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McCann CJ, Borrelli O, Thapar N. Stem cell therapy in severe pediatric motility disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 43:145-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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52
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Kulkarni S, Ganz J, Bayrer J, Becker L, Bogunovic M, Rao M. Advances in Enteric Neurobiology: The "Brain" in the Gut in Health and Disease. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9346-9354. [PMID: 30381426 PMCID: PMC6209840 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1663-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a large, complex division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates many digestive, immune, hormonal, and metabolic functions. Recent advances have elucidated the dynamic nature of the mature ENS, as well as the complex, bidirectional interactions among enteric neurons, glia, and the many other cell types that are important for mediating gut behaviors. Here, we provide an overview of ENS development and maintenance, and focus on the latest insights gained from the use of novel model systems and live-imaging techniques. We discuss major advances in the understanding of enteric glia, and the functional interactions among enteric neurons, glia, and enteroendocrine cells, a large class of sensory epithelial cells. We conclude by highlighting recent work on muscularis macrophages, a group of immune cells that closely interact with the ENS in the gut wall, and the importance of neurological-immune system communication in digestive health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Kulkarni
- Department of Medicine, The John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205,
| | - Julia Ganz
- Department of Integrative Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - James Bayrer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Laren Becker
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Milena Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, and
| | - Meenakshi Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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López SH, Avetisyan M, Wright CM, Mesbah K, Kelly RG, Moon AM, Heuckeroth RO. Loss of Tbx3 in murine neural crest reduces enteric glia and causes cleft palate, but does not influence heart development or bowel transit. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S337-S351. [PMID: 30292786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors that coordinate migration, differentiation or proliferation of enteric nervous system (ENS) precursors are not well defined. To identify novel transcriptional regulators of ENS development, we performed microarray analysis at embryonic day (E) 17.5 and identified many genes that were enriched in the ENS compared to other bowel cells. We decided to investigate the T-box transcription factor Tbx3, which is prominently expressed in developing and mature ENS. Haploinsufficiency for TBX3 causes ulnar-mammary syndrome (UMS) in humans, a multi-organ system disorder. TBX3 also regulates several genes known to be important for ENS development. To test the hypothesis that Tbx3 is important for ENS development or function, we inactivated Tbx3 in all neural crest derivatives, including ENS progenitors using Wnt1-Cre and a floxed Tbx3 allele. Tbx3 fl/fl; Wnt1-Cre conditional mutant mice die shortly after birth with cleft palate and difficulty feeding. The ENS of mutants was well-organized with a normal density of enteric neurons and nerve fiber bundles, but small bowel glial cell density was reduced. Despite this, bowel motility appeared normal. Furthermore, although Tbx3 is expressed in cardiac neural crest, Tbx3 fl/fl; Wnt1-Cre mice had structurally normal hearts. Thus, loss of Tbx3 within neural crest has selective effects on Tbx3-expressing neural crest derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Huerta López
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Abramson Research Center - Suite # 1116I, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, United States
| | - Marina Avetisyan
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Abramson Research Center - Suite # 1116I, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Christina M Wright
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Abramson Research Center - Suite # 1116I, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, United States
| | - Karim Mesbah
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | | | - Anne M Moon
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville, PA, United States; Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Robert O Heuckeroth
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Abramson Research Center - Suite # 1116I, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, United States.
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54
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McCann CJ, Thapar N. Enteric neural stem cell therapies for enteric neuropathies. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13369. [PMID: 29707856 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric neuropathies exist as a wide range of human disorders which impact on gastrointestinal motility. Current standard therapies for enteric neuropathies are limited to surgical resection or manipulation (eg, myotomy) of affected gut segments or medical management including both therapy (eg, prokinetic pharmacotherapy) and support such as parenteral nutrition. However, such treatments often result in poor prognosis and significant morbidity. The current limitations in treatment options for enteric neuropathies underline the need for alternative approaches to treat these devastating diseases. Recent advances have highlighted the potential of enteric neural stem cells as a possible treatment option for regenerative medicine, in such cases. PURPOSE The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date synopsis of the enteric neural stem cell research field. Here, we review in detail the initial characterization of enteric neural stem cells, early preclinical studies validating their use in murine models through to the most recent findings of therapeutic rescue of diseased gut tissue. We additionally pose a number of questions regarding these recent findings which will need to be addressed prior to clinical translation of this exciting cellular therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J McCann
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - N Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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55
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Cooper M, O'Connor‐Semmes R, Reedy BA, Hacquoil K, Gorycki P, Pannullo K, Verticelli A, Shakib S. First‐in‐Human Studies for a Selective RET Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, GSK3179106, to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2018; 8:234-245. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sepehr Shakib
- CMAX Clinical Research Pty LtdRoyal Adelaide Hospital Adelaide South Australia
- Department of Clinical PharmacologySchool of MedicineUniversity of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract contains its own set of intrinsic neuroglial circuits - the enteric nervous system (ENS) - which detects and responds to diverse signals from the environment. Here, we address recent advances in the understanding of ENS development, including how neural-crest-derived progenitors migrate into and colonize the bowel, the formation of ganglionated plexuses and the molecular mechanisms of enteric neuronal and glial diversification. Modern lineage tracing and transcription-profiling technologies have produced observations that simultaneously challenge and affirm long-held beliefs about ENS development. We review many genetic and environmental factors that can alter ENS development and exert long-lasting effects on gastrointestinal function, and discuss how developmental defects in the ENS might account for some of the large burden of digestive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Short-bowel syndrome represents the most common cause of intestinal failure and occurs when the remaining intestine cannot support fluid and nutrient needs to sustain adequate physiology and development without the use of supplemental parenteral nutrition. After intestinal loss or damage, the remnant bowel undergoes multifactorial compensatory processes, termed adaptation, which are largely driven by intraluminal nutrient exposure. Previous studies have provided insight into the biological processes and mediators after resection, however, there still remains a gap in the knowledge of more comprehensive mechanisms that drive the adaptive responses in these patients. Recent data support the microbiota as a key mediator of gut homeostasis and a potential driver of metabolism and immunomodulation after intestinal loss. In this review, we summarize the emerging ideas related to host-microbiota interactions in the intestinal adaptation processes.
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Key Words
- Adaptive Responses
- CONV, conventional
- ENS, enteric nervous system
- Enteric Flora
- GF, germ-free
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GLP-2, glucagon-like peptide 2
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- ICR, ileocecal resection
- IF, intestinal failure
- IL, interleukin
- Immune System
- Intestinal Failure
- Microbial Metabolites
- NEC, necrotizing enterocolitis
- PN, parenteral nutrition
- SBR, small bowel resection
- SBS, short-bowel syndrome
- SCFA, short-chain fatty acid
- SFB, segmented filamentous bacteria
- TGR5, Takeda-G-protein-receptor 5
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York.
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59
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Radenkovic G, Radenkovic D, Velickov A. Development of interstitial cells of Cajal in the human digestive tract as the result of reciprocal induction of mesenchymal and neural crest cells. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:778-785. [PMID: 29193736 PMCID: PMC5783873 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCC) can migrate into different parts of the body and express their strong inductive potential. In addition, they are multipotent and are able to differentiate into various cell types with diverse functions. In the primitive gut, NCC induce differentiation of muscular structures and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and they themselves differentiate into the elements of the enteric nervous system (ENS), neurons and glial cells. ICC develop by way of mesenchymal cell differentiation in the outer parts of the primitive gut wall around the myenteric plexus (MP) ganglia, with the exception of colon, where they appear simultaneously also at the submucosal border of the circular muscular layer around the submucosal plexus (SMP) ganglia. However, in a complex process of reciprocal induction of NCC and local mesenchyma, c‐kit positive precursors are the first to differentiate, representing probably the common precursors of ICC and smooth muscle cells (SMC). C‐kit positive precursors could represent a key impact factor regarding the final differentiation of NCC into neurons and glial cells with neurons subsequently excreting stem cell factor (SCF) and other signalling molecules. Under the impact of SCF, a portion of c‐kit positive precursors lying immediately around the ganglia differentiate into ICC, while the rest differentiate into SMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Radenkovic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | - Dina Radenkovic
- UCL Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Aleksandra Velickov
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
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60
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Perea D, Guiu J, Hudry B, Konstantinidou C, Milona A, Hadjieconomou D, Carroll T, Hoyer N, Natarajan D, Kallijärvi J, Walker JA, Soba P, Thapar N, Burns AJ, Jensen KB, Miguel-Aliaga I. Ret receptor tyrosine kinase sustains proliferation and tissue maturation in intestinal epithelia. EMBO J 2017; 36:3029-3045. [PMID: 28899900 PMCID: PMC5641678 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201696247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the Ret receptor tyrosine kinase is a defining feature of enteric neurons. Its importance is underscored by the effects of its mutation in Hirschsprung disease, leading to absence of gut innervation and severe gastrointestinal symptoms. We report a new and physiologically significant site of Ret expression in the intestine: the intestinal epithelium. Experiments in Drosophila indicate that Ret is expressed both by enteric neurons and adult intestinal epithelial progenitors, which require Ret to sustain their proliferation. Mechanistically, Ret is engaged in a positive feedback loop with Wnt/Wingless signalling, modulated by Src and Fak kinases. We find that Ret is also expressed by the developing intestinal epithelium of mice, where its expression is maintained into the adult stage in a subset of enteroendocrine/enterochromaffin cells. Mouse organoid experiments point to an intrinsic role for Ret in promoting epithelial maturation and regulating Wnt signalling. Our findings reveal evolutionary conservation of the positive Ret/Wnt signalling feedback in both developmental and homeostatic contexts. They also suggest an epithelial contribution to Ret loss‐of‐function disorders such as Hirschsprung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Perea
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jordi Guiu
- BRIC-Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Bruno Hudry
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Alexandra Milona
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dafni Hadjieconomou
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Carroll
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nina Hoyer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dipa Natarajan
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jukka Kallijärvi
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - James A Walker
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Soba
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Alan J Burns
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kim B Jensen
- BRIC-Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark.,The Danish Stem Cell Center (Danstem), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Irene Miguel-Aliaga
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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61
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The role of enteric neurons in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:420-434. [PMID: 28847715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the intrinsic neural network of the gastrointestinal tract, which is essential for regulating gut functions and intestinal homeostasis. The importance of the ENS is underscored by the existence of severe gastrointestinal diseases, such as Hirschsprung's disease and intestinal pseudo-obstruction, which arise when the ENS fails to develop normally or becomes dysregulated. Moreover, it is known that enteric neurons are involved in intestinal inflammation. However, the role of the ENS in colorectal cancer (CRC) carcinogenesis remains poorly understood, even though processes like perineural invasion and neoneurogenesis are important factors in CRC. Here we summarize how enteric neurons are affected during CRC and discuss the influence of enteric neurons, either direct or indirect, on the development and/or progression of CRC. Finally, we illustrate how the ENS could be targeted as a potential anti-cancer therapy, establishing the ENS as an integral part of the tumor microenvironment.
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62
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63
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Yoo BB, Mazmanian SK. The Enteric Network: Interactions between the Immune and Nervous Systems of the Gut. Immunity 2017; 46:910-926. [PMID: 28636959 PMCID: PMC5551410 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the nervous and immune systems enable the gut to respond to the variety of dietary products that it absorbs, the broad spectrum of pathogens that it encounters, and the diverse microbiome that it harbors. The enteric nervous system (ENS) senses and reacts to the dynamic ecosystem of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by translating chemical cues from the environment into neuronal impulses that propagate throughout the gut and into other organs in the body, including the central nervous system (CNS). This review will describe the current understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the GI tract by focusing on the ENS and the mucosal immune system. We highlight emerging literature that the ENS is essential for important aspects of microbe-induced immune responses in the gut. Although most basic and applied research in neuroscience has focused on the brain, the proximity of the ENS to the immune system and its interface with the external environment suggest that novel paradigms for nervous system function await discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan B Yoo
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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64
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Kulkarni S, Micci MA, Leser J, Shin C, Tang SC, Fu YY, Liu L, Li Q, Saha M, Li C, Enikolopov G, Becker L, Rakhilin N, Anderson M, Shen X, Dong X, Butte MJ, Song H, Southard-Smith EM, Kapur RP, Bogunovic M, Pasricha PJ. Adult enteric nervous system in health is maintained by a dynamic balance between neuronal apoptosis and neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3709-E3718. [PMID: 28420791 PMCID: PMC5422809 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619406114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
According to current dogma, there is little or no ongoing neurogenesis in the fully developed adult enteric nervous system. This lack of neurogenesis leaves unanswered the question of how enteric neuronal populations are maintained in adult guts, given previous reports of ongoing neuronal death. Here, we confirm that despite ongoing neuronal cell loss because of apoptosis in the myenteric ganglia of the adult small intestine, total myenteric neuronal numbers remain constant. This observed neuronal homeostasis is maintained by new neurons formed in vivo from dividing precursor cells that are located within myenteric ganglia and express both Nestin and p75NTR, but not the pan-glial marker Sox10. Mutation of the phosphatase and tensin homolog gene in this pool of adult precursors leads to an increase in enteric neuronal number, resulting in ganglioneuromatosis, modeling the corresponding disorder in humans. Taken together, our results show significant turnover and neurogenesis of adult enteric neurons and provide a paradigm for understanding the enteric nervous system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Kulkarni
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Maria-Adelaide Micci
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Jenna Leser
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Changsik Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | | | - Ya-Yuan Fu
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Liansheng Liu
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Monalee Saha
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Cuiping Li
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Grigori Enikolopov
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Laren Becker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Nikolai Rakhilin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Michael Anderson
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Sensory Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Sensory Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Manish J Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hongjun Song
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Institute for Cellular Engineering, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | - Raj P Kapur
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Milena Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Pankaj J Pasricha
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;
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65
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Venkatesh H, Monje M. Neuronal Activity in Ontogeny and Oncology. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:89-112. [PMID: 28718448 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The nervous system plays a central role in regulating the stem cell niche in many organs, and thereby pivotally modulates development, homeostasis, and plasticity. A similarly powerful role for neural regulation of the cancer microenvironment is emerging. Neurons promote the growth of cancers of the brain, skin, prostate, pancreas, and stomach. Parallel mechanisms shared in development and cancer suggest that neural modulation of the tumor microenvironment may prove a universal theme, although the mechanistic details of such modulation remain to be discovered for many malignancies. We review here what is known about the influences of active neurons on stem cell and cancer microenvironments across a broad range of tissues, and we discuss emerging principles of neural regulation of development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humsa Venkatesh
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Monje
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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66
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Veiga-Fernandes H, Pachnis V. Neuroimmune regulation during intestinal development and homeostasis. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:116-122. [DOI: 10.1038/ni.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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67
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Perin S, McCann CJ, Borrelli O, De Coppi P, Thapar N. Update on Foregut Molecular Embryology and Role of Regenerative Medicine Therapies. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:91. [PMID: 28503544 PMCID: PMC5408018 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal atresia (OA) represents one of the commonest and most severe developmental disorders of the foregut, the most proximal segment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (esophagus and stomach) in embryological terms. Of intrigue is the common origin from this foregut of two very diverse functional entities, the digestive and respiratory systems. OA appears to result from incomplete separation of the ventral and dorsal parts of the foregut during development, resulting in disruption of esophageal anatomy and frequent association with tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Not surprisingly, and likely inherent to OA, are associated abnormalities in components of the enteric neuromusculature and ultimately loss of esophageal functional integrity. An appreciation of such developmental processes and associated defects has not only enhanced our understanding of the etiopathogenesis underlying such devastating defects but also highlighted the potential of novel corrective therapies. There has been considerable progress in the identification and propagation of neural crest stem cells from the GI tract itself or derived from pluripotent cells. Such cells have been successfully transplanted into models of enteric neuropathy confirming their ability to functionally integrate and replenish missing or defective enteric nerves. Combinatorial approaches in tissue engineering hold significant promise for the generation of organ-specific scaffolds such as the esophagus with current initiatives directed toward their cellularization to facilitate optimal function. This chapter outlines the most current understanding of the molecular embryology underlying foregut development and OA, and also explores the promise of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Perin
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Conor J McCann
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Osvaldo Borrelli
- Neurogastroenterology and Motility Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Paolo De Coppi
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Specialist Neonatal and Paediatric Surgery (SNAPS) Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Neurogastroenterology and Motility Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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68
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Touré AM, Charrier B, Pilon N. Male-specific colon motility dysfunction in the TashT mouse line. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1494-507. [PMID: 27278627 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), the absence of myenteric neural ganglia in the distal bowel prevents motility and thereby causes functional intestinal obstruction. Although surgical resection of the aganglionic segment allows HSCR children to survive this condition, a number of patients still suffer from impaired motility despite having myenteric ganglia in their postoperative distal bowel. Such phenomenon is also observed in patients suffering from other enteric neuropathies and, in both cases, colonic dysmotility is believed to result from abnormalities of myenteric ganglia and/or associated interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). To better understand this, we used a recently described HSCR mouse model called TashT. METHODS Intestinal motility parameters were assessed and correlated with extent of aganglionosis and with neuronal density in ganglionated regions. The neural composition of the myenteric plexus and the status of ICC networks was also evaluated using immunofluorescence. KEY RESULTS TashT(Tg/Tg) mice display a strong male bias in the severity of both colonic aganglionosis and hypoganglionosis, which are associated with male-specific reduced colonic motility. TashT(Tg/Tg) male mice also exhibit a specific increase in nNos(+) neurons that is restricted to the most distal ganglionated regions. In contrast, Calretinin(+) myenteric neurons, Sox10(+) myenteric glial cells, and cKit(+) ICC are not affected in TashT(Tg/Tg) mice. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES Male-specific impairment of colonic motility in TashT(Tg/Tg) mice is associated with both severe hypoganglionosis and myenteric neuronal imbalance. Considering these parameters in the clinic might be important for the management of postoperative HSCR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Touré
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, Faculty of Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, Canada
| | - B Charrier
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, Faculty of Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, Canada
| | - N Pilon
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, Faculty of Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, Canada.
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69
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Heuckeroth RO, Schäfer KH. Gene-environment interactions and the enteric nervous system: Neural plasticity and Hirschsprung disease prevention. Dev Biol 2016; 417:188-97. [PMID: 26997034 PMCID: PMC5026873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal function is primarily controlled by an intrinsic nervous system of the bowel called the enteric nervous system (ENS). The cells of the ENS are neural crest derivatives that migrate into and through the bowel during early stages of organogenesis before differentiating into a wide variety of neurons and glia. Although genetic factors critically underlie ENS development, it is now clear that many non-genetic factors may influence the number of enteric neurons, types of enteric neurons, and ratio of neurons to glia. These non-genetic influences include dietary nutrients and medicines that may impact ENS structure and function before or after birth. This review summarizes current data about gene-environment interactions that affect ENS development and suggests that these factors may contribute to human intestinal motility disorders like Hirschsprung disease or irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert O Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, USA; The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- ENS Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern/Zweibrücken, Germany; University of Heidelberg, Paediatric Surgery Mannheim, Germany
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70
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Ramalhosa F, Soares-Cunha C, Seixal RM, Sousa N, Carvalho AF. The Impact of Prenatal Exposure to Dexamethasone on Gastrointestinal Function in Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161750. [PMID: 27584049 PMCID: PMC5008745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Antenatal treatment with synthetic glucocorticoids is commonly used in pregnant women at risk of preterm delivery to accelerate tissue maturation. Exposure to glucocorticoids during development has been hypothesized to underlie different functional gastrointestinal (GI) and motility disorders. Herein, we investigated the impact of in utero exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids (iuGC) on GI function of adult rats. Wistar male rats, born from pregnant dams treated with dexamethasone (DEX), were studied at different ages. Length, histologic analysis, proliferation and apoptosis assays, GI transit, permeability and serotonin (5-HT) content of GI tract were measured. iuGC treatment decreased small intestine size and decreased gut transit. However, iuGC had no impact on intestinal permeability. iuGC differentially impacts the structure and function of the GI tract, which leads to long-lasting alterations in the small intestine that may predispose subjects prone to disorders of the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Ramalhosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biometrics Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biometrics Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui Miguel Seixal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biometrics Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biometrics Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Franky Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biometrics Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- General Surgery Department, Hospital of Braga, Braga, Portugal
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71
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Cheng LS, Graham HK, Pan WH, Nagy N, Carreon-Rodriguez A, Goldstein AM, Hotta R. Optimizing neurogenic potential of enteric neurospheres for treatment of neurointestinal diseases. J Surg Res 2016; 206:451-459. [PMID: 27884342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric neurospheres derived from postnatal intestine represent a promising avenue for cell replacement therapy to treat Hirschsprung disease and other neurointestinal diseases. We describe a simple method to improve the neuronal yield of spontaneously formed gut-derived neurospheres. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enteric neurospheres were formed from the small and large intestines of mouse and human subjects. Neurosphere size, neural crest cell content, cell migration, neuronal differentiation, and neuronal proliferation in culture were analyzed. The effect of supplemental neurotrophic factors, including glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and endothelin-3, was also assessed. RESULTS Mouse small intestine-derived neurospheres contained significantly more P75-expressing neural crest-derived cells (49.9 ± 15.3% versus 21.6 ± 11.9%, P < 0.05) and gave rise to significantly more Tuj1-expressing neurons than colon-derived neurospheres (69.9 ± 8.6% versus 46.2 ± 15.6%, P < 0.05). A similar pattern was seen in neurospheres isolated from human small and large intestine (32.6 ± 17.5% versus 10.2 ± 8.2% neural crest cells, P < 0.05; 29.7 ± 16.4% versus 16.0 ± 13.5% enteric neurons, P < 0.05). The addition of GDNF to the culture media further improved the neurogenic potential of small intestinal neurospheres (75.9 ± 4.0% versus 67.8 ± 5.8%, P < 0.05) whereas endothelin-3 had no effect. CONCLUSIONS Enteric neurospheres formed from small intestine and supplemented with GDNF yield an enriched population of neural crest-derived progenitor cells and give rise to a high density of enteric neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily S Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, 500 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Hannah K Graham
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Wei Hua Pan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 Chongqing S Rd, Huangpu, Shanghai, China
| | - Nandor Nagy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tuzolto St. 58, Budapest 1094, Hungary
| | - Alfonso Carreon-Rodriguez
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Laboratorio de Genética y Biomarcadores, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av Universidad 655, Santa María Ahuacatitlán, 62100 Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ryo Hotta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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72
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Regulators of gene expression in Enteric Neural Crest Cells are putative Hirschsprung disease genes. Dev Biol 2016; 416:255-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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73
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Bondurand N, Southard-Smith EM. Mouse models of Hirschsprung disease and other developmental disorders of the enteric nervous system: Old and new players. Dev Biol 2016; 417:139-57. [PMID: 27370713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR, intestinal aganglionosis) is a multigenic disorder with variable penetrance and severity that has a general population incidence of 1/5000 live births. Studies using animal models have contributed to our understanding of the developmental origins of HSCR and the genetic complexity of this disease. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding control of enteric nervous system (ENS) development through analyses in mouse models. An overview of signaling pathways that have long been known to control the migration, proliferation and differentiation of enteric neural progenitors into and along the developing gut is provided as a framework for the latest information on factors that influence enteric ganglia formation and maintenance. Newly identified genes and additional factors beyond discrete genes that contribute to ENS pathology including regulatory sequences, miRNAs and environmental factors are also introduced. Finally, because HSCR has become a paradigm for complex oligogenic diseases with non-Mendelian inheritance, the importance of gene interactions, modifier genes, and initial studies on genetic background effects are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadege Bondurand
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 6, F-94000 Creteil, France; Universite Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Creteil, France.
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 2215 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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74
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7-dehydrocholesterol efficiently supports Ret signaling in a mouse model of Smith-Opitz-Lemli syndrome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28534. [PMID: 27334845 PMCID: PMC4917867 DOI: 10.1038/srep28534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a rare disorder of cholesterol synthesis. Affected individuals exhibit growth failure, intellectual disability and a broad spectrum of developmental malformations. Among them, renal agenesis or hypoplasia, decreased innervation of the gut, and ptosis are consistent with impaired Ret signaling. Ret is a receptor tyrosine kinase that achieves full activity when recruited to lipid rafts. Mice mutant for Ret are born with no kidneys and enteric neurons, and display sympathetic nervous system defects causing ptosis. Since cholesterol is a critical component of lipid rafts, here we tested the hypothesis of whether the cause of the above malformations found in SLOS is defective Ret signaling owing to improper lipid raft composition or function. No defects consistent with decreased Ret signaling were found in newborn Dhcr7−/− mice, or in Dhcr7−/− mice lacking one copy of Ret. Although kidneys from Dhcr7−/− mice showed a mild branching defect in vitro, GDNF was able to support survival and downstream signaling of sympathetic neurons. Consistently, GFRα1 correctly partitioned to lipid rafts in brain tissue. Finally, replacement experiments demonstrated that 7-DHC efficiently supports Ret signaling in vitro. Taken together, our findings do not support a role of Ret signaling in the pathogenesis of SLOS.
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75
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Uesaka T, Young HM, Pachnis V, Enomoto H. Development of the intrinsic and extrinsic innervation of the gut. Dev Biol 2016; 417:158-67. [PMID: 27112528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is innervated by intrinsic enteric neurons and by extrinsic efferent and afferent nerves. The enteric (intrinsic) nervous system (ENS) in most regions of the gut consists of two main ganglionated layers; myenteric and submucosal ganglia, containing numerous types of enteric neurons and glial cells. Axons arising from the ENS and from extrinsic neurons innervate most layers of the gut wall and regulate many gut functions. The majority of ENS cells are derived from vagal neural crest cells (NCCs), which proliferate, colonize the entire gut, and first populate the myenteric region. After gut colonization by vagal NCCs, the extrinsic nerve fibers reach the GI tract, and Schwann cell precursors (SCPs) enter the gut along the extrinsic nerves. Furthermore, a subpopulation of cells in myenteric ganglia undergoes a radial (inward) migration to form the submucosal plexus, and the intrinsic and extrinsic innervation to the mucosal region develops. Here, we focus on recent progress in understanding the developmental processes that occur after the gut is colonized by vagal ENS precursors, and provide an up-to-date overview of molecular mechanisms regulating the development of the intrinsic and extrinsic innervation of the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Uesaka
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Laboratory for Neuronal Differentiation and Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Heather M Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, 3010 VIC, Australia
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Hideki Enomoto
- Division of Neural Differentiation and Regeneration, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Laboratory for Neuronal Differentiation and Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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76
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Burns AJ, Goldstein AM, Newgreen DF, Stamp L, Schäfer KH, Metzger M, Hotta R, Young HM, Andrews PW, Thapar N, Belkind-Gerson J, Bondurand N, Bornstein JC, Chan WY, Cheah K, Gershon MD, Heuckeroth RO, Hofstra RMW, Just L, Kapur RP, King SK, McCann CJ, Nagy N, Ngan E, Obermayr F, Pachnis V, Pasricha PJ, Sham MH, Tam P, Vanden Berghe P. White paper on guidelines concerning enteric nervous system stem cell therapy for enteric neuropathies. Dev Biol 2016; 417:229-51. [PMID: 27059883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, there has been increasing focus on the development of novel stem cell based therapies for the treatment of disorders and diseases affecting the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal tract (so-called enteric neuropathies). Here, the idea is that ENS progenitor/stem cells could be transplanted into the gut wall to replace the damaged or absent neurons and glia of the ENS. This White Paper sets out experts' views on the commonly used methods and approaches to identify, isolate, purify, expand and optimize ENS stem cells, transplant them into the bowel, and assess transplant success, including restoration of gut function. We also highlight obstacles that must be overcome in order to progress from successful preclinical studies in animal models to ENS stem cell therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Burns
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald F Newgreen
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lincon Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserlautern, Germany; Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Fraunhofer-Institute Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Translational Centre - Würzburg branch and University Hospital Würzburg - Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ryo Hotta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather M Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter W Andrews
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jaime Belkind-Gerson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Nadege Bondurand
- INSERM U955, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wood Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kathryn Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
| | - Robert O Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lothar Just
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Raj P Kapur
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sebastian K King
- Department of Paediatric and Neonatal Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Conor J McCann
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Nandor Nagy
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elly Ngan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Florian Obermayr
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Mai Har Sham
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Paul Tam
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), TARGID, University of Leuven, Belgium
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77
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Rubin DC, Levin MS. Mechanisms of intestinal adaptation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 30:237-48. [PMID: 27086888 PMCID: PMC4874810 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Following loss of functional small bowel surface area due to surgical resection for therapy of Crohn's disease, ischemia, trauma or other disorders, the remnant gut undergoes a morphometric and functional compensatory adaptive response which has been best characterized in preclinical models. Increased crypt cell proliferation results in increased villus height, crypt depth and villus hyperplasia, accompanied by increased nutrient, fluid and electrolyte absorption. Clinical observations suggest that functional adaptation occurs in humans. In the immediate postoperative period, patients with substantial small bowel resection have massive fluid and electrolyte loss with reduced nutrient absorption. For many patients, the adaptive response permits partial or complete weaning from parenteral nutrition (PN), within two years following resection. However, others have life-long PN dependence. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the gut adaptive response is critical for developing novel therapies for short bowel syndrome. Herein we present a summary of key studies that seek to elucidate the mechanisms that regulate post-resection adaptation, focusing on stem and crypt cell proliferation, epithelial differentiation, apoptosis, enterocyte function and the role of growth factors and the enteric nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah C Rubin
- Departments of Medicine and Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8124, Saint Louis, MO, 63141, USA.
| | - Marc S Levin
- Veteran's Administration, St. Louis Health Care System and Department of Medicine, Divisions of Gastroenterology and VA Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8124, Saint Louis, MO, 63141, USA.
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78
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Young HM, Stamp LA, McKeown SJ. ENS Development Research Since 1983: Great Strides but Many Remaining Challenges. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 891:53-62. [PMID: 27379634 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27592-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The first enteric nervous system (ENS) conference, organized by Marcello Costa and John Furness, was held in Adelaide, Australia in 1983. In this article, we review what was known about the development of the ENS in 1983 and then summarize some of the major advances in the field since 1983.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Lincon A Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Sonja J McKeown
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
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79
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Dey N, Wagner VE, Blanton LV, Cheng J, Fontana L, Haque R, Ahmed T, Gordon JI. Regulators of gut motility revealed by a gnotobiotic model of diet-microbiome interactions related to travel. Cell 2015; 163:95-107. [PMID: 26406373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To understand how different diets, the consumers' gut microbiota, and the enteric nervous system (ENS) interact to regulate gut motility, we developed a gnotobiotic mouse model that mimics short-term dietary changes that happen when humans are traveling to places with different culinary traditions. Studying animals transplanted with the microbiota from humans representing diverse culinary traditions and fed a sequence of diets representing those of all donors, we found that correlations between bacterial species abundances and transit times are diet dependent. However, the levels of unconjugated bile acids-generated by bacterial bile salt hydrolases (BSH)-correlated with faster transit, including during consumption of a Bangladeshi diet. Mice harboring a consortium of sequenced cultured bacterial strains from the Bangladeshi donor's microbiota and fed a Bangladeshi diet revealed that the commonly used cholekinetic spice, turmeric, affects gut motility through a mechanism that reflects bacterial BSH activity and Ret signaling in the ENS. These results demonstrate how a single food ingredient interacts with a functional microbiota trait to regulate host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelendu Dey
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Vitas E Wagner
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Laura V Blanton
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jiye Cheng
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Jeffrey I Gordon
- Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Center for Gut Microbiome and Nutrition Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
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Stathopoulou A, Natarajan D, Nikolopoulou P, Patmanidi AL, Lygerou Z, Pachnis V, Taraviras S. Inactivation of Geminin in neural crest cells affects the generation and maintenance of enteric progenitor cells, leading to enteric aganglionosis. Dev Biol 2015; 409:392-405. [PMID: 26658318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells comprise a multipotent, migratory cell population that generates a diverse array of cell and tissue types, during vertebrate development. Enteric Nervous System controls the function of the gastrointestinal tract and is mainly derived from the vagal and sacral neural crest cells. Deregulation on self-renewal and differentiation of the enteric neural crest cells is evident in enteric nervous system disorders, such as Hirschsprung disease, characterized by the absence of ganglia in a variable length of the distal bowel. Here we show that Geminin is essential for Enteric Nervous System generation as mice that lacked Geminin expression specifically in neural crest cells revealed decreased generation of vagal neural crest cells, and enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs). Geminin-deficient ENCCs showed increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation during the early stages of gut colonization. Furthermore, decreased number of committed ENCCs in vivo and the decreased self-renewal capacity of enteric progenitor cells in vitro, resulted in almost total aganglionosis resembling a severe case of Hirschsprung disease. Our results suggest that Geminin is an important regulator of self-renewal and survival of enteric nervous system progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipa Natarajan
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC/National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Zoi Lygerou
- Department of Biology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Vassilis Pachnis
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, MRC/National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stavros Taraviras
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
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Hepatocyte Growth Factor and MET Support Mouse Enteric Nervous System Development, the Peristaltic Response, and Intestinal Epithelial Proliferation in Response to Injury. J Neurosci 2015; 35:11543-58. [PMID: 26290232 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5267-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Factors providing trophic support to diverse enteric neuron subtypes remain poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and the HGF receptor MET might support some types of enteric neurons. HGF and MET are expressed in fetal and adult enteric nervous system. In vitro, HGF increased enteric neuron differentiation and neurite length, but only if vanishingly small amounts (1 pg/ml) of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor were included in culture media. HGF effects were blocked by phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor and by MET-blocking antibody. Both of these inhibitors and MEK inhibition reduced neurite length. In adult mice, MET was restricted to a subset of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (IR) myenteric plexus neurons thought to be intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs). Conditional MET kinase domain inactivation (Met(fl/fl); Wnt1Cre+) caused a dramatic loss of myenteric plexus MET-IR neurites and 1-1'-dioctodecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyamine perchlorate (DiI) labeling suggested reduced MET-IR neurite length. In vitro, Met(fl/fl); Wnt1Cre+ mouse bowel had markedly reduced peristalsis in response to mucosal deformation, but normal response to radial muscle stretch. However, whole-bowel transit, small-bowel transit, and colonic-bead expulsion were normal in Met(fl/fl); Wnt1Cre+ mice. Finally, Met(fl/fl); Wnt1Cre+ mice had more bowel injury and reduced epithelial cell proliferation compared with WT animals after dextran sodium sulfate treatment. These results suggest that HGF/MET signaling is important for development and function of a subset IPANs and that these cells regulate intestinal motility and epithelial cell proliferation in response to bowel injury. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The enteric nervous system has many neuronal subtypes that coordinate and control intestinal activity. Trophic factors that support these neuron types and enhance neurite growth after fetal development are not well understood. We show that a subset of adult calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-expressing myenteric neurons produce MET, the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor, and that loss of MET activity affects peristalsis in response to mucosal stroking, reduces MET-immunoreactive neurites, and increases susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate-induced bowel injury. These observations may be relevant for understanding and treating intestinal motility disorders and also suggest that enhancing the activity of MET-expressing CGRP neurons might be a useful strategy to reduce bowel inflammation.
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82
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Neuronal Differentiation in Schwann Cell Lineage Underlies Postnatal Neurogenesis in the Enteric Nervous System. J Neurosci 2015; 35:9879-88. [PMID: 26156989 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1239-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Elucidation of the cellular identity of neuronal precursors provides mechanistic insights into the development and pathophysiology of the nervous system. In the enteric nervous system (ENS), neurogenesis persists from midgestation to the postnatal period. Cellular mechanism underlying the long-term neurogenesis in the ENS has remained unclear. Using genetic fate mapping in mice, we show here that a subset of Schwann cell precursors (SCPs), which invades the gut alongside the extrinsic nerves, adopts a neuronal fate in the postnatal period and contributes to the ENS. We found SCP-derived neurogenesis in the submucosal region of the small intestine in the absence of vagal neural crest-derived ENS precursors. Under physiological conditions, SCPs comprised up to 20% of enteric neurons in the large intestine and gave rise mainly to restricted neuronal subtypes, calretinin-expressing neurons. Genetic ablation of Ret, the signaling receptor for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, in SCPs caused colonic oligoganglionosis, indicating that SCP-derived neurogenesis is essential to ENS integrity. Identification of Schwann cells as a physiological neurogenic source provides novel insight into the development and disorders of neural crest-derived tissues. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Elucidating the cellular identity of neuronal precursors provides novel insights into development and function of the nervous system. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is innervated richly by extrinsic nerve fibers, but little is known about the significance of extrinsic innervation to the structural integrity of the ENS. This report reveals that a subset of Schwann cell precursors (SCPs), which invades the gut alongside the extrinsic nerves, adopts a neuronal fate and differentiates into specific neuronal subtypes. SCP-specific ablation of the Ret gene leads to colonic oligoganglionosis, demonstrating a crucial role of SCP-derived neurogenesis in ENS development. Cross-lineage differentiation capacity in SCPs suggests their potential involvement in the development and pathology of a wide variety of neural crest-derived cell types.
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83
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Abstract
PURPOSE Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a developmental disorder of the enteric nervous system, which occurs due to the failure of neural crest cell migration. Rodent animal models of aganglionosis have contributed greatly to our understanding of the genetic basis of HSCR. Several natural or target mutations in specific genes have been reported to produce developmental defects in neural crest migration, differentiation or survival. The aim of this study was to review the currently available knockout models of HSCR to better understand the molecular basis of HSCR. METHODS A review of the literature using the keywords "Hirschsprung's disease", "aganglionosis", "megacolon" and "knockout mice model" was performed. Resulting publications were reviewed for relevant mouse models of human aganglionosis. Reference lists were screened for additional relevant studies. RESULTS 16 gene knockout mouse models were identified as relevant rodent models of human HSCR. Due to the deletion of a specific gene, the phenotypes of these knockout models are diverse and range from small bowel dilatation and muscular hypertrophy to total intestinal aganglionosis. CONCLUSIONS Mouse models of aganglionosis have been instrumental in the discovery of the causative genes of HSCR. Although important advances have been made in understanding the genetic basis of HSCR, animal models of aganglionosis in future should further help to identify the unknown susceptibility genes in HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zimmer
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
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84
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Huang J, Dang R, Torigoe D, Li A, Lei C, Sasaki N, Wang J, Agui T. Genetic variation in the GDNF promoter affects its expression and modifies the severity of Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) in rats carrying Ednrb(sl) mutations. Gene 2015; 575:144-8. [PMID: 26318480 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is necessary for the migration of neural crest stem cells in the gut. However, mutations in GDNF per se are deemed neither necessary nor sufficient to cause Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). In a previous study, a modifier locus on chromosome 2 in rats carrying Ednrb(sl) mutations was identified, and several mutations in the putative regulatory region of the Gdnf gene in AGH-Ednrb(sl) rats were detected. Specifically, the mutation -232C>T has been shown to be strongly associated with the severity of HSCR. In the present study, the influence of genetic variations on the transcription of the Gdnf gene was tested using dual-luciferase assay. Results showed that the mutation -613C>T, located near the mutation -232C>T in AGH-Ednrb(sl) rats, decreased Gdnf transcription in an in vitro dual-luciferase expression assay. These data suggested an important role of -613C in Gdnf transcription. Expression levels of the Gdnf gene may modify the severity of HSCR in rats carrying Ednrb(sl) mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruihua Dang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Daisuke Torigoe
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan; Division of Microbiology and Genetics, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Anqi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Nobuya Sasaki
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Agui
- Laboratory of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
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Tang W, Tang J, He J, Zhou Z, Qin Y, Qin J, Li B, Xu X, Geng Q, Jiang W, Wu W, Wang X, Xia Y. SLIT2/ROBO1-miR-218-1-RET/PLAG1: a new disease pathway involved in Hirschsprung's disease. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1197-207. [PMID: 25786906 PMCID: PMC4459835 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a rare congenital disease caused by impaired proliferation and migration of neural crest cells. We investigated changes in expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) and the genes they regulate in tissues of patients with HSCR. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblot analyses were used to measure levels of miRNA, mRNAs, and proteins in colon tissues from 69 patients with HSCR and 49 individuals without HSCR (controls). Direct interactions between miRNAs and specific mRNAs were indentified in vitro, while the function role of miR-218-1 was investigated by using miR-218 transgenic mice. An increased level of miR-218-1 correlated with increased levels of SLIT2 and decreased levels of RET and PLAG1 mRNA and protein. The reductions in RET and PLAG1 by miR-218-1 reduced proliferation and migration of SH-SY5Y cells. Overexpression of the secreted form of SLIT2 inhibited cell migration via binding to its receptor ROBO1. Bowel tissues from miR-218-1 transgenic mice had nerve fibre hyperplasia and reduced numbers of gangliocytes, compared with wild-type mice. Altered miR-218-1 regulation of SLIT2, RET and PLAG1 might be involved in the pathogenesis of HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
- Laboratory of Modern Toxicology (Nanjing Medical University), Ministry of EducationChina
| | - Junwei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
- Laboratory of Modern Toxicology (Nanjing Medical University), Ministry of EducationChina
| | - Jun He
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson UniversityPhiladelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
- Laboratory of Modern Toxicology (Nanjing Medical University), Ministry of EducationChina
| | - Yufeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Jingjing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
- Laboratory of Modern Toxicology (Nanjing Medical University), Ministry of EducationChina
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
- Laboratory of Modern Toxicology (Nanjing Medical University), Ministry of EducationChina
| | - Xiaoqun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
- Laboratory of Modern Toxicology (Nanjing Medical University), Ministry of EducationChina
| | - Qiming Geng
- Laboratory of Modern Toxicology (Nanjing Medical University), Ministry of EducationChina
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Laboratory of Modern Toxicology (Nanjing Medical University), Ministry of EducationChina
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
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86
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Sinagoga KL, Wells JM. Generating human intestinal tissues from pluripotent stem cells to study development and disease. EMBO J 2015; 34:1149-63. [PMID: 25792515 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201490686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the largest and most functionally complex organs of the human body, the intestines are primarily responsible for the breakdown and uptake of macromolecules from the lumen and the subsequent excretion of waste from the body. However, the intestine is also an endocrine organ, regulating digestion, metabolism, and feeding behavior. Intricate neuronal, lymphatic, immune, and vascular systems are integrated into the intestine and are required for its digestive and endocrine functions. In addition, the gut houses an extensive population of microbes that play roles in digestion, global metabolism, barrier function, and host-parasite interactions. With such an extensive array of cell types working and performing in one essential organ, derivation of functional intestinal tissues from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) represents a significant challenge. Here we will discuss the intricate developmental processes and cell types that are required for assembly of this highly complex organ and how embryonic processes, particularly morphogenesis, have been harnessed to direct differentiation of PSCs into 3-dimensional human intestinal organoids (HIOs) in vitro. We will further describe current uses of HIOs in development and disease research and how additional tissue complexity might be engineered into HIOs for better functionality and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Sinagoga
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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87
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Bergeron KF, Cardinal T, Touré AM, Béland M, Raiwet DL, Silversides DW, Pilon N. Male-biased aganglionic megacolon in the TashT mouse line due to perturbation of silencer elements in a large gene desert of chromosome 10. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005093. [PMID: 25786024 PMCID: PMC4364714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCC) are a transient migratory cell population that generates diverse cell types such as neurons and glia of the enteric nervous system (ENS). Via an insertional mutation screen for loci affecting NCC development in mice, we identified one line—named TashT—that displays a partially penetrant aganglionic megacolon phenotype in a strong male-biased manner. Interestingly, this phenotype is highly reminiscent of human Hirschsprung’s disease, a neurocristopathy with a still unexplained male sex bias. In contrast to the megacolon phenotype, colonic aganglionosis is almost fully penetrant in homozygous TashT animals. The sex bias in megacolon expressivity can be explained by the fact that the male ENS ends, on average, around a “tipping point” of minimal colonic ganglionosis while the female ENS ends, on average, just beyond it. Detailed analysis of embryonic intestines revealed that aganglionosis in homozygous TashT animals is due to slower migration of enteric NCC. The TashT insertional mutation is localized in a gene desert containing multiple highly conserved elements that exhibit repressive activity in reporter assays. RNAseq analyses and 3C assays revealed that the TashT insertion results, at least in part, in NCC-specific relief of repression of the uncharacterized gene Fam162b; an outcome independently confirmed via transient transgenesis. The transcriptional signature of enteric NCC from homozygous TashT embryos is also characterized by the deregulation of genes encoding members of the most important signaling pathways for ENS formation—Gdnf/Ret and Edn3/Ednrb—and, intriguingly, the downregulation of specific subsets of X-linked genes. In conclusion, this study not only allowed the identification of Fam162b coding and regulatory sequences as novel candidate loci for Hirschsprung’s disease but also provides important new insights into its male sex bias. Hirschsprung’s disease (also known as aganglionic megacolon) is a severe congenital defect of the enteric nervous system (ENS) resulting in complete failure to pass stools. It is characterized by the absence of neural ganglia (aganglionosis) in the distal gut due to incomplete colonization of the embryonic intestines by neural crest cells (NCC), the ENS precursors. Hirschsprung’s disease has an incidence of 1 in 5000 newborns and a 4:1 male sex bias. Although many genes have been associated with this complex genetic disease, most of its heritability as well as its male sex bias remain unexplained. Here, we describe an insertional mutant mouse line (“TashT”) in which virtually all homozygotes display colonic aganglionosis due to defective migration of enteric NCC, but in which only a subset of homozygotes develops megacolon. Surprisingly, this group is almost exclusively male. The TashT ENS defect stems, at least in part, from the disruption of long-range interactions between evolutionarily conserved elements with silencer activity and Fam162b, resulting in NCC-specific upregulation of this uncharacterized protein coding gene. Global analysis of gene expression further revealed that several hundreds of genes are significantly deregulated in TashT enteric NCC. Interestingly, this dataset includes multiple X-linked candidate genes potentially underlying the male sex bias. Taken together, our data pave the way for a clearer understanding of the intriguing male sex bias of Hirschsprung’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-F. Bergeron
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Quebec, Canada
| | - Tatiana Cardinal
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Quebec, Canada
| | - Aboubacrine M. Touré
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Béland
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Quebec, Canada
| | - Diana L. Raiwet
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David W. Silversides
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pilon
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and BioMed Research Center, University of Quebec at Montreal (UQAM), Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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88
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Kabouridis PS, Pachnis V. Emerging roles of gut microbiota and the immune system in the development of the enteric nervous system. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:956-64. [PMID: 25729852 DOI: 10.1172/jci76308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of neurons and glial cells that differentiate from neural crest progenitors. During embryogenesis, development of the ENS is controlled by the interplay of neural crest cell-intrinsic factors and instructive cues from the surrounding gut mesenchyme. However, postnatal ENS development occurs in a different context, which is characterized by the presence of microbiota and an extensive immune system, suggesting an important role of these factors on enteric neural circuit formation and function. Initial reports confirm this idea while further studies in this area promise new insights into ENS physiology and pathophysiology.
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89
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Venkataramana S, Lourenssen S, Miller K, Blennerhassett M. Early inflammatory damage to intestinal neurons occurs via inducible nitric oxide synthase. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 75:40-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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90
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Avetisyan M, Schill EM, Heuckeroth RO. Building a second brain in the bowel. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:899-907. [PMID: 25664848 DOI: 10.1172/jci76307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is sometimes called the "second brain" because of the diversity of neuronal cell types and complex, integrated circuits that permit the ENS to autonomously regulate many processes in the bowel. Mechanisms supporting ENS development are intricate, with numerous proteins, small molecules, and nutrients that affect ENS morphogenesis and mature function. Damage to the ENS or developmental defects cause vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, growth failure, and early death. Here, we review molecular mechanisms and cellular processes that govern ENS development, identify areas in which more investigation is needed, and discuss the clinical implications of new basic research.
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91
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Di Liddo R, Bertalot T, Schuster A, Schrenk S, Tasso A, Zanusso I, Conconi MT, Schäfer KH. Anti-inflammatory activity of Wnt signaling in enteric nervous system: in vitro preliminary evidences in rat primary cultures. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:23. [PMID: 25644719 PMCID: PMC4332439 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the last years, Wnt signaling was demonstrated to regulate inflammatory processes. In particular, an increased expression of Wnts and Frizzled receptors was reported in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ulcerative colitis to exert both anti- and pro-inflammatory functions regulating the intestinal activated nuclear factor κB (NF-кB), TNFa release, and IL10 expression. Methods To investigate the role of Wnt pathway in the response of the enteric nervous system (ENS) to inflammation, neurons and glial cells from rat myenteric plexus were treated with exogenous Wnt3a and/or LPS with or without supporting neurotrophic factors such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epithelial growth factor (EGF), and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). The immunophenotypical characterization by flow cytometry and the protein and gene expression analysis by qPCR and Western blotting were carried out. Results Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining evidenced that enteric neurons coexpressed Frizzled 9 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) while glial cells were immunoreactive to TLR4 and Wnt3a suggesting that canonical Wnt signaling is active in ENS. Under in vitro LPS treatment, Western blot analysis demonstrated an active cross talk between canonical Wnt signaling and NF-кB pathway that is essential to negatively control enteric neuronal response to inflammatory stimuli. Upon costimulation with LPS and Wnt3a, a significant anti-inflammatory activity was detected by RT-PCR based on an increased IL10 expression and a downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFa, IL1B, and interleukin 6 (IL6). When the availability of neurotrophic factors in ENS cultures was abolished, a changed cell reactivity by Wnt signaling was observed at basal conditions and after LPS treatment. Conclusions The results of this study suggested the existence of neuronal surveillance through FZD9 and Wnt3a in enteric myenteric plexus. Moreover, experimental evidences were provided to clarify the correlation among soluble trophic factors, Wnt signaling, and anti-inflammatory protection of ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Thomas Bertalot
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Anne Schuster
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany.
| | - Sandra Schrenk
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany.
| | - Alessia Tasso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Ilenia Zanusso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Conconi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Karl Herbert Schäfer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany.
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Musser MA, Correa H, Southard-Smith EM. Enteric neuron imbalance and proximal dysmotility in ganglionated intestine of the Sox10Dom/+ Hirschsprung mouse model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:87-101. [PMID: 25844395 PMCID: PMC4380251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), neural crest-derived progenitors (NCPs) fail to completely colonize the intestine so that the enteric nervous system (ENS) is absent from distal bowel. Despite removal of the aganglionic region, many HSCR patients suffer from residual intestinal dysmotility. To test the hypothesis that inappropriate lineage segregation of NCPs in proximal ganglionated regions of the bowel could contribute to such postoperative disease, we investigated neural crest (NC)-derived lineages and motility in ganglionated, postnatal intestine of the Sox10Dom/+ HSCR mouse model. METHODS Cre-mediated fate-mapping was applied to evaluate relative proportions of NC-derived cell types. Motility assays were performed to assess gastric emptying and small intestine motility while colonic inflammation was assessed by histopathology for Sox10Dom/+ mutants relative to wildtype controls. RESULTS Sox10Dom/+ mice showed regional alterations in neuron and glia proportions as well as Calretinin+ and nNOS+ neuronal subtypes. In the colon, imbalance of enteric NC derivatives correlated with the extent of aganglionosis. All Sox10Dom/+ mice exhibited reduced small intestinal transit at 4-weeks of age, and at 6-weeks, Sox10Dom/+ males had increased gastric emptying rates. Sox10Dom/+ mice surviving to 6-weeks of age had little or no colonic inflammation when compared to wildtype littermates, suggesting that these changes in GI motility are neurally mediated. CONCLUSIONS The Sox10Dom mutation disrupts the balance of NC-derived lineages and affects GI motility in the proximal, ganglionated intestine of adult animals. This is the first report identifying alterations in enteric neuronal classes in Sox10Dom/+ mutants, which suggests a previously unrecognized role for Sox10 in neuronal subtype specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Musser
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hernan Correa
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - E. Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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93
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Wei R, Qiu X, Wang S, Li Y, Wang Y, Lu K, Fu Y, Xing G, He F, Zhang L. NEDL2 is an essential regulator of enteric neural development and GDNF/Ret signaling. Cell Signal 2014; 27:578-86. [PMID: 25555806 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)/Ret signaling is essential for enteric nervous system (ENS) development, the positive regulators regulating GDNF/Ret signaling and controlling ENS development are poorly understood. Here, we show that Nedd4-related E3 ubiquitin ligase-2 (NEDL2) plays an essential and positive physiological role in regulating ENS development and GDNF/Ret signaling. All of the NEDL2-deficient mice die within 2weeks after birth, showing low body weight. These mice showed a progressive bowel motility defect resulting from intestinal aganglionosis. We show that NEDL2 positively regulates enteric neural precursor proliferation through the GDNF/Akt signaling pathway. Together, these findings unveil the physiological function of NEDL2 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfei Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiao Qiu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shaoxia Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yiwu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Kefeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yesheng Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guichun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fuchu He
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116044, China.
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94
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Park HJ, Bolton EC. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induces cell proliferation in the mouse urogenital sinus. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 29:289-306. [PMID: 25549043 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a TGFβ family member, and GDNF signals through a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-linked cell surface receptor (GFRα1) and RET receptor tyrosine kinase. GDNF signaling plays crucial roles in urogenital processes, ranging from cell fate decisions in germline progenitors to ureteric bud outgrowth and renal branching morphogenesis. Gene ablation studies in mice have revealed essential roles for GDNF signaling in urogenital development, although its role in prostate development is unclear. We investigated the functional role of GDNF signaling in the urogenital sinus (UGS) and the developing prostate of mice. GDNF, GFRα1, and RET show time-specific and cell-specific expression during prostate development in vivo. In the UGS, GDNF and GFRα1 are expressed in the urethral mesenchyme (UrM) and epithelium (UrE), whereas RET is restricted to the UrM. In each lobe of the developing prostate, GDNF and GFRα1 expression declines in the epithelium and becomes restricted to the stroma. Using a well-established organ culture system, we determined that exogenous GDNF increases proliferation of UrM and UrE cells, altering UGS morphology. With regard to mechanism, GDNF signaling in the UrM increased RET expression and phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Furthermore, inhibition of RET kinase activity or ERK kinases suppressed GDNF-induced proliferation of UrM cells but not UrE cells. We therefore propose that GDNF signaling in the UGS increases proliferation of UrM and UrE cells by different mechanisms, which are distinguished by the role of RET receptor tyrosine kinase and ERK kinase signaling, thus implicating GDNF signaling in prostate development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Park
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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95
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Findlay Q, Yap KK, Bergner AJ, Young HM, Stamp LA. Enteric neural progenitors are more efficient than brain-derived progenitors at generating neurons in the colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G741-8. [PMID: 25125684 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00225.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gut motility disorders can result from an absent, damaged, or dysfunctional enteric nervous system (ENS). Cell therapy is an exciting prospect to treat these enteric neuropathies and restore gut motility. Previous studies have examined a variety of sources of stem/progenitor cells, but the ability of different sources of cells to generate enteric neurons has not been directly compared. It is important to identify the source of stem/progenitor cells that is best at colonizing the bowel and generating neurons following transplantation. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of central nervous system (CNS) progenitors and ENS progenitors to colonize the colon and differentiate into neurons. Genetically labeled CNS- and ENS-derived progenitors were cocultured with aneural explants of embryonic mouse colon for 1 or 2.5 wk to assess their migratory, proliferative, and differentiation capacities, and survival, in the embryonic gut environment. Both progenitor cell populations were transplanted in the postnatal colon of mice in vivo for 4 wk before they were analyzed for migration and differentiation using immunohistochemistry. ENS-derived progenitors migrated further than CNS-derived cells in both embryonic and postnatal gut environments. ENS-derived progenitors also gave rise to more neurons than their CNS-derived counterparts. Furthermore, neurons derived from ENS progenitors clustered together in ganglia, whereas CNS-derived neurons were mostly solitary. We conclude that, within the gut environment, ENS-derived progenitors show superior migration, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation compared with CNS progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Findlay
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kiryu K Yap
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annette J Bergner
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather M Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lincon A Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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96
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Hatch J, Mukouyama YS. Spatiotemporal mapping of vascularization and innervation in the fetal murine intestine. Dev Dyn 2014; 244:56-68. [PMID: 25138596 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mice, the intestinal tube develops from the splanchopleure before embryonic day 9.5. Subsequent patterning of nerves and blood vessels is critical for normal digestive function. A hierarchical branching vascular network allows for efficient nutrient absorption, while the complex enteric nervous system regulates intestinal motility as well as secretion, absorption, and blood flow. Despite the well-recognized significance of these systems, the precise mechanisms by which they develop have not been clearly established in mammals. RESULTS Using a novel whole-mount immunohistochemical protocol, we visualize the pattern of intestinal neurovascular development in mice between embryonic day 10.5 and birth. In particular, we focus on the development and remodeling of the enteric vascular plexus, the migration and organization of enteric neural crest-derived cells, and the integration of peripheral sympathetic nerves with the enteric nervous system. These correlative data lead us to hypothesize a functional interaction between migrating neural crest-derived cells and endothelial cells of the primary capillary plexus, as well as a subsequent interaction between developing peripheral autonomic nerves and differentiated neural crest-derived cells. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide useful anatomical data for continuing investigations on the functional mechanisms underlying intestinal organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hatch
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Neuro-Vascular Biology, Genetics and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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97
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Gonsalvez DG, Li-Yuen-Fong M, Cane KN, Stamp LA, Young HM, Anderson CR. Different neural crest populations exhibit diverse proliferative behaviors. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:287-301. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David G. Gonsalvez
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Mathew Li-Yuen-Fong
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Kylie N. Cane
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Lincon A. Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Heather M. Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Colin R. Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University of Melbourne; Victoria 3010 Australia
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98
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Short K, Combes A, Lefevre J, Ju A, Georgas K, Lamberton T, Cairncross O, Rumballe B, McMahon A, Hamilton N, Smyth I, Little M. Global Quantification of Tissue Dynamics in the Developing Mouse Kidney. Dev Cell 2014; 29:188-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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99
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Lake JI, Tusheva OA, Graham BL, Heuckeroth RO. Hirschsprung-like disease is exacerbated by reduced de novo GMP synthesis. J Clin Invest 2014; 123:4875-87. [PMID: 24216510 DOI: 10.1172/jci69781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a partially penetrant oligogenic birth defect that occurs when enteric nervous system (ENS) precursors fail to colonize the distal bowel during early pregnancy. Genetic defects underlie HSCR, but much of the variability in the occurrence and severity of the birth defect remain unexplained. We hypothesized that nongenetic factors might contribute to disease development. Here we found that mycophenolate, an inhibitor of de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis, and 8 other drugs identified in a zebrafish screen impaired ENS development. In mice, mycophenolate treatment selectively impaired ENS precursor proliferation, delayed precursor migration, and induced bowel aganglionosis. In 2 different mouse models of HSCR, addition of mycophenolate increased the penetrance and severity of Hirschsprung-like pathology. Mycophenolate treatment also reduced ENS precursor migration as well as lamellipodia formation, proliferation, and survival in cultured enteric neural crest–derived cells. Using X-inactivation mosaicism for the purine salvage gene Hprt, we found that reduced ENS precursor proliferation most likely causes mycophenolate-induced migration defects and aganglionosis. To the best of our knowledge, mycophenolate is the first medicine identified that causes major ENS malformations and Hirschsprung-like pathology in a mammalian model. These studies demonstrate a critical role for de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis in ENS development and suggest that some cases of HSCR may be preventable.
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100
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GDNF signaling levels control migration and neuronal differentiation of enteric ganglion precursors. J Neurosci 2013; 33:16372-82. [PMID: 24107967 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2079-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleiotropic growth factors play a number of critical roles in continuous processes of embryonic development; however, the mechanisms by which a single regulatory factor is able to orchestrate diverse developmental events remain imperfectly understood. In the development of the enteric nervous system (ENS), myenteric ganglia (MGs) form initially, after which the submucosal ganglia (SMGs) develop by radial inward migration of immature ENS precursors from the myenteric layer. Here, we demonstrate that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is essential for the formation not only of the MGs, but the SMGs as well, establishing GDNF as a long-term acting neurotrophic factor for ENS development in a mouse model. GDNF promotes radial migration of SMG precursors. Interestingly, premigratory SMG precursors in the myenteric layer were distinguished from the surrounding neuronally differentiating cells by their lower activation of the GDNF-mediated MAPK pathway, suggesting that low activation of GDNF downstream pathways is required for the maintenance of the immature state. ENS precursors devoid of GDNF signaling during midgestation halt their migration, survive, and remain in an undifferentiated state over the long-term in vivo. Reactivation of GDNF signaling in these dormant precursors restores their migration and neuronal differentiation in gut organ culture. These findings suggest that pleiotropic function of GDNF is at least in part governed by modulating levels of intracellular activation of GDNF downstream pathways; high activation triggers neuronal differentiation, whereas low activation is crucial for the maintenance of progenitor state.
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