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Jensen B, Agger P, de Boer BA, Oostra RJ, Pedersen M, van der Wal AC, Nils Planken R, Moorman AFM. The hypertrabeculated (noncompacted) left ventricle is different from the ventricle of embryos and ectothermic vertebrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:1696-706. [PMID: 26516055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ventricular hypertrabeculation (noncompaction) is a poorly characterized condition associated with heart failure. The condition is widely assumed to be the retention of the trabeculated ventricular design of the embryo and ectothermic (cold-blooded) vertebrates. This assumption appears simplistic and counterfactual. Here, we measured a set of anatomical parameters in hypertrabeculation in man and in the ventricles of embryos and animals. We compared humans with left ventricular hypertrabeculation (N=21) with humans with structurally normal left ventricles (N=54). We measured ejection fraction and ventricular trabeculation using cardiovascular MRI. Ventricular trabeculation was further measured in series of embryonic human and 9 animal species, and in hearts of 15 adult animal species using MRI, CT, or histology. In human, hypertrabeculated left ventricles were significantly different from structurally normal left ventricles by all structural measures and ejection fraction. They were far less trabeculated than human embryonic hearts (15-40% trabeculated volume versus 55-80%). Early in development all vertebrate embryos acquired a ventricle with approximately 80% trabeculations, but only ectotherms retained the 80% trabeculation throughout development. Endothermic (warm-blooded) animals including human slowly matured in fetal and postnatal stages towards ventricles with little trabeculations, generally less than 30%. Further, the trabeculations of all embryos and adult ectotherms were very thin, less than 50 μm wide, whereas the trabeculations in adult endotherms and in the setting of hypertrabeculation were wider by orders of magnitude. It is concluded in contrast to a prevailing assumption, the hypertrabeculated left ventricle is not like the ventricle of the embryo or of adult ectotherms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Peter Agger
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Bouke A de Boer
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof-Jan Oostra
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Pedersen
- MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Allard C van der Wal
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Nils Planken
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon F M Moorman
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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52
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Stöllberger C, Wegner C, Finsterer J. Fetal Ventricular Hypertrabeculation/Noncompaction: Clinical Presentation, Genetics, Associated Cardiac and Extracardiac Abnormalities and Outcome. Pediatr Cardiol 2015; 36:1319-26. [PMID: 26008764 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-015-1200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction (LVHT) is a cardiac abnormality of unknown etiology. Aim of the review was to summarize the current knowledge about fetal LVHT, including clinical presentation, associated cardiac and extracardiac abnormalities and outcome. In 88 cases, LVHT was diagnosed by fetal echocardiography. In 36 %, no additional cardiac abnormalities were reported; in the remaining 64 %, one or more cardiac abnormalities were reported. Eight cases died prenatally, 17 were electively terminated, and 24 patients died after birth. Six patients were lost to follow-up, and 33 patients are alive at a mean age of 26 months. Surviving cases presented less frequently with fetal hydrops (13 vs. 62 %, p = 0.0004), complete heart block (27 vs. 78 %, p = 0.0076), more than three associated cardiac abnormalities (9 vs. 47 %, p = 0.0008) and more frequently with isolated LVHT (52 vs. 19 %, p = 0.009) than cases who died. Of the surviving patients, 16 received pharmacotherapy, three received pacemakers, eight underwent surgical procedures and four underwent heart transplantation. Postnatal regression of left ventricular hypertrophy and development of LVHT was found in four cases, improvement in cardiac function in two, and regression of right VHT in two. At autopsy, endocardial fibrosis was the most frequent abnormality in 92 %. Thirty-eight percentage of cases with fetal LVHT survived. Fetal and postnatal echocardiographic findings challenge the "embryonic pathogenetic" hypothesis of LVHT. Furthermore, fetal pathoanatomic findings like endocardial fibrosis might play a role in clarifying the still unsolved pathogenesis of LVHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Stöllberger
- Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Juchgasse 25, 1030, Vienna, Austria. .,, Steingasse 31/18, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Christian Wegner
- Vienna Institute of Demography of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Wohllebengasse 12-14, 1040, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Josef Finsterer
- Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Juchgasse 25, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
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53
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Abstract
Left ventricular non-compaction, the most recently classified form of cardiomyopathy, is characterised by abnormal trabeculations in the left ventricle, most frequently at the apex. It can be associated with left ventricular dilation or hypertrophy, systolic or diastolic dysfunction, or both, or various forms of congenital heart disease. Affected individuals are at risk of left or right ventricular failure, or both. Heart failure symptoms can be induced by exercise or be persistent at rest, but many patients are asymptomatic. Patients on chronic treatment for compensated heart failure sometimes present acutely with decompensated heart failure. Other life-threatening risks of left ventricular non-compaction are ventricular arrhythmias or complete atrioventricular block, presenting clinically as syncope, and sudden death. Genetic inheritance arises in at least 30-50% of patients, and several genes that cause left ventricular non-compaction have been identified. These genes seem generally to encode sarcomeric (contractile apparatus) or cytoskeletal proteins, although, in the case of left ventricular non-compaction with congenital heart disease, disturbance of the NOTCH signalling pathway seems part of a final common pathway for this form of the disease. Disrupted mitochondrial function and metabolic abnormalities have a causal role too. Treatments focus on improvement of cardiac efficiency and reduction of mechanical stress in patients with systolic dysfunction. Further, treatment of arrhythmia and implantation of an automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for prevention of sudden death are mainstays of therapy when deemed necessary and appropriate. Patients with left ventricular non-compaction and congenital heart disease often need surgical or catheter-based interventions. Despite progress in diagnosis and treatment in the past 10 years, understanding of the disorder and outcomes need to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Towbin
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Angela Lorts
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John Lynn Jefferies
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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54
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Abstract
The heart is the first organ to form during embryonic development. Given the complex nature of cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis, it is not surprising that some form of congenital heart disease is present in ≈1 percent of newborns. The molecular determinants of heart development have received much attention over the past several decades. This has been driven in large part by an interest in understanding the causes of congenital heart disease coupled with the potential of using knowledge from developmental biology to generate functional cells and tissues that could be used for regenerative medicine purposes. In this review, we highlight the critical signaling pathways and transcription factor networks that regulate cardiomyocyte lineage specification in both in vivo and in vitro models. Special focus will be given to epigenetic regulators that drive the commitment of cardiomyogenic cells from nascent mesoderm and their differentiation into chamber-specific myocytes, as well as regulation of myocardial trabeculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Paige
- From the Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P., S.M.W.), Cardiovascular Institute (K.P., A.X., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Regenerative Medicine, Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Karolina Plonowska
- From the Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P., S.M.W.), Cardiovascular Institute (K.P., A.X., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Regenerative Medicine, Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Adele Xu
- From the Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P., S.M.W.), Cardiovascular Institute (K.P., A.X., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Regenerative Medicine, Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA
| | - Sean M Wu
- From the Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Department of Pediatrics (S.L.P., S.M.W.), Cardiovascular Institute (K.P., A.X., S.M.W.), Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Regenerative Medicine, Child Health Research Institute (S.M.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, CA.
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55
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Perrucci GL, Gowran A, Zanobini M, Capogrossi MC, Pompilio G, Nigro P. Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases: a full cast of critical actors in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:353-64. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Snider P, Simmons O, Wang J, Hoang CQ, Conway SJ. Ectopic Noggin in a Population of Nfatc1 Lineage Endocardial Progenitors Induces Embryonic Lethality. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2014; 1:214-236. [PMID: 26090377 PMCID: PMC4469290 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd1030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The initial heart is composed of a myocardial tube lined by endocardial cells. The TGFβ superfamily is known to play an important role, as BMPs from the myocardium signal to the overlying endocardium to create an environment for EMT. Subsequently, BMP and TGFβ signaling pathways synergize to form primitive valves and regulate myocardial growth. In this study, we investigated the requirement of BMP activity by transgenic over-expression of extracellular BMP antagonist Noggin. Using Nfatc1Cre to drive lineage-restricted Noggin within the endocardium, we show that ectopic Noggin arrests cardiac development in E10.5-11 embryos, resulting in small hearts which beat poorly and die by E12.5. This is coupled with hypoplastic endocardial cushions, reduced trabeculation and fewer mature contractile fibrils in mutant hearts. Moreover, Nfatc1Cre-mediated diphtheria toxin fragment-A expression in the endocardium resulted in genetic ablation and a more severe phenotype with lethality at E11 and abnormal linear hearts. Molecular analysis demonstrated that endocardial Noggin resulted in a specific alteration of TGFβ/BMP-mediated signal transduction, in that, both Endoglin and ALK1 were downregulated in mutant endocardium. Combined, these results demonstrate the cell-autonomous requirement of the endocardial lineage and function of unaltered BMP levels in facilitating endothelium-cardiomyocyte cross-talk and promoting endocardial cushion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Simon J. Conway
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +317-278-8781; Fax: +317-278-0138
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57
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Rostama B, Peterson SM, Vary CPH, Liaw L. Notch signal integration in the vasculature during remodeling. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 63:97-104. [PMID: 25464152 PMCID: PMC4304902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling plays many important roles in homeostasis and remodeling in the vessel wall, and serves a critical role in the communication between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Within blood vessels, Notch signaling integrates with multiple pathways by mechanisms including direct protein–protein interaction, cooperative or synergistic regulation of signal cascades, and co-regulation of transcriptional targets. After establishment of the mature blood vessel, the spectrum and intensity of Notch signaling change during phases of active remodeling or disease progression. These changes can be mediated by regulation via microRNAs and protein stability or signaling, and corresponding changes in complementary signaling pathways. Notch also affects endothelial cells on a system level by regulating key metabolic components. This review will outline the most recent findings of Notch activity in blood vessels, with a focus on how Notch signals integrate with other molecular signaling pathways controlling vascular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Rostama
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, USA
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58
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Arbustini E, Weidemann F, Hall JL. Left ventricular noncompaction: a distinct cardiomyopathy or a trait shared by different cardiac diseases? J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 64:1840-50. [PMID: 25443708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Whether left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is a distinct cardiomyopathy or a morphologic trait shared by different cardiomyopathies remains controversial. Current guidelines from professional organizations recommend different strategies for diagnosing and treating patients with LVNC. This state-of-the-art review discusses new insights into the basic mechanisms leading to LVNC, its clinical manifestations, treatment modalities, anatomy and pathology, embryology, genetics, epidemiology, and imaging. Three markers currently define LVNC: prominent left ventricular trabeculae, deep intertrabecular recesses, and a thin compacted layer. Although new genetic data from mice and humans supports LVNC as a distinct cardiomyopathy, evidence for LVNC as a shared morphological trait is not ruled out. Criteria supporting LVNC as a shared morphological trait may depend on consensus guidelines from the multiple professional organizations. Enhanced imaging and increased use of genetics are both predicted to significantly impact our overall understanding of the basic mechanisms causing LVNC and its optimal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Arbustini
- Centre for Inherited Cardiovascular Disease, IRCCS Foundation Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Frank Weidemann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, and Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer L Hall
- Lillehei Heart Institute and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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59
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Melnik BC. Does therapeutic intervention in atopic dermatitis normalize epidermal Notch deficiency? Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:696-700. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory; University of Osnabrück; Osnabrück Germany
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60
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Finsterer J, Stöllberger C, Brandau O, Laccone F, Bichler K, Laing NG. Novel MYH7 mutation associated with mild myopathy but life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and noncompaction. Int J Cardiol 2014; 173:532-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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61
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Aquila G, Pannella M, Morelli MB, Caliceti C, Fortini C, Rizzo P, Ferrari R. The role of Notch pathway in cardiovascular diseases. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2013; 2013:364-71. [PMID: 24749110 PMCID: PMC3991209 DOI: 10.5339/gscp.2013.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent increase in human lifespan, coupled with unhealthy diets and lifestyles have led to an unprecedented increase in cardiovascular diseases. Even in the presence of a wide range of therapeutic options with variable efficacy, mortality due to heart failure is still high and there is a need to identify new therapeutic targets. Genetic and in vitro studies have implicated the Notch signalling in the development and maintenance of the cardiovascular system through a direct effect on biological functions of vascular cells (endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells) and cardiomyocytes. Notch signalling is also involved in the modulation of inflammation, which plays a major role in causing and exacerbating cardiovascular diseases. The Notch pathway could represent a new therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Aquila
- Chair of Cardiology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA) Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Micaela Pannella
- Chair of Cardiology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA) Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Bruno Morelli
- Chair of Cardiology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA) Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristiana Caliceti
- Chair of Cardiology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA) Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cinzia Fortini
- Chair of Cardiology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA) Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Rizzo
- Chair of Cardiology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA) Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Ferrari
- Chair of Cardiology and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA) Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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62
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Zhao C, Guo H, Li J, Myint T, Pittman W, Yang L, Zhong W, Schwartz RJ, Schwarz JJ, Singer HA, Tallquist MD, Wu M. Numb family proteins are essential for cardiac morphogenesis and progenitor differentiation. Development 2013; 141:281-95. [PMID: 24335256 DOI: 10.1242/dev.093690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Numb family proteins (NFPs), including Numb and numb-like (Numbl), are cell fate determinants for multiple progenitor cell types. Their functions in cardiac progenitor differentiation and cardiac morphogenesis are unknown. To avoid early embryonic lethality and study NFP function in later cardiac development, Numb and Numbl were deleted specifically in heart to generate myocardial double-knockout (MDKO) mice. MDKOs were embryonic lethal and displayed a variety of defects in cardiac progenitor differentiation, cardiomyocyte proliferation, outflow tract (OFT) and atrioventricular septation, and OFT alignment. By ablating NFPs in different cardiac populations followed by lineage tracing, we determined that NFPs in the second heart field (SHF) are required for OFT and atrioventricular septation and OFT alignment. MDKOs displayed an SHF progenitor cell differentiation defect, as revealed by a variety of methods including mRNA deep sequencing. Numb regulated cardiac progenitor cell differentiation in an endocytosis-dependent manner. Studies including the use of a transgenic Notch reporter line showed that Notch signaling was upregulated in the MDKO. Suppression of Notch1 signaling in MDKOs rescued defects in p57 expression, proliferation and trabecular thickness. Further studies showed that Numb inhibits Notch1 signaling by promoting the degradation of the Notch1 intracellular domain in cardiomyocytes. This study reveals that NFPs regulate trabecular thickness by inhibiting Notch1 signaling, control cardiac morphogenesis in a Notch1-independent manner, and regulate cardiac progenitor cell differentiation in an endocytosis-dependent manner. The function of NFPs in cardiac progenitor differentiation and cardiac morphogenesis suggests that NFPs might be potential therapeutic candidates for cardiac regeneration and congenital heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Cardiovascular Science Center, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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63
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MacGrogan D, Luxán G, de la Pompa JL. Genetic and functional genomics approaches targeting the Notch pathway in cardiac development and congenital heart disease. Brief Funct Genomics 2013; 13:15-27. [PMID: 24106100 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elt036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Notch signalling pathway plays crucial roles in cardiac development and postnatal cardiac homoeostasis. Gain- and loss-of-function approaches indicate that Notch promotes or inhibits cardiogenesis in a stage-dependent manner. However, the molecular mechanisms are poorly defined because many downstream effectors remain to be identified. Genome-scale analyses are shedding light on the genes that are regulated by Notch signalling and the mechanisms underlying this regulation. We review the functional data that implicates Notch in cardiac morphogenetic processes and expression profiling studies that enlighten the regulatory networks behind them. A recurring theme is that Notch cross-talks reiteratively with other key signalling pathways including Wnt and Bmp to coordinate cell and tissue interactions during cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal MacGrogan
- Program of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain. Tel.: +34-620-936633; Fax: +34-91-4531304;
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64
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Zhang W, Chen H, Qu X, Chang CP, Shou W. Molecular mechanism of ventricular trabeculation/compaction and the pathogenesis of the left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 163C:144-56. [PMID: 23843320 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ventricular trabeculation and compaction are two of the many essential steps for generating a functionally competent ventricular wall. A significant reduction in trabeculation is usually associated with ventricular compact zone deficiencies (hypoplastic wall), which commonly leads to embryonic heart failure and early embryonic lethality. In contrast, hypertrabeculation and lack of ventricular wall compaction (noncompaction) are closely related defects in cardiac embryogenesis associated with left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC), a genetically heterogenous disorder. Here we review recent findings through summarizing several genetically engineered mouse models that have defects in cardiac trabeculation and compaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- Riley Heart Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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