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Yao Q, Parvez-Khan M, Schipani E. In vivo survival strategies for cellular adaptation to hypoxia: HIF1α-dependent suppression of mitochondrial oxygen consumption and decrease of intracellular hypoxia are critical for survival of hypoxic chondrocytes. Bone 2020; 140:115572. [PMID: 32768687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia occurs not only in pathological conditions like cancer and ischemia and in a variety of physiological settings in the adult organism, but also during normal embryonic development. In the inner portion of the fetal growth plate, which is an avascular tissue originating from mesenchymal progenitor cells, chondrocytes experience physiological hypoxia. Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factor-1α (HIF1α), a crucial mediator of cellular adaptation to hypoxia, is an essential survival factor for fetal growth plate chondrocytes. This brief review summarizes our current understanding of the survival function of HIF1α during endochondral bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xue Yuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Mohd Parvez-Khan
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ernestina Schipani
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medicine, and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Kegelman CD, Collins JM, Nijsure MP, Eastburn EA, Boerckel JD. Gone Caving: Roles of the Transcriptional Regulators YAP and TAZ in Skeletal Development. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:526-540. [PMID: 32712794 PMCID: PMC8040027 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00605-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The development of the skeleton is controlled by cellular decisions determined by the coordinated activation of multiple transcription factors. Recent evidence suggests that the transcriptional regulator proteins, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), could have important roles in directing the activity of these transcriptional programs. However, in vitro evidence for the roles of YAP and TAZ in skeletal cells has been hopelessly contradictory. The goals of this review are to provide a cross-sectional view on the state of the field and to synthesize the available data toward a unified perspective. RECENT FINDINGS YAP and TAZ are regulated by diverse upstream signals and interact downstream with multiple transcription factors involved in skeletal development, positioning YAP and TAZ as important signal integration nodes in an hourglass-shaped signaling pathway. Here, we provide a survey of putative transcriptional co-effectors for YAP and TAZ in skeletal cells. Synthesizing the in vitro data, we conclude that TAZ is consistently pro-osteogenic in function, while YAP can exhibit either pro- or anti-osteogenic activity depending on cell type and context. Synthesizing the in vivo data, we conclude that YAP and TAZ combinatorially promote developmental bone formation, bone matrix homeostasis, and endochondral fracture repair by regulating a variety of transcriptional programs depending on developmental stage. Here, we discuss the current understanding of the roles of the transcriptional regulators YAP and TAZ in skeletal development, and provide recommendations for continued study of molecular mechanisms, mechanotransduction, and therapeutic implications for skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Kegelman
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph M Collins
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madhura P Nijsure
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emily A Eastburn
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joel D Boerckel
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 376A Stemmler Hall, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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53
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Dreyer CH, Kjaergaard K, Ding M, Qin L. Vascular endothelial growth factor for in vivo bone formation: A systematic review. J Orthop Translat 2020; 24:46-57. [PMID: 32642428 PMCID: PMC7334443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To achieve optimal bone formation one of the most influential parameters has been mentioned to be adequate blood supply. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is hereby of particular interest in bone regeneration, because of its primary ability to induce neovascularization and chemokine affection for endothelial cells (EC), and is considered to be the main regulator of vascular formation. However, the growth factor has yet to be implemented in a clinical setting in orthopaedic intervention surgery. We hypothesised that the development of VEGF in vivo for bone formation in the last decade had progressed towards clinical application since the latest systematic review from 2008. OBJECTIVE This systematic review recapped the last 13 years of in vivo bone regeneration using vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). METHOD A total of 1374 articles were identified using the PubMed search string (vegf or "vascular endothelial growth factor") and (osteogen∗ or "bone formation" or "bone regeneration"). By 3 selection phases 24 published articles were included by the criteria of being in vivo, using only VEGF for bone formation, published after 2007 and written in English. Articles in vitro, written in different languages than English and older than 2007 was excluded. The most recent systematic review on this subject was published in 2008, with the latest included study from 01 to 11-2007. All included studies were classified based on animal, type of defect, scaffold, control group, type of VEGF, release rate, dosage of VEGF, time of evaluation and results. Each study was evaluated for risk of bias by modified CAMARADES quality assessment for the use in experimental animal studies. The score was calculated by peer review journal publication, use of control group, randomisation of groups, justified VEGF dosage, blinding of results, details on animal model, sample size calculation, comply with ethics and no conflict of interest. RESULTS No clinical trials or human application studies were obtained from our search. Experimentally, 11 articles using solely VEGF for bone formation had a group or a timepoint significantly better than the corresponding control group. 18 articles revealed no significant difference of VEGF compared to the control group and 1 article reported a significant decreased bone growth using VEGF compared to control. CONCLUSION Based on these results no clinical studies have yet been performed. However, indications in the best use of VEGF from experimental studies could be made towards that the optimal release is within the first three weeks, in defect models, with the best effect before eight weeks. Future designs should incorporate this with standardised and reproducible models for verification towards clinical practice. THE TRANSLATIONAL POTENTIAL OF THIS ARTICLE This systematic review aims to assess the existing literature to focus on methodologies and outcomes that can provide future knowledge regarding the solitary use of VEGF for bone regeneration in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris H. Dreyer
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
- Acute Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Slagelse Hospital, Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Kristian Kjaergaard
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Ming Ding
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
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Ma SKY, Chan ASF, Rubab A, Chan WCW, Chan D. Extracellular Matrix and Cellular Plasticity in Musculoskeletal Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:781. [PMID: 32984311 PMCID: PMC7477050 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular plasticity refers to the ability of cell fates to be reprogrammed given the proper signals, allowing for dedifferentiation or transdifferentiation into different cell fates. In vitro, this can be induced through direct activation of gene expression, however this process does not naturally occur in vivo. Instead, the microenvironment consisting of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and signaling factors, directs the signals presented to cells. Often the ECM is involved in regulating both biochemical and mechanical signals. In stem cell populations, this niche is necessary for maintenance and proper function of the stem cell pool. However, recent studies have demonstrated that differentiated or lineage restricted cells can exit their current state and transform into another state under different situations during development and regeneration. This may be achieved through (1) cells responding to a changing niche; (2) cells migrating and encountering a new niche; and (3) formation of a transitional niche followed by restoration of the homeostatic niche to sequentially guide cells along the regenerative process. This review focuses on examples in musculoskeletal biology, with the concept of ECM regulating cells and stem cells in development and regeneration, extending beyond the conventional concept of small population of progenitor cells, but under the right circumstances even “lineage-restricted” or differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to enter into a different fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ka Yan Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Aqsa Rubab
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wilson Cheuk Wing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Orthopedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-SIRI), Shenzhen, China
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55
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Nakamichi R, Kurimoto R, Tabata Y, Asahara H. Transcriptional, epigenetic and microRNA regulation of growth plate. Bone 2020; 137:115434. [PMID: 32422296 PMCID: PMC7387102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is a critical event in bone formation, particularly in long shaft bones. Many cellular differentiation processes work in concert to facilitate the generation of cartilage primordium to formation of trabecular structures, all of which occur within the growth plate. Previous studies have revealed that the growth plate is tightly regulated by various transcription factors, epigenetic systems, and microRNAs. Hence, understanding these mechanisms that regulate the growth plate is crucial to furthering the current understanding on skeletal diseases, and in formulating effective treatment strategies. In this review, we focus on describing the function and mechanisms of the transcription factors, epigenetic systems, and microRNAs known to regulate the growth plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakamichi
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MBB-102, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ryota Kurimoto
- Department of Systems Biomedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tabata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan
| | - Hirosi Asahara
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MBB-102, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Systems Biomedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
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56
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Kamei H. Oxygen and embryonic growth: the role of insulin-like growth factor signaling. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 294:113473. [PMID: 32247621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen is indispensable for the efficient release of chemical energy from nutrient molecules in cells. Therefore, the local oxygen tension is one of the most critical factors affecting physiological processes. In most viviparous species, many pathological conditions result in abnormal oxygen tension in the uterus, which modifies the growth and development of the fetus. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF/Igf) is one of the most important hormones for the regulation of somatic growth in animals. Changes in oxygen levels modulate the activity of the IGF/Igf signaling system, which in turn regulates the embryonic growth rate. In general, there are serious difficulties associated with monitoring and studying rodent embryos in utero. The zebrafish is a convenient experimental model to study the relationship between embryonic growth and environmental conditions. Most importantly, the fish model makes it possible to rapidly evaluate embryonic growth and development under entirely controlled environments without interfering with the mother organism. In this review, firstly an overview is given of the fluctuation of environmental oxygen, the IGF-system, and the advantages of the zebrafish model for studying embryonic growth. Then, the relationships of dynamic environmental oxygen and embryonic growth rate are outlined with a specific focus on the changes in the IGF/Igf-system in the zebrafish model. This review will shed light on the fine-tuning mechanisms of the embryonic IGF/Igf-system under different oxygen levels, including constant normoxia, hypoxia, and re-oxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Kamei
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, 11-4-1, Ossaka, Noto, Ishikawa 927-0552, Japan.
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57
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Kargozar S, Baino F, Hamzehlou S, Hamblin MR, Mozafari M. Nanotechnology for angiogenesis: opportunities and challenges. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5008-5057. [PMID: 32538379 PMCID: PMC7418030 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs01021h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a critical role within the human body, from the early stages of life (i.e., embryonic development) to life-threatening diseases (e.g., cancer, heart attack, stroke, wound healing). Many pharmaceutical companies have expended huge efforts on both stimulation and inhibition of angiogenesis. During the last decade, the nanotechnology revolution has made a great impact in medicine, and regulatory approvals are starting to be achieved for nanomedicines to treat a wide range of diseases. Angiogenesis therapies involve the inhibition of angiogenesis in oncology and ophthalmology, and stimulation of angiogenesis in wound healing and tissue engineering. This review aims to summarize nanotechnology-based strategies that have been explored in the broad area of angiogenesis. Lipid-based, carbon-based and polymeric nanoparticles, and a wide range of inorganic and metallic nanoparticles are covered in detail. Theranostic and imaging approaches can be facilitated by nanoparticles. Many preparations have been reported to have a bimodal effect where they stimulate angiogenesis at low dose and inhibit it at higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Kargozar
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 917794-8564 Mashhad, Iran
| | - Francesco Baino
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 101 29 Torino, Italy
| | - Sepideh Hamzehlou
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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58
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Bian Q, Cheng YH, Wilson JP, Su EY, Kim DW, Wang H, Yoo S, Blackshaw S, Cahan P. A single cell transcriptional atlas of early synovial joint development. Development 2020; 147:dev.185777. [PMID: 32580935 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synovial joint development begins with the formation of the interzone, a region of condensed mesenchymal cells at the site of the prospective joint. Recently, lineage-tracing strategies have revealed that Gdf5-lineage cells native to and from outside the interzone contribute to most, if not all, of the major joint components. However, there is limited knowledge of the specific transcriptional and signaling programs that regulate interzone formation and fate diversification of synovial joint constituents. To address this, we have performed single cell RNA-Seq analysis of 7329 synovial joint progenitor cells from the developing murine knee joint from E12.5 to E15.5. By using a combination of computational analytics, in situ hybridization and in vitro characterization of prospectively isolated populations, we have identified the transcriptional profiles of the major developmental paths for joint progenitors. Our freely available single cell transcriptional atlas will serve as a resource for the community to uncover transcriptional programs and cell interactions that regulate synovial joint development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Bian
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA
| | - Yu-Hao Cheng
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA
| | - Jordan P Wilson
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA
| | - Emily Y Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA
| | - Sooyeon Yoo
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA
| | - Patrick Cahan
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21205, USA
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Cordeiro IR, Tanaka M. Environmental Oxygen is a Key Modulator of Development and Evolution: From Molecules to Ecology. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000025. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Rosenburg Cordeiro
- Department of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology B‐17, 4259 Nagatsuta‐cho, Midori‐ku Yokohama 226‐8501 Japan
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- Department of Life Science and Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology B‐17, 4259 Nagatsuta‐cho, Midori‐ku Yokohama 226‐8501 Japan
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60
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Mechanical loading induces HIF-1α expression in chondrocytes via YAP. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:1645-1654. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02910-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Toosi S, Behravan J. Osteogenesis and bone remodeling: A focus on growth factors and bioactive peptides. Biofactors 2020; 46:326-340. [PMID: 31854489 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone is one of the most frequently transplanted tissues. The bone structure and its physiological function and stem cells biology were known to be closely related to each other for many years. Bone is considered a home to the well-known systems of postnatal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). These bone resident MSCs provide a range of growth factors (GF) and cytokines to support cell growth following injury. These GFs include a group of proteins and peptides produced by different cells which are regulators of important cell functions such as division, migration, and differentiation. GF signaling controls the formation and development of the MSCs condensation and plays a critical role in regulating osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and bone/mineral homeostasis. Thus, a combination of both MSCs and GFs receives high expectations in regenerative medicine, particularly in bone repair applications. It is known that the delivery of exogenous GFs to the non-union bone fracture site remarkably improves healing results. Here we present updated information on bone tissue engineering with a specific focus on GF characteristics and their application in cellular functions and tissue healing. Moreover, the interrelation of GFs with the damaged bone microenvironment and their mechanistic functions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Toosi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical, Mashhad, Iran
- Food and Drug Administration, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Behravan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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62
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Lin W, Xu L, Li G. Molecular Insights Into Lysyl Oxidases in Cartilage Regeneration and Rejuvenation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:359. [PMID: 32426343 PMCID: PMC7204390 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage remains among the most difficult tissues to regenerate due to its poor self-repair capacity. The lysyl oxidase family (LOX; also termed as protein-lysine 6-oxidase), mainly consists of lysyl oxidase (LO) and lysyl oxidase-like 1-4 (LOXL1-LOXL4), has been traditionally defined as cuproenzymes that are essential for stabilization of extracellular matrix, particularly cross-linking of collagen and elastin. LOX is essential in the musculoskeletal system, particularly cartilage. LOXs-mediated collagen cross-links are essential for the functional integrity of articular cartilage. Appropriate modulation of the expression or activity of certain LOX members selectively may become potential promising strategy for cartilage repair. In the current review, we summarized the advances of LOX in cartilage homeostasis and functioning, as well as copper-mediated activation of LOX through hypoxia-responsive signaling axis during recent decades. Also, the molecular signaling network governing LOX expression has been summarized, indicating that appropriate modulation of hypoxia-responsive-signaling-directed LOX expression through manipulation of bioavailability of copper and oxygen is promising for further clinical implications of cartilage regeneration, which has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for cartilage rejuvenation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Therefore, targeted regulation of copper-mediated hypoxia-responsive signalling axis for selective modulation of LOX expression may become potential effective therapeutics for enhanced cartilage regeneration and rejuvenation in future clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liangliang Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.,MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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63
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Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Yan M, Zhu K, Su Q, Pan J, Yang M, Zhou D, Tan J. βig-h3 enhances chondrogenesis via promoting mesenchymal condensation in rat Achilles tendon heterotopic ossification model. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7030-7041. [PMID: 32312943 PMCID: PMC7202527 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a poorly characterized disease with ectopic bone formation in the musculoskeletal soft tissues. HO is widely considered as a tissue repair process goes away, with endochondral ossification to be the major pathological basis. The molecular mechanism of how the resident/recruited progenitor cells for tissue regeneration error differentiated into the chondrocytes remains unknown. Here, we found Transforming Growth Factor B Induced Gene Human Clone 3 (βig-h3) was highly expressed in the inflammation and chondrogenesis stages of a heterotopic ossification model after rat Achilles tendon injury, as well as upon chondrogenic differentiation conditions in vitro. βig-h3 functioned as an extracellular matrix protein, which was induced by TGFβ signaling, could bind to the injured tendon-derived stem cells (iTDSCs) and inhibit the attachment of iTDSCs to collagen I. Exogenous βig-h3 was also found able to accelerate the process of mesenchymal condensation of cultured iTDSCs and promote chondrogenic differentiation in vitro, and additional injection of iTDSCs could promote endochondral ossification in Achilles tendon injury model. Taken together, βig-h3 might function as an adhesion protein that inhibited the attachment of iTDSCs to collagen I (the injury site) but promoted the attachment of iTDSCs to each other, which resulted in promoting chondrogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meijun Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihang Su
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjie Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Pinghu Second People's Hospital, Pinghu, China
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64
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Hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible transcription factors and oxygen-sensing prolyl hydroxylases in bone development and homeostasis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2020; 28:328-335. [PMID: 30985337 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the role of hypoxia signaling in skeletal cells. RECENT FINDINGS Hypoxia occurs at several stages during bone development. Skeletal cells, like chondrocytes and osteoblasts, respond to this challenge by stabilizing the hypoxia inducible transcription factor HIF, which induces the expression of angiogenic factors and promotes glycolysis. The increased delivery of oxygen and nutrients, together with metabolic adaptations, prevent chondrocyte cell death in the growth plate and promote bone formation by osteoblasts. However, excessive HIF levels have to be avoided during bone development as the resulting metabolic maladaptations cause skeletal dysplasia. Recent studies show that HIF also targets other genes to increase bone mass: it decreases osteoclastogenesis by increasing osteoprotegerin expression and represses sclerostin expression by epigenetic mechanisms, resulting in increased bone formation and decreased resorption. Moreover, increased HIF signaling in osteolineage cells promotes primary and metastatic breast tumor growth, and induces erythropoietin (EPO) production, resulting in polycythemia. Finally, HIF can directly or indirectly through increasing EPO levels, induce the expression and processing of FGF23 and may thereby affect mineral homeostasis and vitamin D metabolism. SUMMARY HIF signaling in skeletal cells not only affects their behavior but also influences erythropoiesis and possibly mineral homeostasis.
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Taheem DK, Jell G, Gentleman E. Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α in Osteochondral Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2020; 26:105-115. [PMID: 31774026 PMCID: PMC7166133 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Damage to osteochondral (OC) tissues can lead to pain, loss of motility, and progress to osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering approaches offer the possibility of replacing damaged tissues and restoring joint function; however, replicating the spatial and functional heterogeneity of native OC tissue remains a pressing challenge. Chondrocytes in healthy cartilage exist in relatively low-oxygen conditions, while osteoblasts in the underlying bone experience higher oxygen pressures. Such oxygen gradients also exist in the limb bud, where they influence OC tissue development. The cellular response to these spatial variations in oxygen pressure, which is mediated by the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway, plays a central role in regulating osteo- and chondrogenesis by directing progenitor cell differentiation and promoting and maintaining appropriate extracellular matrix production. Understanding the role of the HIF pathway in OC tissue development may enable new approaches to engineer OC tissue. In this review, we discuss strategies to spatially and temporarily regulate the HIF pathway in progenitor cells to create functional OC tissue for regenerative therapies. Impact statement Strategies to engineer osteochondral (OC) tissue are limited by the complex and varying microenvironmental conditions in native bone and cartilage. Indeed, native cartilage experiences low-oxygen conditions, while the underlying bone is relatively normoxic. The cellular response to these low-oxygen conditions, which is mediated through the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathway, is known to promote and maintain the chondrocyte phenotype. By using tissue engineering scaffolds to spatially and temporally harness the HIF pathway, it may be possible to improve OC tissue engineering strategies for the regeneration of damaged cartilage and its underlying subchondral bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheraj K. Taheem
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Jell
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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DEAD Box Protein Family Member DDX28 Is a Negative Regulator of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2α- and Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E2-Directed Hypoxic Translation. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00610-19. [PMID: 31907278 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00610-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a deficiency in oxygen delivery to tissues and is connected to physiological and pathophysiological processes such as embryonic development and cancer. The master regulators of oxygen homeostasis in mammalian cells are the heterodimeric hypoxia-inducible transcription factors 1 and 2 (HIF-1 and HIF-2, respectively). The oxygen-labile HIF-2α subunit has been implicated not only in transcription but also as a regulator of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E2 (eIF4E2)-directed hypoxic translation. Here, we have identified the DEAD box protein family member DDX28 as an interactor and negative regulator of HIF-2α that suppresses HIF-2α's ability to activate eIF4E2-directed translation. Stable silencing of DDX28 via short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in hypoxic human U87MG glioblastoma cells caused an increase of eIF4E2 binding to the m7GTP cap structure and the translation of eIF4E2 target mRNAs (including the HIF-2α mRNA itself). DDX28 depletion elevated nuclear and cytoplasmic HIF-2α protein, but HIF-2α transcriptional activity did not increase, possibly due to its already high nuclear abundance in hypoxic control cells. Depletion of DDX28 conferred a proliferative advantage to hypoxic, but not normoxic, cells. DDX28 protein levels are reduced in several cancers, including gliomas, relative to levels in normal tissue. Therefore, we uncover a regulatory mechanism for this potential tumor suppressor in the repression of HIF-2α- and eIF4E2-mediated translation activation of oncogenic mRNAs.
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Lipid availability determines fate of skeletal progenitor cells via SOX9. Nature 2020; 579:111-117. [PMID: 32103177 PMCID: PMC7060079 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The avascular nature of cartilage makes it a unique tissue1–4, but whether and how the absence of nutrient supply regulates chondrogenesis remains unknown. Here, we show that obstruction of vascular invasion during bone healing favours chondrogenic over osteogenic differentiation of skeletal progenitor cells. Unexpectedly, this process is driven by a decreased availability of extracellular lipids. When lipids are scarce, skeletal progenitors activate FoxO transcription factors, which bind to the Sox9 promoter and increase its expression. Besides initiating chondrogenesis, SOX9 acts as a regulator of cellular metabolism by suppressing fatty acid oxidation, and thus adapts the cells to an avascular life. Our results define lipid scarcity as an important determinant of chondrogenic commitment, reveal a role for FoxOs during lipid starvation, and identify SOX9 as a critical metabolic mediator. These data highlight the importance of the nutritional microenvironment in the specification of skeletal cell fate.
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Yang F, Huang R, Ma H, Zhao X, Wang G. miRNA-411 Regulates Chondrocyte Autophagy in Osteoarthritis by Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α). Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e921155. [PMID: 32072994 PMCID: PMC7043337 DOI: 10.12659/msm.921155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease and is characterized by the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage. The molecular basis of OA involves various factors and has not been fully clarified. Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that involves cellular degradation through the lysosomal machinery. Material/Methods We found that miRNA-411 regulates chondrocyte autophagy in OA by targeting hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) and identified the related molecular mechanism. OA condition in chondrocyte C28/I2 cells was induced by treatment with interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). The protein expressions of LC3, p62, HIF-1α, ULK-1, and Beclin-1 were assessed by Western blot analysis, and LC3 expression was assessed by immunofluorescence. Results TargetScan analysis showed that HIF-1α mRNA is directly targeted by miR-411, which was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. miR-411 mimic decreased HIF-1α levels in chondrocytes while miR-411 inhibitor increased HIF-1α levels in chondrocytes. Furthermore, expression of LC3, ULK-1, P62, and Beclin-1 in chondrocytes was induced by miR-411 inhibitor and was downregulated by miR-411 mimics. In addition, miR-411 mimics reduced the expression level of LC3, as determined by immunofluorescence analysis. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that miR-411 promotes chondrocyte autophagy by targeting HIF-1α, suggesting that regulating HIF-1α by miR-411 might be a therapeutic strategy for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Rong Huang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Guodong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Huang Y, Wang X, Lin H. The hypoxic microenvironment: a driving force for heterotopic ossification progression. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:20. [PMID: 32028956 PMCID: PMC7006203 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-0509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) refers to the formation of bone tissue outside the normal skeletal system. According to its pathogenesis, HO is divided into hereditary HO and acquired HO. There currently lack effective approaches for HO prevention or treatment. A deep understanding of its pathogenesis will provide promising strategies to prevent and treat HO. Studies have shown that the hypoxia-adaptive microenvironment generated after trauma is a potent stimulus of HO. The hypoxic microenvironment enhances the stability of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which regulates a complex network including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), which are implicated in the formation of ectopic bone. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the triggering role and underlying molecular mechanisms of the hypoxic microenvironment in the initiation and progression of HO, focusing mainly on HIF-1 and it's influenced genes BMP, VEGF, and NRP-1. A better understanding of the role of hypoxia in HO unveils novel therapeutic targets for HO that reduce the local hypoxic microenvironment and inhibit HIF-1α activity. Video Abstract. (MP4 52403 kb)
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Huang
- First Clinical Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- First Clinical Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, 461 BaYi Avenue, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Ye T, He F, Lu L, Miao H, Sun D, Zhang M, Yang H, Zhang J, Qiu J, Zhao H, Ma Z, Yu S. The effect of oestrogen on mandibular condylar cartilage via hypoxia-inducible factor-2α during osteoarthritis development. Bone 2020; 130:115123. [PMID: 31678498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oestrogen and hypoxia inducible factor-2α (HIF2α) are key regulators in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). However, the cellular interaction between oestrogen and HIF2α in articular cartilage during OA process remains unknown. Our previous study has revealed that high-physiological level of oestrogen aggravates the degradation of condylar cartilage in the early stage of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ OA). Here, we hypothesize that HIF2α involves the effect of oestrogen on mandibular condylar cartilage in the progression of TMJ OA. Our experiment in vivo found that the degeneration of condylar cartilage caused by unilateral anterior crossbite (UAC) model, characterized by obvious degenerative morphology, loss of cartilage extracellular matrix, up-regulation of TNF-α, HIF2α and its' down-stream OA-related cytokines (MMP-13, VEGF and Col X), could be alleviated by lack of oestrogen while aggravated by high level of oestrogen in rats. Meanwhile, our in vitro study found that 17β-estradiol stimulation resulted in the loss of extracellular matrix, increased expression of TNF-α, IL-1, HIF2α and its' down-stream OA-related cytokines (MMP-13, VEGF and Col X) in primary condylar chondrocytes via oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ), which could be reversed by ER antagonist, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and HIF2α translation inhibitor. Our results reveal that high level of oestrogen can aggravate the degenerative changes of mandibular condylar cartilage, while lack of oestrogen can alleviate it via oestrogen-ERβ-HIF2α pathway during TMJ OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Lei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Hui Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Dongliang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China; Military Health Team of 61213 Troops of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Linfei, Shanxi 041000, PR China
| | - Mian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Hongxu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Jun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Haidan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Zhaofeng Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Shunyi Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101300, PR China.
| | - Shibin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China.
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Yao H, Xu JK, Zheng NY, Wang JL, Mok SW, Lee YW, Shi L, Wang JY, Yue J, Yung SH, Hu PJ, Ruan YC, Zhang YF, Ho KW, Qin L. Intra-articular injection of magnesium chloride attenuates osteoarthritis progression in rats. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2019; 27:1811-1821. [PMID: 31536815 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of Mg2+ on the expression of osteoarthritic markers in human cartilage and synovium tissue explants. To investigate the therapeutic effect of intra-articular injection of Mg2+ in an established rat OA (Osteoarthritis) model of anterior cruciate ligament transection with partial medial meniscectomy (ACLT + PMM). DESIGN Human cartilage and synovium explants were collected from total knee replacement surgeries and incubated with MgCl2 (20 mmol/L) in vitro. A rat OA model was established by ACLT + PMM surgery in 450-500 g male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. To select the optimal dose, intra-articular injections of MgCl2 (0.05, 0.5, 5 mol/L) were performed at 4 weeks after the surgery every 3 days for 2 weeks. The effect of optimized MgCl2 was further determined by histology, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The expressions of osteoarthritic markers in human cartilage and synovium explants were inhibited by Mg2+in vitro. Immunohistochemical analysis further suggested the inhibitory effects of Mg2+ on the expression of MMP-13 and IL-6 in the human tissue explants. Cartilage degeneration and synovitis in ACLT + PMM rats were significantly improved by intra-articular injections of Mg2+ (0.5 mol/L). Immunohistochemical analysis also showed the regulatory effects of Mg2+ on osteoarthritic markers in both cartilage and synovium in rats, consistent with in vitro results. CONCLUSION Intra-articular injections of Mg2+ at 0.5 mol/L attenuate the progression of OA in the ACLT + PMM rat model. Such effect was at least in part explained by the promotion of cartilage matrix synthesis and the suppression of synovial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - J K Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - N Y Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - J L Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - S W Mok
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - Y W Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - L Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - J Y Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - J Yue
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - S H Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - P J Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - Y C Ruan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - Y F Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - K W Ho
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - L Qin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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Marín-Llera JC, Garciadiego-Cázares D, Chimal-Monroy J. Understanding the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms That Control Early Cell Fate Decisions During Appendicular Skeletogenesis. Front Genet 2019; 10:977. [PMID: 31681419 PMCID: PMC6797607 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of the vertebrate skeleton is orchestrated in time and space by a number of gene regulatory networks that specify and position all skeletal tissues. During embryonic development, bones have two distinct origins: bone tissue differentiates directly from mesenchymal progenitors, whereas most long bones arise from cartilaginous templates through a process known as endochondral ossification. Before endochondral bone development takes place, chondrocytes form a cartilage analgen that will be sequentially segmented to form joints; thus, in the cartilage template, either the cartilage maturation programme or the joint formation programme is activated. Once the cartilage differentiation programme starts, the growth plate begins to form. In contrast, when the joint formation programme is activated, a capsule begins to form that contains special articular cartilage and synovium to generate a functional joint. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms controlling the earliest molecular events that regulate cell fate during skeletogenesis in long bones. We will explore the initial processes that lead to the recruitment of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells, the commitment of chondrocyte lineages, and the formation of skeletal elements during morphogenesis. Thereafter, we will review the process of joint specification and joint morphogenesis. We will discuss the links between transcription factor activity, cell–cell interactions, cell–extracellular matrix interactions, growth factor signalling, and other molecular interactions that control mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell fate during embryonic skeletogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cristina Marín-Llera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jesús Chimal-Monroy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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Chijimatsu R, Saito T. Mechanisms of synovial joint and articular cartilage development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3939-3952. [PMID: 31201464 PMCID: PMC11105481 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03191-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is formed at the end of epiphyses in the synovial joint cavity and permanently contributes to the smooth movement of synovial joints. Most skeletal elements develop from transient cartilage by a biological process known as endochondral ossification. Accumulating evidence indicates that articular and growth plate cartilage are derived from different cell sources and that different molecules and signaling pathways regulate these two kinds of cartilage. As the first sign of joint development, the interzone emerges at the presumptive joint site within a pre-cartilage tissue. After that, joint cavitation occurs in the center of the interzone, and the cells in the interzone and its surroundings gradually form articular cartilage and the synovial joint. During joint development, the interzone cells continuously migrate out to the epiphyseal cartilage and the surrounding cells influx into the joint region. These complicated phenomena are regulated by various molecules and signaling pathways, including GDF5, Wnt, IHH, PTHrP, BMP, TGF-β, and FGF. Here, we summarize current literature and discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying joint formation and articular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Chijimatsu
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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Bobek J, Oralova V, Kratochvilova A, Zvackova I, Lesot H, Matalova E. Tuftelin and HIFs expression in osteogenesis. Histochem Cell Biol 2019; 152:355-363. [PMID: 31520138 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-019-01813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuftelin was originally discovered and mostly studied in the tooth, but later found also in other organs. Despite its wide distribution among tissues, tuftelin's function has so far been specified only in the formation of enamel crystals. Nevertheless, in many cases, tuftelin was suggested to be associated with cellular adaptation to hypoxia and recently even with cell differentiation. Therefore, we aimed to investigate tuftelin expression along with hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) during the early development of the mandibular/alveolar (m/a) bone, when osteoblasts started to differentiate in vivo and to compare their expression levels in undifferentiated versus differentiated osteoblastic cells in vitro. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the presence of tuftelin already in osteoblastic precursors which were also HIF1-positive, but HIF2-negative. Nevertheless, HIF2 protein appeared when osteoblasts differentiated, one day later. This is in agreement with observations made with MC3T3-E1 cells, where there was no significant difference in tuftelin and Hif1 expression in undifferentiated vs. differentiated cells, although Hif2 increased upon differentiation induction. In differentiated osteoblasts of the m/a bone, all three proteins accumulated, first, prenatally, in the cytoplasm and later, particularly at postnatal stages, they displayed also peri/nuclear localization. Such a dynamic time-space pattern of tuftelin expression has recently been reported in neurons, which, as the m/a bone, differentiate under less hypoxic conditions as indicated also by a prevalent cytoplasmic expression of HIF1 in osteoblasts. However, unlike what was shown in cultured neurons, tuftelin does not seem to participate in final osteoblastic differentiation and its functions, thus, appears to be tissue specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bobek
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveri 97, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Oralova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveri 97, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adela Kratochvilova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveri 97, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Zvackova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveri 97, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Herve Lesot
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveri 97, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Matalova
- Laboratory of Odontogenesis and Osteogenesis, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveri 97, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1/3, Brno, Czech Republic.
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SOX9 in cartilage development and disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 61:39-47. [PMID: 31382142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SOX9 is a pivotal transcription factor in chondrocytes, a lineage essential in skeletogenesis. Its mandatory role in transactivating many cartilage-specific genes is well established, whereas its pioneer role in lineage specification, which along with transactivation defines master transcription factors, remains to be better defined. Abundant, but yet incomplete evidence exists that intricate molecular networks control SOX9 activity during the multi-step chondrogenesis pathway. They include a highly modular genetic regulation, post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications, and varying sets of functional partners. Fully uncovering SOX9 actions and regulation is fundamental to explain mechanisms underlying many diseases that directly or indirectly affect SOX9 activities and to design effective disease treatments. We here review current knowledge, highlight recent discoveries, and propose new research directions to answer remaining questions.
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Tang C, Liu T, Wang K, Wang X, Xu S, He D, Zeng J. Transcriptional regulation of FoxM1 by HIF‑1α mediates hypoxia‑induced EMT in prostate cancer. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:1307-1318. [PMID: 31364741 PMCID: PMC6718104 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a tumorigenesis-related microenvironment change which usually occurs in the earliest stage of prostate cancer (PCa) development. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that hypoxia/hypoxia-inducing factor (HIF) is involved in the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increased metastatic potential in PCa. However, the mechanism by which hypoxia/HIF regulates EMT remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia-induced EMT in PCa, focusing on HIF-1α/Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) signaling pathway. PCa PC3 and DU145 cell lines were used as the model system in vitro. Our data revealed that hypoxia induced EMT in PCa cells. Bioinformatics analysis identified the possible association between HIF-1α and FoxM1. Additionally, FoxM1 was significantly associated with PCa development and Gleason scores of PCa. Exposure to hypoxia resulted in the increased expression of HIF-1α and FoxM1. Genetic knockdown FoxM1 abolished hypoxia-induced EMT in PCa, while exogenous overexpression of FoxM1 facilitated hypoxia-induced EMT. Furthermore, the increase of FoxM1 during hypoxia was due to the transcriptional regulation on the FoxM1 promoter by HIF-1α. We also confirmed the binding site of HIF-1α on the FoxM1 promoter by different lengths promoter sequences. These findings provide new insights into how EMT is regulated in PCa under hypoxic stress. It is worthwhile to investigate in future that inhibition of FoxM1 as a potential target may be an effective therapeutic strategy against PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Tianjie Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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77
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Ma Z, Jin X, Qian Z, Li F, Xu M, Zhang Y, Kang X, Li H, Gao X, Zhao L, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wu S, Sun H. Deletion of clock gene Bmal1 impaired the chondrocyte function due to disruption of the HIF1α-VEGF signaling pathway. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1473-1489. [PMID: 31107137 PMCID: PMC6592248 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1620572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the core circadian rhythm gene Bmal1 could regulate the clock control genes (CCGs) expression and maintain the integrity in cartilage tissue. In addition, its abnormal expression is connected with the occurrence and development of several diseases including osteoarthritis (OA). However, the relationship between Bmal1 and cartilage development still needs to be fully elucidated. Here, we bred tamoxifen-induced cartilage-specific knockout mice to learn the effects of Bmal1 on the cartilage development and its underlying mechanisms at specific time points. We observed that Bmal1 ablated mice showed growth retardation during puberty, and the length of whole growth plate and the proliferation zone were both shorter than those in the control group. Deletion of Bmal1 significantly inhibited the chondrocytes proliferation and activated cells apoptosis in the growth plate. Meanwhile, knockout of Bmal1 attenuated the expression of VEGF and HIF1α and enhanced the level of MMP13 and Runx2 in the growth plate chondrocytes. Consistent with these findings in vivo, ablation of Bmal1 could also lead to decrease chondrocytes proliferation, the expression of HIF1α and VEGF and elevate apoptosis in cultured chondrocytes. These findings suggest that Bmal1 plays a pivotal role in cartilage development by regulating the HIF1α-VEGF signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Jin
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuang Qian
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mao Xu
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Kang
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liting Zhao
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuanmin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shufang Wu
- Center for Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Medical School of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, People’s Republic of China
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78
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Cordeiro IR, Kabashima K, Ochi H, Munakata K, Nishimori C, Laslo M, Hanken J, Tanaka M. Environmental Oxygen Exposure Allows for the Evolution of Interdigital Cell Death in Limb Patterning. Dev Cell 2019; 50:155-166.e4. [PMID: 31204171 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians form fingers without webbing by differential growth between digital and interdigital regions. Amniotes, however, employ interdigital cell death (ICD), an additional mechanism that contributes to a greater variation of limb shapes. Here, we investigate the role of environmental oxygen in the evolution of ICD in tetrapods. While cell death is restricted to the limb margin in amphibians with aquatic tadpoles, Eleutherodactylus coqui, a frog with terrestrial-direct-developing eggs, has cell death in the interdigital region. Chicken requires sufficient oxygen and reactive oxygen species to induce cell death, with the oxygen tension profile itself being distinct between the limbs of chicken and Xenopus laevis frogs. Notably, increasing blood vessel density in X. laevis limbs, as well as incubating tadpoles under high oxygen levels, induces ICD. We propose that the oxygen available to terrestrial eggs was an ecological feature crucial for the evolution of ICD, made possible by conserved autopod-patterning mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Rosenburg Cordeiro
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kaori Kabashima
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Haruki Ochi
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Keijiro Munakata
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Chika Nishimori
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Mara Laslo
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - James Hanken
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mikiko Tanaka
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B-17, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan.
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79
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Suppressing Mitochondrial Respiration Is Critical for Hypoxia Tolerance in the Fetal Growth Plate. Dev Cell 2019; 49:748-763.e7. [PMID: 31105007 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen (O2) is both an indispensable metabolic substrate and a regulatory signal that controls the activity of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (Hif1a), a mediator of the cellular adaptation to low O2 tension (hypoxia). Hypoxic cells require Hif1a to survive. Additionally, Hif1a is an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration. Hence, we hypothesized that enhancing mitochondrial respiration is detrimental to the survival of hypoxic cells in vivo. We tested this hypothesis in the fetal growth plate, which is hypoxic. Our findings show that mitochondrial respiration is dispensable for survival of growth plate chondrocytes. Furthermore, its impairment prevents the extreme hypoxia and the massive chondrocyte death observed in growth plates lacking Hif1a. Consequently, augmenting mitochondrial respiration affects the survival of hypoxic chondrocytes by, at least in part, increasing intracellular hypoxia. We thus propose that partial suppression of mitochondrial respiration is crucial during development to protect the tissues that are physiologically hypoxic from lethal intracellular anoxia.
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80
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Holzer T, Probst K, Etich J, Auler M, Georgieva VS, Bluhm B, Frie C, Heilig J, Niehoff A, Nüchel J, Plomann M, Seeger JM, Kashkar H, Baris OR, Wiesner RJ, Brachvogel B. Respiratory chain inactivation links cartilage-mediated growth retardation to mitochondrial diseases. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:1853-1870. [PMID: 31085560 PMCID: PMC6548139 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201809056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with mitochondrial diseases often present with slow growth and short stature, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, Holzer et al. provide in vivo evidence that mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction induces cartilage degeneration coincident with altered metabolism, impaired extracellular matrix formation, and cell death at the cartilage–bone junction. In childhood, skeletal growth is driven by transient expansion of cartilage in the growth plate. The common belief is that energy production in this hypoxic tissue mainly relies on anaerobic glycolysis and not on mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) activity. However, children with mitochondrial diseases causing RC dysfunction often present with short stature, which indicates that RC activity may be essential for cartilage-mediated skeletal growth. To elucidate the role of the mitochondrial RC in cartilage growth and pathology, we generated mice with impaired RC function in cartilage. These mice develop normally until birth, but their later growth is retarded. A detailed molecular analysis revealed that metabolic signaling and extracellular matrix formation is disturbed and induces cell death at the cartilage–bone junction to cause a chondrodysplasia-like phenotype. Hence, the results demonstrate the overall importance of the metabolic switch from fetal glycolysis to postnatal RC activation in growth plate cartilage and explain why RC dysfunction can cause short stature in children with mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Holzer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristina Probst
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julia Etich
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Auler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Veronika S Georgieva
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Bluhm
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Frie
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Juliane Heilig
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anja Niehoff
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Center for Musculoskeletal Biomechanics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Julian Nüchel
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Plomann
- Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens M Seeger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Olivier R Baris
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rudolf J Wiesner
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center of Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bent Brachvogel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Experimental Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany .,Center for Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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81
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Foyt DA, Taheem DK, Ferreira SA, Norman MDA, Petzold J, Jell G, Grigoriadis AE, Gentleman E. Hypoxia impacts human MSC response to substrate stiffness during chondrogenic differentiation. Acta Biomater 2019; 89:73-83. [PMID: 30844569 PMCID: PMC6481516 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering strategies often aim to direct tissue formation by mimicking conditions progenitor cells experience within native tissues. For example, to create cartilage in vitro, researchers often aim to replicate the biochemical and mechanical milieu cells experience during cartilage formation in the developing limb bud. This includes stimulating progenitors with TGF-β1/3, culturing under hypoxic conditions, and regulating mechanosensory pathways using biomaterials that control substrate stiffness and/or cell shape. However, as progenitors differentiate down the chondrogenic lineage, the pathways that regulate their responses to mechanotransduction, hypoxia and TGF-β may not act independently, but rather also impact one another, influencing overall cell response. Here, to better understand hypoxia's influence on mechanoregulatory-mediated chondrogenesis, we cultured human marrow stromal/mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) on soft (0.167 kPa) or stiff (49.6 kPa) polyacrylamide hydrogels in chondrogenic medium containing TGF-β3. We then compared cell morphology, phosphorylated myosin light chain 2 staining, and chondrogenic gene expression under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, in the presence and absence of pharmacological inhibition of cytoskeletal tension. We show that on soft compared to stiff substrates, hypoxia prompts hMSC to adopt more spread morphologies, assemble in compact mesenchymal condensation-like colonies, and upregulate NCAM expression, and that inhibition of cytoskeletal tension negates hypoxia-mediated upregulation of molecular markers of chondrogenesis, including COL2A1 and SOX9. Taken together, our findings support a role for hypoxia in regulating hMSC morphology, cytoskeletal tension and chondrogenesis, and that hypoxia's effects are modulated, at least in part, by mechanosensitive pathways. Our insights into how hypoxia impacts mechanoregulation of chondrogenesis in hMSC may improve strategies to develop tissue engineered cartilage. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Cartilage tissue engineering strategies often aim to drive progenitor cell differentiation by replicating the local environment of the native tissue, including by regulating oxygen concentration and mechanical stiffness. However, the pathways that regulate cellular responses to mechanotransduction and hypoxia may not act independently, but rather also impact one another. Here, we show that on soft, but not stiff surfaces, hypoxia impacts human MSC (hMSC) morphology and colony formation, and inhibition of cytoskeletal tension negates the hypoxia-mediated upregulation of molecular markers of chondrogenesis. These observations suggest that hypoxia's effects during hMSC chondrogenesis are modulated, at least in part, by mechanosensitive pathways, and may impact strategies to develop scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering, as hypoxia's chondrogenic effects may be enhanced on soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Foyt
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Dheraj K Taheem
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Silvia A Ferreira
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Michael D A Norman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jonna Petzold
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Gavin Jell
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | | | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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82
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Abstract
SOX transcription factors participate in the specification, differentiation and activities of many cell types in development and beyond. The 20 mammalian family members are distributed into eight groups based on sequence identity, and while co-expressed same-group proteins often have redundant functions, different-group proteins typically have distinct functions. More than a handful of SOX proteins have pivotal roles in skeletogenesis. Heterozygous mutations in their genes cause human diseases, in which skeletal dysmorphism is a major feature, such as campomelic dysplasia (SOX9), or a minor feature, such as LAMSHF syndrome (SOX5) and Coffin-Siris-like syndromes (SOX4 and SOX11). Loss- and gain-of-function experiments in animal models have revealed that SOX4 and SOX11 (SOXC group) promote skeletal progenitor survival and control skeleton patterning and growth; SOX8 (SOXE group) delays the differentiation of osteoblast progenitors; SOX9 (SOXE group) is essential for chondrocyte fate maintenance and differentiation, and works in cooperation with SOX5 and SOX6 (SOXD group) and other types of transcription factors. These and other SOX proteins have also been proposed, mainly through in vitro experiments, to have key roles in other aspects of skeletogenesis, such as SOX2 in osteoblast stem cell self-renewal. We here review current knowledge of well-established and proposed skeletogenic roles of SOX proteins, their transcriptional and non-transcriptional actions, and their modes of regulation at the gene, RNA and protein levels. We also discuss gaps in knowledge and directions for future research to further decipher mechanisms underlying skeletogenesis in health and diseases and identify treatment options for skeletal malformation and degeneration diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lefebvre
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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83
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Merceron C, Ranganathan K, Wang E, Tata Z, Makkapati S, Khan MP, Mangiavini L, Yao AQ, Castellini L, Levi B, Giaccia AJ, Schipani E. Hypoxia-inducible factor 2α is a negative regulator of osteoblastogenesis and bone mass accrual. Bone Res 2019; 7:7. [PMID: 30792937 PMCID: PMC6382776 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts, which are the bone-forming cells, operate in a hypoxic environment. The transcription factors hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1) and HIF2 are key mediators of the cellular response to hypoxia. Both are expressed in osteoblasts. HIF1 is known to be a positive regulator of bone formation. Conversely, the role of HIF2 in the control osteoblast biology is still poorly understood. In this study, we used mouse genetics to demonstrate that HIF2 is an inhibitor of osteoblastogenesis and bone mass accrual. Moreover, we provided evidence that HIF2 impairs osteoblast differentiation at least in part, by upregulating the transcription factor Sox9. Our findings constitute a paradigm shift, as activation of the hypoxia-signaling pathway has traditionally been associated with increased bone formation through HIF1. Inhibiting HIF2 could thus represent a therapeutic approach for the treatment of the low bone mass observed in chronic diseases, osteoporosis, or aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Merceron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Kavitha Ranganathan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Elizabeth Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Zachary Tata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Shreya Makkapati
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Mohd Parvez Khan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Laura Mangiavini
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Angela Qing Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Laura Castellini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Amato J. Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Ernestina Schipani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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84
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Bai Y, Gong X, Dou C, Cao Z, Dong S. Redox control of chondrocyte differentiation and chondrogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 132:83-89. [PMID: 30394290 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis involves the recruitment and migration of mesenchymal cells, mesenchymal condensation, and chondrocyte differentiation and hypertrophy. Multiple factors precisely regulate chondrogenesis. Recent studies have demonstrated that the redox status of chondrocytes plays an essential role in the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation and chondrogenesis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are important factors that change the intracellular redox status. Physiological levels of ROS/RNS act as intracellular signals in chondrocytes, and oxidative stress impairs the metabolism of chondrocytes. Under physiological conditions, the balance between ROS/RNS production and elimination ensures that redox-sensitive signalling proteins function correctly. The redox homeostasis of chondrocytes ensures that they respond appropriately to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. This review focuses on the redox regulation of key signalling pathways and transcription factors that control chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation. Additionally, the mechanism by which ROS/RNS regulate signalling proteins and transcription factors in chondrocytes is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No.30, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaoshan Gong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No.30, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ce Dou
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No.30, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No.30, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan Street No.30, Chongqing 400038, China; State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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85
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Köstlin-Gille N, Dietz S, Schwarz J, Spring B, Pauluschke-Fröhlich J, Poets CF, Gille C. HIF-1α-Deficiency in Myeloid Cells Leads to a Disturbed Accumulation of Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) During Pregnancy and to an Increased Abortion Rate in Mice. Front Immunol 2019; 10:161. [PMID: 30804946 PMCID: PMC6370686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abortions are the most important reason for unintentional childlessness. During pregnancy, maternal immune cells are in close contact to cells of the semi-allogeneic fetus. Dysregulation of the maternal immune system leading to defective adaptation to pregnancy often plays a role in pathogenesis of abortions. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are myeloid cells that suppress functions of other immune cells, especially T-cells, thereby negatively affecting diseases such as cancer, sepsis or trauma. They seem, however, also necessary for maintenance of maternal-fetal tolerance. Mechanisms regulating MDSC expansion and function during pregnancy are only incompletely understood. In tumor environment, hypoxia is crucial for MDSC accumulation and activation. Hypoxia is also important for early placenta and embryo development. Effects of hypoxia are mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). In the present study we aimed to examine the role of HIF-1α in myeloid cells for MDSC accumulation and MDSC function during pregnancy and for pregnancy outcome. We therefore used a mouse model with targeted deletion of HIF-1α in myeloid cells (myeloid HIF-KO) and analyzed blood, spleens and uteri of pregnant mice at gestational day E 10.5 in comparison to non-pregnant animals and wildtype (WT) animals. Further we analyzed pregnancy success by determining rates of failed implantation and abortion in WT and myeloid HIF-KO animals. We found that myeloid HIF-KO in mice led to an abrogated MDSC accumulation in the pregnant uterus and to impaired suppressive activity of MDSC. While expression of chemokine receptors and integrins on MDSC was not affected by HIF-1α, myeloid HIF-KO led to increased apoptosis rates of MDSC in the uterus. Myeloid-HIF-KO resulted in increased proportions of non-pregnant animals after positive vaginal plug and increased abortion rates, suggesting that activation of HIF-1α dependent pathways in MDSC are important for maintenance of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefanie Dietz
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julian Schwarz
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bärbel Spring
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Christian F Poets
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gille
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
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86
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Stiers PJ, Stegen S, van Gastel N, Van Looveren R, Torrekens S, Carmeliet G. Inhibition of the Oxygen Sensor PHD2 Enhances Tissue-Engineered Endochondral Bone Formation. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:333-348. [PMID: 30452097 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering holds great promise for bone regenerative medicine, but clinical translation remains challenging. An important factor is the low cell survival after implantation, primarily caused by the lack of functional vasculature at the bone defect. Interestingly, bone development and repair initiate predominantly via an avascular cartilage template, indicating that chondrocytes are adapted to limited vascularization. Given these advantageous properties of chondrocytes, we questioned whether tissue-engineered cartilage intermediates implanted ectopically in mice are able to form bone, even when the volume size increases. Here, we show that endochondral ossification proceeds efficiently when implant size is limited (≤30 mm3 ), but chondrogenesis and matrix synthesis are impaired in the center of larger implants, leading to a fibrotic core. Increasing the level of angiogenic growth factors does not improve this outcome, because this strategy enhances peripheral bone formation, but disrupts the conversion of cartilage into bone in the center, resulting in a fibrotic core, even in small implants. On the other hand, activation of hypoxia signaling in cells before implantation stimulates chondrogenesis and matrix production, which culminates in enhanced bone formation throughout the entire implant. Together, our results show that induction of angiogenesis alone may lead to adverse effects during endochondral bone repair, whereas activation of hypoxia signaling represents a superior therapeutic strategy to improve endochondral bone regeneration in large tissue-engineered implants. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter-Jan Stiers
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steve Stegen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nick van Gastel
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Riet Van Looveren
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sophie Torrekens
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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87
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Xu TH, Qiu XB, Sheng ZT, Han YR, Wang J, Tian BY, Yao L. Restoration of microRNA-30b expression alleviates vascular calcification through the mTOR signaling pathway and autophagy. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14306-14318. [PMID: 30701530 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pathological calcification represents an event that consequently leads to a distinct elevation in the morbidity and mortality of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in addition to strengthening its correlation with hyperphosphatemia. Epigenomic regulation by specific microRNAs (miRNAs) is reported to be involved in ectopic calcification. However, the finer molecular mechanisms governing this event remain unclear. Hence, this study aimed to identify the potential miRNAs involved in vascular calcification (VC) development and progression. Initially, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), autophagy-specific markers (LC3II/LC3I and Beclin1) and phenotype-specific markers of osteoblasts (runt-related transcription factor 2 and Msx2) were measured to evaluate autophagy and VC in β-glycerophosphate-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) with either miR-30b restoration or miR-30b knockdown performed in vitro. The VC in vivo was represented by calcified nodule formation in the aorta of the rats undergoing 5/6 nephrectomy followed by a 1.2% phosphorus diet using Alizarin Red staining. SOX9 was verified as the target of miR-30b according to luciferase activity determination. Restoration of miR-30b was revealed to markedly diminish the expression of SOX9 while acting to inhibit activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. Knockdown of miR-30b reduced MMP and autophagy, elevated VC, and suppressed the presence of rapamycin (an inhibitor of the mTOR signaling pathway). In addition, upregulated expression of miR-30b attenuated VC in vivo. Taken together, the key findings of this study identified the inhibitory role of miR-30b in VC, presenting an enhanced understanding of miRNA as a therapeutic target to curtail progressive VC in hyperphosphatemia of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Hua Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Bo Qiu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Tong Sheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ran Han
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Bin-Yao Tian
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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88
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Rafipay A, Berg ALR, Erskine L, Vargesson N. Expression analysis of limb element markers during mouse embryonic development. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1217-1226. [PMID: 30225906 PMCID: PMC6282987 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: While data regarding expression of limb element and tissue markers during normal mouse limb development exist, few studies show expression patterns in upper and lower limbs throughout key limb development stages. A comparison to normal developmental events is essential when analyzing development of the limb in mutant mice models. Results: Expression patterns of the joint marker Gdf5, tendon and ligament marker Scleraxis, early muscle marker MyoD1, and blood vessel marker Cadherin5 (Cdh5) are presented during the most active phases of embryonic mouse limb patterning. Anti‐neurofilament staining of developing nerves in the fore‐ and hindlimbs and cartilage formation and progression also are described. Conclusions: This study demonstrates and describes a range of key morphological markers and methods that together can be used to assess normal and abnormal limb development. Developmental Dynamics 247:1217–1226, 2018. © 2018 The Authors. Developmental Dynamics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists Expression patterns of molecular markers throughout both fore‐ and hindlimb development ‐ which can be used to assess normal and abnormal development. Detailled description of innervation during fore‐ and hindlimb development confirming innervation first seen after limb patterning events have begun. Description of cartilage development and progression indicates alizarin red staining not seen until E15.5 in both fore‐ and hindlimbs. Hindlimb lags behind forelimb molecularly and morphologically until E14.5. Detailled description of methods used to study fore‐ and hindlimb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rafipay
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen
| | - Amanda L R Berg
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen
| | - Lynda Erskine
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen
| | - Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen
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89
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Van de Walle A, Faissal W, Wilhelm C, Luciani N. Role of growth factors and oxygen to limit hypertrophy and impact of high magnetic nanoparticles dose during stem cell chondrogenesis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:532-542. [PMID: 30524668 PMCID: PMC6260287 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to an unmet clinical need of curative treatments for osteoarthritic patients, tissue engineering strategies that propose the development of cartilage tissue replacements from stem cells have emerged. Some of these strategies are based on the internalization of magnetic nanoparticles into stem cells to then initiate the chondrogenesis via magnetic compaction. A major difficulty is to drive the chondrogenic differentiation of the cells such as they produce an extracellular matrix free of hypertrophic collagen. An additional difficulty has to be overcome when nanoparticles are used, knowing that a high dose of nanoparticles can limit the chondrogenesis. We here propose a gene-based analysis of the effects of chemical factors (growth factors, hypoxia) on the chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells both with and without nanoparticles. We focus on the synthesis of two of the most important constituents present in the cartilaginous extracellular matrix (Collagen II and Aggrecan) and on the expression of collagen X, the signature of hypertrophic cartilage, in order to provide a quantitative index of the type of cartilage produced (i.e. hyaline, hypertrophic). We demonstrate that by applying specific environmental conditions, gene expression can be directed toward the production of hyaline cartilage, with limited hypertrophy. Besides, a combination of the growth factors IGF-1, TGF-β3, with a hypoxic conditioning remarkably reduced the impact of high nanoparticles concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claire Wilhelm
- Corresponding authors at: Laboratoire MSC, UMR 7057 CNRS, University Paris Diderot, France.
| | - Nathalie Luciani
- Corresponding authors at: Laboratoire MSC, UMR 7057 CNRS, University Paris Diderot, France.
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90
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Petersen A, Princ A, Korus G, Ellinghaus A, Leemhuis H, Herrera A, Klaumünzer A, Schreivogel S, Woloszyk A, Schmidt-Bleek K, Geissler S, Heschel I, Duda GN. A biomaterial with a channel-like pore architecture induces endochondral healing of bone defects. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4430. [PMID: 30361486 PMCID: PMC6202397 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials developed to treat bone defects have classically focused on bone healing via direct, intramembranous ossification. In contrast, most bones in our body develop from a cartilage template via a second pathway called endochondral ossification. The unsolved clinical challenge to regenerate large bone defects has brought endochondral ossification into discussion as an alternative approach for bone healing. However, a biomaterial strategy for the regeneration of large bone defects via endochondral ossification is missing. Here we report on a biomaterial with a channel-like pore architecture to control cell recruitment and tissue patterning in the early phase of healing. In consequence of extracellular matrix alignment, CD146+ progenitor cell accumulation and restrained vascularization, a highly organized endochondral ossification process is induced in rats. Our findings demonstrate that a pure biomaterial approach has the potential to recapitulate a developmental bone growth process for bone healing. This might motivate future strategies for biomaterial-based tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Petersen
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - A Princ
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Korus
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Ellinghaus
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Leemhuis
- Matricel GmbH, Kaiserstrasse 100, 52134, Herzogenrath, Germany
| | - A Herrera
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Klaumünzer
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Schreivogel
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Woloszyk
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, 78229, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - K Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Geissler
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Heschel
- Matricel GmbH, Kaiserstrasse 100, 52134, Herzogenrath, Germany
| | - G N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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91
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Li H, Li X, Jing X, Li M, Ren Y, Chen J, Yang C, Wu H, Guo F. Hypoxia promotes maintenance of the chondrogenic phenotype in rat growth plate chondrocytes through the HIF-1α/YAP signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3181-3192. [PMID: 30320354 PMCID: PMC6202095 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo‑yes‑associated protein (YAP) signaling pathway was previously identified to serve an important role in controlling chondrocyte differentiation and post‑natal growth. Growth plate cartilage tissue is avascular, and hypoxia‑inducible factor (HIF)‑1α is essential for chondrocytes to maintain their chondrogenic phenotype in a hypoxic environment. In the present study, the role of hypoxia and HIF‑1α in the regulation of YAP in chondrocytes was investigated. The data demonstrated that hypoxia promoted the maintenance of the chondrogenic phenotype, HIF‑1α expression and YAP activation in chondrocytes in a time‑dependent manner. Hypoxia promoted YAP activation in a Hippo‑independent manner. Inhibiting the expression of HIF‑1α decreased the activation of YAP and downregulated the expression of sex‑determining region‑box 9 protein (SOX9) under hypoxic conditions, while the upregulation of HIF‑1α by cobalt chloride promoted the expression and nuclear translocation of YAP and upregulated the expression of SOX9 and collagen II chain under normoxic conditions. In addition, inhibition of YAP expression under hypoxia did not affect the expression of the HIF‑1α signaling pathway, but inhibited the up‑regulation of SOX9 expression caused by hypoxia. In addition, reoxygenation following hypoxia inhibited the activation of YAP caused by hypoxia in chondrocytes, whereas the upregulation of SOX9 and collagen II chain also appeared to be inhibited. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that hypoxia promoted YAP activation via HIF‑1α. Therefore, the HIF‑1α/YAP signaling axis may serve an important role in controlling growth plate chondrocyte differentiation and the maintenance of the chondrogenic phenotype in growth plate chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xingzhi Jing
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Mi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Ye Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jingyuan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Caihong Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Fengjing Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Mochizuki Y, Chiba T, Kataoka K, Yamashita S, Sato T, Kato T, Takahashi K, Miyamoto T, Kitazawa M, Hatta T, Natsume T, Takai S, Asahara H. Combinatorial CRISPR/Cas9 Approach to Elucidate a Far-Upstream Enhancer Complex for Tissue-Specific Sox9 Expression. Dev Cell 2018; 46:794-806.e6. [PMID: 30146478 PMCID: PMC6324936 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SRY-box 9 (SOX9) is a master transcription factor that regulates cartilage development. SOX9 haploinsufficiency resulting from breakpoints in a ∼1-Mb region upstream of SOX9 was reported in acampomelic campomelic dysplasia (ACD) patients, suggesting that essential enhancer regions of SOX9 for cartilage development are located in this long non-coding sequence. However, the cis-acting enhancer region regulating cartilage-specific SOX9 expression remains to be identified. To identify distant cartilage Sox9 enhancers, we utilized the combination of multiple CRISPR/Cas9 technologies including enrichment of the promoter-enhancer complex followed by next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry (MS), SIN3A-dCas9-mediated epigenetic silencing, and generation of enhancer deletion mice. As a result, we could identify a critical far-upstream cis-element and Stat3 as a trans-acting factor, regulating cartilage-specific Sox9 expression and subsequent skeletal development. Our strategy could facilitate definitive ACD diagnosis and should be useful to reveal the detailed chromatin conformation and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mochizuki
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan
| | - Tomoki Chiba
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kataoka
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tempei Sato
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kato
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hatta
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Shinro Takai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.
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93
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Differences in the intrinsic chondrogenic potential of equine umbilical cord matrix and cord blood mesenchymal stromal/stem cells for cartilage regeneration. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13799. [PMID: 30217993 PMCID: PMC6138671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (UCB-MSCs) and umbilical cord matrix MSCs (UCM-MSCs) have chondrogenic potential and are alternative sources to standard surgically derived bone marrow or adipose tissue collection for cartilage engineering. However, the majority of comparative studies explore neonatal MSCs potential only on ISCT benchmark assays accounting for some bias in the reproducibility between in vitro and in clinical studies. Therefore, we characterized equine UCB-MSCs and UCM-MSCs and investigated with particular attention their chondrogenesis potential in 3D culture with BMP-2 + TGF-ß1 in normoxia or hypoxia. We carried out an exhaustive characterization of the extracellular matrix generated by both these two types of MSCs after the induction of chondrogenesis through evaluation of hyaline cartilage, hypertrophic and osteogenic markers (mRNA, protein and histology levels). Some differences in hypoxia sensitivity and chondrogenesis were observed. UCB-MSCs differentiated into chondrocytes express an abundant, dense and a hyaline-like cartilage matrix. By contrast, despite their expression of cartilage markers, UCM-MSCs failed to express a relevant cartilage matrix after chondrogenic induction. Both MSCs types also displayed intrinsic differences at their undifferentiated basal status, UCB-MSCs expressing higher levels of chondrogenic markers whereas UCM-MSCs synthesizing higher amounts of osteogenic markers. Our results suggest that UCB-MSCs should be preferred for ex-vivo horse cartilage engineering. How those results should be translated to in vivo direct cartilage regeneration remains to be determined through dedicated study.
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94
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Kumar A, Davies TG, Itasaki N. Developmental abnormalities of the otic capsule and inner ear following application of prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors in chick embryos. Birth Defects Res 2018; 110:1194-1204. [PMID: 30079508 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naturally hypoxic conditions in amniote embryos play important roles in normal development. We previously showed that a hypoxic condition is required to produce a sufficient amount of neural crest cells (NCCs) during embryogenesis and that promoting a hypoxic response by prolyl-hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitors increases NCCs. Given that PHD inhibitors are considered as a potential treatment for anemia and ischemic diseases, we investigated the phenotypic effect of PHD inhibitors on embryonic development. METHODS Chick embryos were administered with PHD inhibitors prior to the induction of NCCs on day 1.5. Three main events relating to hypoxia, NCCs induction, vasculogenesis and chondrogenesis, were examined. RESULTS PHD inhibitors caused an increase of Sox10-positive NCCs in vivo. Vasculogenesis was promoted temporarily, although rapid vasculogenesis diminished the effect by day 5 in cephalic and pharyngeal regions. Studies on chondrogenesis at day 7 showed advanced development of the otic capsule, a cartilaginous structure encapsulating the inner ear. Analysis by X-ray micro-computed-tomography (μCT) revealed smaller otic capsule, suggesting premature differentiation. This in turn, deformed the developing semicircular canals within it. Other skeletal structures such as the palate and jaw were unaffected. The localized effect on the otic capsule was considered a result of the multiple effects from the hypoxic responses, increased NCCs and promoted chondrogenesis. CONCLUSION Given the wide range of clinical applications being considered for PHD inhibitors, this study provides crucial information to caution and guide use of PHD inhibitors when treating women of childbearing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Kumar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Davies
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Nobue Itasaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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van Wenum M, Adam AAA, van der Mark VA, Chang JC, Wildenberg ME, Hendriks EJ, Jongejan A, Moerland PD, van Gulik TM, Oude Elferink RP, Chamuleau RAFM, Hoekstra R. Oxygen drives hepatocyte differentiation and phenotype stability in liver cell lines. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:575-588. [PMID: 29399736 PMCID: PMC6039343 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-018-0456-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro generation of terminally differentiated hepatocytes is an unmet need. We investigated the contribution of oxygen concentration to differentiation in human liver cell lines HepaRG and C3A. HepaRG cells were cultured under hypoxia (5%O2), normoxia (21%O2) or hyperoxia (40%O2). Cultures were analysed for hepatic functions, gene transcript levels, and protein expression of albumin, hepatic transcription factor CEBPα, hepatic progenitor marker SOX9, and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)1α. C3A cells were analysed after exposure to normoxia or hyperoxia. In hyperoxic HepaRG cultures, urea cycle activity, bile acid synthesis, CytochromeP450 3A4 (CYP3A4) activity and ammonia elimination were 165-266% increased. These effects were reproduced in C3A cells. Whole transcriptome analysis of HepaRG cells revealed that 240 (of 23.223) probes were differentially expressed under hyperoxia, with an overrepresentation of genes involved in hepatic differentiation, metabolism and extracellular signalling. Under hypoxia, CYP3A4 activity and ammonia elimination were inhibited almost completely and 5/5 tested hepatic genes and 2/3 tested hepatic transcription factor genes were downregulated. Protein expression of SOX9 and HIF1α was strongly positive in hypoxic cultures, variable in normoxic cultures and predominantly negative in hyperoxic cultures. Conversely, albumin and CEBPα expression were highest in hyperoxic cultures. HepaRG cells that were serially passaged under hypoxia maintained their capacity to differentiate under normoxia, in contrast to cells passaged under normoxia. Hyperoxia increases hepatocyte differentiation in HepaRG and C3A cells. In contrast, hypoxia maintains stem cell characteristics and inhibits hepatic differentiation of HepaRG cells, possibly through the activity of HIF1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martien van Wenum
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Surgical Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aziza A A Adam
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent A van der Mark
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Surgical Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jung-Chin Chang
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik J Hendriks
- Surgical Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Jongejan
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Perry D Moerland
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Surgical Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A F M Chamuleau
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruurdtje Hoekstra
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Meibergdreef 69-71, 1105BK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Surgical Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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96
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Taheem DK, Foyt DA, Loaiza S, Ferreira SA, Ilic D, Auner HW, Grigoriadis AE, Jell G, Gentleman E. Differential Regulation of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Chondrogenesis by Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α Hydroxylase Inhibitors. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1380-1392. [PMID: 29726060 PMCID: PMC6124654 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional profile induced by hypoxia plays important roles in the chondrogenic differentiation of marrow stromal/stem cells (MSC) and is mediated by the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) complex. However, various compounds can also stabilize HIF's oxygen-responsive element, HIF-1α, at normoxia and mimic many hypoxia-induced cellular responses. Such compounds may prove efficacious in cartilage tissue engineering, where microenvironmental cues may mediate functional tissue formation. Here, we investigated three HIF-stabilizing compounds, which each have distinct mechanisms of action, to understand how they differentially influenced the chondrogenesis of human bone marrow-derived MSC (hBM-MSC) in vitro. hBM-MSCs were chondrogenically-induced in transforming growth factor-β3-containing media in the presence of HIF-stabilizing compounds. HIF-1α stabilization was assessed by HIF-1α immunofluorescence staining, expression of HIF target and articular chondrocyte specific genes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and cartilage-like extracellular matrix production by immunofluorescence and histochemical staining. We demonstrate that all three compounds induced similar levels of HIF-1α nuclear localization. However, while the 2-oxoglutarate analog dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG) promoted upregulation of a selection of HIF target genes, desferrioxamine (DFX) and cobalt chloride (CoCl2 ), compounds that chelate or compete with divalent iron (Fe2+ ), respectively, did not. Moreover, DMOG induced a more chondrogenic transcriptional profile, which was abolished by Acriflavine, an inhibitor of HIF-1α-HIF-β binding, while the chondrogenic effects of DFX and CoCl2 were more limited. Together, these data suggest that HIF-1α function during hBM-MSC chondrogenesis may be regulated by mechanisms with a greater dependence on 2-oxoglutarate than Fe2+ availability. These results may have important implications for understanding cartilage disease and developing targeted therapies for cartilage repair. Stem Cells 2018;36:1380-1392.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheraj K. Taheem
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyWomen's Health Academic Centre KHP, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel A. Foyt
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyWomen's Health Academic Centre KHP, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sandra Loaiza
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Silvia A. Ferreira
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyWomen's Health Academic Centre KHP, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Dusko Ilic
- Division of Women's HealthWomen's Health Academic Centre KHP, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Holger W. Auner
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Agamemnon E. Grigoriadis
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyWomen's Health Academic Centre KHP, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Gavin Jell
- Division of Surgery & Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyWomen's Health Academic Centre KHP, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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97
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Dang W, Wang X, Li J, Deng C, Liu Y, Yao Q, Wang L, Chang J, Wu C. 3D printing of Mo-containing scaffolds with activated anabolic responses and bi-lineage bioactivities. Theranostics 2018; 8:4372-4392. [PMID: 30214627 PMCID: PMC6134938 DOI: 10.7150/thno.27088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
When osteochondral tissues suffer from focal or degenerative lesions caused by trauma or disorders, it is a tough challenge to regenerate them because of the limited self-healing capacity of articular cartilage. In this study, a series of Mo-doped bioactive glass ceramic (Mo-BGC) scaffolds were prepared and then systematically characterized. The released MoO42- ions from 7.5Mo-BGC scaffolds played a vital role in regenerating articular cartilage and subchondral bone synchronously. Methods: The Mo-BGC scaffolds were fabricated through employing both a sol-gel method and 3D printing technology. SEM, EDS, HRTEM, XRD, ICPAES and mechanical strength tests were respectively applied to analyze the physicochemical properties of Mo-BGC scaffolds. The proliferation and differentiation of rabbit chondrocytes (RCs) and human bone mesenchymal stem cells (HBMSCs) cultured with dilute solutions of 7.5Mo-BGC powder extract were investigated in vitro. The co-culture model was established to explore the possible mechanism of stimulatory effects of MoO42- ions on the RCs and HBMSCs. The efficacy of regenerating articular cartilage and subchondral bone using 7.5Mo-BGC scaffolds was evaluated in vivo. Results: The incorporation of Mo into BGC scaffolds effectively enhanced the compressive strength of scaffolds owing to the improved surface densification. The MoO42- ions released from the 7.5Mo-BGC powders remarkably promoted the proliferation and differentiation of both RCs and HBMSCs. The MoO42- ions in the co-culture system significantly stimulated the chondrogenic differentiation of RCs and meanwhile induced the chondrogenesis of HBMSCs. The chondrogenesis stimulated by MoO42- ions happened through two pathways: 1) MoO42- ions elicited anabolic responses through activating the HIF-1α signaling pathway; 2) MoO42- ions inhibited catabolic responses and protected cartilage matrix from degradation. The in vivo study showed that 7.5Mo-BGC scaffolds were able to significantly promote cartilage/bone regeneration when implanted into rabbit osteochondral defects for 8 and 12 weeks, displaying bi-lineage bioactivities. Conclusion: The 3D-printed Mo-BGC scaffolds with bi-lineage bioactivities and activated anabolic responses could offer an effective strategy for cartilage/bone interface regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Dang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Digital Medicine Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Hospital. No. 68 Changle Road Nanjing, 210006, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuijun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqiang Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Digital Medicine Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Hospital. No. 68 Changle Road Nanjing, 210006, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Digital Medicine Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Hospital. No. 68 Changle Road Nanjing, 210006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengtie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China
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98
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Jia S, Wang J, Zhang T, Pan W, Li Z, He X, Yang C, Wu Q, Sun W, Xiong Z, Hao D. Multilayered Scaffold with a Compact Interfacial Layer Enhances Osteochondral Defect Repair. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:20296-20305. [PMID: 29808989 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Repairing osteochondral defect (OCD) using advanced biomaterials that structurally, biologically, and mechanically fulfill the criteria for stratified tissue regeneration remains a significant challenge for researchers. Here, a multilayered scaffold (MLS) with hierarchical organization and heterogeneous composition is developed to mimic the stratified structure and complex components of natural osteochondral tissues. Specifically, the intermediate compact interfacial layer within the MLS is designed to resemble the osteochondral interface to realize the closely integrated layered structure. Subsequently, macroscopic observations, histological evaluation, and biomechanical and biochemical assessments are performed to evaluate the ability of the MLS of repairing OCD in a goat model. By 48 weeks postimplantation, superior hyalinelike cartilage and sound subchondral bone are observed in the MLS group. Furthermore, the biomimetic MLS significantly enhances the biomechanical and biochemical properties of the neo-osteochondral tissue. Taken together, these results confirm the potential of this optimized MLS as an advanced strategy for OCD repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaijun Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hong Hui Hospital , Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Science and Techonology on Thermostructural Composite Materials Laboratory , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710068 , P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Science and Techonology on Thermostructural Composite Materials Laboratory , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710068 , P. R. China
| | - Weimin Pan
- Department of Human Movement Studies , Xi'an Physical Education University , Xi'an 710068 , P. R. China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hong Hui Hospital , Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , P. R. China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hong Hui Hospital , Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , P. R. China
| | - Chongfei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xijing Hospital , The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , P. R. China
| | - Qining Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hong Hui Hospital , Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Sun
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Xiong
- Biomanufacturing Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , P. R. China
| | - Dingjun Hao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Hong Hui Hospital , Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , P. R. China
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99
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Tan Z, Niu B, Tsang KY, Melhado IG, Ohba S, He X, Huang Y, Wang C, McMahon AP, Jauch R, Chan D, Zhang MQ, Cheah KSE. Synergistic co-regulation and competition by a SOX9-GLI-FOXA phasic transcriptional network coordinate chondrocyte differentiation transitions. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007346. [PMID: 29659575 PMCID: PMC5919691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth plate mediates bone growth where SOX9 and GLI factors control chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation and entry into hypertrophy. FOXA factors regulate hypertrophic chondrocyte maturation. How these factors integrate into a Gene Regulatory Network (GRN) controlling these differentiation transitions is incompletely understood. We adopted a genome-wide whole tissue approach to establish a Growth Plate Differential Gene Expression Library (GP-DGEL) for fractionated proliferating, pre-hypertrophic, early and late hypertrophic chondrocytes, as an overarching resource for discovery of pathways and disease candidates. De novo motif discovery revealed the enrichment of SOX9 and GLI binding sites in the genes preferentially expressed in proliferating and prehypertrophic chondrocytes, suggesting the potential cooperation between SOX9 and GLI proteins. We integrated the analyses of the transcriptome, SOX9, GLI1 and GLI3 ChIP-seq datasets, with functional validation by transactivation assays and mouse mutants. We identified new SOX9 targets and showed SOX9-GLI directly and cooperatively regulate many genes such as Trps1, Sox9, Sox5, Sox6, Col2a1, Ptch1, Gli1 and Gli2. Further, FOXA2 competes with SOX9 for the transactivation of target genes. The data support a model of SOX9-GLI-FOXA phasic GRN in chondrocyte development. Together, SOX9-GLI auto-regulate and cooperate to activate and repress genes in proliferating chondrocytes. Upon hypertrophy, FOXA competes with SOX9, and control toward terminal differentiation passes to FOXA, RUNX, AP1 and MEF2 factors. In the development of the mammalian growth plate, while several transcription factors are individually well known for their key roles in regulating phases of chondrocyte differentiation, there is little information on how they interact and cooperate with each other. We took an unbiased genome wide approach to identify the transcription factors and signaling pathways that play dominant roles in the chondrocyte differentiation cascade. We developed a searchable library of differentially expressed genes, GP-DGEL, which has fine spatial resolution and global transcriptomic coverage for discovery of processes, pathways and disease candidates. Our work identifies a novel regulatory mechanism that integrates the action of three transcription factors, SOX9, GLI and FOXA. SOX9-GLI auto-regulate and cooperate to activate and repress genes in proliferating chondrocytes. Upon entry into prehypertrophy, FOXA competes with SOX9, and control of hypertrophy passes to FOXA, RUNX, AP1 and MEF2 factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijia Tan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ben Niu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok Yeung Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ian G. Melhado
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xinjun He
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yongheng Huang
- Genome Regulation Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Andrew P. McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ralf Jauch
- Genome Regulation Laboratory, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Michael Q. Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, TNLIST, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kathryn S. E. Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- * E-mail:
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100
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Chemical Activation of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Reversibly Reduces Tendon Stem Cell Proliferation, Inhibits Their Differentiation, and Maintains Cell Undifferentiation. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:9468085. [PMID: 29713352 PMCID: PMC5866868 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9468085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cell-based therapeutic approaches for tissue regeneration have been proposed for several years. However, adult stem cells are usually limited in number and difficult to be expanded in vitro, and they usually tend to quickly lose their potency with passages, as they differentiate and become senescent. Culturing stem cells under reduced oxygen tensions (below 21%) has been proposed as a tool to increase cell proliferation, but many studies reported opposite effects. In particular, cell response to hypoxia seems to be very stem cell type specific. Nonetheless, it is clear that a major role in this process is played by the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), the master regulator of cell response to oxygen deprivation, which affects cell metabolism and differentiation. Herein, we report that a chemical activation of HIF in human tendon stem cells reduces their proliferation and inhibits their differentiation in a reversible and dose-dependent manner. These results support the notion that hypoxia, by activating HIF, plays a crucial role in preserving stem cells in an undifferentiated state in the “hypoxic niches” present in the tissue in which they reside before migrating in more oxygenated areas to heal a damaged tissue.
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