51
|
Clarkson-Townsend DA, Douglass AJ, Singh A, Allen RS, Uwaifo IN, Pardue MT. Impacts of high fat diet on ocular outcomes in rodent models of visual disease. Exp Eye Res 2021; 204:108440. [PMID: 33444582 PMCID: PMC7946735 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
High fat diets (HFD) have been utilized in rodent models of visual disease for over 50 years to model the effects of lipids, metabolic dysfunction, and diet-induced obesity on vision and ocular health. HFD treatment can recapitulate the pathologies of some of the leading causes of blindness, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in rodent models of visual disease. However, there are many important factors to consider when using and interpreting these models. To synthesize our current understanding of the importance of lipid signaling, metabolism, and inflammation in HFD-driven visual disease processes, we systematically review the use of HFD in mouse and rat models of visual disease. The resulting literature is grouped into three clusters: models that solely focus on HFD treatment, models of diabetes that utilize both HFD and streptozotocin (STZ), and models of AMD that utilize both HFD and genetic models and/or other exposures. Our findings show that HFD profoundly affects vision, retinal function, many different ocular tissues, and multiple cell types through a variety of mechanisms. We delineate how HFD affects the cornea, lens, uvea, vitreous humor, retina, retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), and Bruch's membrane (BM). Furthermore, we highlight how HFD impairs several retinal cell types, including glia (microglia), retinal ganglion cells, bipolar cells, photoreceptors, and vascular support cells (endothelial cells and pericytes). However, there are a number of gaps, limitations, and biases in the current literature. We highlight these gaps and discuss experimental design to help guide future studies. Very little is known about how HFD impacts the lens, ciliary bodies, and specific neuronal populations, such as rods, cones, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and retinal ganglion cells. Additionally, sex bias is an important limitation in the current literature, with few HFD studies utilizing female rodents. Future studies should use ingredient-matched control diets (IMCD), include both sexes in experiments to evaluate sex-specific outcomes, conduct longitudinal metabolic and visual measurements, and capture acute outcomes. In conclusion, HFD is a systemic exposure with profound systemic effects, and rodent models are invaluable in understanding the impacts on visual and ocular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Clarkson-Townsend
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Amber J Douglass
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Anayesha Singh
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, USA; Emory Center for Ethics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachael S Allen
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ivie N Uwaifo
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Machelle T Pardue
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Homme RP, Sandhu HS, George AK, Tyagi SC, Singh M. Sustained Inhibition of NF-κB Activity Mitigates Retinal Vasculopathy in Diabetes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:947-964. [PMID: 33640319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of long-term NF-κB inhibition in mitigating retinal vasculopathy in a type 1 diabetic mouse model (Akita, Ins2Akita). Akita and wild-type (C57BL/6J) male mice, 24 to 26 weeks old, were treated with or without a selective inhibitor of NF-κB, 4-methyl-N1-(3-phenyl-propyl) benzene-1,2-diamine (JSH-23), for 4 weeks. Treatment was given when the mice were at least 24 weeks old. Metabolic parameters, key inflammatory mediators, blood-retinal barrier junction molecules, retinal structure, and function were measured. JSH-23 significantly lowered basal glucose levels and intraocular pressure in Akita. It also mitigated vascular remodeling and microaneurysms significantly. Optical coherence tomography of untreated Akita showed thinning of retinal layers; however, treatment with JSH-23 could prevent it. Electroretinogram demonstrated that A- and B-waves in Akita were significantly smaller than in wild type mice, indicating that JSH-23 intervention prevented loss of retinal function. Protein levels and gene expression of key inflammatory mediators, such as NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2, were decreased after JSH-23 treatment. At the same time, connexin-43 and occludin were maintained. Vision-guided behavior also improved significantly. The results show that reducing inflammation could protect the diabetic retina and its vasculature. Findings appear to have broader implications in treating not only ocular conditions but also other vasculopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubens P Homme
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Harpal S Sandhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Akash K George
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky; Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Ghosh S, Liu H, Yazdankhah M, Stepicheva N, Shang P, Vaidya T, Hose S, Gupta U, Calderon MJ, Hu MW, Nair AP, Weiss J, Fitting CS, Bhutto IA, Gadde SGK, Naik NK, Jaydev C, Lutty GA, Handa JT, Jayagopal A, Qian J, Sahel JA, Rajasundaram D, Sergeev Y, Zigler JS, Sethu S, Watkins S, Ghosh A, Sinha D. βA1-crystallin regulates glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function in mouse retinal astrocytes by modulating PTP1B activity. Commun Biol 2021; 4:248. [PMID: 33627831 PMCID: PMC7904954 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01763-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
βA3/A1-crystallin, a lens protein that is also expressed in astrocytes, is produced as βA3 and βA1-crystallin isoforms by leaky ribosomal scanning. In a previous human proteome high-throughput array, we found that βA3/A1-crystallin interacts with protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a key regulator of glucose metabolism. This prompted us to explore possible roles of βA3/A1-crystallin in metabolism of retinal astrocytes. We found that βA1-crystallin acts as an uncompetitive inhibitor of PTP1B, but βA3-crystallin does not. Loss of βA1-crystallin in astrocytes triggers metabolic abnormalities and inflammation. In CRISPR/cas9 gene-edited βA1-knockdown (KD) mice, but not in βA3-knockout (KO) mice, the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic retinopathy (DR)-like phenotype is exacerbated. Here, we have identified βA1-crystallin as a regulator of PTP1B; loss of this regulation may be a new mechanism by which astrocytes contribute to DR. Interestingly, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients showed reduced βA1-crystallin and higher levels of PTP1B in the vitreous humor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Meysam Yazdankhah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nadezda Stepicheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peng Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tanuja Vaidya
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Urvi Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael Joseph Calderon
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ming-Wen Hu
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Joseph Weiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher S Fitting
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Imran A Bhutto
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Naveen Kumar Naik
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Chaitra Jaydev
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Gerard A Lutty
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James T Handa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Jiang Qian
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yuri Sergeev
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J Samuel Zigler
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Swaminathan Sethu
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Simon Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bengaluru, India
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Gorbatyuk OS, Pitale PM, Saltykova IV, Dorofeeva IB, Zhylkibayev AA, Athar M, Fuchs PA, Samuels BC, Gorbatyuk MS. A Novel Tree Shrew Model of Diabetic Retinopathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:799711. [PMID: 35046899 PMCID: PMC8762304 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.799711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Existing animal models with rod-dominant retinas have shown that hyperglycemia injures neurons, but it is not yet clearly understood how blue cone photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) deteriorate in patients because of compromised insulin tolerance. In contrast, northern tree shrews (Tupaia Belangeri), one of the closest living relatives of primates, have a cone-dominant retina with short wave sensitivity (SWS) and long wave sensitivity (LWS) cones. Therefore, we injected animals with a single streptozotocin dose (175 mg/kg i.p.) to investigate whether sustained hyperglycemia models the features of human diabetic retinopathy (DR). We used the photopic electroretinogram (ERG) to measure the amplitudes of A and B waves and the photopic negative responses (PhNR) to evaluate cone and RGC function. Retinal flat mounts were prepared for immunohistochemical analysis to count the numbers of neurons with antibodies against cone opsins and RGC specific BRN3a proteins. The levels of the proteins TRIB3, ISR-1, and p-AKT/p-mTOR were measured with western blot. The results demonstrated that tree shrews manifested sustained hyperglycemia leading to a slight but significant loss of SWS cones (12%) and RGCs (20%) 16 weeks after streptozotocin injection. The loss of BRN3a-positive RGCs was also reflected by a 30% decline in BRN3a protein expression. These were accompanied by reduced ERG amplitudes and PhNRs. Importantly, the diabetic retinas demonstrated increased expression of TRIB3 and level of p-AKT/p-mTOR axis but reduced level of IRS-1 protein. Therefore, a new non-primate model of DR with SWS cone and RGC dysfunction lays the foundation to better understand retinal pathophysiology at the molecular level and opens an avenue for improving the research on the treatment of human eye diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg S Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Priyamvada M Pitale
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Irina V Saltykova
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Iuliia B Dorofeeva
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Assylbek A Zhylkibayev
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Preston A Fuchs
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Brian C Samuels
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Marina S Gorbatyuk
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Li XJ, Li CY, Bai D, Leng Y. Insights into stem cell therapy for diabetic retinopathy: a bibliometric and visual analysis. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:172-178. [PMID: 32788473 PMCID: PMC7818871 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have been confirmed to be involved in the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we used Citespace software to visually analyze 552 articles exploring the stem cell-based treatment of diabetic retinopathy over the past 20 years, which were included in the Web of Science Core Collection. We found the following: (1) a co-citation analysis of the references cited by all 552 articles indicated 15 clusters. In cluster #0, representing the stem cell field, some highly cited landmark studies emerged between 2009–2013. For example, endothelial progenitor cells and diabetic retinopathy gradually received the full attention of scholars, in terms of their relationship and therapeutic prospects. Some researchers also verified the potential of adipose-derived stem cells to differentiate into stable retinal perivascular cells, using a variety of animal models of retinal vascular disease. All of these achievements provided references for the subsequent stem cell research. (2) An analysis of popular keywords among the 552 articles revealed that, during the past 20 years, a relative increase in basic research articles examining stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy was observed. The contents of these articles primarily involved the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, vascular regeneration, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response. (3) A burst analysis of keywords used in the 552 articles indicated that genetic and cytological research regarding the promotion of angiogenesis was an issue of concern from 2001 to 2012, including several studies addressing the expression of various growth factor genes; from 2014 to 2020, mouse models of diabetic retinopathy were recognized as mature animal models, and the most recent research has focused on macular degeneration, macular edema, neurodegeneration, and inflammatory changes in diabetic animal models. (4) Globally, the current authoritative studies have focused on basic research towards the stem cell treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Existing clinical studies are of low quality and have insufficient evidence levels, and their findings have not yet been widely accepted in clinical practice. Major challenges during stem cell transplantation remain, including stem cell heterogeneity, cell delivery, and the effective homing of stem cells to damaged tissue. However, clinical trials examining potential stem cell-based treatments of diabetic retinopathy, including the use of pluripotent stem cells, retinal pigment epithelial cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and endothelial progenitor cells, are currently ongoing, and high-quality clinical evidence is likely to appear in the future, to promote clinical transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chun-Yan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China
| | - Dan Bai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ying Leng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Sheu WHH, Lin KH, Wang JS, Lai DW, Lee WJ, Lin FY, Chen PH, Chen CH, Yeh HY, Wu SM, Shen CC, Lee MR, Liu SH, Sheu ML. Therapeutic Potential of Tpl2 (Tumor Progression Locus 2) Inhibition on Diabetic Vasculopathy Through the Blockage of the Inflammasome Complex. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:e46-e62. [PMID: 33176446 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetic retinopathy, one of retinal vasculopathy, is characterized by retinal inflammation, vascular leakage, blood-retinal barrier breakdown, and neovascularization. However, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to diabetic retinopathy progression remain unclear. Approach and Results: Tpl2 (tumor progression locus 2) is a protein kinase implicated in inflammation and pathological vascular angiogenesis. Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML) and inflammatory cytokines levels in human sera and in several diabetic murine models were detected by ELISA, whereas liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis was used for whole eye tissues. The CML and p-Tpl2 expressions on the human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells were determined by immunofluorescence. Intravitreal injection of pharmacological inhibitor or NA (neutralizing antibody) was used in a diabetic rat model. Retinal leukostasis, optical coherence tomography, and H&E staining were used to observe pathological features. Sera of diabetic retinopathy patients had significantly increased CML levels that positively correlated with diabetic retinopathy severity and foveal thickness. CML and p-Tpl2 expressions also significantly increased in the RPE of both T1DM and T2DM diabetes animal models. Mechanistic studies on RPE revealed that CML-induced Tpl2 activation and NADPH oxidase, and inflammasome complex activation were all effectively attenuated by Tpl2 inhibition. Tpl2 inhibition by NA also effectively reduced inflammatory/angiogenic factors, retinal leukostasis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and RPE secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The attenuated release of angiogenic factors led to inhibited vascular abnormalities in the diabetic animal model. CONCLUSIONS The inhibition of Tpl2 can block the inflammasome signaling pathway in RPE and has potential clinical and therapeutic implications in diabetes-associated retinal microvascular dysfunction.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Databases, Factual
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/enzymology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/enzymology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/prevention & control
- Female
- Humans
- Inflammasomes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Inflammasomes/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Middle Aged
- Pregnancy
- Prospective Studies
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Retinal Neovascularization/enzymology
- Retinal Neovascularization/etiology
- Retinal Neovascularization/pathology
- Retinal Neovascularization/prevention & control
- Retinal Pigment Epithelium/drug effects
- Retinal Pigment Epithelium/enzymology
- Retinal Pigment Epithelium/pathology
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Huey-Herng Sheu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (W.H.-H.S., J.-S.W.), Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (W.H.-H.S., J.-S.W., D.-W.L., S.-M.W., M.-L.S.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Hung Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology (K.-H.L.), Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Sing Wang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine (W.H.-H.S., J.-S.W.), Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (W.H.-H.S., J.-S.W., D.-W.L., S.-M.W., M.-L.S.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - De-Wei Lai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (W.H.-H.S., J.-S.W., D.-W.L., S.-M.W., M.-L.S.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jane Lee
- Department of Medical Research (W.-J.L., M.-L.S.), Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Yu Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chiayi Branch Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan (F.-Y.L.)
| | | | - Cheng-Hsu Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine (C.-H.C.), Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yu Yeh
- Department of Nutrition and Institute of Biomedical Nutrition, Hung-Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan (H.-Y.Y.)
| | - Sheng-Mao Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (W.H.-H.S., J.-S.W., D.-W.L., S.-M.W., M.-L.S.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chang Shen
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan (C.-C.S.)
| | - Maw-Rong Lee
- Department of Chemistry (M.-R.L.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei (S.-H.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan (S.-H.L.)
| | - Meei-Ling Sheu
- Department of Medical Research (W.-J.L., M.-L.S.), Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences (W.H.-H.S., J.-S.W., D.-W.L., S.-M.W., M.-L.S.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine (M.-L.S.), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Li JS, Wang T, Zuo JJ, Guo CN, Peng F, Zhao SZ, Li HH, Hou XQ, Lan Y, Wei YP, Zheng C, Mao GY. Association of n-6 PUFAs with the risk of diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients. Endocr Connect 2020; 9:1191-1201. [PMID: 33112826 PMCID: PMC7774753 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common microvascular complication of diabetes and leading cause of visual impairment in adults worldwide, is suggested to be linked to abnormal lipid metabolism. The present study aims to comprehensively investigate the relationship between n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and DR. This was a propensity score matching based case-control study, including 69 pairs of DR patients and type 2 diabetic patients without DR with mean age of 56.7 ± 9.2 years. Five n-6 PUFAs were determined by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS system. Principle component regression (PCR) and multiple conditional logistic regression models were used to investigate the association of DR risk with n-6 PUFAs depending on independent training and testing sets, respectively. According to locally weighted regression model, we observed obvious negative correlation between levels of five n-6 PUFAs (linoleic acid, γ-linolenic acid, eicosadienoic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid and arachidonicacid) and DR. Based on multiple PCR model, we also observed significant negative association between the five n-6 PUFAs and DR with adjusted OR (95% CI) as 0.62 (0.43,0.87). When being evaluated depending on the testing set, the association was still existed, and PCR model had excellent classification performance, in which area under the curve (AUC) was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.99). In addition, the model also had valid calibration with a non-significant Hosmer-Lemeshow Chi-square of 9.44 (P = 0.307) in the testing set. n-6 PUFAs were inversely associated with the presence of DR, and the principle component could be potential indicator in distinguishing DR from other T2D patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-shuang Li
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing-jing Zuo
- Center on Clinical Research, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cheng-nan Guo
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shu-zhen Zhao
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui-hui Li
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang-qing Hou
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Lan
- Center on Clinical Research, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pingxiang People’s Hospital of Southern Medical University, Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ya-ping Wei
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zheng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang-yun Mao
- Division of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical Unviersity, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Evidence-Based Medicine & Clinical Epidemiological Research, School of Public Health & Management, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Center on Clinical Research, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Correspondence should be addressed to G Mao:
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
PPARα Agonist Oral Therapy in Diabetic Retinopathy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100433. [PMID: 33086679 PMCID: PMC7589723 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an eye condition that develops after chronically poorly-managed diabetes, and is presently the main cause for blindness on a global scale. Current treatments for DR such as laser photocoagulation, topical injection of corticosteroids, intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents and vitreoretinal surgery are only applicable at the late stages of DR and there are possibilities of significant adverse effects. Moreover, the forms of treatment available for DR are highly invasive to the eyes. Safer and more effective pharmacological treatments are required for DR treatment, in particular at an early stage. In this review, we cover recently investigated promising oral pharmacotherapies, the methods of which are safer, easier to use, patient-friendly and pain-free, in clinical studies. We especially focus on peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor alpha (PPARα) agonists in which experimental evidence suggests PPARα activation may be closely related to the attenuation of vascular damages, including lipid-induced toxicity, inflammation, an excess of free radical generation, endothelial dysfunction and angiogenesis. Furthermore, oral administration of selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha modulator (SPPARMα) agonists may induce hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 expression, indirectly resulting in retinal protection in animal studies. Our review will enable more comprehensive approaches for understanding protective roles of PPARα for the prevention of DR development.
Collapse
|
59
|
Liu L, Xu H, Zhao H, Sui D. MicroRNA-135b-5p promotes endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis in diabetic retinopathy mice by inhibiting Von Hipp-el-Lindau and elevating hypoxia inducible factor α expression. J Drug Target 2020; 29:300-309. [PMID: 33032456 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1833017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was performed to investigate the effect of microRNA-135b-5p (miR-135b-5p) on endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis in diabetic retinopathy (DR) mice with the involvement of Von Hipp-el-Lindau protein (VHL) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 α (HIF1α). METHODS A DR mouse model was established. The loss- and gain-of-function approaches were conducted to figure out the roles of miR-135b-5p and VHL in vascular hyperplasia, inflammation and apoptosis in DR mice. Endothelial cells were extracted from DR mice and transfected with miR-135b-5p- and VHL-related oligonucleotides and plasmids to decode their functions in cell viability, migration, and tube formation in DR. miR-135b-5p, VHL and HIF-1α expression in mouse retinal tissues and endothelial cells were detected. The targeting connection between miR-135b-5p and VHL was tested. RESULTS Elevated miR-135b-5p and HIF-1α, as well as declined VHL existed in DR. Declined miR-135b-5p or overexpressed VHL impaired vascular hyperplasia, inflammation and apoptosis, and decreased HIF-1α expression in DR mice. Repressed miR-135b-5p or up-regulated VHL inhibited viability, migration and tube formation of endothelial cells in DR. miR-135b-5p targeted VHL. CONCLUSION MiR-135b-5p inhibits VHL and elevates HIF1α expression, thereby promoting endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis in DR mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Suvas P, Liu L, Rao P, Steinle JJ, Suvas S. Systemic alterations in leukocyte subsets and the protective role of NKT cells in the mouse model of diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2020; 200:108203. [PMID: 32890483 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of leukocytes in the pathophysiology of DR has mostly examined the role of monocytes and neutrophils with little emphasis on other immune cell types. In this study, we determined the systemic alterations in T cell subsets, myeloid cell types, NK cells, and NKT cells in the streptozotocin (STZ) mouse model of diabetic retinopathy (DR), and the role of NKT cells on retinal leukostasis and permeability changes. C57BL/6 J mice were made diabetic with 60 mg/kg dose of STZ given for 5-days. Flow cytometry assay measured the frequency of leukocyte subsets in the peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow of STZ- and vehicle-treated C57BL/6 J mice. Our results showed an increased proportion of memory CD8 T cells and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secreting CD8 T cells in the bone marrow of STZ-treated compared to control mice. Subsequently, increased production of inflammatory monocytes in the bone marrow and an enhanced frequency of CD11b + cells in the diabetic retina were seen in STZ-treated compared to control mice. The diabetic mice also exhibited a decrease in total NKT and CD4+NKT cells. A monoclonal antibody-based approach depleted NKT cells from STZ-treated mice, followed by measurements of retinal vascular permeability and leukostasis. The depletion of NKT cells in STZ-treated mice resulted in a significant increase in vascular permeability in the retinal tissue. Together, our results strongly imply the involvement of NKT cells in regulating the pathophysiology of the diabetic retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Suvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Pushpa Rao
- Department of Developmental Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jena J Steinle
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Susmit Suvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Schnichels S, Paquet-Durand F, Löscher M, Tsai T, Hurst J, Joachim SC, Klettner A. Retina in a dish: Cell cultures, retinal explants and animal models for common diseases of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 81:100880. [PMID: 32721458 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For many retinal diseases, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy (DR), the exact pathogenesis is still unclear. Moreover, the currently available therapeutic options are often unsatisfactory. Research designed to remedy this situation heavily relies on experimental animals. However, animal models often do not faithfully reproduce human disease and, currently, there is strong pressure from society to reduce animal research. Overall, this creates a need for improved disease models to understand pathologies and develop treatment options that, at the same time, require fewer or no experimental animals. Here, we review recent advances in the field of in vitro and ex vivo models for AMD, glaucoma, and DR. We highlight the difficulties associated with studies on complex diseases, in which both the initial trigger and the ensuing pathomechanisms are unclear, and then delineate which model systems are optimal for disease modelling. To this end, we present a variety of model systems, ranging from primary cell cultures, over organotypic cultures and whole eye cultures, to animal models. Specific advantages and disadvantages of such models are discussed, with a special focus on their relevance to putative in vivo disease mechanisms. In many cases, a replacement of in vivo research will mean that several different in vitro models are used in conjunction, for instance to analyze and validate causative molecular pathways. Finally, we argue that the analytical decomposition into appropriate cell and tissue model systems will allow making significant progress in our understanding of complex retinal diseases and may furthermore advance the treatment testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Schnichels
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - François Paquet-Durand
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marina Löscher
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Tsai
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - José Hurst
- University Eye Hospital, Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- Experimental Eye Research Institute, University Eye Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexa Klettner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Li Y, Alhendi AMN, Yeh MC, Elahy M, Santiago FS, Deshpande NP, Wu B, Chan E, Inam S, Prado-Lourenco L, Marchand J, Joyce RD, Wilkinson-White LE, Raftery MJ, Zhu M, Adamson SJ, Barnat F, Viaud-Quentric K, Sockler J, Mackay JP, Chang A, Mitchell P, Marcuccio SM, Khachigian LM. Thermostable small-molecule inhibitor of angiogenesis and vascular permeability that suppresses a pERK-FosB/ΔFosB-VCAM-1 axis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz7815. [PMID: 32923607 PMCID: PMC7450479 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz7815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vascular permeability and angiogenesis underpin neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. While anti-VEGF therapies are widely used clinically, many patients do not respond optimally, or at all, and small-molecule therapies are lacking. Here, we identified a dibenzoxazepinone BT2 that inhibits endothelial cell proliferation, migration, wound repair in vitro, network formation, and angiogenesis in mice bearing Matrigel plugs. BT2 interacts with MEK1 and inhibits ERK phosphorylation and the expression of FosB/ΔFosB, VCAM-1, and many genes involved in proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation. BT2 reduced retinal vascular leakage following rat choroidal laser trauma and rabbit intravitreal VEGF-A165 administration. BT2 suppressed retinal CD31, pERK, VCAM-1, and VEGF-A165 expression. BT2 reduced retinal leakage in rats at least as effectively as aflibercept, a first-line therapy for nAMD/DR. BT2 withstands boiling or autoclaving and several months' storage at 22°C. BT2 is a new small-molecule inhibitor of vascular permeability and angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences and UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ahmad M. N. Alhendi
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences and UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mei-Chun Yeh
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences and UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Mina Elahy
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences and UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Fernando S. Santiago
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences and UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Nandan P. Deshpande
- Systems Biology Initiative, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ben Wu
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences and UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Enoch Chan
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences and UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shafqat Inam
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences and UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Leonel Prado-Lourenco
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences and UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jessica Marchand
- Advanced Molecular Technologies Pty Ltd, Scoresby, VIC 3179, Australia
| | - Rohan D. Joyce
- Advanced Molecular Technologies Pty Ltd, Scoresby, VIC 3179, Australia
| | | | - Mark J. Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Meidong Zhu
- New South Wales Tissue Bank, New South Wales Organ and Tissue Donation Service, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- GreenLight Clinical Pty. Ltd., Woolloomooloo, NSW 2011, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Jim Sockler
- Statistical Operations and Programming, Datapharm Australia Pty. Ltd., Drummoyne, NSW 2047, Australia
| | - Joel P. Mackay
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew Chang
- Save Sight Institute, Discipline of Clinical Ophthalmology and Eye Health, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- GreenLight Clinical Pty. Ltd., Woolloomooloo, NSW 2011, Australia
- Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney NSW 2000 and University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sebastian M. Marcuccio
- Advanced Molecular Technologies Pty Ltd, Scoresby, VIC 3179, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Levon M. Khachigian
- Vascular Biology and Translational Research, School of Medical Sciences and UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
The retinal tyrosine kinome of diabetic Akimba mice highlights potential for specific Src family kinase inhibition in retinal vascular disease. Exp Eye Res 2020; 197:108108. [PMID: 32590005 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although anti-VEGF therapies have radically changed clinical practice, there is still an urgent demand for novel, integrative approaches for sight-threatening retinal vascular diseases. As we hypothesize that protein tyrosine kinases are key signaling mediators in retinal vascular disease, we performed a comprehensive activity-based tyrosine kinome profiling on retinal tissue of 12-week-old Akimba mice, a translational model displaying hallmarks of early and advanced diabetic retinopathy. Western blotting was used to confirm retinal tyrosine kinase activity in Akimba mice. HUVEC tube formation and murine organotypic choroidal sprouting assays were applied to compare tyrosine kinase inhibitors with different specificity profiles. HUVEC toxicity and proliferation were evaluated using the CellTox™ Green Cytotoxicity and PrestoBlue™ Assays. Our results indicate a shift of the Akimba retinal tyrosine kinome towards a hyperactive state. Functional network analysis of significantly hyperphosphorylated peptides and upstream kinase prediction revealed a central role for Src-FAK family kinases. Western blotting confirmed hyperactivity of this signaling node in the retina of Akimba mice. We demonstrated that not only Src but also FAK family kinase inhibitors with different selectivity profiles were able to suppress angiogenesis in vitro and ex vivo. In the latter model, the novel selective Src family kinase inhibitor eCF506 was able to achieve potent reduction of angiogenesis, comparable to the less specific inhibitor Dasatinib. None of the tested compounds demonstrated acute endothelial cell toxicity. Overall, the collected findings provide the first comprehensive overview of retinal tyrosine kinome changes in the Akimba model of diabetic retinopathy and for the first time highlight Src family kinase inhibition using highly specific inhibitors as an attractive therapeutic intervention for retinal vascular pathology.
Collapse
|
64
|
Yao HY, Tseng KW, Nguyen HT, Kuo CT, Wang HC. Hyperspectral Ophthalmoscope Images for the Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy Stage. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061613. [PMID: 32466524 PMCID: PMC7356238 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A methodology that applies hyperspectral imaging (HSI) on ophthalmoscope images to identify diabetic retinopathy (DR) stage is demonstrated. First, an algorithm for HSI image analysis is applied to the average reflectance spectra of simulated arteries and veins in ophthalmoscope images. Second, the average simulated spectra are categorized by using a principal component analysis (PCA) score plot. Third, Beer-Lambert law is applied to calculate vessel oxygen saturation in the ophthalmoscope images, and oxygenation maps are obtained. The average reflectance spectra and PCA results indicate that average reflectance changes with the deterioration of DR. The G-channel gradually decreases because of vascular disease, whereas the R-channel gradually increases with oxygen saturation in the vessels. As DR deteriorates, the oxygen utilization of retinal tissues gradually decreases, and thus oxygen saturation in the veins gradually increases. The sensitivity of diagnosis is based on the severity of retinopathy due to diabetes. Normal, background DR (BDR), pre-proliferative DR (PPDR), and proliferative DR (PDR) are arranged in order of 90.00%, 81.13%, 87.75%, and 93.75%, respectively; the accuracy is 90%, 86%, 86%, 90%, respectively. The F1-scores are 90% (Normal), 83.49% (BDR), 86.86% (PPDR), and 91.83% (PDR), and the accuracy rates are 95%, 91.5%, 93.5%, and 96%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Armed Forced General Hospital, Kaohsiung City 80284, Taiwan;
| | - Kuang-Wen Tseng
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, 46, Sec. 3, Zhongzheng Rd., Sanzhi Dist., New Taipei 25245, Taiwan;
| | - Hong-Thai Nguyen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chia Yi 62102, Taiwan;
| | - Chie-Tong Kuo
- Department of Optometry and Innovation Incubation Center, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiang-Chen Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chia Yi 62102, Taiwan;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Zapadka TE, Lindstrom SI, Taylor BE, Lee CA, Tang J, Taylor ZRR, Howell SJ, Taylor PR. RORγt Inhibitor-SR1001 Halts Retinal Inflammation, Capillary Degeneration, and the Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3547. [PMID: 32429598 PMCID: PMC7279039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a diabetes-mediated retinal microvascular disease that is the leading cause of blindness in the working-age population worldwide. Interleukin (IL)-17A is an inflammatory cytokine that has been previously shown to play a pivotal role in the promotion and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gammaT (RORγt) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that mediates IL-17A production. However, the role of RORγt in diabetes-mediated retinal inflammation and capillary degeneration, as well as its potential therapeutic attributes for diabetic retinopathy has not yet been determined. In the current study, we examined retinal inflammation and vascular pathology in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. We found RORγt expressing cells in the retinal vasculature of diabetic mice. Further, diabetes-mediated retinal inflammation, oxidative stress, and retinal endothelial cell death were all significantly lower in RORγt-/- mice. Finally, when a RORγt small molecule inhibitor (SR1001) was subcutaneously injected into diabetic mice, retinal inflammation and capillary degeneration were ameliorated. These findings establish a pathologic role for RORγt in the onset of diabetic retinopathy and identify a potentially novel therapeutic for this blinding disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Capillaries/drug effects
- Capillaries/pathology
- Cell Death/genetics
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetic Retinopathy/chemically induced
- Diabetic Retinopathy/drug therapy
- Diabetic Retinopathy/metabolism
- Drug Inverse Agonism
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Hyperglycemia/blood
- Hyperglycemia/genetics
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/genetics
- Retinal Vessels/drug effects
- Retinal Vessels/metabolism
- Retinal Vessels/pathology
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Sulfonamides/therapeutic use
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Thiazoles/therapeutic use
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. Zapadka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (T.E.Z.); (S.I.L.); (B.E.T.); (C.A.L.); (J.T.); (Z.R.R.T.); (S.J.H.)
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sarah I. Lindstrom
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (T.E.Z.); (S.I.L.); (B.E.T.); (C.A.L.); (J.T.); (Z.R.R.T.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Brooklyn E. Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (T.E.Z.); (S.I.L.); (B.E.T.); (C.A.L.); (J.T.); (Z.R.R.T.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Chieh A. Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (T.E.Z.); (S.I.L.); (B.E.T.); (C.A.L.); (J.T.); (Z.R.R.T.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (T.E.Z.); (S.I.L.); (B.E.T.); (C.A.L.); (J.T.); (Z.R.R.T.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Zakary R. R. Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (T.E.Z.); (S.I.L.); (B.E.T.); (C.A.L.); (J.T.); (Z.R.R.T.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Scott J. Howell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (T.E.Z.); (S.I.L.); (B.E.T.); (C.A.L.); (J.T.); (Z.R.R.T.); (S.J.H.)
| | - Patricia R. Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (T.E.Z.); (S.I.L.); (B.E.T.); (C.A.L.); (J.T.); (Z.R.R.T.); (S.J.H.)
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Steinle JJ. Review: Role of cAMP signaling in diabetic retinopathy. Mol Vis 2020; 26:355-358. [PMID: 32476815 PMCID: PMC7245604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, diabetic retinopathy remains the leading cause of blindness in working age adults. Treatments for early phases for the disease remain elusive. One pathway that appears to regulate neuronal, vascular, and inflammatory components of diabetic retinopathy is the cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) pathway. In this review, we discuss the current literature on cAMP actions on the retina, with a focus on neurovascular changes commonly associated with preproliferative diabetic retinopathy models.
Collapse
|
67
|
Wiggenhauser LM, Qi H, Stoll SJ, Metzger L, Bennewitz K, Poschet G, Krenning G, Hillebrands JL, Hammes HP, Kroll J. Activation of Retinal Angiogenesis in Hyperglycemic pdx1 -/- Zebrafish Mutants. Diabetes 2020; 69:1020-1031. [PMID: 32139597 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Progression from the initial vascular response upon hyperglycemia to a proliferative stage with neovacularizations is the hallmark of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Here, we report on the novel diabetic pdx1 -/- zebrafish mutant as a model for diabetic retinopathy that lacks the transcription factor pdx1 through CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene knockout leading to disturbed pancreatic development and hyperglycemia. Larval pdx1 -/- mutants prominently show vasodilation of blood vessels through increased vascular thickness in the hyaloid network as direct developmental precursor of the adult retinal vasculature in zebrafish. In adult pdx1 -/- mutants, impaired glucose homeostasis induces increased hyperbranching and hypersprouting with new vessel formation in the retina and aggravation of the vascular alterations from the larval to the adult stage. Both vascular aspects respond to antiangiogenic and antihyperglycemic pharmacological interventions in the larval stage and are accompanied by alterations in the nitric oxide metabolism. Thus, the pdx1 -/- mutant represents a novel model to study mechanisms of hyperglycemia-induced retinopathy wherein extensive proangiogenic alterations in blood vessel morphology and metabolic alterations underlie the vascular phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M Wiggenhauser
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Haozhe Qi
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sandra J Stoll
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lena Metzger
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Bennewitz
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Metabolomics Core Technology Platform, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guido Krenning
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Pathology Section, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans-Peter Hammes
- Fifth Medical Department and European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jens Kroll
- Department of Vascular Biology and Tumor Angiogenesis, European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Patel DD, Lipinski DM. Validating a low-cost laser speckle contrast imaging system as a quantitative tool for assessing retinal vascular function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7177. [PMID: 32346043 PMCID: PMC7188677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to monitor progression of retinal vascular diseases like diabetic retinopathy in small animal models is often complicated by their failure to develop the end-stage complications which characterize the human phenotypes in disease. Interestingly, as micro-vascular dysfunction typically precedes the onset of retinal vascular and even some neurodegenerative diseases, the ability to visualize and quantify hemodynamic changes (e.g. decreased flow or occlusion) in retinal vessels may serve as a useful diagnostic indicator of disease progression and as a therapeutic outcome measure in response to treatment. Nevertheless, the ability to precisely and accurately quantify retinal hemodynamics remains an unmet challenge in ophthalmic research. Herein we demonstrate the ability to modify a commercial fundus camera into a low-cost laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) system for contrast-free and non-invasive quantification of relative changes to retinal hemodynamics over a wide field-of-view in a rodent model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dwani D Patel
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Daniel M Lipinski
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Ali Z, Zang J, Lagali N, Schmitner N, Salvenmoser W, Mukwaya A, Neuhauss SCF, Jensen LD, Kimmel RA. Photoreceptor Degeneration Accompanies Vascular Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:43. [PMID: 32106290 PMCID: PMC7329949 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.2.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision impairment and blindness worldwide in the working-age population, and the incidence is rising. Until now it has been difficult to define initiating events and disease progression at the molecular level, as available diabetic rodent models do not present the full spectrum of neural and vascular pathologies. Zebrafish harboring a homozygous mutation in the pancreatic transcription factor pdx1 were previously shown to display a diabetic phenotype from larval stages through adulthood. In this study, pdx1 mutants were examined for retinal vascular and neuronal pathology to demonstrate suitability of these fish for modeling DR. Methods Vessel morphology was examined in pdx1 mutant and control fish expressing the fli1a:EGFP transgene. We further characterized vascular and retinal phenotypes in mutants and controls using immunohistochemistry, histology, and electron microscopy. Retinal function was assessed using electroretinography. Results Pdx1 mutants exhibit clear vascular phenotypes at 2 months of age, and disease progression, including arterial vasculopenia, capillary tortuosity, and hypersprouting, could be detected at stages extending over more than 1 year. Neural-retinal pathologies are consistent with photoreceptor dysfunction and loss, but do not progress to blindness. Conclusions This study highlights pdx1 mutant zebrafish as a valuable complement to rodent and other mammalian models of DR, in particular for research into the mechanistic interplay of diabetes with vascular and neuroretinal disease. They are furthermore suited for molecular studies to identify new targets for treatment of early as well as late DR.
Collapse
|
70
|
Liu Y, Yang Z, Lai P, Huang Z, Sun X, Zhou T, He C, Liu X. Bcl-6-directed follicular helper T cells promote vascular inflammatory injury in diabetic retinopathy. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:4250-4264. [PMID: 32226551 PMCID: PMC7086358 DOI: 10.7150/thno.43731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a vision-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by chronic retinal microvascular inflammation. The involvement of CD4+ T cells in retinal vascular inflammation has been considered, but the specific subset and mechanism of T cell-mediated response during the process remains unclear. Here, we aim to investigate the potential role of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, a newly identified subset of CD4+ T cells in retinal vascular inflammation in DR. Methods: Patients with DR were enrolled and the PD-1+CXCR5+CD4+ Tfh cells were detected in the peripheral blood by flow cytometry. The streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DR model and oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model were established, and 79-6, an inhibitor of Bcl-6, was injected intraperitoneally to suppress Tfh cells. The Tfh cells-related genes were investigated in the spleen, lymph nodes, and retina of mice by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and qPCR. Results: The Tfh cells expanded in the circulation of patients with DR and also increased in circulation, lymph nodes and retinal tissues from the STZ-induced DR mice and OIR mice. Notably, inhibition of Bcl-6, a critical transcription factor for Tfh cells development, prevented upregulation of Tfh cells and its typical IL-21 cytokine, and ameliorated vascular leakage in DR mice or retinal angiogenesis in OIR mice, indicating that Bcl-6-directed Tfh cells could promote vascular inflammation and angiogenesis. Conclusions: Our results suggested that excessive Bcl-6-directed Tfh cells represent an unrecognized feature of DR and be responsible for the retinal vascular inflammation and angiogenesis, providing opportunities for new therapeutic approaches to DR.
Collapse
|
71
|
Preguiça I, Alves A, Nunes S, Gomes P, Fernandes R, Viana SD, Reis F. Diet-Induced Rodent Models of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, Retinopathy and Nephropathy. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010250. [PMID: 31963709 PMCID: PMC7019796 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy dietary habits are major modifiable risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disease with increasing prevalence and serious consequences. Microvascular complications of diabetes, namely diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), retinopathy (DR), and nephropathy (DN), are associated with high morbidity rates and a heavy social and economic burden. Currently, available therapeutic options to counter the evolution of diabetic microvascular complications are clearly insufficient, which strongly recommends further research. Animal models are essential tools to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying disease progression, to unravel new therapeutic targets, as well as to evaluate the efficacy of new drugs and/or novel therapeutic approaches. However, choosing the best animal model is challenging due to the large number of factors that need to be considered. This is particularly relevant for models induced by dietary modifications, which vary markedly in terms of macronutrient composition. In this article, we revisit the rodent models of diet-induced DPN, DR, and DN, critically comparing the main features of these microvascular complications in humans and the criteria for their diagnosis with the parameters that have been used in preclinical research using rodent models, considering the possible need for factors which can accelerate or aggravate these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Preguiça
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.P.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (P.G.); (R.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - André Alves
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.P.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (P.G.); (R.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara Nunes
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.P.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (P.G.); (R.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Gomes
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.P.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (P.G.); (R.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.P.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (P.G.); (R.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia D. Viana
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.P.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (P.G.); (R.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, & Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (I.P.); (A.A.); (S.N.); (P.G.); (R.F.); (S.D.V.)
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-239-480-053
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Porcine models for studying complications and organ crosstalk in diabetes mellitus. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 380:341-378. [PMID: 31932949 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of diabetes mellitus and obesity is rapidly increasing not only in adults but also in children and adolescents. Diabetes is associated with macrovascular complications increasing the risk for cardiovascular disease and stroke, as well as microvascular complications leading to diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy. Animal models are essential for studying disease mechanisms and for developing and testing diagnostic procedures and therapeutic strategies. Rodent models are most widely used but have limitations in translational research. Porcine models have the potential to bridge the gap between basic studies and clinical trials in human patients. This article provides an overview of concepts for the development of porcine models for diabetes and obesity research, with a focus on genetically engineered models. Diabetes-associated ocular, cardiovascular and renal alterations observed in diabetic pig models are summarized and their similarities with complications in diabetic patients are discussed. Systematic multi-organ biobanking of porcine models of diabetes and obesity and molecular profiling of representative tissue samples on different levels, e.g., on the transcriptome, proteome, or metabolome level, is proposed as a strategy for discovering tissue-specific pathomechanisms and their molecular key drivers using systems biology tools. This is exemplified by a recent study providing multi-omics insights into functional changes of the liver in a transgenic pig model for insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus. Collectively, these approaches will provide a better understanding of organ crosstalk in diabetes mellitus and eventually reveal new molecular targets for the prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications.
Collapse
|
73
|
Fu Y, Wang Y, Gao X, Li H, Yuan Y. Dynamic Expression of HDAC3 in db/db Mouse RGCs and Its Relationship with Apoptosis and Autophagy. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:6086780. [PMID: 32190700 PMCID: PMC7071812 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6086780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus. DR is considered as a neurovascular disease. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss plays an important role in the vision function disorder of diabetic patients. Histone deacetylase3 (HDAC3) is closely related to injury repair and nerve regeneration. The correlation between HDAC3 and retinal ganglion cells in diabetic retinopathy is still unclear yet. METHODS To investigate the chronological sequence of the abnormalities of retinal ganglion cells in diabetic retinopathy, we choose 15 male db/db mice (aged 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 16 weeks, 18 weeks, and 25 weeks; each group had 3 mice) as diabetic groups and 3 male db/m mice (aged 8 weeks) as the control group. In this study, we examined the morphological and immunohistochemical changes of HDAC3, Caspase3, and LC3B in a sequential manner by characterizing the process of retinal ganglion cell variation. RESULTS Blood glucose levels and body weights of db/db mice were significantly higher than that of the control group, P < 0.01. Compared with the control group, the number of retinal ganglion cells decreased with the duration of disease increasing. HDAC3 expression gradually increased in RGCs of db/db mice. Caspase3 expression gradually accelerated in RGCs of db/db mice. LC3B expression dynamically changed in RGCs of db/db mice. HDAC3 was positively correlated with Caspase3 expression (r = 0.7424), P < 0.01. Compared with the control group, the number of retinal ganglion cells decreased with the duration of disease increasing. HDAC3 expression gradually increased in RGCs of db/db mice. Caspase3 expression gradually accelerated in RGCs of db/db mice. LC3B expression dynamically changed in RGCs of db/db mice. HDAC3 was positively correlated with Caspase3 expression (r = 0.7424), P < 0.01. Compared with the control group, the number of retinal ganglion cells decreased with the duration of disease increasing. HDAC3 expression gradually increased in RGCs of db/db mice. Caspase3 expression gradually accelerated in RGCs of db/db mice. LC3B expression dynamically changed in RGCs of db/db mice. HDAC3 was positively correlated with Caspase3 expression (Discussion. We clarified the dynamic expression changes of HDAC3, Caspase3, and LC3B in retinal ganglion cells of db/db mice. Our results suggest the HDAC3 expression has a positive correlation with apoptosis and autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xinyuan Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Huiyao Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Dos Santos LRB, Fleming I. Role of cytochrome P450-derived, polyunsaturated fatty acid mediators in diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 148:106407. [PMID: 31899373 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, cases of metabolic syndrome and type II diabetes have increased exponentially. Exercise and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched diets are usually prescribed but no therapy is effectively able to restore the impaired glucose metabolism, hypertension, and atherogenic dyslipidemia encountered by diabetic patients. PUFAs are metabolized by different enzymes into bioactive metabolites with anti- or pro-inflammatory activity. One important class of PUFA metabolizing enzymes are the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes that can generate a series of bioactive products, many of which have been attributed protective/anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects in animal models. PUFA epoxides are, however, further metabolized by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to fatty acid diols. The biological actions of the latter are less well understood but while low concentrations may be biologically important, higher concentrations of diols derived from linoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid have been linked with inflammation. One potential application for sEH inhibitors is in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy where sEH expression and activity is elevated as are levels of a diol of docosahexaenoic acid that can induce the destabilization of the retina vasculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laila R B Dos Santos
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Rhein-Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Rhein-Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Liu J, Bhuvanagiri S, Qu X. The protective effects of lycopus lucidus turcz in diabetic retinopathy and its possible mechanisms. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:2900-2908. [PMID: 31307239 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1640230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Lycopus lucidus Turcz (LT) on diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its underlying mechanisms. SD rats and human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRECs) were applied for establishment DR model. HE and TUNEL staining were used to evaluate the pathological changes and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells. Additionally, retinal vessels were detected by immunofluorescence staining with CD31 and VEGF. The function of BRB was observed using Evans blue. Moreover, the oxidative stress, inflammation and angiogenesis associated factors were measured respectively. The expression of p38-MAPK/NF-κB signalling proteins were detected by Western blot. The results demonstrated that pathological changes and retinal optic disc cells apoptosis in retinas of diabetic rats, both of which were reduced in the LT-treated group. And LT treatment attenuated the levels of oxidative stress, inflammation and angiogenesis factors. Importantly, the expression levels of p-p38, p-ERK, p-JNK and NF-κB were decreased. After treatment with TNF-α combined with LT, the levels of inflammatory factors were decreased but higher than the negative control. Taken together, the results suggested that LT treatment is of therapeutic benefit by ameliorating oxidative stress, inflammation and angiogenesis of DR via p38-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlu Liu
- a Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| | - Sai Bhuvanagiri
- b Queens Hospital Center, Mt. Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine , Jamaica , NY , USA
| | - Xiaohan Qu
- c Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , China
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Roddy GW, Rosa RH, Viker KB, Holman BH, Hann CR, Krishnan A, Gores GJ, Bakri SJ, Fautsch MP. Diet Mimicking "Fast Food" Causes Structural Changes to the Retina Relevant to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Curr Eye Res 2019; 45:726-732. [PMID: 31735070 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1694156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is a disorder characterized by a constellation of findings including truncal obesity, elevated blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, and high blood glucose. Recent evidence suggests that metabolic syndrome may be associated with increased risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other eye diseases. Recently, C57BL/6J wild-type mice fed with a "fast food" diet consisting of high fat, cholesterol, and fructose-supplemented water showed unique systemic pathology consistent with metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Additionally, these mice showed higher levels of fibrosis, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction compared to mice fed with only a high-fat diet alone. Since similar pathways are activated in AMD, we sought to determine whether mice fed a "fast food" diet exhibited retinal changes.Methods: 3-month-old wild-type mice were randomized to a standard chow (n = 11) or a "fast food" (n = 18) diet and fed for 9 months. At 1 year of age, tissues were collected and retinas were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. Quantitative measures of Bruch's membrane thickness and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell counts were performed.Results: "Fast food" fed mice showed ocular pathology relevant to various stages of AMD including basal laminar deposits, focal thickening of Bruch's membrane, and a significant loss of RPE cells.Discussion/conclusion: A wild-type mouse model of metabolic syndrome fed a "fast food" diet developed changes to the retina similar to some of the pathologic features seen in AMD. Further investigations into this and similar animal models as well as further epidemiological studies are needed to more clearly define the association between metabolic syndrome and AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gavin W Roddy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert H Rosa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor Scott & White Eye Institute, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Kimberly B Viker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Bradley H Holman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cheryl R Hann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anuradha Krishnan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sophie J Bakri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Ghaseminejad F, Kaplan L, Pfaller AM, Hauck SM, Grosche A. The role of Müller cell glucocorticoid signaling in diabetic retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 258:221-230. [PMID: 31734719 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a sight-threatening complication associated with the highly prevalent diabetes disorder. Both the microvascular damage and neurodegeneration detected in the retina caused by chronic hyperglycemia have brought special attention to Müller cells, the major macroglia of the retina that are responsible for retinal homeostasis. Given the role of glucocorticoid signaling in anti-inflammatory responses and the almost exclusive expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in retinal Müller cells, administration of corticosteroid agonists as a potential treatment option has been widely studied. Although these approaches have been moderately efficacious in treating or de-escalating DR pathomechanisms, there are various side effects and gaps of knowledge with regard to introducing exogenous glucocorticoids to the diseased retina. In this paper, we provide a review of the literature concerning the available evidence for the role of Müller cell glucocorticoid signaling in DR and we discuss previously investigated approaches in modulating this system as possible treatment options. Furthermore, we propose a novel alternative to the available choices of treatment by using gene therapy as a tool to regulate the expression of GR in retinal Müller cells. Upregulating GR expression allows for induced glucocorticoid signaling with more enduring effects compared to injection of agonists. Hence, repetitive injections would no longer be required. Lastly, side effects of glucocorticoid therapy such as glucocorticoid resistance of GR following chronic exposure to excess ligands or agonists can be avoided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ghaseminejad
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lew Kaplan
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Anna M Pfaller
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Heidemannstr. 1, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antje Grosche
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Großhaderner Str. 9, Martinsried, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Sodhi A, Ma T, Menon D, Deshpande M, Jee K, Dinabandhu A, Vancel J, Lu D, Montaner S. Angiopoietin-like 4 binds neuropilins and cooperates with VEGF to induce diabetic macular edema. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4593-4608. [PMID: 31545295 PMCID: PMC6819094 DOI: 10.1172/jci120879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of patients with diabetic macular edema (DME), the most common cause of vision loss in working-age Americans, do not respond adequately to current therapies targeting VEGFA. Here, we show that expression of angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), a HIF-1-regulated gene product, is increased in the eyes of diabetic mice and patients with DME. We observed that ANGPTL4 and VEGF act synergistically to destabilize the retinal vascular barrier. Interestingly, while ANGPTL4 modestly enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2, promotion of vascular permeability by ANGPTL4 was independent of this receptor. Instead, we found that ANGPTL4 binds directly to neuropilin 1 (NRP1) and NRP2 on endothelial cells (ECs), leading to rapid activation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and breakdown of EC-EC junctions. Treatment with a soluble fragment of NRP1 (sNRP1) prevented ANGPTL4 from binding to NRP1 and blocked ANGPTL4-induced activation of RhoA as well as EC permeability in vitro and retinal vascular leakage in diabetic animals in vivo. In addition, sNRP1 reduced the stimulation of EC permeability by aqueous fluid from patients with DME. Collectively, these data identify the ANGPTL4/NRP/RhoA pathway as a therapeutic target for the treatment of DME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akrit Sodhi
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, and
| | - Deepak Menon
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, and
| | - Monika Deshpande
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen Jee
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Jordan Vancel
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daoyuan Lu
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, and
| | - Silvia Montaner
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, and,Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Effects of intravitreal injection of human CD34 + bone marrow stem cells in a murine model of diabetic retinopathy. Exp Eye Res 2019; 190:107865. [PMID: 31682846 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Human CD34 + stem cells are mobilized from bone marrow to sites of tissue ischemia and play an important role in tissue revascularization. This study used a murine model to test the hypothesis that intravitreal injection of human CD34 + stem cells harvested from bone marrow (BMSCs) can have protective effects in eyes with diabetic retinopathy. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice (C57BL/6J) were used as a model for diabetic retinopathy. Subcutaneous implantation of Alzet pump, loaded with Tacrolimus and Rapamycin, 5 days prior to intravitreal injection provided continuous systemic immunosuppression for the study duration to avoid rejection of human cells. Human CD34 + BMSCs were harvested from the mononuclear cell fraction of bone marrow from a healthy donor using magnetic beads. The CD34 + cells were labeled with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) using a lentiviral vector. The right eye of each mouse received an intravitreal injection of 50,000 EGFP-labeled CD34 + BMSCs or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Simultaneous multimodal in vivo retinal imaging system consisting of fluorescent scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (enabling fluorescein angiography), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography was used to confirm the development of diabetic retinopathy and study the in vivo migration of the EGFP-labeled CD34 + BMSCs in the vitreous and retina following intravitreal injection. After imaging, the mice were euthanized, and the eyes were removed for immunohistochemistry. In addition, microarray analysis of the retina and retinal flat mount analysis of retinal vasculature were performed. The development of retinal microvascular changes consistent with diabetic retinopathy was visualized using fluorescein angiography and OCT angiography between 5 and 6 months after induction of diabetes in all diabetic mice. These retinal microvascular changes include areas of capillary nonperfusion and late leakage of fluorescein dye. Multimodal in vivo imaging and immunohistochemistry identified EGFP-labeled cells in the superficial retina and along retinal vasculature at 1 and 4 weeks following intravitreal cell injection. Microarray analysis showed changes in expression of 162 murine retinal genes following intravitreal CD34 + BMSC injection when compared to PBS-injected control. The major molecular pathways affected by intravitreal CD34 + BMSC injection in the murine retina included pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy including Toll-like receptor, MAP kinase, oxidative stress, cellular development, assembly and organization pathways. At 4 weeks following intravitreal injection, retinal flat mount analysis showed preservation of the retinal vasculature in eyes injected with CD34 + BMSCs when compared to PBS-injected control. The study findings support the hypothesis that intravitreal injection of human CD34 + BMSCs results in retinal homing and integration of these human cells with preservation of the retinal vasculature in murine eyes with diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
|
80
|
Allingham MJ, Mettu PS, Cousins SW. Aldosterone as a mediator of severity in retinal vascular disease: Evidence and potential mechanisms. Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107788. [PMID: 31479654 PMCID: PMC6802292 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO) are the two most common retinal vascular diseases and are major causes of vision loss and blindness worldwide. Recent and ongoing development of medical therapies including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and corticosteroid drugs for treatment of these diseases have greatly improved the care of afflicted patients. However, severe manifestations of retinal vascular disease result in persistent macular edema, progressive retinal ischemia and incomplete visual recovery. Additionally, choroidal vascular diseases including neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD) and central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) cause vision loss for which current treatments are incompletely effective in some cases and highly burdensome in others. In recent years, aldosterone has gained attention as a contributor to the various deleterious effects of retinal and choroidal vascular diseases via a variety of mechanisms in several retinal cell types. The following is a review of the role of aldosterone in retinal and choroidal vascular diseases as well as our current understanding of the mechanisms by which aldosterone mediates these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Allingham
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Priyatham S Mettu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Scott W Cousins
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Blaslov K, Kruljac I, Mirošević G, Gaćina P, Kolonić SO, Vrkljan M. The prognostic value of red blood cell characteristics on diabetic retinopathy development and progression in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2019; 71:475-481. [PMID: 30103306 DOI: 10.3233/ch-180422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDAlthough it is considered that the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is primarily due to chronic hyperglycemia resulting in vascular changes and retinal ischemia, the red blood cells (RBCs) disorders might also represent an important pathophysiological risk factor.OBJECTIVETo evaluate whether the RBC properties contribute to DR development and progression in T2DM.METHODSThis prospective observational study comprised 247 persons with T2DM free of DR or with non proliferative DR without any signs of anaemia. The patients were reacessed after 60-months.RESULTSThe mean age of our study population was 56 years, 54.9% males with diabetes duration of 11,18±1,28 years. During the follow up, 16 (5.84%) participants developed non proliferative DR and 9 (3.64%) progressed to PDR while the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and red cell distribution width (RDW) MCV rose. Both MCV and RDW correlated positively with HbA1c (r = 0,468, p = 0.003 and r = 0.521, p < 0.001), while Cox regression analysis revealed that besides age, diabetes duration, HbA1c, hypertension and dyslipidemia presence, MCV and RDW are also associated with the risk of DR development and progression (HR 1.057 and 1.237, p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSWe clearly demonstrated that RBC's characteristics might represent a risk factor for DR development and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Blaslov
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases "Mladen Sekso", University Hospital Centre "Sestre Milosrdnice", Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Kruljac
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases "Mladen Sekso", University Hospital Centre "Sestre Milosrdnice", Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gorana Mirošević
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases "Mladen Sekso", University Hospital Centre "Sestre Milosrdnice", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petar Gaćina
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Centre "Sestre Milosrdnice", Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slobodanka Ostojić Kolonić
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Merkur, Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Milan Vrkljan
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases "Mladen Sekso", University Hospital Centre "Sestre Milosrdnice", Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Lindstrom SI, Sigurdardottir S, Zapadka TE, Tang J, Liu H, Taylor BE, Smith DG, Lee CA, DeAngelis J, Kern TS, Taylor PR. Diabetes induces IL-17A-Act1-FADD-dependent retinal endothelial cell death and capillary degeneration. J Diabetes Complications 2019; 33:668-674. [PMID: 31239234 PMCID: PMC6690768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes leads to progressive complications such as diabetic retinopathy, which is the leading cause of blindness within the working-age population worldwide. Interleukin (IL)-17A is a cytokine that promotes and progresses diabetes. The objective of this study was to determine the role of IL-17A in retinal capillary degeneration, and to identify the mechanism that induces retinal endothelial cell death. These are clinically meaningful abnormalities that characterize early-stage non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Retinal capillary degeneration was examined in vivo using the streptozotocin (STZ) diabetes murine model. Diabetic-hyperglycemia was sustained for an 8-month period in wild type (C57BL/6) and IL-17A-/- mice to elucidate the role of IL-17A in retinal capillary degeneration. Further, ex vivo studies were performed in retinal endothelial cells to identify the IL-17A-dependent mechanism that induces cell death. RESULTS It was determined that diabetes-induced retinal capillary degeneration was significantly lower in IL-17A-/- mice. Further, retinal endothelial cell death occurred through an IL-17A/IL-17R ➔ Act1/FADD signaling cascade, which caused caspase-mediated apoptosis. CONCLUSION These are the first findings that establish a pathologic role for IL-17A in retinal capillary degeneration. Further, a novel IL-17A-dependent apoptotic mechanism was discovered, which identifies potential therapeutic targets for the early onset of diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah I Lindstrom
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Sigrun Sigurdardottir
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Thomas E Zapadka
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Brooklyn E Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Dawn G Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Chieh A Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - John DeAngelis
- James E. Van Zandt VA Medical Center, Altoona, PA, United States of America
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Patricia R Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America; Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Sergeys J, Etienne I, Van Hove I, Lefevere E, Stalmans I, Feyen JHM, Moons L, Van Bergen T. Longitudinal In Vivo Characterization of the Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mouse Model: Focus on Early Inner Retinal Responses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:807-822. [PMID: 30811545 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The goal of this study was to perform an extensive temporal characterization of the early pathologic processes in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic retinopathy (DR) mouse model, beyond the vascular phenotype, and to investigate the potential of clinically relevant compounds in attenuating these processes. Methods Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity (CS) were studied in the mouse STZ model until 24 weeks postdiabetes onset. ERG, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), leukostasis, and immunohistochemistry were applied to investigate neurodegeneration, inflammation, and gliosis during early-, mid- and late-phase diabetes. Aflibercept or triamcinolone acetonide (TAAC) was administered to investigate their efficacy on the aforementioned processes. Results Visual acuity and CS loss started at 4 and 18 weeks postdiabetes onset, respectively, and progressively declined over time. ERG amplitudes were diminished and OP latencies increased after 6 weeks, whereas SD-OCT revealed retinal thinning from 4 weeks postdiabetes. Immunohistochemical analyses linked these findings to retinal ganglion and cholinergic amacrine cell loss at 4 and 8 weeks postdiabetes onset, respectively, which was further decreased after aflibercept administration. The number of adherent leukocytes was augmented after 2 weeks, whereas increased micro- and macroglia reactivity was present from 4 weeks postdiabetes. Aflibercept or TAAC showed improved efficacy on inflammation and gliosis. Conclusions STZ-induced diabetic mice developed early pathologic DR hallmarks, from which inflammation seemed the initial trigger, leading to further development of functional and morphologic retinal changes. These findings indicate that the mouse STZ model is suitable to study novel integrative non-vascular therapies to treat early DR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jurgen Sergeys
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Inge Van Hove
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Oxurion NV, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evy Lefevere
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Stalmans
- Laboratory of Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Neurosciences, O&N II, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Lieve Moons
- Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration Research Group, Department of Biology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Fleming I. New Lipid Mediators in Retinal Angiogenesis and Retinopathy. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:739. [PMID: 31333461 PMCID: PMC6624440 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal diseases associated with vascular destabilization and the inappropriate proliferation of retinal endothelial cells have major consequences on the retinal vascular network. In extreme cases, the development of hypoxia, the upregulation of growth factors, and the hyper-proliferation of unstable capillaries can result in bleeding and vision loss. While anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy and laser retinal photocoagulation can be used to treat the symptoms of late stage disease, there is currently no treatment available that can prevent disease progression. Cytochrome P450 enzymes metabolize endogenous substrates (polyunsaturated fatty acids) to bioactive fatty acid epoxides that demonstrate biological activity with generally protective/anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects. These epoxides are further metabolized by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to fatty acid diols, high concentrations of which have vascular destabilizing effects. Recent studies have identified increased sEH expression and activity and the subsequent generation of the docosahexaenoic acid-derived diol; 19,20-dihydroxydocosapentaenoic acid, as playing a major role in the development of diabetic retinopathy. This review summarizes current understanding of the roles of cytochrome P450 enzyme and sEH–derived PUFA mediators in retinal disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Mohammad HMF, Sami MM, Makary S, Toraih EA, Mohamed AO, El-Ghaiesh SH. Neuroprotective effect of levetiracetam in mouse diabetic retinopathy: Effect on glucose transporter-1 and GAP43 expression. Life Sci 2019; 232:116588. [PMID: 31226418 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Retinopathy is a neurodegenerative complication associating diabetes mellitus. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the primary reason of visual loss during early adulthood. DR has a complicated multifactorial pathophysiology initiated by hyperglycaemia-induced ischaemic neurodegenerative retinal changes, followed by vision-threatening consequences. The main therapeutic modalities for DR involve invasive delivery of intravitreal antiangiogenic agents as well as surgical interventions. The current work aimed to explore the potential anti-inflammatory and retinal neuroprotective effects of levetiracetam. MAIN METHODS This study was performed on alloxan-induced diabetes in mice (n: 21). After 10 weeks, a group of diabetic animals (n: 7) was treated with levetiracetam (25 mg/kg) for six weeks. Retinal tissues were dissected and paraffin-fixed for examination using (1) morphometric analysis with haematoxylin and eosin (HE), (2) immunohistochemistry (GLUT1, GFAP and GAP43), and (3) RT-PCR-detected expression of retinal inflammatory and apoptotic mediators (TNF-α, IL6, iNOS, NF-κB and Tp53). KEY FINDINGS Diabetic mice developed disorganized and debilitated retinal layers with upregulation of the gliosis marker GFAP and downregulation of the neuronal plasticity marker GAP43. Additionally, diabetic retinae showed increased transcription of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL6, iNOS and Tp53. Levetiracetam-treated mice showed downregulation of retinal GLUT1 with relief and regression of retinal inflammation and improved retinal structural organization. SIGNIFICANCE Levetiracetam may represent a potential neuroprotective agent in DR. The data presented herein supported an anti-inflammatory role of levetiracetam. However, further clinical studies may be warranted to confirm the effectiveness and safety of levetiracetam in DR patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hala M F Mohammad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt; Central Lab., Center of Excellence in Molecular and Cellular Medicine (CEMCM), Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Manal M Sami
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Samy Makary
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Eman A Toraih
- Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Molecular Lab, Center of Excellence of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Amany O Mohamed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sabah H El-Ghaiesh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Cheng Y, Yu X, Zhang J, Chang Y, Xue M, Li X, Lu Y, Li T, Meng Z, Su L, Sun B, Chen L. Pancreatic kallikrein protects against diabetic retinopathy in KK Cg-A y/J and high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced mouse models of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1074-1086. [PMID: 30838453 PMCID: PMC6509079 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4838-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Many studies have shown that tissue kallikrein has effects on diabetic vascular complications such as nephropathy, cardiomyopathy and neuropathy, but its effects on diabetic retinopathy are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the retinoprotective role of exogenous pancreatic kallikrein and studied potential mechanisms of action. METHODS We used KK Cg-Ay/J (KKAy) mice (a mouse model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes) and mice with high-fat diet/streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 2 diabetes as our models. After the onset of diabetes, both types of mice were injected intraperitoneally with either pancreatic kallikrein (KKAy + pancreatic kallikrein and STZ + pancreatic kallikrein groups) or saline (KKAy + saline and STZ + saline groups) for 12 weeks. C57BL/6J mice were used as non-diabetic controls for both models. We analysed pathological changes in the retina; evaluated the effects of pancreatic kallikrein on retinal oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis; and measured the levels of bradykinin and B1 and B2 receptors in both models. RESULTS In both models, pancreatic kallikrein improved pathological structural features of the retina, increasing the thickness of retinal layers, and attenuated retinal acellular capillary formation and vascular leakage (p < 0.05). Furthermore, pancreatic kallikrein ameliorated retinal oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in both models (p < 0.05). We also found that the levels of bradykinin and B1 and B2 receptors were increased after pancreatic kallikrein in both models (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Pancreatic kallikrein can protect against diabetic retinopathy by activating B1 and B2 receptors and inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Thus, pancreatic kallikrein may represent a new therapeutic agent for diabetic retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiaochen Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunpeng Chang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Mei Xue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yunhong Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ting Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ziyu Meng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Long Su
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bei Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Liming Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Lim RR, Hainsworth DP, Mohan RR, Chaurasia SS. Characterization of a functionally active primary microglial cell culture from the pig retina. Exp Eye Res 2019; 185:107670. [PMID: 31103710 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Retinal inflammation is an integral component of many retinal diseases including diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Inflammation is commonly initiated and perpetuated by myeloid-derived immune cells. In the retina, microglial cells are resident macrophages with myeloid origins, which acts as the first responders involved in the innate immune system. To understand the disease pathogenesis, the use of isolated retinal cell culture model is vital for the examination of multiple cellular responses to injury or trauma. The pig retina resembles human retina in terms of tissue architecture, vasculature, and topography. Additionally, it is a better model than the rodent retina because of the presence of the pseudomacula. In the present study, we sought to establish and characterize pig retinal primary microglial cell (pMicroglia) culture. We used pig eyes from the local abattoir and optimized pMicroglia cultures using multiple cell culture conditions and methods. The best results were obtained by seeding cells in DMEM-high glucose media for 18 days followed by shaking of the culture plate. The resulting pMicroglia were characterized by cellular morphology, phenotype, and immunostaining with Iba-1, CD68, P2Y12, CD163, CD14, and Isolectin GS-IB4. Generated pMicroglia were found functionally active in phagocytosis assay and responsive to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in dose-dependent production of IL-1β. Furthermore, they showed increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines with LPS treatment. Thus, we report a novel and reproducible method for the isolation of primary microglial cells from pig eyes, which may be useful for studying retinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayne R Lim
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Dean P Hainsworth
- Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA; Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shyam S Chaurasia
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Chang JYA, Yu F, Shi L, Ko ML, Ko GYP. Melatonin Affects Mitochondrial Fission/Fusion Dynamics in the Diabetic Retina. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:8463125. [PMID: 31098384 PMCID: PMC6487082 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8463125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial fission and fusion are dependent on cellular nutritional states, and maintaining this dynamics is critical for the health of cells. Starvation triggers mitochondrial fusion to maintain bioenergetic efficiency, but during nutrient overloads (as with hyperglycemic conditions), fragmenting mitochondria is a way to store nutrients to avoid waste of energy. In addition to ATP production, mitochondria play an important role in buffering intracellular calcium (Ca2+). We found that in cultured 661W cells, a photoreceptor-derived cell line, hyperglycemic conditions triggered an increase of the expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), a protein marker of mitochondrial fission, and a decrease of mitofusin 2 (MFN2), a protein for mitochondrial fusion. Further, these hyperglycemic cells also had decreased mitochondrial Ca2+ but increased cytosolic Ca2+. Treating these hyperglycemic cells with melatonin, a multifaceted antioxidant, averted hyperglycemia-altered mitochondrial fission-and-fusion dynamics and mitochondrial Ca2+ levels. To mimic how people most commonly take melatonin supplements, we gave melatonin to streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced type 1 diabetic mice by daily oral gavage and determined the effects of melatonin on diabetic eyes. We found that melatonin was not able to reverse the STZ-induced systemic hyperglycemic condition, but it prevented STZ-induced damage to the neural retina and retinal microvasculature. The beneficial effects of melatonin in the neural retina in part were through alleviating STZ-caused changes in mitochondrial dynamics and Ca2+ buffering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Ya-An Chang
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Liheng Shi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Michael L. Ko
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Gladys Y.-P. Ko
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
- Texas A&M Institute of Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Huang Q, Liu Q, Ouyang D. Sorbinil, an Aldose Reductase Inhibitor, in Fighting Against Diabetic Complications. Med Chem 2019; 15:3-7. [PMID: 29792152 DOI: 10.2174/1573406414666180524082445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aldose reductase (AR) is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes, which is one of the major threats to global public health. OBJECTIVE In this review article, we have discussed the role of sorbinil, an AR inhibitor (ARI), in preventing diabetic complications. RESULTS AR contributes in diabetes by generating excess intracellular superoxide and other mediators of oxidative stress through polyol pathway. Inhibition of AR activity thus might be a potential approach for the management of diabetic complications. Experimental evidences indicated that sorbinil can decrease AR activity and inhibit polyol pathway. Both in vitro and animal model studies reported the efficacy of sorbinil in controlling the progression of diabetes. Moreover, Sorbinil has been found to be comparatively safer than other ARIs for human use. But, it is still in earlyphase testing for the treatment of diabetic complications clinically. CONCLUSION Sorbinil is an effective ARI, which could play therapeutic role in treating diabetes and diabetic complications. However, advanced clinical trials are required for sorbinil so that it could be applied with the lowest efficacious dose in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Dongsheng Ouyang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Lim RR, Grant DG, Olver TD, Padilla J, Czajkowski AM, Schnurbusch TR, Mohan RR, Hainsworth DP, Walters EM, Chaurasia SS. Young Ossabaw Pigs Fed a Western Diet Exhibit Early Signs of Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:2325-2338. [PMID: 29847637 PMCID: PMC5937800 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recent clinical data suggest an increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes in adolescents, placing them at high risk of developing diabetic retinopathy during adult working years. The present study was designed to characterize the early retinal and microvascular alterations in young Ossabaw pigs fed a Western diet, described as a model of metabolic syndrome genetically predisposed to type 2 diabetes. Methods Four-month-old Ossabaw miniature pigs were divided into two groups, lean and diet-induced obesity. Obese pigs were fed a Western diet with high-fat/high-fructose corn syrup/high-choleric content for 10 weeks. Blood and retina were collected for biochemical profiling, trypsin digest, flatmounts, Fluoro-Jade C staining, electron microscopy, quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blots. Results Young Ossabaw pigs had elevated fasting blood glucose after feeding on a Western diet for 10 weeks. Their retina showed disrupted cellular architecture across neural layers, with numerous large vacuoles seen in cell bodies of the inner nuclear layer. Microvessels in the obese animals exhibited thickened basement membrane, along with pericyte ghosts and acellular capillaries. The pericyte to endothelial ratio decreased significantly. Retina flatmounts from obese pigs displayed reduced capillary density, numerous terminal capillary loops, and string vessels, which stained collagen IV but not isolectin IB4. Quantitative PCR and Western blots showed significantly high levels of basement membrane proteins collagen IV and fibronectin in obese pigs. Conclusions This is the first study to describe the ultrastructural neuronal and vascular changes in the retina of young Ossabaw pigs fed a Western diet, simulating early signs of diabetic retinopathy pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayne R Lim
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - DeAna G Grant
- Electron Microscopy Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - T Dylan Olver
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Alana M Czajkowski
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Teagan R Schnurbusch
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Dean P Hainsworth
- Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Eric M Walters
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Shyam S Chaurasia
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Pearsall EA, Cheng R, Matsuzaki S, Zhou K, Ding L, Ahn B, Kinter M, Humphries KM, Quiambao AB, Farjo RA, Ma JX. Neuroprotective effects of PPARα in retinopathy of type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208399. [PMID: 30716067 PMCID: PMC6361421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common neurovascular complication of type 1 diabetes. Current therapeutics target neovascularization characteristic of end-stage disease, but are associated with significant adverse effects. Targeting early events of DR such as neurodegeneration may lead to safer and more effective approaches to treatment. Two independent prospective clinical trials unexpectedly identified that the PPARα agonist fenofibrate had unprecedented therapeutic effects in DR, but gave little insight into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of action. The objective of the present study was to evaluate potential neuroprotective effects of PPARα in DR, and subsequently to identify the responsible mechanism of action. Here we reveal that activation of PPARα had a robust protective effect on retinal function as shown by Optokinetic tracking in a rat model of type 1 diabetes, and also decreased retinal cell death, as demonstrated by a DNA fragmentation ELISA. Further, PPARα ablation exacerbated diabetes-induced decline of visual function as demonstrated by ERG analysis. We further found that PPARα improved mitochondrial efficiency in DR, and decreased ROS production and cell death in cultured retinal neurons. Oxidative stress biomarkers were elevated in diabetic Pparα-/- mice, suggesting increased oxidative stress. Mitochondrially mediated apoptosis and oxidative stress secondary to mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to neurodegeneration in DR. Taken together, these findings identify a robust neuroprotective effect for PPARα in DR, which may be due to improved mitochondrial function and subsequent alleviation of energetic deficits, oxidative stress and mitochondrially mediated apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Pearsall
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rui Cheng
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Satoshi Matsuzaki
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Kelu Zhou
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Lexi Ding
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Bumsoo Ahn
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Michael Kinter
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Kenneth M. Humphries
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | | | | | - Jian-xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Ting KK, Zhao Y, Shen W, Coleman P, Yam M, Chan-Ling T, Li J, Moller T, Gillies M, Vadas MA, Gamble JR. Therapeutic regulation of VE-cadherin with a novel oligonucleotide drug for diabetic eye complications using retinopathy mouse models. Diabetologia 2019; 62:322-334. [PMID: 30443753 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS A major feature of diabetic retinopathy is breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, resulting in macular oedema. We have developed a novel oligonucleotide-based drug, CD5-2, that specifically increases expression of the key junctional protein involved in barrier integrity in endothelial cells, vascular-endothelial-specific cadherin (VE-cadherin). CD5-2 prevents the mRNA silencing by the pro-angiogenic microRNA, miR-27a. CD5-2 was evaluated in animal models of ocular neovascularisation and vascular leak to determine its potential efficacy for diabetic retinopathy. METHODS CD5-2 was tested in three mouse models of retinal dysfunction: conditional Müller cell depletion, streptozotocin-induced diabetes and oxygen-induced retinopathy. Vascular permeability in the Müller cell-knockout model was assessed by fluorescein angiography. The Evans Blue leakage method was used to determine vascular permeability in streptozotocin- and oxygen-induced retinopathy models. The effects of CD5-2 on retinal neovascularisation, inter-endothelial junctions and pericyte coverage in streptozotocin- and oxygen-induced retinopathy models were determined by staining for isolectin-B4, VE-cadherin and neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2). Blockmir CD5-2 localisation in diseased retina was determined using fluorescent in situ hybridisation. The effects of CD5-2 on VE-cadherin expression and in diabetic retinopathy-associated pathways, such as the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and wingless/integrated (WNT) pathway, were confirmed using western blot of lysates from HUVECs, a mouse brain endothelial cell line and a VE-cadherin null mouse endothelial cell line. RESULTS CD5-2 penetrated the vasculature of the eye in the oxygen-induced retinopathy model. Treatment of diseased mice with CD5-2 resulted in reduced vascular leak in all three animal models, enhanced expression of VE-cadherin in the microvessels of the eye and improved pericyte coverage of the retinal vasculature in streptozotocin-induced diabetic models and oxygen-induced retinopathy models. Further, CD5-2 reduced the activation of retinal microglial cells in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic model. The positive effects of CD5-2 seen in vivo were further confirmed in vitro by increased protein expression of VE-cadherin, SMAD2/3 activity, and platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-B). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION CD5-2 has therapeutic potential for individuals with vascular-leak-associated retinal diseases based on its ease of delivery and its ability to reverse vascular dysfunction and inflammatory aspects in three animal models of retinopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Ka Ting
- Centre for the Endothelium Vascular Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Locked bag #6, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | - Yang Zhao
- Centre for the Endothelium Vascular Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Locked bag #6, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | - Weiyong Shen
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Coleman
- Centre for the Endothelium Vascular Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Locked bag #6, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | - Michelle Yam
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tailoi Chan-Ling
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jia Li
- Centre for the Endothelium Vascular Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Locked bag #6, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia
| | | | - Mark Gillies
- Save Sight Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mathew A Vadas
- Centre for the Endothelium Vascular Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Locked bag #6, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.
| | - Jennifer R Gamble
- Centre for the Endothelium Vascular Biology Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Locked bag #6, Newtown, NSW, 2042, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Xi G, Wai C, Clemmons D. Inhibition of Aberrant IGF-I Signaling in Diabetic Male Rat Retina Prevents and Reverses Changes of Diabetic Retinopathy. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:6456032. [PMID: 31049357 PMCID: PMC6458945 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6456032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia results in inhibition of cleavage of integrin-associated protein (IAP) thereby allowing it to bind to SHPS-1 which results in pathophysiologic changes in endothelial function. This study determined if an anti-rat IAP antibody directed against the SHPS-1 binding site which disrupts IAP/SHPS-1 association could inhibit these pathophysiologic changes. The anti-IAP antibody inhibited IGF-I-stimulated SHPS-1, p52Shc, MAP kinase phosphorylation, and proliferation in endothelial cells. To determine if it could reverse established pathophysiologic changes in vivo, this antibody or normal rat IgG F(ab)2 was injected intraperitoneally for 6 weeks into rats that had diabetes for 4 weeks. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed that retinal thickness increased at 4 weeks and this increase was maintained in rats treated with the control antibody for an additional 6 weeks. The increase was reversed by anti-IAP antibody treatment (84.6 ± 2.0 compared to 92.3 ± 2.5 μm, p < 0.01). This value was similar to nondiabetic animals (82.2 ± 1.6 μm, p, NS). The anti-IAP antibody also decreased retinal vascular permeability (0.62 ± 0.12 vs. 0.96 ± 0.25%/g/h, p < 0.001). To determine if it was effective after local injection, this antibody or control was administered via intravitreal injection. After 3 weeks, retinal thickness increased to 6.4 ± 2.8% in diabetic rats, and IAP antibody treatment prevented this increase (0.8 ± 2.5%, p < 0.01). It also prevented the increase of retinal vascular permeability (0.92 ± 0.62 vs. 1.63 ± 0.99%/g/h, p < 0.001). Biochemical analyses of retinal extracts showed that the anti-IAP antibody inhibited IAP/SHPS-1 association and SHPS-1 phosphorylation. This resulted in inhibition of AKT activation and VEGF synthesis in the retina: changes associated with increased vascular permeability. We conclude the anti-rat IAP antibody disrupts IAP/SHPS-1 association and attenuates aberrant IGF-I signaling thereby preventing or reversing the progression of retinal pathophysiological changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - Christine Wai
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| | - David Clemmons
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Chung YR, Kim YH, Ha SJ, Byeon HE, Cho CH, Kim JH, Lee K. Role of Inflammation in Classification of Diabetic Macular Edema by Optical Coherence Tomography. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:8164250. [PMID: 31930145 PMCID: PMC6939426 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8164250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the subretinal or intraretinal spaces in the macula in patients with diabetic retinopathy and leads to severely impaired central vision. Technical developments in retinal imaging systems have led to many advances in the study of DME. In particular, optical coherence tomography (OCT) can provide longitudinal and microstructural analysis of the macula. A comprehensive review was provided regarding the role of inflammation using OCT-based classification of DME and current and ongoing therapeutic approaches. In this review, we first describe the pathogenesis of DME, then discuss the classification of DME based on OCT findings and the association of different types of DME with inflammation, and finally describe current and ongoing therapeutic approaches using OCT-based classification of DME. Inflammation has an important role in the pathogenesis of DME, but its role appears to differ among the DME phenotypes, as determined by OCT. It is important to determine how the different DME subtypes respond to intravitreal injections of steroids, antivascular endothelial growth factor agents, and other drugs to improve prognosis and responsiveness to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoo-Ri Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jung Ha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Byeon
- Institute of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Cho
- Vascular Microenvironment Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihwang Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Danilova I, Medvedeva S, Shmakova S, Chereshneva M, Sarapultsev A, Sarapultsev P. Pathological changes in the cellular structures of retina and choroidea in the early stages of alloxan-induced diabetes. World J Diabetes 2018; 9:239-251. [PMID: 30588286 PMCID: PMC6304297 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v9.i12.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the temporal sequence of pathological changes in the cellular structures of retina and choroidea in the early stages of diabetes in laboratory animals.
METHODS Experimental type 1 diabetes was modeled by three intraperitoneal injections of an alloxan solution into 30 male nonlinear rats at 16 wk of age. The 30th and 60th days from the final alloxan injection were chosen as the endpoints. Light and electron microscopy and morphometric and immunohistochemical studies were performed on histological slices of eyeballs from experimental animals.
RESULTS Diabetic disturbances progressed to 60 d of the experiment. Thus, in the retina, a partial destruction of photoreceptors accompanied by interstitial edema was observed. The morphometric analysis revealed a reduction in the thickness of the retina. A reduction in the number of blood vessels of the choroid with disturbances of the endothelial cells and the vascular walls and a persistent reduction in the number of melanocytes were observed. The number of proliferating Ki-67 positive cells decreased, and the number of macrophages increased with diabetes development.
CONCLUSION The starting point in the development of destructive changes involves early reduction in the number of melanocytes of the choroidea and alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Danilova
- Department of Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University Named After the First Pres. of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
- Laboratory of Morphology and Biochemistry, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia
| | - Svetlana Medvedeva
- Department of Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University Named After the First Pres. of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
- Laboratory of Morphology and Biochemistry, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia
| | - Svetlana Shmakova
- Department of Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University Named After the First Pres. of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
- Laboratory of Morphology and Biochemistry, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia
| | - Margarita Chereshneva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology and Immunopharmacology, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University Named After the First Pres. of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
- Laboratory of Immunophatophysiology, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia
| | - Petr Sarapultsev
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University Named After the First Pres. of Russia B.N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
- Laboratory of Immunophatophysiology, Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Lee SH, Yang JY, Madrakhimov S, Park HY, Park K, Park TK. Adeno-Associated Viral Vector 2 and 9 Transduction Is Enhanced in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Mouse Retina. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 13:55-66. [PMID: 30666309 PMCID: PMC6330514 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are currently the most popular vector platform technology for ocular gene therapy. While transduction efficiency and tropism of intravitreally administered AAV has been fairly well established in various retinal conditions, its transduction pattern in diabetic retinas has not previously been characterized. Here, we describe the transduction efficiencies of four different AAV serotypes, AAV2, 5, 8, and 9, in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse retinas after intravitreal injections, which differed according to the duration of diabetic induction. STZ was intraperitoneally injected into C57/B6 diabetic mice subjected to unilateral intravitreal injection of AAV2, AAV5, AAV8, and AAV9 packaged with EGFP. Significantly enhanced AAV2 and AAV9 transduction was observed in 2-month-old diabetic mouse retinas compared to the 2-week-old diabetic mouse retinas and nondiabetic, vector uninjected or injected retinas. Intravitreal injection of AAV5 or AAV8 serotype in 2-month- and 2-week-old diabetic mouse retinas did not show any significant vector transduction enhancement compared to the nondiabetic control retinas. The tropism of AAV2 and AAV9 in diabetic mouse retinas differed. AAV2 was transduced into various retinal cells, including Müller cells, microglia, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells, whereas AAV9 was effectively transduced only into RGC and horizontal cells. The expression levels of receptors and co-receptors for AAV2 and AAV9 were significantly increased in 2-month-old diabetic mouse retinas. The results of our study demonstrated that AAV2 and AAV9 may be the vector of choice in treating diabetic retinopathy (DR) with gene therapy, and DR-related retinal changes may improve AAV vector transduction efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Hyung Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanjar Madrakhimov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Yan Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea
| | - Keerang Park
- Department of Biopharmacy, Chungbuk Health & Science University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28150, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kwann Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea.,Department of Ophthalmology, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Bucheon, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Elshaer SL, Evans W, Pentecost M, Lenin R, Periasamy R, Jha KA, Alli S, Gentry J, Thomas SM, Sohl N, Gangaraju R. Adipose stem cells and their paracrine factors are therapeutic for early retinal complications of diabetes in the Ins2 Akita mouse. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:322. [PMID: 30463601 PMCID: PMC6249931 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-stage diabetic retinopathy (DR) is characterized by neurovascular defects. In this study, we hypothesized that human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) positive for the pericyte marker CD140b, or their secreted paracrine factors, therapeutically rescue early-stage DR features in an Ins2Akita mouse model. METHODS Ins2Akita mice at 24 weeks of age received intravitreal injections of CD140b-positive ASCs (1000 cells/1 μL) or 20× conditioned media from cytokine-primed ASCs (ASC-CM, 1 μL). Age-matched wildtype mice that received saline served as controls. Visual function experiments and histological analyses were performed 3 weeks post intravitreal injection. Biochemical and molecular analyses assessed the ASC-CM composition and its biological effects. RESULTS Three weeks post-injection, Ins2Akita mice that received ASCs had ameliorated decreased b-wave amplitudes and vascular leakage but failed to improve visual acuity, whereas Ins2Akita mice that received ASC-CM demonstrated amelioration of all aforementioned visual deficits. The ASC-CM group demonstrated partial amelioration of retinal GFAP immunoreactivity and DR-related gene expression but the ASC group did not. While Ins2Akita mice that received ASCs exhibited occasional (1 in 8) hemorrhagic retinas, mice that received ASC-CM had no adverse complications. In vitro, ASC-CM protected against TNFα-induced retinal endothelial permeability as measured by transendothelial electrical resistance. Biochemical and molecular analyses demonstrated several anti-inflammatory proteins including TSG-6 being highly expressed in cytokine-primed ASC-CM. CONCLUSIONS ASCs or their secreted factors mitigate retinal complications of diabetes in the Ins2Akita model. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether ASCs or their secreted factors are safe and effective therapeutic modalities long-term as current locally delivered therapies fail to effectively mitigate the progression of early-stage DR. Nonetheless, our study sheds new light on the therapeutic mechanisms of adult stem cells, with implications for assessing relative risks/benefits of experimental regenerative therapies for vision loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sally L. Elshaer
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, College of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - William Evans
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | | | - Raji Lenin
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Ramesh Periasamy
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Kumar Abhiram Jha
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Shanta Alli
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Jordy Gentry
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Samuel M. Thomas
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| | - Nicolas Sohl
- Cell Care Therapeutics, Inc., Monrovia, CA 91016 USA
| | - Rajashekhar Gangaraju
- Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Suite#768, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
- Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163 USA
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Ziccardi L, Parisi V, Picconi F, Di Renzo A, Lombardo M, Frontoni S, Parravano M. Early and localized retinal dysfunction in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus studied by multifocal electroretinogram. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:1191-1200. [PMID: 30159747 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-018-1209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the function of localized retinal areas in highly selected type 1 diabetes mellitus patients (DM1) with no or mild signs of diabetic retinopathy (NO DR and NPDR, respectively) and its correlation with age, diabetes duration and glycemic control. METHODS Multifocal electroretinograms (mfERG) were recorded in 35 eyes of 18 NO DR patients and 38 eyes of 19 NPDR patients. Thirty-one eyes of 17 normal subjects were enrolled as controls. N1-P1 response amplitude densities (RADs) and P1 implicit times (ITs) from isolated (R1: 0°-2.5°, R2: 2.5°-5°, R3: 5°-10°) and combined (R1 + R2, R2 + R3 and R1 + R2 + R3) annular rings and from four retinal sectors (nasal, N; temporal, T; superior, S and inferior, I) with increasing eccentricities up to 10° (S1, S2, S3, S1 + S2, S1 + S2 + S3) were measured. The statistical differences between DM1 groups and controls were tested by ANOVA. The electrophysiological data were correlated with age, duration of diabetes and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level using the Pearson's test. RESULTS MfERG RADs, but not ITs, from all isolated and combined rings and sectors up to 10° of foveal eccentricity were statistically different between DM1 groups compared to controls. No significant differences were found between NO DR and NPDR patients. The mfERG abnormalities of the central retinal areas were correlated significantly with age in both DM1 groups and with diabetes duration mainly in NPDR group. CONCLUSIONS In DM1 patients, localized retinal dysfunction, described by reduced mfERG RAD, can be observed also in the absence of clinical signs of DR and it is related to aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ziccardi
- IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Via Livenza 1, 00198, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Fabiana Picconi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, S. Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Lungotevere de' Cenci 7, 00186, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Lombardo
- Vision Engineering Italy srl, Via Livenza 3, 00198, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Frontoni
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, S. Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Lungotevere de' Cenci 7, 00186, Rome, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Lee VK, Hosking BM, Holeniewska J, Kubala EC, Lundh von Leithner P, Gardner PJ, Foxton RH, Shima DT. BTBR ob/ob mouse model of type 2 diabetes exhibits early loss of retinal function and retinal inflammation followed by late vascular changes. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2422-2432. [PMID: 30094465 PMCID: PMC6182653 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Diabetic retinopathy is increasing in prevalence worldwide and is fast becoming a global epidemic and a leading cause of visual loss. Current therapies are limited, and the development of effective treatments for diabetic retinopathy requires a greater in-depth knowledge of disease progression and suitable modelling of diabetic retinopathy in animals. The aim of this study was to assess the early pathological changes in retinal morphology and neuronal, inflammatory and vascular features consistent with diabetic retinopathy in the ob/ob mouse model of type 2 diabetes, to investigate whether features similar to those in human diabetic retinopathy were present. METHODS Male and female wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/-) and homozygous (-/-) BTBR ob/ob mice were examined at 6, 10, 15 and 20 weeks of age. Animals were weighed and blood glucose was measured. TUNEL and brain-specific homeobox/POU domain protein 3A (BRN3A) markers were used to examine retinal ganglion cells. We used immunostaining (collagen IV and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule [PECAM]/CD31) to reveal retinal vessel degeneration. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography was used to reveal changes in the thickness and structure of the retinal layer. Vitreous fluorophotometry was used to investigate vascular permeability. A-waves, b-waves and oscillatory potentials were measured under photopic and scotopic conditions. Concanavalin A leucostasis and immunostaining with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionised calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA-1) identified differences in inflammatory status. Paraffin sections and transmission electron microscopy were used to reveal changes in the thickness and structure of the retinal layer. RESULTS Following the development of obesity and hyperglycaemia in 2-week-old and 3-week-old ob-/ob- mice, respectively (p < 0.001), early functional deficits (p < 0.001) and thinning of the inner retina (p < 0.001) were identified. Glial activation, leucostasis (p < 0.05) and a shift in microglia/macrophage phenotype were observed before microvascular degeneration (p < 0.05) and elevated vascular permeability occurred (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The present characterisation of the development of diabetic retinopathy in the ob/ob mouse represents a platform that will enable the development of new therapies, particularly for the early stages of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian K Lee
- Translational Vision Research, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Brett M Hosking
- Translational Vision Research, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Joanna Holeniewska
- Translational Vision Research, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Ewa C Kubala
- Translational Vision Research, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Peter Lundh von Leithner
- Translational Vision Research, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Peter J Gardner
- Translational Vision Research, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Richard H Foxton
- Translational Vision Research, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - David T Shima
- Translational Vision Research, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Chakravarthy H, Devanathan V. Molecular Mechanisms Mediating Diabetic Retinal Neurodegeneration: Potential Research Avenues and Therapeutic Targets. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:445-461. [PMID: 30293228 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a devastating complication of diabetes with a prevalence rate of 35%, and no effective treatment options. Since the most visible clinical features of DR are microvascular irregularities, therapeutic interventions often attempt to reduce microvascular injury, but only after permanent retinal damage has ensued. However, recent data suggests that diabetes initially affects retinal neurons, leading to neurodegeneration as an early occurrence in DR, before onset of the more noticeable vascular abnormalities. In this review, we delineate the sequence of initiating events leading to retinal degeneration in DR, considering neuronal dysfunction as a primary event. Key molecular mechanisms and potential biomarkers associated with retinal neuronal degeneration in diabetes are discussed. In addition to glial reactivity and inflammation in the diabetic retina, the contribution of neurotrophic factors, cell adhesion molecules, apoptosis markers, and G protein signaling to neurodegenerative pathways warrants further investigation. These studies could complement recent developments in innovative treatment strategies for diabetic retinopathy, such as targeting retinal neuroprotection, promoting neuronal regeneration, and attempts to re-program other retinal cell types into functional neurons. Indeed, several ongoing clinical trials are currently attempting treatment of retinal neurodegeneration by means of such novel therapeutic avenues. The aim of this article is to highlight the crucial role of neurodegeneration in early retinopathy progression, and to review the molecular basis of neuronal dysfunction as a first step toward developing early therapeutic interventions that can prevent permanent retinal damage in diabetes. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02471651, NCT01492400.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshini Chakravarthy
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Transit campus: C/o. Sree Rama Engineering College Campus, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati, 517507, India
| | - Vasudharani Devanathan
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Transit campus: C/o. Sree Rama Engineering College Campus, Karakambadi Road, Mangalam, Tirupati, 517507, India.
| |
Collapse
|