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Firulli BA, Toolan KP, Harkin J, Millar H, Pineda S, Firulli AB. The HAND1 frameshift A126FS mutation does not cause hypoplastic left heart syndrome in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:1732-1742. [PMID: 29016838 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To test if a human Hand1 frame shift mutation identified in human samples is causative of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). Methods and results HLHS is a poorly understood single ventricle congenital heart defect that affects two to three infants in every 10 000 live births. The aetiologies of HLHS are largely unknown. The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor HAND1 is required for normal heart development. Interrogation of HAND1 sequence from fixed HLHS tissues identified a somatic frame-shift mutation at Alanine 126 (NP_004812.1 p.Ala126Profs13X defined as Hand1A126fs). Hand1A126fs creates a truncated HAND1 protein that predictively functions as dominant negative. To determine if this mutation is causative of HLHS, we engineered a conditional Hand1A126fs mouse allele. Activation of this allele with Nkx2.5Cre results in E14.5 lethality accompanied by cardiac outflow tract and intraventricular septum abnormalities. Using αMHC-Cre or Mef2CAHF-Cre to activate Hand1A126fs results in reduced phenotype and limited viability. Left ventricles of Hand1A126FS mutant mice are not hypoplastic. Conclusions Somatically acquired Hand1A126FS mutation is not causative of HLHS. Hand1A126FS mutation does exhibit embryonic lethal cardiac defects that reflect a dominant negative function supporting the critical role of Hand1 in cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Firulli
- Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
| | - Kevin P Toolan
- Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
| | - Jade Harkin
- Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
| | - Hannah Millar
- Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
| | - Santiago Pineda
- Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5225, USA
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52
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Planar Cell Polarity Signaling in Mammalian Cardiac Morphogenesis. Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 39:1052-1062. [PMID: 29564519 PMCID: PMC5959767 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-018-1860-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian heart is the first organ to form and is critical for embryonic survival and development. With an occurrence of 1%, congenital heart defects (CHDs) are also the most common birth defects in humans, and major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality (Hoffman and Kaplan in J Am Coll Cardiol 39(12):1890-1900, 2002; Samanek in Cardiol Young 10(3):179-185, 2000). Understanding how the heart forms will not only help to determine the etiology and to design diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for CHDs, but may also provide insight into regenerative medicine to repair injured adult hearts. Mammalian heart development requires precise orchestration of growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis to remodel a simple linear heart tube into an intricate, four-chambered heart with properly connected pulmonary artery and aorta, a structural basis for establishing the pulmonary and systemic circulation. Here we will review the recent advance in our understanding of how the planar cell polarity pathway, a highly conserved morphogenetic engine in vertebrates, regulates polarized morphogenetic processes to contribute to both the arterial and venous poles development of the heart.
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53
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Giancotti V, Bergamin N, Cataldi P, Rizzi C. Epigenetic Contribution of High-Mobility Group A Proteins to Stem Cell Properties. Int J Cell Biol 2018; 2018:3698078. [PMID: 29853899 PMCID: PMC5941823 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3698078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group A (HMGA) proteins have been examined to understand their participation as structural epigenetic chromatin factors that confer stem-like properties to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and cancer stem cells (CSCs). The function of HMGA was evaluated in conjunction with that of other epigenetic factors such as histones and microRNAs (miRs), taking into consideration the posttranscriptional modifications (PTMs) of histones (acetylation and methylation) and DNA methylation. HMGA proteins were coordinated or associated with histone and DNA modification and the expression of the factors related to pluripotency. CSCs showed remarkable differences compared with ESCs and iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Giancotti
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Trieste Proteine Ricerche, Palmanova, Udine, Italy
| | - Natascha Bergamin
- Division of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Udine, Italy
| | - Palmina Cataldi
- Division of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Udine, Italy
| | - Claudio Rizzi
- Division of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Udine, Italy
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54
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HAND2 Target Gene Regulatory Networks Control Atrioventricular Canal and Cardiac Valve Development. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1602-1613. [PMID: 28538179 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The HAND2 transcriptional regulator controls cardiac development, and we uncover additional essential functions in the endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) underlying cardiac cushion development in the atrioventricular canal (AVC). In Hand2-deficient mouse embryos, the EMT underlying AVC cardiac cushion formation is disrupted, and we combined ChIP-seq of embryonic hearts with transcriptome analysis of wild-type and mutants AVCs to identify the functionally relevant HAND2 target genes. The HAND2 target gene regulatory network (GRN) includes most genes with known functions in EMT processes and AVC cardiac cushion formation. One of these is Snai1, an EMT master regulator whose expression is lost from Hand2-deficient AVCs. Re-expression of Snai1 in mutant AVC explants partially restores this EMT and mesenchymal cell migration. Furthermore, the HAND2-interacting enhancers in the Snai1 genomic landscape are active in embryonic hearts and other Snai1-expressing tissues. These results show that HAND2 directly regulates the molecular cascades initiating AVC cardiac valve development.
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55
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Gross JC, Zelarayán LC. The Mingle-Mangle of Wnt Signaling and Extracellular Vesicles: Functional Implications for Heart Research. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:10. [PMID: 29564334 PMCID: PMC5850280 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is an important pathway in health and disease and a key regulator of stem cell maintenance, differentiation, and proliferation. During heart development, Wnt signaling controls specification, proliferation and differentiation of cardiovascular cells. In this regard, the role of activated Wnt signaling in cardiogenesis is well defined. However, the knowledge about signaling transmission has been challenged. Recently, the packaging of hydrophobic Wnt proteins on extracellular vesicles (EVs) has emerged as a mechanism to facilitate their extracellular spreading and their functioning as morphogens. EVs spread systemically and therefore can have pleiotropic effects on very different cell types. They are heavily studied in tumor biology where they affect tumor growth and vascularization and can serve as biomarkers in liquid biopsies. In this review we will highlight recent discoveries of factors involved in the release of Wnts on EVs and its potential implications in the communication between physiological and pathological heart cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Christina Gross
- Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Developmental Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Laura Cecilia Zelarayán
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Partner Site Göttingen, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Göttingen, Germany
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56
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Yu Z, Tang PL, Wang J, Bao S, Shieh JT, Leung AW, Zhang Z, Gao F, Wong SY, Hui AL, Gao Y, Dung N, Zhang ZG, Fan Y, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Wong DS, Sham PC, Azhar A, Kwok PY, Tam PP, Lian Q, Cheah KS, Wang B, Song YQ. Mutations in Hnrnpa1 cause congenital heart defects. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98555. [PMID: 29367466 PMCID: PMC5821217 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Incomplete penetrance of congenital heart defects (CHDs) was observed in a mouse model. We hypothesized that the contribution of a major genetic locus modulates the manifestation of the CHDs. After genome-wide linkage mapping, fine mapping, and high-throughput targeted sequencing, a recessive frameshift mutation of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (Hnrnpa1) gene was confirmed (Hnrnpa1ct). Hnrnpa1 was expressed in both the first heart field (FHF) and second heart field (SHF) at the cardiac crescent stage but was only maintained in SHF progenitors after heart tube formation. Hnrnpa1ct/ct homozygous mutants displayed complete CHD penetrance, including truncated and incomplete looped heart tube at E9.5, ventricular septal defect (VSD) and persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA) at E13.5, and VSD and double outlet right ventricle at P0. Impaired development of the dorsal mesocardium and sinoatrial node progenitors was also observed. Loss of Hnrnpa1 expression leads to dysregulation of cardiac transcription networks and multiple signaling pathways, including BMP, FGF, and Notch in the SHF. Finally, two rare heterozygous mutations of HNRNPA1 were detected in human CHDs. These findings suggest a role of Hnrnpa1 in embryonic heart development in mice and humans. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (Hnrnpa1) is essential for embryonic heart development in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Lf Tang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Suying Bao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph T Shieh
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alan Wl Leung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Ophthalmology
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Medicine and Ophthalmology
| | - Sandra Yy Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andy Lc Hui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nelson Dung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanhui Fan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Yalun Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dana Sm Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pak C Sham
- Department of Psychiatry.,Centre for Genome Sciences, and.,State Key Laboratory for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abid Azhar
- Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Pui-Yan Kwok
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Patrick Pl Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Kathryn Se Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Centre for Genome Sciences, and.,State Key Laboratory for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation and.,The University of Hong Kong-Southern University of Science and Technology Joint Laboratories of Matrix Biology and Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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57
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Reichman DE, Park L, Man L, Redmond D, Chao K, Harvey RP, Taketo MM, Rosenwaks Z, James D. Wnt inhibition promotes vascular specification of embryonic cardiac progenitors. Development 2018; 145:dev.159905. [PMID: 29217753 PMCID: PMC5825863 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated a multiphasic role for Wnt signaling during embryonic cardiogenesis and developed protocols that enrich for cardiac derivatives during in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). However, few studies have investigated the role of Wnt signaling in the specification of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) toward downstream fates. Using transgenic mice and hPSCs, we tracked endothelial cells (ECs) that originated from CPCs expressing NKX2.5. Analysis of EC-fated CPCs at discrete phenotypic milestones during hPSC differentiation identified reduced Wnt activity as a hallmark of EC specification, and the enforced activation or inhibition of Wnt reduced or increased, respectively, the degree of vascular commitment within the CPC population during both hPSC differentiation and mouse embryogenesis. Wnt5a, which has been shown to exert an inhibitory influence on Wnt signaling during cardiac development, was dynamically expressed during vascular commitment of hPSC-derived CPCs, and ectopic Wnt5a promoted vascular specification of hPSC-derived and mouse embryonic CPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Reichman
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Laura Park
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Limor Man
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David Redmond
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kenny Chao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia.,School of Biological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | - Makoto M Taketo
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Zev Rosenwaks
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daylon James
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA .,Tri-Institutional Stem Cell Derivation Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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58
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Foulquier S, Daskalopoulos EP, Lluri G, Hermans KCM, Deb A, Blankesteijn WM. WNT Signaling in Cardiac and Vascular Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2018; 70:68-141. [PMID: 29247129 PMCID: PMC6040091 DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.013896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT signaling is an elaborate and complex collection of signal transduction pathways mediated by multiple signaling molecules. WNT signaling is critically important for developmental processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and tissue patterning. Little WNT signaling activity is present in the cardiovascular system of healthy adults, but reactivation of the pathway is observed in many pathologies of heart and blood vessels. The high prevalence of these pathologies and their significant contribution to human disease burden has raised interest in WNT signaling as a potential target for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we first will focus on the constituents of the pathway and their regulation and the different signaling routes. Subsequently, the role of WNT signaling in cardiovascular development is addressed, followed by a detailed discussion of its involvement in vascular and cardiac disease. After highlighting the crosstalk between WNT, transforming growth factor-β and angiotensin II signaling, and the emerging role of WNT signaling in the regulation of stem cells, we provide an overview of drugs targeting the pathway at different levels. From the combined studies we conclude that, despite the sometimes conflicting experimental data, a general picture is emerging that excessive stimulation of WNT signaling adversely affects cardiovascular pathology. The rapidly increasing collection of drugs interfering at different levels of WNT signaling will allow the evaluation of therapeutic interventions in the pathway in relevant animal models of cardiovascular diseases and eventually in patients in the near future, translating the outcomes of the many preclinical studies into a clinically relevant context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Foulquier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
| | - Evangelos P Daskalopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
| | - Gentian Lluri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
| | - Kevin C M Hermans
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
| | - Arjun Deb
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
| | - W Matthijs Blankesteijn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (S.F., K.C.M.H., W.M.B.); Recherche Cardiovasculaire (CARD), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium (E.P.D.); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (G.L., A.D.); and Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California (A.D.)
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59
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Sun C, Kontaridis MI. Physiology of Cardiac Development: From Genetics to Signaling to Therapeutic Strategies. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 29532042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The heart is one of the first organs to form and function during embryonic development. It is comprised of multiple cell lineages, each integral for proper cardiac development, and include cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, epicardial cells and neural crest cells. The molecular mechanisms regulating cardiac development and morphogenesis are dependent on signaling crosstalk between multiple lineages through paracrine interactions, cell-ECM interactions, and cell-cell interactions, which together, help facilitate survival, growth, proliferation, differentiation and migration of cardiac tissue. Aberrant regulation of any of these processes can induce developmental disorders and pathological phenotypes. Here, we will discuss each of these processes, the genetic factors that contribute to each step of cardiac development, as well as the current and future therapeutic targets and mechanisms of heart development and disease. Understanding the complex interactions that regulate cardiac development, proliferation and differentiation is not only vital to understanding the causes of congenital heart defects, but to also finding new therapeutics that can treat both pediatric and adult cardiac disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria I Kontaridis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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60
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Piven OO, Winata CL. The canonical way to make a heart: β-catenin and plakoglobin in heart development and remodeling. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1735-1745. [PMID: 28920469 PMCID: PMC5714149 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217732737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The main mediator of the canonical Wnt pathway, β-catenin, is a major effector of embryonic development, postnatal tissue homeostasis, and adult tissue regeneration. The requirement for β-catenin in cardiogenesis and embryogenesis has been well established. However, many questions regarding the molecular mechanisms by which β-catenin and canonical Wnt signaling regulate these developmental processes remain unanswered. An interesting question that emerged from our studies concerns how β-catenin signaling is modulated through interaction with other factors. Recent experimental data implicate new players in canonical Wnt signaling, particularly those which modulate β-catenin function in many its biological processes, including cardiogenesis. One of the interesting candidates is plakoglobin, a little-studied member of the catenin family which shares several mechanistic and functional features with its close relative, β-catenin. Here we have focused on the function of β-catenin in cardiogenesis. We also summarize findings on plakoglobin signaling function and discuss possible interplays between β-catenin and plakoglobin in the regulation of embryonic heart development. Impact statement Heart development, function, and remodeling are complex processes orchestrated by multiple signaling networks. This review examines our current knowledge of the role of canonical Wnt signaling in cardiogenesis and heart remodeling, focusing primarily on the mechanistic action of its effector β-catenin. We summarize the generally accepted understanding of the field based on experimental in vitro and in vivo data, and address unresolved questions in the field, specifically relating to the role of canonical Wnt signaling in heart maturation and regeneration. What are the modulators of canonical Wnt, and particularly what are the potential roles of plakoglobin, a close relative of β-catenin, in regulating Wnt signaling?Answers to these questions will enhance our understanding of the mechanism by which the canonical Wnt signaling regulates development of the heart and its regeneration after damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana O Piven
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Kyiv 0314, Ukraine
| | - Cecilia L Winata
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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61
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Touma M, Kang X, Gao F, Zhao Y, Cass AA, Biniwale R, Xiao X, Eghbali M, Coppola G, Reemtsen B, Wang Y. Wnt11 regulates cardiac chamber development and disease during perinatal maturation. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94904. [PMID: 28878122 PMCID: PMC5621892 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular chamber growth and development during perinatal circulatory transition is critical for functional adaptation of the heart. However, the chamber-specific programs of neonatal heart growth are poorly understood. We used integrated systems genomic and functional biology analyses of the perinatal chamber specific transcriptome and we identified Wnt11 as a prominent regulator of chamber-specific proliferation. Importantly, downregulation of Wnt11 expression was associated with cyanotic congenital heart defect (CHD) phenotypes and correlated with O2 saturation levels in hypoxemic infants with Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Perinatal hypoxia treatment in mice suppressed Wnt11 expression and induced myocyte proliferation more robustly in the right ventricle, modulating Rb1 protein activity. Wnt11 inactivation was sufficient to induce myocyte proliferation in perinatal mouse hearts and reduced Rb1 protein and phosphorylation in neonatal cardiomyocytes. Finally, downregulated Wnt11 in hypoxemic TOF infantile hearts was associated with Rb1 suppression and induction of proliferation markers. This study revealed a previously uncharacterized function of Wnt11-mediated signaling as an important player in programming the chamber-specific growth of the neonatal heart. This function influences the chamber-specific development and pathogenesis in response to hypoxia and cyanotic CHDs. Defining the underlying regulatory mechanism may yield chamber-specific therapies for infants born with CHDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlin Touma
- The Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute (CDI), Department of Pediatrics
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory
| | - Xuedong Kang
- The Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute (CDI), Department of Pediatrics
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory
| | | | - Yan Zhao
- The Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute (CDI), Department of Pediatrics
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yibin Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory
- Department of Anesthesiology, Physiology and Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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van Vliet PP, Lin L, Boogerd CJ, Martin JF, Andelfinger G, Grossfeld PD, Evans SM. Tissue specific requirements for WNT11 in developing outflow tract and dorsal mesenchymal protrusion. Dev Biol 2017; 429:249-259. [PMID: 28669819 PMCID: PMC5580348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Correct cardiac development is essential for fetal and adult life. Disruptions in a variety of signaling pathways result in congenital heart defects, including outflow and inflow tract defects. We previously found that WNT11 regulates outflow tract development. However, tissue specific requirements for WNT11 in this process remain unknown and whether WNT11 is required for inflow tract development has not been addressed. Here we find that germline Wnt11 null mice also show hypoplasia of the dorsal mesenchymal protrusion (DMP), which is required for atrioventricular septation. Ablation of Wnt11 with myocardial cTnTCre recapitulated outflow tract defects observed in germline Wnt11 null mice, but DMP development was unaffected. In contrast, ablation of Wnt11 with Isl1Cre fully recapitulated both outflow tract and DMP defects of Wnt11 germline nulls. DMP hypoplasia in Wnt11 mutants was associated with reduced proliferation within the DMP, but no evident defects in myocardial differentiation of the DMP. Examination of Pitx2-, Axin2-, or Patched-lacZ reporter mice revealed no alterations in reporter expression, suggesting that WNT11 was required downstream of, or in parallel to, these signaling pathways to regulate DMP formation. These studies revealed a previously unappreciated role for WNT11 for DMP formation and distinct tissue-specific requirements for WNT11 in outflow tract and DMP development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lizhu Lin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, USA
| | - Cornelis J Boogerd
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, USA
| | | | - Paul D Grossfeld
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, USA.
| | - Sylvia M Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSD, La Jolla, USA; Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, USA; Department of Pharmacology, UCSD, La Jolla, USA.
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63
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Chai H, Yan Z, Huang K, Jiang Y, Zhang L. MicroRNA expression, target genes, and signaling pathways in infants with a ventricular septal defect. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 439:171-187. [PMID: 28822034 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically investigate the relationship between miRNA expression and the occurrence of ventricular septal defect (VSD), and characterize the miRNA target genes and pathways that can lead to VSD. The miRNAs that were differentially expressed in blood samples from VSD and normal infants were screened and validated by implementing miRNA microarrays and qRT-PCR. The target genes regulated by differentially expressed miRNAs were predicted using three target gene databases. The functions and signaling pathways of the target genes were enriched using the GO database and KEGG database, respectively. The transcription and protein expression of specific target genes in critical pathways were compared in the VSD and normal control groups using qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Compared with the normal control group, the VSD group had 22 differentially expressed miRNAs; 19 were downregulated and three were upregulated. The 10,677 predicted target genes participated in many biological functions related to cardiac development and morphogenesis. Four target genes (mGLUR, Gq, PLC, and PKC) were involved in the PKC pathway and four (ECM, FAK, PI3 K, and PDK1) were involved in the PI3 K-Akt pathway. The transcription and protein expression of these eight target genes were significantly upregulated in the VSD group. The 22 miRNAs that were dysregulated in the VSD group were mainly downregulated, which may result in the dysregulation of several key genes and biological functions related to cardiac development. These effects could also be exerted via the upregulation of eight specific target genes, the subsequent over-activation of the PKC and PI3 K-Akt pathways, and the eventual abnormal cardiac development and VSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chai
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Yan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke Huang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | | | - Lin Zhang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang Province, China.
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64
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Galdos FX, Guo Y, Paige SL, VanDusen NJ, Wu SM, Pu WT. Cardiac Regeneration: Lessons From Development. Circ Res 2017; 120:941-959. [PMID: 28302741 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Palliative surgery for congenital heart disease has allowed patients with previously lethal heart malformations to survive and, in most cases, to thrive. However, these procedures often place pressure and volume loads on the heart, and over time, these chronic loads can cause heart failure. Current therapeutic options for initial surgery and chronic heart failure that results from failed palliation are limited, in part, by the mammalian heart's low inherent capacity to form new cardiomyocytes. Surmounting the heart regeneration barrier would transform the treatment of congenital, as well as acquired, heart disease and likewise would enable development of personalized, in vitro cardiac disease models. Although these remain distant goals, studies of heart development are illuminating the path forward and suggest unique opportunities for heart regeneration, particularly in fetal and neonatal periods. Here, we review major lessons from heart development that inform current and future studies directed at enhancing cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco X Galdos
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Yuxuan Guo
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Sharon L Paige
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Nathan J VanDusen
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.)
| | - Sean M Wu
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.).
| | - William T Pu
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (Y.G., N.J.V., W.T.P.); Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (S.M.W.), and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (F.X.G., S.L.P., S.M.W.); and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (W.T.P.).
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65
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Bayramov AV, Eroshkin FM, Martynova NY, Orlov EE, Borodulin AV, Zaraisky AG. The secreted protein Noggin4 is an activator of the Wnt/PCP-signaling pathway. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162017020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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66
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Messéant J, Ezan J, Delers P, Glebov K, Marchiol C, Lager F, Renault G, Tissir F, Montcouquiol M, Sans N, Legay C, Strochlic L. Wnt proteins contribute to neuromuscular junction formation through distinct signaling pathways. Development 2017; 144:1712-1724. [PMID: 28348167 DOI: 10.1242/dev.146167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the developmental steps that shape formation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) connecting motoneurons to skeletal muscle fibers is crucial. Wnt morphogens are key players in the formation of this specialized peripheral synapse, but their individual and collaborative functions and downstream pathways remain poorly understood at the NMJ. Here, we demonstrate through Wnt4 and Wnt11 gain-of-function studies in cell culture or in mice that Wnts enhance acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering and motor axon outgrowth. By contrast, loss of Wnt11 or Wnt-dependent signaling in vivo decreases AChR clustering and motor nerve terminal branching. Both Wnt4 and Wnt11 stimulate AChR mRNA levels and AChR clustering downstream of activation of the β-catenin pathway. Strikingly, Wnt4 and Wnt11 co-immunoprecipitate with Vangl2, a core component of the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, which accumulates at embryonic NMJs. Moreover, mice bearing a Vangl2 loss-of-function mutation (loop-tail) exhibit fewer AChR clusters and overgrowth of motor axons bypassing AChR clusters. Together, our results provide genetic and biochemical evidence that Wnt4 and Wnt11 cooperatively contribute to mammalian NMJ formation through activation of both the canonical and Vangl2-dependent core PCP pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Messéant
- CNRS UMR 8119, CNRS UMR 8194, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75270 Cedex 06, France
| | - Jérôme Ezan
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux 33077, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Perrine Delers
- CNRS UMR 8119, CNRS UMR 8194, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75270 Cedex 06, France
| | - Konstantin Glebov
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux 33077, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Carmen Marchiol
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Franck Lager
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Gilles Renault
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Brussels B1200, Belgium
| | - Mireille Montcouquiol
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux 33077, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Nathalie Sans
- INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux 33077, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux 33077, France
| | - Claire Legay
- CNRS UMR 8119, CNRS UMR 8194, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75270 Cedex 06, France
| | - Laure Strochlic
- CNRS UMR 8119, CNRS UMR 8194, Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75270 Cedex 06, France
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67
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Alok A, Lei Z, Jagannathan NS, Kaur S, Harmston N, Rozen SG, Tucker-Kellogg L, Virshup DM. Wnt proteins synergize to activate β-catenin signaling. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1532-1544. [PMID: 28289266 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.198093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt ligands are involved in diverse signaling pathways that are active during development, maintenance of tissue homeostasis and in various disease states. While signaling regulated by individual Wnts has been extensively studied, Wnts are rarely expressed alone, and the consequences of Wnt gene co-expression are not well understood. Here, we studied the effect of co-expression of Wnts on the β-catenin signaling pathway. While some Wnts are deemed 'non-canonical' due to their limited ability to activate β-catenin when expressed alone, unexpectedly, we find that multiple Wnt combinations can synergistically activate β-catenin signaling in multiple cell types. WNT1- and WNT7B-mediated synergistic Wnt signaling requires FZD5, FZD8 and LRP6, as well as the WNT7B co-receptors GPR124 (also known as ADGRA2) and RECK. Unexpectedly, this synergistic signaling occurs downstream of β-catenin stabilization, and is correlated with increased lysine acetylation of β-catenin. Wnt synergy provides a general mechanism to confer increased combinatorial control over this important regulatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshula Alok
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - Zhengdeng Lei
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore.,Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - N Suhas Jagannathan
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore.,Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - Simran Kaur
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - Nathan Harmston
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - Steven G Rozen
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore.,Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - Lisa Tucker-Kellogg
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore.,Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - David M Virshup
- Programme in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, 169857 Singapore .,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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68
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Hempel A, Kühl SJ, Rothe M, Rao Tata P, Sirbu IO, Vainio SJ, Kühl M. The CapZ interacting protein Rcsd1 is required for cardiogenesis downstream of Wnt11a in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 2017; 424:28-39. [PMID: 28237811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Wnt proteins are critical for embryonic cardiogenesis and cardiomyogenesis by regulating different intracellular signalling pathways. Whereas canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling is required for mesoderm induction and proliferation of cardiac progenitor cells, β-catenin independent, non-canonical Wnt signalling regulates cardiac specification and terminal differentiation. Although the diverse cardiac malformations associated with the loss of non-canonical Wnt11 in mice such as outflow tract (OFT) defects, reduced ventricular trabeculation, myofibrillar disorganization and reduced cardiac marker gene expression are well described, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not completely understood. Here we aimed to further characterize Wnt11 mediated signal transduction during vertebrate cardiogenesis. Using Xenopus as a model system, we show by loss of function and corresponding rescue experiments that the non-canonical Wnt signalling mediator Rcsd1 is required downstream of Wnt11 for ventricular trabeculation, terminal differentiation of cardiomyocytes and cardiac morphogenesis. We here place Rcsd1 downstream of Wnt11 during cardiac development thereby providing a novel mechanism for how non-canonical Wnt signalling regulates vertebrate cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Hempel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany; International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, IGradU, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne J Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Rothe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany; International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, IGradU, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Purushothama Rao Tata
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany; International Graduate School in Molecular Medicine Ulm, IGradU, Ulm University, 89069 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ioan Ovidiu Sirbu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Seppo J Vainio
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, BioCenter Oulu and InfoTech Oulu,University of Oulu, Aapistie 5, FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Michael Kühl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
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69
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Goad J, Ko YA, Kumar M, Syed SM, Tanwar PS. Differential Wnt signaling activity limits epithelial gland development to the anti-mesometrial side of the mouse uterus. Dev Biol 2017; 423:138-151. [PMID: 28153546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In mice, implantation always occurs towards the antimesometrial side of the uterus, while the placenta develops at the mesometrial side. What determines this particular orientation of the implanting blastocyst remains unclear. Uterine glands are critical for implantation and pregnancy. In this study, we showed that uterine gland development and active Wnt signaling activity is limited to the antimesometrial side of the uterus. Dkk2, a known antagonist of Wnt signaling, is only present at the mesometrial side of the uterus. Imaging of whole uterus, thick uterine sections (100-1000µm), and individual glands revealed that uterine glands are simple tubes with branches that are directly connected to the luminal epithelium and are only present towards the antimesometrial side of the uterus. By developing a unique mouse model targeting the uterine epithelium, we demonstrated that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is essential for prepubertal gland formation and normal implantation, but dispensable for postpartum gland development and regeneration. Our results for the first time have provided a probable explanation for the antimesometrial bias for implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Goad
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Yi-An Ko
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Manish Kumar
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Shafiq M Syed
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Pradeep S Tanwar
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia.
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70
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Matteucci M, Casieri V, Gabisonia K, Aquaro GD, Agostini S, Pollio G, Diamanti D, Rossi M, Travagli M, Porcari V, Recchia FA, Lionetti V. Magnetic resonance imaging of infarct-induced canonical wingless/integrated (Wnt)/β-catenin/T-cell factor pathway activation, in vivo. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 112:645-655. [PMID: 27671803 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of molecular and morpho-functional changes might prove highly valuable for the elucidation of pathological processes involved in the development of cardiac diseases. Our aim was to test a novel MRI reporter gene for in vivo assessment of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin/TCF pathway activation, an important regulator of post-ischaemic cardiac remodelling. METHODS AND RESULTS We designed and developed a chimeric construct encoding for both of iron-binding human ferritin heavy chain (hFTH) controlled by the β-catenin-responsive TCF/lymphoid-enhancer binding factor (Lef) promoter and constitutively expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP). It was carried by adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (rAAV9) vectors and delivered to the peri-infarct myocardium of rats subjected to coronary ligation (n = 11). By 1.5 T MRI and a multiecho T2* gradient echo sequence, we detected iron accumulation only in the border zone of the transduced infarcted hearts. In the same cardiac area, post-mortem histological analysis confirmed the co-existence of iron accumulation and GFP. The iron signal was absent when rats (n = 6) were chronically treated with SEN195 (10 mg/kg/day), a small-molecular inhibitor of β-catenin/TCF-dependent gene transcription. Canonical Wnt pathway inhibition attenuated the post-ischaemic remodelling process, as demonstrated by the significant preservation of cardiac function, the 42 ± 1% increase of peri-infarct arteriolar density and 43 ± 3% reduction in infarct scar size compared with untreated animals. CONCLUSIONS The TCF/Lef promoter-hFTH construct is a novel and reliable MRI reporter gene for in vivo detection of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin/TCF activation state in response to cardiac injury and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Matteucci
- Laboratory of Medical Science, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Casieri
- Laboratory of Medical Science, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Khatia Gabisonia
- Laboratory of Medical Science, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Agostini
- Laboratory of Medical Science, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Rossi
- Siena Biotech Medicine Research Centre, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabio A Recchia
- Laboratory of Medical Science, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 19140 Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Laboratory of Medical Science, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy .,Fondazione Toscana 'G. Monasterio', 56124 Pisa, Italy
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71
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Mazzotta S, Neves C, Bonner RJ, Bernardo AS, Docherty K, Hoppler S. Distinctive Roles of Canonical and Noncanonical Wnt Signaling in Human Embryonic Cardiomyocyte Development. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:764-776. [PMID: 27641648 PMCID: PMC5063467 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a key regulator of vertebrate heart development; however, specific roles for human cardiomyocyte development remain uncertain. Here we use human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to analyze systematically in human cardiomyocyte development the expression of endogenous Wnt signaling components, monitor pathway activity, and dissect stage-specific requirements for canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling mechanisms using small-molecule inhibitors. Our analysis suggests that WNT3 and WNT8A, via FZD7 and canonical signaling, regulate BRACHYURY expression and mesoderm induction; that WNT5A/5B, via ROR2 and noncanonical signaling, regulate MESP1 expression and cardiovascular development; and that later in development WNT2, WNT5A/5B, and WNT11, via FZD4 and FZD6, regulate functional cardiomyocyte differentiation via noncanonical Wnt signaling. Our findings confirm in human development previously proposed roles for canonical Wnt signaling in sequential stages of vertebrate cardiomyogenesis, and identify more precise roles for noncanonical signaling and for individual Wnt signal and Wnt receptor genes in human cardiomyocyte development. hESCs were used to study Wnt signaling during human cardiomyocyte development Previously proposed roles for canonical Wnt signaling were confirmed in human Specific roles for noncanonical Wnt signaling were identified in cardiomyogenesis Individual Wnt signal and receptor genes were identified in human cardiomyogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mazzotta
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Carlos Neves
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Rory J Bonner
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Andreia S Bernardo
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London NW7 1AA, UK; Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Building, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Kevin Docherty
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Stefan Hoppler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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72
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Regulation of actin dynamics by WNT-5A: implications for human airway smooth muscle contraction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30676. [PMID: 27468699 PMCID: PMC4965744 DOI: 10.1038/srep30676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A defining feature of asthma is airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), which underlies the exaggerated bronchoconstriction response of asthmatics. The role of the airway smooth muscle (ASM) in AHR has garnered increasing interest over the years, but how asthmatic ASM differs from healthy ASM is still an active topic of debate. WNT-5A is increasingly expressed in asthmatic ASM and has been linked with Th2-high asthma. Due to its link with calcium and cytoskeletal remodelling, we propose that WNT-5A may modulate ASM contractility. We demonstrated that WNT-5A can increase maximum isometric tension in bovine tracheal smooth muscle strips. In addition, we show that WNT-5A is preferentially expressed in contractile human airway myocytes compared to proliferative cells, suggesting an active role in maintaining contractility. Furthermore, WNT-5A treatment drives actin polymerisation, but has no effect on intracellular calcium flux. Next, we demonstrated that WNT-5A directly regulates TGF-β1-induced expression of α-SMA via ROCK-mediated actin polymerization. These findings suggest that WNT-5A modulates fundamental mechanisms that affect ASM contraction and thus may be of relevance for AHR in asthma.
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Kumawat K, Koopmans T, Menzen MH, Prins A, Smit M, Halayko AJ, Gosens R. Cooperative signaling by TGF-β1 and WNT-11 drives sm-α-actin expression in smooth muscle via Rho kinase-actin-MRTF-A signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L529-37. [PMID: 27422998 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00387.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway smooth muscle (ASM) remodeling is a key feature in asthma and includes changes in smooth muscle-specific gene and protein expression. Despite this being a major contributor to asthma pathobiology, our understanding of the mechanisms governing ASM remodeling remains poor. Here, we studied the functional interaction between WNT-11 and TGF-β1 in ASM cells. We demonstrate that WNT-11 is preferentially expressed in contractile myocytes and is strongly upregulated following TGF-β1-induced myocyte maturation. Knock-down of WNT-11 attenuated TGF-β1-induced smooth muscle (sm)-α-actin expression in ASM cells. We demonstrate that TGF-β1-induced sm-α-actin expression is mediated by WNT-11 via RhoA activation and subsequent actin cytoskeletal remodeling, as pharmacological inhibition of either Rho kinase by Y27632 or actin remodeling by latrunculin A attenuated sm-α-actin induction. Moreover, we show that TGF-β1 regulates the nuclear expression of myocardin-related transcription factor-A (MRTF-A) in a Rho kinase-dependent fashion, which in turn mediates sm-α-actin expression. Finally, we demonstrate that TGF-β1-induced MRTF-A nuclear translocation is dependent on endogenous WNT-11. The present study thus demonstrates a WNT-11-dependent Rho kinase-actin-MRTF-A signaling axis that regulates the expression of sm-α-actin in ASM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Kumawat
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; and
| | - Tim Koopmans
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; and
| | - Mark H Menzen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; and
| | - Alita Prins
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; and
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Departments of Physiology and Pathophysiology & Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; and
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74
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Ramachandra CJA, Mehta A, Lua CH, Chitre A, Ja KPMM, Shim W. ErbB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase: A Molecular Switch Between Cardiac and Neuroectoderm Specification in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2461-2470. [PMID: 27324647 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms determining intrinsic differentiation bias inherent to human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) toward cardiogenic fate remain elusive. We evaluated the interplay between ErbB4 and Epidemal growth factor receptor (EGFR or ErbB1) in determining cardiac differentiation in vitro as these receptor tyrosine kinases are key to heart and brain development in vivo. Our results demonstrate that during cardiac differentiation, cell fate biases exist in hPSCs due to cardiac/neuroectoderm divergence post cardiac mesoderm stage. Stage-specific up-regulation of EGFR in concert with persistent Wnt3a signaling post cardiac mesoderm favors commitment toward neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Inhibition of EGFR abrogates these effects with enhanced (>twofold) cardiac differentiation efficiencies by increasing proliferation of Nkx2-5 expressing cardiac progenitors while reducing proliferation of Sox2 expressing NPCs. Forced overexpression of ErbB4 rescued cardiac commitment by augmenting Wnt11 signaling. Convergence between EGFR/ErbB4 and canonical/noncanonical Wnt signaling determines cardiogenic fate in hPSCs. Stem Cells 2016;34:2461-2470.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashish Mehta
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore. .,Cardiovascular Academic Clinical Program.
| | - Chong Hui Lua
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anuja Chitre
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - K P Myu Mai Ja
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Winston Shim
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore. .,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
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75
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Matkar PN, Leong-Poi H, Singh KK. Cardiac gene therapy: are we there yet? Gene Ther 2016; 23:635-48. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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76
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Spatial regulation of cell cohesion by Wnt5a during second heart field progenitor deployment. Dev Biol 2016; 412:18-31. [PMID: 26916252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Wnt5a, a non-canonical Wnt ligand critical for outflow tract (OFT) morphogenesis, is expressed specifically in second heart field (SHF) progenitors in the caudal splanchnic mesoderm (SpM) near the inflow tract (IFT). Using a conditional Wnt5a gain of function (GOF) allele and Islet1-Cre, we broadly over-expressed Wnt5a throughout the SHF lineage, including the entire SpM between the IFT and OFT. Wnt5a over-expression in Wnt5a null mutants can rescue the cell polarity and actin polymerization defects as well as severe SpM shortening, but fails to rescue OFT shortening. Moreover, Wnt5a over-expression in wild-type background is able to cause OFT shortening. We find that Wnt5a over-expression does not perturb SHF cell proliferation, apoptosis or differentiation, but affects the deployment of SHF cells by causing them to accumulate into a large bulge at the rostral SpM and fail to enter the OFT. Our immunostaining analyses suggest an inverse correlation between cell cohesion and Wnt5a level in the wild-type SpM. Ectopic Wnt5a expression in the rostral SpM of Wn5a-GOF mutants diminishes the upregulation of adherens junction; whereas loss of Wnt5a in Wnt5a null mutants causes premature increase in adherens junction level in the caudal SpM. Over-expression of mouse Wnt5a in Xenopus animal cap cells also reduces C-cadherin distribution on the plasma membrane without affecting its overall protein level, suggesting that Wnt5a may play an evolutionarily conserved role in controlling the cell surface level of cadherin to modulate cell cohesion during tissue morphogenesis. Collectively, our data indicate that restricted expression of Wnt5a in the caudal SpM is essential for normal OFT morphogenesis, and uncover a novel function of spatially regulated cell cohesion by Wnt5a in driving the deployment of SHF cells from the SpM into the OFT.
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77
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Gibbs BC, Damerla RR, Vladar EK, Chatterjee B, Wan Y, Liu X, Cui C, Gabriel GC, Zahid M, Yagi H, Szabo-Rogers HL, Suyama KL, Axelrod JD, Lo CW. Prickle1 mutation causes planar cell polarity and directional cell migration defects associated with cardiac outflow tract anomalies and other structural birth defects. Biol Open 2016; 5:323-35. [PMID: 26883626 PMCID: PMC4810743 DOI: 10.1242/bio.015750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is controlled by a conserved pathway that regulates directional cell behavior. Here, we show that mutant mice harboring a newly described mutation termed Beetlejuice (Bj) in Prickle1 (Pk1), a PCP component, exhibit developmental phenotypes involving cell polarity defects, including skeletal, cochlear and congenital cardiac anomalies. Bj mutants die neonatally with cardiac outflow tract (OFT) malalignment. This is associated with OFT shortening due to loss of polarized cell orientation and failure of second heart field cell intercalation mediating OFT lengthening. OFT myocardialization was disrupted with cardiomyocytes failing to align with the direction of cell invasion into the outflow cushions. The expression of genes mediating Wnt signaling was altered. Also noted were shortened but widened bile ducts and disruption in canonical Wnt signaling. Using an in vitro wound closure assay, we showed Bj mutant fibroblasts cannot establish polarized cell morphology or engage in directional cell migration, and their actin cytoskeleton failed to align with the direction of wound closure. Unexpectedly, Pk1 mutants exhibited primary and motile cilia defects. Given Bj mutant phenotypes are reminiscent of ciliopathies, these findings suggest Pk1 may also regulate ciliogenesis. Together these findings show Pk1 plays an essential role in regulating cell polarity and directional cell migration during development. Summary: Outflow tract malalignment and multiple birth defects observed in the Prickle1 mutant may arise from cell polarity perturbation, which may involve disruptions in Wnt signaling and of cilia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Gibbs
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Rama Rao Damerla
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Eszter K Vladar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bishwanath Chatterjee
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Yong Wan
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Cheng Cui
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - George C Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Maliha Zahid
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Hisato Yagi
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Heather L Szabo-Rogers
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kaye L Suyama
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Axelrod
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
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Kumawat K, Gosens R. WNT-5A: signaling and functions in health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:567-87. [PMID: 26514730 PMCID: PMC4713724 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
WNT-5A plays critical roles in a myriad of processes from embryonic morphogenesis to the maintenance of post-natal homeostasis. WNT-5A knock-out mice fail to survive and present extensive structural malformations. WNT-5A predominantly activates β-catenin-independent WNT signaling cascade but can also activate β-catenin signaling to relay its diverse cellular effects such as cell polarity, migration, proliferation, cell survival, and immunomodulation. Moreover, aberrant WNT-5A signaling is associated with several human pathologies such as cancer, fibrosis, and inflammation. Thus, owing to its diverse functions, WNT-5A is a crucial signaling molecule currently under intense investigation with efforts to not only delineate its signaling mechanisms and functions in physiological and pathological conditions, but also to develop strategies for its therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Kumawat
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Ruiz-Villalba A, Hoppler S, van den Hoff MJB. Wnt signaling in the heart fields: Variations on a common theme. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:294-306. [PMID: 26638115 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling plays an essential role in development and differentiation. Heart development is initiated with the induction of precardiac mesoderm requiring the tightly and spatially controlled regulation of canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling pathways. The role of Wnt signaling in subsequent development of the heart fields is to a large extent unclear. We will discuss the role of Wnt signaling in the development of the arterial and venous pole of the heart, highlighting the dual roles of Wnt signaling with respect to its time- and dosage-dependent effects and the balance between the canonical and noncanonical signaling. Canonical signaling appears to be involved in retaining the cardiac precursors in a proliferative and precursor state, whereas noncanonical signaling promotes their differentiation. Thereafter, both canonical and noncanonical signaling regulate specific steps in differentiation of the cardiac compartments. Because heart development is a contiguous, rather than a sequential, process, analyses tend only to show a single timeframe of development. The repetitive alternating and reciprocal effect of canonical and noncanonical signaling is lost when studied in homogenates. Without the simultaneous in vivo visualization of the different Wnt signaling pathways, the mechanism of Wnt signaling in heart development remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ruiz-Villalba
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Hoppler
- Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine Research Programme, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Maurice J B van den Hoff
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Lozano-Velasco E, Hernández-Torres F, Daimi H, Serra SA, Herraiz A, Hove-Madsen L, Aránega A, Franco D. Pitx2 impairs calcium handling in a dose-dependent manner by modulating Wnt signalling. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 109:55-66. [PMID: 26243430 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of arrhythmia in humans, yet the genetic cause of AF remains elusive. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have reported risk variants in four distinct genetic loci, and more recently, a meta-GWAS has further implicated six new loci in AF. However, the functional role of these AF GWAS-related genes in AF and their inter-relationship remain elusive. METHODS AND RESULTS To get further insights into the molecular mechanisms driven by Pitx2, calcium handling and novel AF GWAS-associated gene expression were analysed in two distinct Pitx2 loss-of-function models with distinct basal electrophysiological defects; a novel Pitx2 conditional mouse line, Sox2CrePitx2, and our previously reported atrial-specific NppaCrePitx2 line. Molecular analyses of the left atrial appendage in NppaCrePitx2(+/-) and NppaCrePitx2(-/-) adult mice demonstrate that AF GWAS-associated genes such as Zfhx3, Kcnn3, and Wnt8a are severely impaired but not Cav1, Synpo2l, nor Prrx1. In addition, multiple calcium-handling genes such as Atp2a2, Casq2, and Plb are severely altered in atrial-specific NppaCrePitx2 mice in a dose-dependent manner. Functional assessment of calcium homeostasis further underscores these findings. In addition, multiple AF-related microRNAs are also impaired. In vitro over-expression of Wnt8, but not Zfhx3, impairs calcium handling and modulates microRNA expression signature identified in Pitx2 loss-of-function models. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate a dose-dependent relation between Pitx2 expression and the expression of AF susceptibility genes, calcium handling, and microRNAs and identify a complex regulatory network orchestrated by Pitx2 with large impact on atrial arrhythmogenesis susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | | | - Houria Daimi
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Selma A Serra
- Cardiac Rhythm and Contraction Group, Cardiovascular Research Centre CSIC-ICCC and IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adela Herraiz
- Cardiac Rhythm and Contraction Group, Cardiovascular Research Centre CSIC-ICCC and IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leif Hove-Madsen
- Cardiac Rhythm and Contraction Group, Cardiovascular Research Centre CSIC-ICCC and IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amelia Aránega
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
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Ajima R, Bisson JA, Helt JC, Nakaya MA, Habas R, Tessarollo L, He X, Morrisey EE, Yamaguchi TP, Cohen ED. DAAM1 and DAAM2 are co-required for myocardial maturation and sarcomere assembly. Dev Biol 2015; 408:126-39. [PMID: 26526197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wnt ligands regulate heart morphogenesis but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Two Formin-related proteins, DAAM1 and 2, were previously found to bind the Wnt effector Disheveled. Here, since DAAM1 and 2 nucleate actin and mediate Wnt-induced cytoskeletal changes, a floxed-allele of Daam1 was used to disrupt its function specifically in the myocardium and investigate Wnt-associated pathways. Homozygous Daam1 conditional knockout (CKO) mice were viable but had misshapen hearts and poor cardiac function. The defects in Daam1 CKO mice were observed by mid-gestation and were associated with a loss of protrusions from cardiomyocytes invading the outflow tract. Further, these mice exhibited noncompaction cardiomyopathy (NCM) and deranged cardiomyocyte polarity. Interestingly, Daam1 CKO mice that were also homozygous for an insertion disrupting Daam2 (DKO) had stronger NCM, severely reduced cardiac function, disrupted sarcomere structure, and increased myocardial proliferation, suggesting that DAAM1 and DAAM2 have redundant functions. While RhoA was unaffected in the hearts of Daam1/2 DKO mice, AKT activity was lower than in controls, raising the issue of whether DAAM1/2 are only mediating Wnt signaling. Daam1-floxed mice were thus bred to Wnt5a null mice to identify genetic interactions. The hearts of Daam1 CKO mice that were also heterozygous for the null allele of Wnt5a had stronger NCM and more severe loss of cardiac function than Daam1 CKO mice, consistent with DAAM1 and Wnt5a acting in a common pathway. However, deleting Daam1 further disrupted Wnt5a homozygous-null hearts, suggesting that DAAM1 also has Wnt5a-independent roles in cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Ajima
- Mammalian Development Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan
| | - Joseph A Bisson
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jay-Christian Helt
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Masa-Aki Nakaya
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Raymond Habas
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Neural Development Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Xi He
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Terry P Yamaguchi
- Cancer and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Ethan David Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Masson F, Moné Y, Vigneron A, Vallier A, Parisot N, Vincent-Monégat C, Balmand S, Carpentier MC, Zaidman-Rémy A, Heddi A. Weevil endosymbiont dynamics is associated with a clamping of immunity. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:819. [PMID: 26482132 PMCID: PMC4617454 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects subsisting on nutritionally unbalanced diets have evolved long-term mutualistic relationships with intracellular symbiotic bacteria (endosymbionts). The endosymbiont population load undergoes changes along with insect development. In the cereal weevil Sitophilus oryzae, the midgut endosymbionts Sodalis pierantonius drastically multiply following adult metamorphosis and rapidly decline until total elimination when the insect achieves its cuticle synthesis. Whilst symbiont load was shown to timely meet insect metabolic needs, little is known about the host molecular and immune processes underlying this dynamics. METHODS We performed RNA sequencing analysis on weevil midguts at three representative phases of the endosymbiont dynamics (i.e. increase, climax and decrease). To screen genes which transcriptional changes are specifically related to symbiont dynamics and not to the intrinsic development of the midgut, we further have monitored by RT-qPCR sixteen gene transcript levels in symbiotic and artificially non-symbiotic (aposymbiotic) weevils. We also localized the endosymbionts during the elimination process by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Functional analysis of the host differentially expressed genes by RNA sequencing showed that the main transcriptional changes occur during endosymbiont growth phase and affect cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, phagocytosis, and metabolism of fatty acids and nucleic acids. We also showed that symbiont dynamics alters the expression of several genes involved in insect development. Our results strengthened the implication of apoptosis and autophagy processes in symbiont elimination and recycling. Remarkably, apart from the coleoptericin A that is known to target endosymbionts and controls their division and location, no gene coding antimicrobial peptide was upregulated during the symbiont growth and elimination phases. CONCLUSION We show that endosymbiont dynamics parallels numerous transcriptional changes in weevil developing adults and affects several biological processes, including metabolism and development. It also triggers cell apoptosis, autophagy and gut epithelial cell swelling and delamination. Strikingly, immunity is repressed during the whole process, presumably avoiding tissue inflammation and allowing insects to optimize nutrient recovery from recycled endosymbiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Masson
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Yves Moné
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France. .,Present address: Université Montpellier 2, INRA, UMR 1333 DGIMI, Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Micro-Organismes Insectes, F-34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Aurélien Vigneron
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France. .,Present address: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Agnès Vallier
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Nicolas Parisot
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Carole Vincent-Monégat
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Séverine Balmand
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Marie-Christine Carpentier
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR5558 LBBE, Laboratoire de Biométrie et de Biologie Évolutive, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Anna Zaidman-Rémy
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Abdelaziz Heddi
- Université de Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, UMR203 BF2I, Biologie Fonctionnelle Insectes et Interactions, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
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Variants in the Regulatory Region of WNT5A Reduced Risk of Cardiac Conotruncal Malformations in the Chinese Population. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13120. [PMID: 26278011 PMCID: PMC4538571 DOI: 10.1038/srep13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT5A is one of the most highly investigated non-canonical Wnt ligands and is involved in the embryonic heart development, especially in formation of the cardiac conotruncal region by regulating the migration and differentiation of cardiac neural crest (CNC) and second heart field (SHF) cells. No study to date has comprehensively characterized the WNT5A regulatory variants in patients with congenital heart malformations (CHMs). The association between regulatory variants of the WNT5A gene and CHMs was examined in case-control association study in 1,210 CHMs and 798 controls. Individuals carrying a homozygous genotype CC (rs524153) or GG (rs504849) had a similarly reduced risk of conotruncal malformations. The homozygous genotypes (CC for rs524153 and GG for rs504849) were associated with a lower WNT5A transcriptional level compared with the transcriptional level of those with wild-type genotypes. Further functional analysis revealed that an additional upstream single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs371954924 (–5244GCCA > CC) in a linkage disequilibrium (LD) block with the above genotyped SNPs decreased WNT5A expression through the attenuated binding affinity with the transcription factor SOX9. This is the first demonstration that genetic variants in the regulatory regions of WNT5A play a vital role in sporadic conotruncal malformations susceptibility through the changeable expression of the WNT5A gene.
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84
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Mason D, Chen YZ, Krishnan HV, Sant S. Cardiac gene therapy: Recent advances and future directions. J Control Release 2015; 215:101-11. [PMID: 26254712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has the potential to serve as an adaptable platform technology for treating various diseases. Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality in the developed world and genetic modification is steadily becoming a more plausible method to repair and regenerate heart tissue. Recently, new gene targets to treat cardiovascular disease have been identified and developed into therapies that have shown promise in animal models. Some of these therapies have advanced to clinical testing. Despite these recent successes, several barriers must be overcome for gene therapy to become a widely used treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we evaluate specific genetic targets that can be exploited to treat cardiovascular diseases, list the important delivery barriers for the gene carriers, assess the most promising methods of delivering the genetic information, and discuss the current status of clinical trials involving gene therapies targeted to the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mason
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Yu-Zhe Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Harini Venkata Krishnan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Shilpa Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
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85
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Lahm H, Schön P, Doppler S, Dreßen M, Cleuziou J, Deutsch MA, Ewert P, Lange R, Krane M. Tetralogy of Fallot and Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - Complex Clinical Phenotypes Meet Complex Genetic Networks. Curr Genomics 2015; 16:141-58. [PMID: 26069455 PMCID: PMC4460219 DOI: 10.2174/1389202916666150303232520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In many cases congenital heart disease (CHD) is represented by a complex phenotype and
an array of several functional and morphological cardiac disorders. These malformations will be
briefly summarized in the first part focusing on two severe CHD phenotypes, hypoplastic left heart
syndrome (HLHS) and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). In most cases of CHD the genetic origin remains
largely unknown, though the complexity of the clinical picture strongly argues against a dysregulation which can be attributed
to a single candidate gene but rather suggests a multifaceted polygenetic origin with elaborate interactions. Consistent
with this idea, genome-wide approaches using whole exome sequencing, comparative sequence analysis of multiplex
families to identify de novo mutations and global technologies to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms, copy
number variants, dysregulation of the transcriptome and epigenetic variations have been conducted to obtain information
about genetic alterations and potential predispositions possibly linked to the occurrence of a CHD phenotype. In the second
part of this review we will summarize and discuss the available literature on identified genetic alterations linked to
TOF and HLHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Lahm
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Patric Schön
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Defects, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Doppler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Dreßen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Julie Cleuziou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus-André Deutsch
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Ewert
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Defects, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, D-80636 Munich, Germany; ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Lange
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany; ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Krane
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Experimental Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technische Universität München, Munich Heart Alliance, D-80636 Munich, Germany; ; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) - partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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86
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Parikh A, Wu J, Blanton RM, Tzanakakis ES. Signaling Pathways and Gene Regulatory Networks in Cardiomyocyte Differentiation. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:377-92. [PMID: 25813860 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for harnessing stem cells as a source to treat cell loss in heart disease are the subject of intense research. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be expanded extensively in vitro and therefore can potentially provide sufficient quantities of patient-specific differentiated cardiomyocytes. Although multiple stimuli direct heart development, the differentiation process is driven in large part by signaling activity. The engineering of hPSCs to heart cell progeny has extensively relied on establishing proper combinations of soluble signals, which target genetic programs thereby inducing cardiomyocyte specification. Pertinent differentiation strategies have relied as a template on the development of embryonic heart in multiple model organisms. Here, information on the regulation of cardiomyocyte development from in vivo genetic and embryological studies is critically reviewed. A fresh interpretation is provided of in vivo and in vitro data on signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks (GRNs) underlying cardiopoiesis. The state-of-the-art understanding of signaling pathways and GRNs presented here can inform the design and optimization of methods for the engineering of tissues for heart therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirath Parikh
- 1 Lonza Walkersville, Inc. , Lonza Group, Walkersville, Maryland
| | - Jincheng Wu
- 2 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Robert M Blanton
- 3 Division of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute , Tufts Medical Center, Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emmanuel S Tzanakakis
- 2 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts.,4 Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) , Boston, Massachusetts
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87
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Chaudhry B, Ramsbottom S, Henderson DJ. Genetics of cardiovascular development. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 124:19-41. [PMID: 24751425 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386930-2.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Structural malformations of the heart are the commonest abnormalities found at the time of birth and the incidence is higher in fetuses that are lost during the first trimester. Although the form of the heart has been studied for centuries, it is in the past decades that the genetic pathways that control heart development have been unraveled. Recently, the concept of the second heart field, a population of multipotent cardiac cells that augment the initial simple heart tube, has clarified the development of the heart. Understanding how the second heart field is used in morphogenesis and how genes interact in a subtle and more complex way is moving us closer to understanding how the normal heart forms and why abnormalities occur. In this chapter, we present a description of the morphological processes that create the formed postnatal human heart and emphasize key genetic pathways and genes that control these aspects. Where possible, these are also linked to the common patterns of human cardiac malformation. Undoubtedly, the details will refine or change with further research but emphasis has been placed on areas of greatest certainty and the presentation designed to promote a general understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Chaudhry
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Ramsbottom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah J Henderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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88
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Andre P, Song H, Kim W, Kispert A, Yang Y. Wnt5a and Wnt11 regulate mammalian anterior-posterior axis elongation. Development 2015; 142:1516-27. [PMID: 25813538 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mesoderm formation and subsequent anterior-posterior (A-P) axis elongation are fundamental aspects of gastrulation, which is initiated by formation of the primitive streak (PS). Convergent extension (CE) movements and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are important for A-P axis elongation in vertebrate embryos. The evolutionarily conserved planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway regulates CE, and Wnts regulate many aspects of gastrulation including CE and EMT. However, the Wnt ligands that regulate A-P axis elongation in mammalian development remain unknown. Wnt11 and Wnt5a regulate axis elongation in lower vertebrates, but only Wnt5a, not Wnt11, regulates mammalian PCP signaling and A-P axis elongation in development. Here, by generating Wnt5a; Wnt11 compound mutants, we show that Wnt11 and Wnt5a play redundant roles during mouse A-P axis elongation. Both genes regulate trunk notochord extension through PCP-controlled CE of notochord cells, establishing a role for Wnt11 in mammalian PCP. We show that Wnt5a and Wnt11 are required for proper patterning of the neural tube and somites by regulating notochord formation, and provide evidence that both genes are required for the generation and migration of axial and paraxial mesodermal precursor cells by regulating EMT. Axial and paraxial mesodermal precursors ectopically accumulate in the PS at late gastrula stages in Wnt5a(-/-); Wnt11(-/-) embryos and these cells ectopically express epithelial cell adhesion molecules. Our data suggest that Wnt5a and Wnt11 regulate EMT by inducing p38 (Mapk14) phosphorylation. Our findings provide new insights into the role of Wnt5a and Wnt11 in mouse early development and also in cancer metastasis, during which EMT plays a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Andre
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Hai Song
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Wantae Kim
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover D-30625, Germany
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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89
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Meganathan K, Sotiriadou I, Natarajan K, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A. Signaling molecules, transcription growth factors and other regulators revealed from in-vivo and in-vitro models for the regulation of cardiac development. Int J Cardiol 2015; 183:117-28. [PMID: 25662074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several in-vivo heart developmental models have been applied to decipher the cardiac developmental patterning encompassing early, dorsal, cardiac and visceral mesoderm as well as various transcription factors such as Gata, Hand, Tin, Dpp, Pnr. The expression of cardiac specific transcription factors, such as Gata4, Tbx5, Tbx20, Tbx2, Tbx3, Mef2c, Hey1 and Hand1 are of fundamental significance for the in-vivo cardiac development. Not only the transcription factors, but also the signaling molecules involved in cardiac development were conserved among various species. Enrichment of the bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) in the anterior lateral plate mesoderm is essential for the initiation of myocardial differentiation and the cardiac developmental process. Moreover, the expression of a number of cardiac transcription factors and structural genes initiate cardiac differentiation in the medial mesoderm. Other signaling molecules such as TGF-beta, IGF-1/2 and the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) play a significant role in cardiac repair/regeneration, ventricular heart development and specification of early cardiac mesoderm, respectively. The role of the Wnt signaling in cardiac development is still controversial discussed, as in-vitro results differ dramatically in relation to the animal models. Embryonic stem cells (ESC) were utilized as an important in-vitro model for the elucidation of the cardiac developmental processes since they can be easily manipulated by numerous signaling molecules, growth factors, small molecules and genetic manipulation. Finally, in the present review the dynamic role of the long noncoding RNA and miRNAs in the regulation of cardiac development are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavan Meganathan
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Isaia Sotiriadou
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Karthick Natarajan
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany.
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90
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Birket MJ, Mummery CL. Pluripotent stem cell derived cardiovascular progenitors--a developmental perspective. Dev Biol 2015; 400:169-79. [PMID: 25624264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells can now be routinely differentiated into cardiac cell types including contractile cardiomyocytes, enabling the study of heart development and disease in vitro, and creating opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic interventions for patients. Our grasp of the system, however, remains partial, and a significant reason for this has been our inability to effectively purify and expand the intermediate cardiovascular progenitor cells (CPCs) equivalent to those studied in heart development. Doing so could facilitate the construction of a cardiac lineage cell fate map, boosting our capacity to more finely control stem cell lineage commitment to functionally distinct cardiac identities, as well as providing a model for identifying which genes confer cardiac potential on CPCs. This review offers a perspective on CPC development as understood from model organisms and pluripotent stem cell systems, focusing on issues of identity as well as the signalling implicated in inducing, expanding and patterning these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Birket
- Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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91
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Uribe V, Badía-Careaga C, Casanova JC, Domínguez JN, de la Pompa JL, Sanz-Ezquerro JJ. Arid3b is essential for second heart field cell deployment and heart patterning. Development 2014; 141:4168-81. [PMID: 25336743 DOI: 10.1242/dev.109918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Arid3b, a member of the conserved ARID family of transcription factors, is essential for mouse embryonic development but its precise roles are poorly understood. Here, we show that Arid3b is expressed in the myocardium of the tubular heart and in second heart field progenitors. Arid3b-deficient embryos show cardiac abnormalities, including a notable shortening of the poles, absence of myocardial differentiation and altered patterning of the atrioventricular canal, which also lacks epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Proliferation and death of progenitors as well as early patterning of the heart appear normal. However, DiI labelling of second heart field progenitors revealed a defect in the addition of cells to the heart. RNA microarray analysis uncovered a set of differentially expressed genes in Arid3b-deficient tissues, including Bhlhb2, a regulator of cardiomyocyte differentiation, and Lims2, a gene involved in cell migration. Arid3b is thus required for heart development by regulating the motility and differentiation of heart progenitors. These findings identify Arid3b as a candidate gene involved in the aetiology of human congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Uribe
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Claudio Badía-Careaga
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jesús C Casanova
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jorge N Domínguez
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, CU Las Lagunillas, Jáen 23071, Spain
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Juan José Sanz-Ezquerro
- Departamento de Desarrollo y Reparación Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid 28029, Spain Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Darwin, 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
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92
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Bisson JA, Mills B, Paul Helt JC, Zwaka TP, Cohen ED. Wnt5a and Wnt11 inhibit the canonical Wnt pathway and promote cardiac progenitor development via the Caspase-dependent degradation of AKT. Dev Biol 2014; 398:80-96. [PMID: 25482987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Wnt proteins regulate cell behavior via a canonical signaling pathway that induces β-catenin dependent transcription. It is now appreciated that Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes the expansion of the second heart field (SHF) progenitor cells that ultimately give-rise to the majority of cardiomyocytes. However, activating β-catenin can also cause the loss of SHF progenitors, highlighting the necessity of precise control over β-catenin signaling during heart development. We recently reported that two non-canonical Wnt ligands, Wnt5a and Wnt11, act cooperatively to attenuate canonical Wnt signaling that would otherwise disrupt the SHF. While these data reveal the essential role of this anti-canonical Wnt5a/Wnt11 signaling in SHF development, the mechanisms by which these ligands inhibit the canonical Wnt pathway are unclear. Wnt11 was previously shown to inhibit β-catenin and promote cardiomyocyte maturation by activating a novel apoptosis-independent function of Caspases. Consistent with these data, we now show that Wnt5a and Wnt11 are capable of inducing Caspase activity in differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cells and that hearts from Wnt5a(-/-); Wnt11(-/-) embryos have diminished Caspase 3 (Casp3) activity. Furthermore, SHF markers are reduced in Casp3 mutant ES cells while the treatment of wild type ES cells with Caspase inhibitors blocked the ability of Wnt5a and Wnt11 to promote SHF gene expression. This finding was in agreement with our in vivo studies in which injecting pregnant mice with Caspase inhibitors reduced SHF marker expression in their gestating embryos. Caspase inhibition also blocked other Wnt5a/Wnt11 induced effects, including the suppression of β-catenin protein expression and activity. Interestingly, Wnt5a/Wnt11 treatment of differentiating ES cells reduced both phosphorylated and total Akt through a Caspase-dependent mechanism and phosphorylated Akt levels were increased in the hearts Caspase inhibitor treated. Surprisingly, inhibition of either Akt or PI3K in ES cells was an equally effective means of increasing SHF markers compared to treatment with Wnt5a/Wnt11. Moreover, Akt inhibition restored SHF gene expression in Casp3 mutant ES cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that Wnt5a/Wnt11 inhibit β-catenin to promote SHF development through Caspase-dependent Akt degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Bisson
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Bradley Mills
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jay-Christian Paul Helt
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Thomas P Zwaka
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Developmental and Regenerative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ethan David Cohen
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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93
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Sinha T, Lin L, Li D, Davis J, Evans S, Wynshaw-Boris A, Wang J. Mapping the dynamic expression of Wnt11 and the lineage contribution of Wnt11-expressing cells during early mouse development. Dev Biol 2014; 398:177-92. [PMID: 25448697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that coordinates polarized cell behavior to regulate tissue morphogenesis during vertebrate gastrulation, neurulation and organogenesis. In Xenopus and zebrafish, PCP signaling is activated by non-canonical Wnts such as Wnt11, and detailed understanding of Wnt11 expression has provided important clues on when, where and how PCP may be activated to regulate tissue morphogenesis. To explore the role of Wnt11 in mammalian development, we established a Wnt11 expression and lineage map with high spatial and temporal resolution by creating and analyzing a tamoxifen-inducible Wnt11-CreER BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) transgenic mouse line. Our short- and long-term lineage tracing experiments indicated that Wnt11-CreER could faithfully recapitulate endogenous Wnt11 expression, and revealed for the first time that cells transiently expressing Wnt11 at early gastrulation were fated to become specifically the progenitors of the entire endoderm. During mid-gastrulation, Wnt11-CreER expressing cells also contribute extensively to the endothelium in both embryonic and extraembryonic compartments, and the endocardium in all chambers of the developing heart. In contrast, Wnt11-CreER expression in the myocardium starts from late-gastrulation, and occurs in three transient, sequential waves: first in the precursors of the left ventricular (LV) myocardium from E7.0 to 8.0; subsequently in the right ventricular (RV) myocardium from E8.0 to 9.0; and finally in the superior wall of the outflow tract (OFT) myocardium from E8.5 to 10.5. These results provide formal genetic proof that the majority of the endocardium and myocardium diverge by mid-gastrulation in the mouse, and suggest a tight spatial and temporal control of Wnt11 expression in the myocardial lineage to coordinate with myocardial differentiation in the first and second heart field progenitors to form the LV, RV and OFT. The insights gained from this study will also guide future investigations to decipher the role of non-canonical Wnt/PCP signaling in endoderm development, vasculogenesis and heart formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Sinha
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Lizhu Lin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Ding Li
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Jennifer Davis
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States
| | - Sylvia Evans
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States.
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94
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Chen M, Qian C, Bi LL, Zhao F, Zhang GY, Wang ZQ, Gan XD, Wang YG. Enrichment of cardiac differentiation by a large starting number of embryonic stem cells in embryoid bodies is mediated by the Wnt11-JNK pathway. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:475-81. [PMID: 25312921 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Embryoid bodies (EBs) with large starting numbers of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have a greater degree of cardiac differentiation than from low numbers of EBs. However, the biological roles of signaling molecules in these effects are not well understood. Here, we show that groups of EBs with different starting numbers of ESCs had differential gene expression patterns for Wnt5a and Wnt11. Wnt11 significantly increased the percentage of beating EBs by up-regulating the expression of the cardiac-specific genes. Wnt5a did not show these effects. Moreover, Wnt11 significantly increased the level of phosphorylated Jun N-terminal kinase. The inhibition of the JNK pathway by SP600125 blocked the effects of Wnt11. Thus, enrichment of cardiac differentiation in groups of EBs with a larger starting number of ESCs is mediated by the Wnt11-JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China,
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95
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Choe CP, Crump JG. Tbx1 controls the morphogenesis of pharyngeal pouch epithelia through mesodermal Wnt11r and Fgf8a. Development 2014; 141:3583-93. [PMID: 25142463 PMCID: PMC4197720 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pharyngeal pouches are a segmental series of epithelial structures that organize the embryonic vertebrate face. In mice and zebrafish that carry mutations in homologs of the DiGeorge syndrome gene TBX1, a lack of pouches correlates with severe craniofacial defects, yet how Tbx1 controls pouch development remains unclear. Using mutant and transgenic rescue experiments in zebrafish, we show that Tbx1 functions in the mesoderm to promote the morphogenesis of pouch-forming endoderm through wnt11r and fgf8a expression. Consistently, compound losses of wnt11r and fgf8a phenocopy tbx1 mutant pouch defects, and mesoderm-specific restoration of Wnt11r and Fgf8a rescues tbx1 mutant pouches. Time-lapse imaging further reveals that Fgf8a acts as a Wnt11r-dependent guidance cue for migrating pouch cells. We therefore propose a two-step model in which Tbx1 coordinates the Wnt-dependent epithelial destabilization of pouch-forming cells with their collective migration towards Fgf8a-expressing mesodermal guideposts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Pyo Choe
- Broad California Institute of Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - J Gage Crump
- Broad California Institute of Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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96
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Pagliari S, Jelinek J, Grassi G, Forte G. Targeting pleiotropic signaling pathways to control adult cardiac stem cell fate and function. Front Physiol 2014; 5:219. [PMID: 25071583 PMCID: PMC4076671 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of different pools of cardiac progenitor cells resident in the adult mammalian heart opened a new era in heart regeneration as a means to restore the loss of functional cardiac tissue and overcome the limited availability of donor organs. Indeed, resident stem cells are believed to participate to tissue homeostasis and renewal in healthy and damaged myocardium although their actual contribution to these processes remain unclear. The poor outcome in terms of cardiac regeneration following tissue damage point out at the need for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling CPC behavior and fate determination before new therapeutic strategies can be developed. The regulation of cardiac resident stem cell fate and function is likely to result from the interplay between pleiotropic signaling pathways as well as tissue- and cell-specific regulators. Such a modular interaction—which has already been described in the nucleus of a number of different cells where transcriptional complexes form to activate specific gene programs—would account for the unique responses of cardiac progenitors to general and tissue-specific stimuli. The study of the molecular determinants involved in cardiac stem/progenitor cell regulatory mechanisms may shed light on the processes of cardiac homeostasis in health and disease and thus provide clues on the actual feasibility of cardiac cell therapy through tissue-specific progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Pagliari
- Integrated Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (ICCT), International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Jelinek
- Integrated Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (ICCT), International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriele Grassi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste Trieste, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Forte
- Integrated Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine (ICCT), International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Czech Republic
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97
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Building and repairing the heart: what can we learn from embryonic development? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:679168. [PMID: 24864252 PMCID: PMC4016833 DOI: 10.1155/2014/679168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian heart formation is a complex morphogenetic event that depends on the correct temporal and spatial contribution of distinct cell sources. During cardiac formation, cellular specification, differentiation, and rearrangement are tightly regulated by an intricate signaling network. Over the last years, many aspects of this network have been uncovered not only due to advances in cardiac development comprehension but also due to the use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro model system. Additionally, several of these pathways have been shown to be functional or reactivated in the setting of cardiac disease. Knowledge withdrawn from studying heart development, ESCs differentiation, and cardiac pathophysiology may be helpful to envisage new strategies for improved cardiac repair/regeneration. In this review, we provide a comparative synopsis of the major signaling pathways required for cardiac lineage commitment in the embryo and murine ESCs. The involvement and possible reactivation of these pathways following heart injury and their role in tissue recovery will also be discussed.
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98
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Kumawat K, Menzen MH, Slegtenhorst RM, Halayko AJ, Schmidt M, Gosens R. TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) signaling regulates TGF-β-induced WNT-5A expression in airway smooth muscle cells via Sp1 and β-catenin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94801. [PMID: 24728340 PMCID: PMC3984265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT-5A, a key player in embryonic development and post-natal homeostasis, has been associated with a myriad of pathological conditions including malignant, fibroproliferative and inflammatory disorders. Previously, we have identified WNT-5A as a transcriptional target of TGF-β in airway smooth muscle cells and demonstrated its function as a mediator of airway remodeling. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying TGF-β-induced WNT-5A expression. We show that TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a critical mediator of WNT-5A expression as its pharmacological inhibition or siRNA-mediated silencing reduced TGF-β induction of WNT-5A. Furthermore, we show that TAK1 engages p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling which redundantly participates in WNT-5A induction as only simultaneous, but not individual, inhibition of p38 and JNK suppressed TGF-β-induced WNT-5A expression. Remarkably, we demonstrate a central role of β-catenin in TGF-β-induced WNT-5A expression. Regulated by TAK1, β-catenin is required for WNT-5A induction as its silencing repressed WNT-5A expression whereas a constitutively active mutant augmented basal WNT-5A abundance. Furthermore, we identify Sp1 as the transcription factor for WNT-5A and demonstrate its interaction with β-catenin. We discover that Sp1 is recruited to the WNT-5A promoter in a TGF-β-induced and TAK1-regulated manner. Collectively, our findings describe a TAK1-dependent, β-catenin- and Sp1-mediated signaling cascade activated downstream of TGF-β which regulates WNT-5A induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Kumawat
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark H. Menzen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ralph M. Slegtenhorst
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew J. Halayko
- Departments of Physiology & Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Martina Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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99
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Shi X, DiRenzo D, Guo LW, Franco SR, Wang B, Seedial S, Kent KC. TGF-β/Smad3 stimulates stem cell/developmental gene expression and vascular smooth muscle cell de-differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93995. [PMID: 24718260 PMCID: PMC3981734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic-associated diseases are the leading cause of death in the United States. Despite recent progress, interventional treatments for atherosclerosis can be complicated by restenosis resulting from neo-intimal hyperplasia. We have previously demonstrated that TGF-β and its downstream signaling protein Smad3∶1) are up-regulated following vascular injury, 2) together drive smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and migration and 3) enhance the development of intimal hyperplasia. In order to determine a mechanism through which TGF-β/Smad3 promote these effects, Affymetrix gene expression arrays were performed on primary rat SMCs infected with Smad3 and stimulated with TGF-β or infected with GFP alone. More than 200 genes were differentially expressed (>2.0 fold change, p<0.05) in TGF-β/Smad3 stimulated SMCs. We then performed GO term enrichment analysis using the DAVID bioinformatics database and found that TGF-β/Smad3 activated the expression of multiple genes related to either development or cell differentiation, several of which have been shown to be associated with multipotent stem or progenitor cells. Quantitative real-time PCR confirmed up-regulation of several developmental genes including FGF1, NGF, and Wnt11 (by 2.5, 6 and 7 fold, respectively) as well as stem/progenitor cell associated genes CD34 and CXCR4 (by 10 and 45 fold, respectively). In addition, up-regulation of these factors at protein levels were also confirmed by Western blotting, or by immunocytochemistry (performed for CXCR4 and NGF). Finally, TGF-β/Smad3 down regulated transcription of SMC contractile genes as well as protein production of smooth muscle alpha actin, calponin, and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain. These combined results suggest that TGF-β/Smad3 stimulation drives SMCs to a phenotypically altered state of de-differentiation through the up-regulation of developmental related genes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta
- Cell Dedifferentiation/genetics
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Reporter
- Hyperplasia
- Male
- Muscle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Smad3 Protein
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Transcriptome
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Shi
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel DiRenzo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LWG); (KCK)
| | - Sarah R. Franco
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Stephen Seedial
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - K. Craig Kent
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LWG); (KCK)
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100
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ROS, Notch, and Wnt signaling pathways: crosstalk between three major regulators of cardiovascular biology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:318714. [PMID: 24689035 PMCID: PMC3932294 DOI: 10.1155/2014/318714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), traditionally viewed as toxic by-products that cause damage to biomolecules, now are clearly recognized as key modulators in a variety of biological processes and pathological states. The development and regulation of the cardiovascular system require orchestrated activities; Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways are implicated in many aspects of them, including cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells survival, angiogenesis, progenitor cells recruitment and differentiation, arteriovenous specification, vascular cell migration, and cardiac remodelling. Several novel findings regarding the role of ROS in Notch and Wnt/β-catenin modulation prompted us to review their emerging function in the cardiovascular system during embryogenesis and postnatally.
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