504-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
67
|
Chitooligosaccharide ameliorates diet-induced obesity in mice and affects adipose gene expression involved in adipogenesis and inflammation. Nutr Res 2012; 32:218-28. [PMID: 22464809 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chitooligosaccharide (CO) has been reported to have potential antiobestic effects in a few studies, but the antiobesity properties of CO and its related mechanisms in models of dietary obesity remain unclear. We investigated the effect of CO on body weight gain, size of adipocytes, adipokines, and lipid profiles in high-fat (HF) diet-induced obese mice and on the gene expression in adipose tissue using a complementary DNA microarray approach to test the hypothesis that CO supplementation would alleviate HF diet-induced obesity by the alteration of adipose tissue-specific gene expression. Male C57BL/6N mice were fed a normal diet (control), HF diet, or CO-supplemented HF diet (1% or 3%) for 5 months. Compared with the HF diet mice, mice fed the 3% CO-supplemented diet gained 15% less weight but did not display any change in food and energy intake. Chitooligosaccharide supplementation markedly improved serum and hepatic lipid profiles. Histologic examination showed that epididymal adipocyte size was smaller in mice fed the HF + 3% CO. Microarray analysis showed that dietary CO supplementation modulated adipogenesis-related genes such as matrix metallopeptidases 3, 12, 13, and 14; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1; and cathepsin k in the adipose tissues. Twenty-five percent of the CO-responsive genes identified are involved in immune responses including the inflammatory response and cytokine production. These results suggest that CO supplementation may help ameliorate HF diet-induced weight gain and improve serum and liver lipid profile abnormalities, which are associated, at least in part, with altered adipose tissue gene expression involved in adipogenesis and inflammation.
Collapse
|
68
|
Interaction of chitosan and mucin in a biomembrane model environment. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 376:289-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
69
|
Liu X, Yang F, Song T, Zeng A, Wang Q, Sun Z, Shen J. Therapeutic effect of carboxymethylated and quanternized chitosan on insulin resistance in high-fat-diet-induced rats and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 23:1271-84. [PMID: 21669050 DOI: 10.1163/092050611x579771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their distinct biochemical properties, chitosan and its derivatives have a great potential in a range of bioapplications. One such application is as a dietary antilipidemic supplement to be used in reducing obesity and to improve insulin resistance. The lipid-binding efficiency of chitosan and its derivatives, however, remains debatable. Accordingly, in this study we investigated the interaction of chitosan and its two derivatives, O-carboxymethyl chitosan (O-CMCs) and N-[(2-hydroxy-3-N,N-dimethylhexadecyl ammonium)propyl]chitosan chloride (N-CQCs), with plasma leptin, glucose, insulin and total cholesterol in a diet-induced insulin-resistant rat model, and further interaction with mRNA expression of adipocytokines and its related molecule PPAR-γ. The experiments were performed using the RT-PCR technique in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, in which the mRNA expression of leptin, adiponectin, resistin and PPAR-γ was recorded in the absence and presence of chitosan, O-CMCs and N-CQCs. The experimental results proved that chitosan, O-CMCs and N-CQCs not only lowered the level of plasma leptin, glucose, insulin and total cholesterol in vivo, but down-regulated mRNA expression of leptin and resistin, and up-regulated mRNA expression of adiponectin and PPAR-γ in vitro, to achieve the desired insulin resistance therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liu
- a Department of Polymer Materials Science and Engineering , College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University , Tianjin , 300072 , P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Hsieh YL, Yao HT, Cheng RS, Chiang MT. Chitosan Reduces Plasma Adipocytokines and Lipid Accumulation in Liver and Adipose Tissues and Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in Diabetic Rats. J Med Food 2012; 15:453-60. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Tsung Yao
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ron-Shan Cheng
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Tsan Chiang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Kao CH, Hsiang CY, Ho TY. Assessment of chitosan-affected metabolic response by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor bioluminescent imaging-guided transcriptomic analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34969. [PMID: 22496881 PMCID: PMC3319625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan has been widely used in food industry as a weight-loss aid and a cholesterol-lowering agent. Previous studies have shown that chitosan affects metabolic responses and contributes to anti-diabetic, hypocholesteremic, and blood glucose-lowering effects; however, the in vivo targeting sites and mechanisms of chitosan remain to be clarified. In this study, we constructed transgenic mice, which carried the luciferase genes driven by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), a key regulator of fatty acid and glucose metabolism. Bioluminescent imaging of PPAR transgenic mice was applied to report the organs that chitosan acted on, and gene expression profiles of chitosan-targeted organs were further analyzed to elucidate the mechanisms of chitosan. Bioluminescent imaging showed that constitutive PPAR activities were detected in brain and gastrointestinal tract. Administration of chitosan significantly activated the PPAR activities in brain and stomach. Microarray analysis of brain and stomach showed that several pathways involved in lipid and glucose metabolism were regulated by chitosan. Moreover, the expression levels of metabolism-associated genes like apolipoprotein B (apoB) and ghrelin genes were down-regulated by chitosan. In conclusion, these findings suggested the feasibility of PPAR bioluminescent imaging-guided transcriptomic analysis on the evaluation of chitosan-affected metabolic responses in vivo. Moreover, we newly identified that downregulated expression of apoB and ghrelin genes were novel mechanisms for chitosan-affected metabolic responses in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Kao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Omara EA, Aly HF, Nada SA. Chitosan induced hepato-nephrotoxicity in mice with special reference to gender effect in glycolytic enzymes activities. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 62:29-40. [PMID: 22154824 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is an antilipidemic dietary supplement used as a diet aide. The present study investigated the effect of sex-toxicity relationship between male and female mice orally given two dose levels (150 and 300 mg/kg) for 35 days. Chitosan treatment caused significant elevation in transaminases (ALT, AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in liver and in serum urea and creatinine in dose dependent manner; no sex differences between-treated groups. Lipid profile parameters significantly decreased and significant increase in glycolytic enzymes activities in all treatment groups. Female mice treated with chitosan (300 mg/kg) had significant reduction in lipid profile parameters than the same dose of male group. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities significantly enhanced without sex differences, while glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) and hexokinase (HK) significantly elevated in the higher dose of females than male. Histopathological study of liver and kidney tissues showed moderate to severe histopathological changes depend on the dose and gender difference. Image analysis resulted significant depletion in glycogen and protein contents especially in female more than male. These results indicated that female mice were more susceptible to the toxic effect of chitosan than males when administered with the higher dose for a long period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enayat A Omara
- Pathology Dept., National Research Centre, P.O. 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Shimada T, Horikawa T, Ikeya Y, Matsuo H, Kinoshita K, Taguchi T, Ichinose K, Takahashi K, Aburada M. Preventive effect of Kaempferia parviflora ethyl acetate extract and its major components polymethoxyflavonoid on metabolic diseases. Fitoterapia 2011; 82:1272-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2011.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
74
|
Wang D, Han J, Yu Y, Li X, Wang Y, Tian H, Guo S, Jin S, Luo T, Qin S. Chitosan oligosaccharide decreases very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride and increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in high-fat-diet-fed rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:1064-9. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that chitosan has beneficial lipid-regulating effects, but it remains unknown whether chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), the chitosan degradation product, has the same lipid benefits. High-fat-diet-fed Wistar rats were administrated with COS by gastric gavage for three weeks. The effects of COS on lipids, lipoprotein components and lipid metabolism related protein activities were investigated. Plasma lipids level assays by an enzyme method showed that COS decreased triglyceride (TG) by 29–31%, and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 8–11%, but did not affect low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Lipid distribution analysis through fast protein liquid chromatography indicated that COS significantly decreased TG content distributed in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)/LDL fractions but increased cholesterol content in HDL fractions. Apolipoprotein analysis through plasma ultracentrifugation and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis displayed that COS decreased apolipoprotein B-100 of LDL and increased apolipoprotein E of LDL and apolipoprotein B-100 of VLDL, but did not change apoA-I content of HDL particles. Lipoprotein formation associated protein determination showed that COS also increased plasma activity of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase but not phospholipid transfer protein. The present study suggests that COS may play a beneficial role in plasma lipid regulation of rats with dyslipidemia induced by high-fat diet. The COS-decreased VLDL/LDL TG and -enhanced HDL cholesterol may be related to the upregulated activity of lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daxin Wang
- Research Centre of Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001
| | - Jiju Han
- Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Xueping Li
- Research Centre of Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001
| | - Yun Wang
- Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Hua Tian
- Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Shoudong Guo
- Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Shiguang Jin
- Research Centre of Biomedical Engineering, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001
| | - Tian Luo
- Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Shucun Qin
- Institute of Atherosclerosis, Taishan Medical University, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
A potential role of IL-6 in the chito-oligosaccharide-mediated inhibition of adipogenesis. Br J Nutr 2011; 106:1142-53. [PMID: 21736830 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511001486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that chito-oligosaccharides can have anti-adipogenic properties. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the anti-adipogenic potential of four different chito-oligosaccharides (molecular weight (MW) < 1000, 1000-3000, 3000-5000 and 5000-10,000 Da) and to identify molecular mechanisms underlying the chito-oligosaccharide-mediated inhibition of adipogenesis. Mouse 3T3-L1 cells were allowed to differentiate in the presence of chito-oligosaccharide. At day 8 post-induction of differentiation, lipid accumulation, free glycerol release and the quantitative expression of adipogenic marker genes were evaluated. Chito-oligosaccharides had concentration- and MW-dependent inhibitory effects on lipid accumulation (P < 0·001 and < 0·05, respectively), as well as a concentration-dependent effect (P < 0·001) on free glycerol release and the expression of adipogenic marker genes. The 5000-10,000 Da chito-oligosaccharide was selected for subsequent molecular studies. A panel of forty-four lipid metabolic pathway-specific genes was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR. Chito-oligosaccharide-mediated inhibition of adipogenesis was associated with the up-regulation of the IL-6 gene at all concentrations of chito-oligosaccharide examined and the PG-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) gene at higher concentrations of chito-oligosaccharide. The effect of chito-oligosaccharide on gene expression was validated by measuring IL-6 protein concentrations in the media. Finally, an IL-6 promoter assay was developed to characterise the effect of chito-oligosaccharide on the transcriptional activity of the IL-6 promoter, which was increased in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0·001). We conclude that IL-6 is a candidate signalling molecule in the chito-oligosaccharide-mediated inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells.
Collapse
|
76
|
Bondiolotti G, Cornelli U, Strabbioli RS, Frega NG, Cornelli M, Bareggi SR. Effect of a polyglucosamine on the body weight of male rats: Mechanisms of action. Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
77
|
Ozhan Aytekin A, Morimura S, Kida K. Physiological activities of chitosan and N
-trimethyl chitosan chloride in U937 and 3T3-L1 cells. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
78
|
Proteome analysis in adipose tissue of ob/ob mice in response to chitosan oligosaccharides treatment. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-009-3135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
79
|
Jun SC, Jung EY, Kang DH, Kim JM, Chang UJ, Suh HJ. Vitamin C increases the fecal fat excretion by chitosan in guinea-pigs, thereby reducing body weight gain. Phytother Res 2010; 24:1234-41. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
80
|
Beik KY, Lee SI, Kim SD. Beneficial Effect of Anti-obese Herbal Medicine Mixture with Chitosan in High Fat Diet-induced Obese Rats. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2009.14.4.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
81
|
Kumar SG, Rahman MA, Lee SH, Hwang HS, Kim HA, Yun JW. Plasma proteome analysis for anti-obesity and anti-diabetic potentials of chitosan oligosaccharides in ob/ob mice. Proteomics 2009; 9:2149-62. [PMID: 19296549 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Altered levels of adipokines, derived as a result of distorted adipocytes, are the major factors responsible for changing biochemical parameters in obesity that leads to the development of metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. In our previous reports, chitosan oligosaccharides (CO) were proved to inhibit the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effect of CO on ob/ob mice, by means of differential proteomic analysis of plasma. This was followed by immunoblotting, and gene expression in adipose tissue to clarify the molecular mechanism. CO treatment showed reduced diet intake (13%), body weight gain (12%), lipid (29%) and glucose levels (35%). 2-DE results showed differential levels of five proteins namely RBP4, apoE, and apoA-IV by >2-fold down-regulation and by >2-fold of apoA-I and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) up-regulation after CO treatment. Immunoblotting studies of adiponectin and resistin showed amelioration in their levels in plasma. Furthermore, the results of gene expressions for adipose tissue specific TNF-alpha, and IL-6 secretary molecules were also down-regulated by CO treatment. Gene expressions of PPAR gamma in adipose tissue were in good agreement with the ameliorated levels of adipokines, thereby improving the pathological state. Taken together, CO might act as a potent down-regulator of obesity-related gene expression in ob/ob mice that may normalize altered plasma proteins to overcome metabolic disorders of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suresh G Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Kyungsan, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Dietary supplementation with chitosan derived from mushrooms changes adipocytokine profile in diet-induced obese mice, a phenomenon linked to its lipid-lowering action. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:767-73. [PMID: 19286482 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent data reported that chitosan reduces high-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity in mice without describing the metabolic consequences of such an effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the capacity of chitosan derived from edible mushrooms to modify adipocytokine levels and to assess the relevance of this effect on the development of fat mass, and on glucose and lipid metabolism in obese mice. Mice were fed a HF diet or a HF diet supplemented with 5% fungal chitosan for ten weeks. HF-induced hypertriglyceridaemia, fasting hyperinsulinaemia and fat accumulation in liver, muscle and white adipose tissue (WAT) were reduced after chitosan treatment. The higher lipid content in the caecum following treatment with chitosan suggested that this dietary fiber reduced lipid absorption. We postulated that the lower triglyceridaemia observed upon chitosan treatment could also be the result of the lower FIAF (fasting-induced adipose factor) expression observed in visceral adipose tissue. IL-6, resistin and leptin levels decreased in the serum after chitosan supplementation. We conclude that fungal chitosan counteracts some inflammatory disorders and metabolic alterations occurring in diet-induced obese mice since it decreases feed efficiency, fat mass, adipocytokine secretion and ectopic fat deposition in the liver and the muscle.
Collapse
|
83
|
Anraku M, Fujii T, Furutani N, Kadowaki D, Maruyama T, Otagiri M, Gebicki JM, Tomida H. Antioxidant effects of a dietary supplement: reduction of indices of oxidative stress in normal subjects by water-soluble chitosan. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 47:104-9. [PMID: 18996432 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of water-soluble chitosan, a natural polymer derived from chitin, on indices of oxidative stress was investigated in normal volunteers. Treatment with chitosan for 4 weeks produced a significant decrease in levels of plasma glucose, atherogenic index and led to increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL). Chitosan treatment also lowered the ratio of oxidized to reduced albumin and increased total plasma antioxidant activity (TPA). There was good correlation between TPA and oxidized albumin ratio. The results indicate that oxidized albumin ratio represents a potentially useful marker of oxidative stress. In in vitro studies, albumin carbonyls and hydroperoxides were significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner in the presence of chitosan, compared with controls (p<0.05). Chitosan also reduced two stable radicals in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The results suggest that chitosan has a direct antioxidant activity in systemic circulation by lowering the indices of oxidative stress in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This may confer benefits additional to the reduction in plasma carbohydrate and increase in HDL levels. It may also inhibit oxidation of serum albumin commonly observed in patients undergoing hemodialysis, resulting in reduction of oxidative stress associated with uremia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Anraku
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, 1 Sanzo, Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama 729-0292, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Rahman A, Kumar SG, Kim SW, Hwang HJ, Baek YM, Lee SH, Hwang HS, Shon YH, Nam KS, Yun JW. Proteomic analysis for inhibitory effect of chitosan oligosaccharides on 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation. Proteomics 2008; 8:569-81. [PMID: 18175373 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we performed a differential proteomic analysis using 2-DE combined with MS to clarify the molecular mechanism for the suppressive effect of chitosan oligosaccharides (CO) during differentiation of adipocyte 3T3-L1. Cell differentiation was significantly inhibited by CO at the concentration of 4 mg/mL. Protein mapping of adipocyte homogenates by 2-DE revealed that numerous protein spots were differentially altered in response to CO treatment. Out of 50 identified proteins showing significant alterations, six were up-regulated and 44 were down-regulated by CO treatment in comparison to control mature adipocytes. Among them, most of the proteins are associated with lipid metabolism, cytoskeleton, and redox regulation, in which the levels of farnesyl diphosphate synthetase (FDS), dedicator of cytokinesis 9 (DOCK9), and chloride intracellular channel 1 (CLIC1) were significantly reduced (>two-fold) with CO treatment. These results have not previously been examined in the context of adipogenesis, and thus can be used as novel biomarkers. Taken together with immunoblot analysis, it was concluded that the inhibitory effect of CO on adipocyte differentiation was mediated by C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma pathway through significant downregulations of important adipogenic molecules such as fatty acid binding protein and glucose transporter 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atiar Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Kyungsan, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Blasinska A, Drobnik J. Effects of nonwoven mats of Di-O-butyrylchitin and related polymers on the process of wound healing. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:776-82. [PMID: 18260635 DOI: 10.1021/bm7006373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to observe the effects of dibutyrylchitin (DBC) on the repair processes and to explain the mechanisms of its action in comparison with other dressing materials made of butyrylchitin (BC), regenerated chitin (RC), and chitosan. The results showed that DBC implanted subcutaneously to the rats increased weight of the granulation tissue. Increased cell number isolated from the wound and cultured on the DBC films was also revealed. The DBC was proved to reduce also the necrotic cells number in the culture. DBC elevates the glycosaminoglycans (GAG) level in the granulation tissue. The total collagen content in the wound was not influenced by all applied dressing materials. However, a low level of the poorly polymerized soluble collagen in the wounds treated with DBC and BC indicated better polymerization of the remaining part of that protein. Both DBC and chitosan increased the weight of granulation tissue. However, chitosan contrary to DBC lowered GAG content and increased water capacity in the wound. The study documents the beneficial influence of DBC on the repair, which could be explained by the modification of the extracellular matrix and cells number. The best effects were observed after application of DBC with [eta] DBC-1 = 1.75 dL/g.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Blasinska
- Department of Fiber Physics and Textile Metrology, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Hong YJ, Turowski M, Lin JT, Yokoyama WH. Simultaneous characterization of bile acid, sterols, and determination of acylglycerides in feces from soluble cellulose-fed hamsters using HPLC with evaporative light-scattering detection and APCI-MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:9750-9757. [PMID: 17979236 DOI: 10.1021/jf071798+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The rapid rise in obesity-related diseases has increased interest in oral and dietary agents that disrupt fat metabolism, resulting in the excretion of dietary lipids in the feces. In this study, a rapid and convenient liquid chromatography method to comprehensively analyze fecal lipids in a single injection was developed. An evaporative light-scattering detector (ELSD) for routine analysis or atmosphere pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry [(+)APCI-MS/MS] for structural confirmation and peak purity was used. The method was applied to characterize lipid components of feces from hamsters fed high-fat diets with either 5% microcrystalline cellulose or 5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) fibers, to test the effect of HPMC on lipid metabolism. HPMC is a nonfermentable, soluble cellulose fiber. The fecal lipid components identified using this method includes two secondary bile acids, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid, and neutral sterols including cholesterol, coprostanol, stigmastanol, and sitosterol. The profile of fecal lipid components was compared between two groups. It was found that the bile acid excretion was increased 2-fold in HPMC-fed hamsters. More interestingly, diacylglycerides and triacylglycerides were detected in feces from hamsters on HPMC-included high-fat diets. We believe that this is the first report of excretion of acylglycerides following neutral soluble fiber feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jeong Hong
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
|
88
|
Bondiolotti G, Bareggi SR, Frega NG, Strabioli S, Cornelli U. Activity of two different polyglucosamines, L112 and FF45, on body weight in male rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 567:155-8. [PMID: 17482159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
L112 and FF45 are two polyglucosamines with similar characteristics and molecular weights. Three groups of 15 young male rats each were fed a standard diet or a diet containing 2% L112 or FF45 for 4 weeks, and we measured their body weight; water and food intake; triglyceride and total, low-density lypoproteins (LDL) and high-density lypoproteins (HDL) cholesterol levels; and the amount of feces and fecal water and lipid concentrations. The results showed that both L112 and FF45 reduced the increase in body weight in comparison with controls (respectively 152+/-18.7 g and 155+/-18.7 g vs 166+/-18.1 g; ANOVA P<0.05). Total food intake during the study period was significantly greater in the animals treated with L112 or FF45 (respectively 780+/-49.9 g and 787+/-61.7 g vs 742+/-53.0 g), with a significant loss of "food efficiency". Water intake was similar in all three groups. There was no significant change in plasma lipid profiles in any of the groups except for a significant decrease in HDL cholesterol in the animals treated with L112. Twenty-four-hour fecal weight was 7.8+/-1.70 g in the controls, 10.1+/-1.98 g in the rats treated with L112, and 9.0+/-1.21 g in those treated with FF45 (Dunnet's test vs controls: P<0.05). Fecal lipid and water concentrations were significantly higher in the polyglucosamine-treated groups (P<0.05 Dunnet's test).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giampietro Bondiolotti
- Department of Pharmacology, Chemotherapy and Medical Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|