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Kawahata I, Fukunaga K. Degradation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease and Dopa-Responsive Dystonia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21113779. [PMID: 32471089 PMCID: PMC7312529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nigrostriatal dopaminergic systems govern physiological functions related to locomotion, and their dysfunction leads to movement disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease and dopa-responsive dystonia (Segawa disease). Previous studies revealed that expression of the gene encoding nigrostriatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme of dopamine biosynthesis, is reduced in Parkinson’s disease and dopa-responsive dystonia; however, the mechanism of TH depletion in these disorders remains unclear. In this article, we review the molecular mechanism underlying the neurodegeneration process in dopamine-containing neurons and focus on the novel degradation pathway of TH through the ubiquitin-proteasome system to advance our understanding of the etiology of Parkinson’s disease and dopa-responsive dystonia. We also introduce the relation of α-synuclein propagation with the loss of TH protein in Parkinson’s disease as well as anticipate therapeutic targets and early diagnosis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kawahata
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (K.F.); Tel.: +81-22-795-6838 (I.K.); +81-22-795-6836 (K.F.); Fax: +81-22-795-6835 (I.K. & K.F.)
| | - Kohji Fukunaga
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (K.F.); Tel.: +81-22-795-6838 (I.K.); +81-22-795-6836 (K.F.); Fax: +81-22-795-6835 (I.K. & K.F.)
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Becanovic K, Vittoria de Donno M, Sousa VC, Tedroff J, Svenningsson P. Effects of a Novel Psychomotor Stabilizer, IRL790, on Biochemical Measures of Synaptic Markers and Neurotransmission. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 374:126-133. [PMID: 32358047 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.264754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel small-molecule psychomotor stabilizer, IRL790, is currently in clinical trial for treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia and psychosis in patients with Parkinson disease. Here, we used naïve mice to investigate the effects of acute systemic administration of IRL790 on protein levels and phosphorylation states of proteins relevant for synaptic plasticity and transmission. IRL790 increased pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein levels and phosphorylation at Ser1303 of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype 2B glutamate receptor (NR2B) in prefrontal cortex. IRL790 also increased the phosphorylation states at Ser19, Ser31, and Ser40, respectively, of tyrosine hydroxylase in striatum. IRL790 reduced protein levels of the NR2B receptor in striatum but not in prefrontal cortex. Taken together, we report that systemically administered IRL790 rapidly elicits changes in protein level and phosphorylation state of proteins associated with a beneficial effect on synaptic markers and neurotransmission. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The novel small-molecule psychomotor stabilizer, IRL790, is currently in clinical trial for treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia and psychosis in patients with Parkinson disease. In this study, we report that systemically administered IRL790 rapidly elicits changes in protein level and phosphorylation state of proteins associated with a beneficial effect on synaptic markers and neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Becanovic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B., M.V.d.D., V.C.S., J.T., P.S.) and Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.T.)
| | - Maria Vittoria de Donno
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B., M.V.d.D., V.C.S., J.T., P.S.) and Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.T.)
| | - Vasco C Sousa
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B., M.V.d.D., V.C.S., J.T., P.S.) and Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.T.)
| | - Joakim Tedroff
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B., M.V.d.D., V.C.S., J.T., P.S.) and Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.T.)
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (K.B., M.V.d.D., V.C.S., J.T., P.S.) and Integrative Research Laboratories Sweden AB, Gothenburg, Sweden (J.T.)
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Kovaleski RF, Callahan JW, Chazalon M, Wokosin DL, Baufreton J, Bevan MD. Dysregulation of external globus pallidus-subthalamic nucleus network dynamics in parkinsonian mice during cortical slow-wave activity and activation. J Physiol 2020; 598:1897-1927. [PMID: 32112413 DOI: 10.1113/jp279232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Reciprocally connected GABAergic external globus pallidus (GPe) and glutamatergic subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons form a key network within the basal ganglia. In Parkinson's disease and its models, abnormal rates and patterns of GPe-STN network activity are linked to motor dysfunction. Using cell class-specific optogenetic identification and inhibition during cortical slow-wave activity and activation, we report that, in dopamine-depleted mice, (1) D2 dopamine receptor expressing striatal projection neurons (D2-SPNs) discharge at higher rates, especially during cortical activation, (2) prototypic parvalbumin-expressing GPe neurons are excessively patterned by D2-SPNs even though their autonomous activity is upregulated, (3) despite being disinhibited, STN neurons are not hyperactive, and (4) STN activity opposes striatopallidal patterning. These data argue that in parkinsonian mice abnormal, temporally offset prototypic GPe and STN neuron firing results in part from increased striatopallidal transmission and that compensatory plasticity limits STN hyperactivity and cortical entrainment. ABSTRACT Reciprocally connected GABAergic external globus pallidus (GPe) and glutamatergic subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons form a key, centrally positioned network within the basal ganglia. In Parkinson's disease and its models, abnormal rates and patterns of GPe-STN network activity are linked to motor dysfunction. Following the loss of dopamine, the activities of GPe and STN neurons become more temporally offset and strongly correlated with cortical oscillations below 40 Hz. Previous studies utilized cortical slow-wave activity and/or cortical activation (ACT) under anaesthesia to probe the mechanisms underlying the normal and pathological patterning of basal ganglia activity. Here, we combined this approach with in vivo optogenetic inhibition to identify and interrupt the activity of D2 dopamine receptor-expressing striatal projection neurons (D2-SPNs), parvalbumin-expressing prototypic GPe (PV GPe) neurons, and STN neurons. We found that, in dopamine-depleted mice, (1) the firing rate of D2-SPNs was elevated, especially during cortical ACT, (2) abnormal phasic suppression of PV GPe neuron activity was ameliorated by optogenetic inhibition of coincident D2-SPN activity, (3) autonomous PV GPe neuron firing ex vivo was upregulated, presumably through homeostatic mechanisms, (4) STN neurons were not hyperactive, despite being disinhibited, (5) optogenetic inhibition of the STN exacerbated abnormal GPe activity, and (6) exaggerated beta band activity was not present in the cortex or GPe-STN network. Together with recent studies, these data suggest that in dopamine-depleted mice abnormally correlated and temporally offset PV GPe and STN neuron activity is generated in part by elevated striatopallidal transmission, while compensatory plasticity prevents STN hyperactivity and limits cortical entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F Kovaleski
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Joshua W Callahan
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Marine Chazalon
- Université de Bordeaux & CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - David L Wokosin
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jérôme Baufreton
- Université de Bordeaux & CNRS UMR 5293, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, F-33000, France
| | - Mark D Bevan
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Advances in the development of imaging probes and aggregation inhibitors for alpha-synuclein. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:483-498. [PMID: 31586134 PMCID: PMC7470848 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-019-0304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal protein aggregation has been linked to many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). The main pathological hallmark of PD is the formation of Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites, both of which contain the presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein (α-syn). Under normal conditions, native α-syn exists in a soluble unfolded state but undergoes misfolding and aggregation into toxic aggregates under pathological conditions. Toxic α-syn species, especially oligomers, can cause oxidative stress, membrane penetration, synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as other damage, leading to neuronal death and eventually neurodegeneration. Early diagnosis and treatments targeting PD pathogenesis are urgently needed. Given its critical role in PD, α-syn is an attractive target for the development of both diagnostic tools and effective therapeutics. This review summarizes the progress toward discovering imaging probes and aggregation inhibitors for α-syn. Relevant strategies and techniques in the discovery of α-syn-targeted drugs are also discussed.
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Vasquez V, Mitra J, Wang H, Hegde PM, Rao KS, Hegde ML. A multi-faceted genotoxic network of alpha-synuclein in the nucleus and mitochondria of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease: Emerging concepts and challenges. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 185:101729. [PMID: 31863801 PMCID: PMC7098698 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a hallmark amyloidogenic protein component of the Lewy bodies (LBs) present in dopaminergic neurons affected by Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite an enormous increase in emerging knowledge, the mechanism(s) of α-synuclein neurobiology and crosstalk among pathological events that are critical for PD progression remains enigmatic, creating a roadblock for effective intervention strategies. One confounding question is about the potential link between α-synuclein toxicity and genome instability in PD. We previously reported that pro-oxidant metal ions, together with reactive oxygen species (ROS), act as a "double whammy" in dopaminergic neurons by not only inducing genome damage but also inhibiting their repair. Our recent studies identified a direct role for chromatin-bound, oxidized α-synuclein in the induction of DNA strand breaks, which raised the question of a paradoxical role for α-synuclein's DNA binding in neuroprotection versus neurotoxicity. Furthermore, recent advances in our understanding of α-synuclein mediated mitochondrial dysfunction warrants revisiting the topics of α-synuclein pathophysiology in order to devise and assess the efficacy of α-synuclein-targeted interventions. In this review article, we discuss the multi-faceted neurotoxic role of α-synuclein in the nucleus and mitochondria with a particular emphasis on the role of α-synuclein in DNA damage/repair defects. We utilized a protein-DNA binding simulation to identify potential residues in α-synuclein that could mediate its binding to DNA and may be critical for its genotoxic functions. These emerging insights and paradigms may guide new drug targets and therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velmarini Vasquez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Centre for Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Panama
| | - Joy Mitra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Methodist Neurological Institute, Institute of Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Pavana M Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - K S Rao
- Centre for Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Panama
| | - Muralidhar L Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Methodist Neurological Institute, Institute of Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, 10065, USA.
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Camp SM, Marciniak A, Chiang ET, Garcia AN, Bittman R, Polt R, Perez RG, Dudek SM, Garcia JGN. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-independent lung endothelial cell barrier disruption induced by FTY720 regioisomers. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:10.1177_2045894020905521. [PMID: 32095229 PMCID: PMC7011338 DOI: 10.1177/2045894020905521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Vascular permeability is a hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and ventilator-induced lung injury pathobiology; however, the mechanisms underlying this vascular dysregulation remain unclear, thereby impairing the development of desperately needed effective therapeutics. We have shown that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and 2-amino-2-(2-[4-octylphenyl]ethyl)-1,3-propanediol (FTY720) analogues are useful tools for exploring vascular barrier regulation mechanisms. OBJECTIVE To experimentally define the effects of FTY720 regioisomers on lung endothelial cell barrier regulation. METHODS Specific barrier-regulatory receptor and kinase inhibitors were utilized to probe signaling mechanisms involved in FTY720 regioisomer-mediated human lung endothelial cell barrier responses (trans-endothelial electrical resistance, TER). Docking simulations with the S1P1 receptor were performed to further evaluate FTY720 regioisomer signaling. RESULTS FTY720 regioisomers produced potent endothelial cell barrier disruption reflected by declines in TER alterations. Pharmacologic inhibition of Gi-coupled S1P receptors (S1P1, S1P2, S1P3) failed to alter FTY720 regioisomer-mediated barrier disruption; findings that were corroborated by docking simulations demonstrating FTY720 regiosomers were repelled from S1P1 docking, in contrast to strong S1P1 binding elicited by S1P. Inhibition of either the barrier-disrupting PAR-1 receptor, the VEGF receptor, Rho-kinase, MAPK, NFkB, or PI3K failed to alter FTY720 regioisomer-induced endothelial cell barrier disruption. While FTY720 regioisomers significantly increased protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) activity, PP2A inhibitors failed to alter FTY720 regioisomer-induced endothelial cell barrier disruption. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results imply a vexing model of pulmonary vascular barrier dysregulation in response to FTY720-related compounds and highlight the need for further insights into mechanisms of vascular integrity required to promote the development of novel therapeutic tools to prevent or reverse the pulmonary vascular leak central to ARDS outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Camp
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander Marciniak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Eddie T. Chiang
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander N. Garcia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, Flushing, NY, USA
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ruth G. Perez
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neuroscience, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Steven M. Dudek
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joe G. N. Garcia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Vidal-Martinez G, Segura-Ulate I, Yang B, Diaz-Pacheco V, Barragan JA, De-Leon Esquivel J, Chaparro SA, Vargas-Medrano J, Perez RG. FTY720-Mitoxy reduces synucleinopathy and neuroinflammation, restores behavior and mitochondria function, and increases GDNF expression in Multiple System Atrophy mouse models. Exp Neurol 2019; 325:113120. [PMID: 31751571 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal disorder with no effective treatment. MSA pathology is characterized by α-synuclein (aSyn) accumulation in oligodendrocytes, the myelinating glial cells of the central nervous system (CNS). aSyn accumulation in oligodendrocytes forms the pathognomonic glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) of MSA. MSA aSyn pathology is also associated with motor and autonomic dysfunction, including an impaired ability to sweat. MSA patients have abnormal CNS expression of glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Our prior studies using the parent compound FTY720, a food and drug administration (FDA) approved immunosuppressive for multiple sclerosis, reveal that FTY720 protects parkinsonian mice by increasing BDNF. Our FTY720-derivative, FTY720-Mitoxy, is known to increase expression of oligodendrocyte BDNF, GDNF, and nerve growth factor (NGF) but does not reduce levels of circulating lymphocytes as it is not phosphorylated so cannot modulate sphingosine 1 phosphate receptors (S1PRs). To preclinically assess FTY720-Mitoxy for MSA, we used mice expressing human aSyn in oligodendrocytes under a 2,' 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) promoter. CNP-aSyn transgenic (Tg) mice develop motor dysfunction between 7 and 9 mo, and progressive GCI pathology. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and enzymatic assays, we confirmed that FTY720-Mitoxy was stable and active. Vehicle or FTY720-Mitoxy (1.1 mg/kg/day) was delivered to wild type (WT) or Tg littermates from 8.5-11.5 mo by osmotic pump. We behaviorally assessed their movement by rotarod and sweat production by starch‑iodine test. Postmortem tissues were evaluated by qPCR for BDNF, GDNF, NGF and GDNF-receptor RET mRNA and for aSyn, BDNF, GDNF, and Iba1 protein by immunoblot. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were also assessed by qPCR. FTY720-Mitoxy normalized movement, sweat function and soleus muscle mass in 11.5 mo Tg MSA mice. FTY720-Mitoxy also increased levels of brain GDNF and reduced brain miR-96-5p, a miRNA that acts to decrease GDNF expression. Moreover, FTY720-Mitoxy blocked aSyn pathology measured by sequential protein extraction and immunoblot, and microglial activation assessed by immunohistochemistry and immunoblot. In the 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP) toxin model of MSA, FTY720-Mitoxy protected movement and mitochondria in WT and CNP-aSyn Tg littermates. Our data confirm potent in vivo protection by FTY720-Mitoxy, supporting its further evaluation as a potential therapy for MSA and related synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Vidal-Martinez
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX 79905, United States of America
| | - Ismael Segura-Ulate
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX 79905, United States of America
| | - Barbara Yang
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX 79905, United States of America
| | - Valeria Diaz-Pacheco
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX 79905, United States of America
| | - Jose A Barragan
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX 79905, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn De-Leon Esquivel
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX 79905, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A Chaparro
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX 79905, United States of America
| | - Javier Vargas-Medrano
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX 79905, United States of America
| | - Ruth G Perez
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX 79905, United States of America.
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Bose A, Petsko GA, Eliezer D. Parkinson's Disease and Melanoma: Co-Occurrence and Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 8:385-398. [PMID: 29991141 PMCID: PMC6130416 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, depletion of dopamine in the striatum and the presence of Lewy bodies. Cancer is uncontrolled growth of cells in the body and migration of these cells from their site of origin to other parts of the body. PD and cancer are two opposite diseases, one arising from cell proliferation and the other from cell degeneration. This fundamental difference is consistent with inverse comorbidity between most cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. However, a positive association of PD and melanoma has been reported which has recently become of significant interest. A link between PD and cancer has been supported by many epidemiological studies, most of which show that PD patients have a lower risk of developing most cancers than the general population. However, the mechanisms underlying this epidemiological observation are not known. In this review we focus on epidemiological studies correlating PD and melanoma and the possible mechanisms underlying the co-occurrence of the two diseases. We explore possible explanations for the important observations that more PD patients develop melanoma that would otherwise be expected and vice-versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Bose
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Eliezer
- Department of Biochemistry, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Velázquez AM, Roversi K, Dillenburg-Pilla P, Rodrigues RF, Zárate-Bladés CR, Prediger RDS, Izídio GS. The influence of chromosome 4 on metabolism and spatial memory in SHR and SLA16 rat strains. Behav Brain Res 2019; 370:111966. [PMID: 31125622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) has been proposed as a good model to study the pathways related to neurodegenerative diseases and glucose intolerance. Our research group developed the SLA16 (SHR.LEW-Anxrr16) congenic strain, which is genetically identical to the SHR strain, except for a locus on chromosome 4 (DGR). We applied in silico analysis on DGR to evaluate the association of their genes with neurobiological and metabolic pathways. After, we characterized cholesterol, triglycerides, metabolism of glucose and the behavioral performance of young (2 months old) and adult (8 months old) SHR and SLA16 rats in the open field, object location and water maze tasks. Finally, naïve young rats were repeatedly treated with metformin (200 mg/kg; v.o.) and evaluated in the same tests. Bioinformatics analysis showed that DGR presents genes related to glucose metabolism, oxidative damage and neurodegenerative diseases. Young SLA16 presented higher cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and locomotion in the open field than SHR rats. In adulthood, SLA16 rats presented high triglycerides and locomotion in the open field and impairment on spatial learning and memory. Finally, the treatment with metformin decreased the glucose tolerance curve and also improved long-term memory in SLA16 rats. These results indicate that DGR presents genes associated with metabolic pathways and neurobiological processes that may produce alterations in glucose metabolism and spatial learning/memory. Therefore, we suggest that SHR and SLA16 strains could be important for the study of genes and subsequent mechanisms that produce metabolic glucose alterations and age-related cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Magdalena Velázquez
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Katiane Roversi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Patricia Dillenburg-Pilla
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos R Zárate-Bladés
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rui Daniel S Prediger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Geison Souza Izídio
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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Gupta AK, Pokhriyal R, Das U, Khan MI, Ratna Kumar D, Gupta R, Chadda RK, Ramachandran R, Goyal V, Tripathi M, Hariprasad G. Evaluation of α-synuclein and apolipoprotein E as potential biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid to monitor pharmacotherapeutic efficacy in dopamine dictated disease states of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2073-2085. [PMID: 31410011 PMCID: PMC6650621 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s205550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Dopamine plays an important role in the disease pathology of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. These two neuropsychiatric disorders represent disease end points of the dopaminergic spectrum where Parkinson's disease represents dopamine deficit and schizophrenia represents dopamine hyperactivity in the mid-brain. Therefore, current treatment strategies aim to restore normal dopamine levels. However, during treatment patients develop adverse effects due to overshooting of physiological levels of dopamine leading to psychosis in Parkinson's disease, and extrapyramidal symptoms in schizophrenia. Absence of any laboratory tests hampers modulation of pharmacotherapy. Apolipoprotein E and α-synuclein have an important role in the neuropathology of these two diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of apolipoprotein E and α-synuclein in patients with these two diseases so that they may serve as biomarkers to monitor therapy in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. METHODS Drug-naïve Parkinson's disease patients and Parkinson's disease patients treated with dopaminergic therapy, neurological controls, schizophrenic patients treated with antidopaminergic therapy, and drug-naïve schizophrenic patients were recruited for the study and CSF was collected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were carried out to estimate the concentrations of apolipoprotein E and α-synuclein. Pathway analysis was done to establish a possible role of these two proteins in various pathways in these two dopamine dictated diseases. RESULTS Apolipoprotein E and α-synuclein CSF concentrations have an inverse correlation along the entire dopaminergic clinical spectrum. Pathway analysis convincingly establishes a plausible hypothesis for their co-regulation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Each protein by itself or as a combination has encouraging sensitivity and specificity values of more than 55%. CONCLUSION The dynamic variation of these two proteins along the spectrum is ideal for them to be pursued as pharmacotherapeutic biomarkers in CSF to monitor pharmacological efficacy in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vinay Goyal
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi110029, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi110029, India
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Nakashima A, Yamaguchi H, Kodani Y, Kaneko YS, Kawata M, Nagasaki H, Nagatsu T, Ota A. Identification by nano-LC-MS/MS of NT5DC2 as a protein binding to tyrosine hydroxylase: Down-regulation of NT5DC2 by siRNA increases catecholamine synthesis in PC12D cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:1060-1065. [PMID: 31279527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which catalyzes the conversion of l-tyrosine to l-DOPA, is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of catecholamines. It is well known that both α-synuclein and 14-3-3 protein family members bind to the TH molecule and regulate phosphorylation of its N-terminus by kinases to control the catalytic activity. In this present study we investigated whether other proteins aside from these 2 proteins might also bind to TH molecules. Nano-LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that 5'-nucleotidase domain-containing protein 2 (NT5DC2), belonging to a family of haloacid dehalogenase-type (HAD) phosphatases, was detected in the immunoprecipitate of PC12D cell lysates that had been reacted with Dynabeads protein G-anti-TH antibody conjugate. Surprisingly, NT5DC2 had already been revealed by Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) as a gene implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, which are diseases related to the abnormality of dopamine activity in the brain, although the role that NT5DC2 plays in these diseases remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of NT5DC2 on the TH molecule. The down-regulation of NT5DC2 by siRNA increased the synthesis of catecholamines (dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline) in PC12D cells. These increases might be attributed to the catalytic activity of TH and not to the intracellular stability of TH, because the intracellular content of TH assessed by Western blotting was not changed by the down-regulation of NT5DC2. Collectively, our results indicate that NT5DC2 inhibited the synthesis of dopamine by decreasing the enzymatic activity of TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nakashima
- Department Physiological Chemistry, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Hisateru Yamaguchi
- Division of Biomedical Polymer Science, Institute of Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yu Kodani
- Department Physiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoko S Kaneko
- Department Physiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Miho Kawata
- Department Physiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagasaki
- Department Physiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Akira Ota
- Department Physiology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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62
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Ma J, Gao J, Wang J, Xie A. Prion-Like Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:552. [PMID: 31275093 PMCID: PMC6591488 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation and aggregation of misfolded proteins in the central nervous system (CNS) is a key hallmark of several age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These diseases share key biophysical and biochemical characteristics with prion diseases. It is believed that PD is characterized by abnormal protein aggregation, mainly that of α-synuclein (α-syn). Of particular importance, there is growing evidence indicating that abnormal α-syn can spread to neighboring brain regions and cause aggregation of endogenous α-syn in these regions as seeds, in a “prion-like” manner. Abundant studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that α-syn goes through a templated conformational change, propagates from the original region to neighboring regions, and eventually cause neuron degeneration in the substantia nigra and striatum. The objective of this review is to summarize the mechanisms involved in the aggregation of abnormal intracellular α-syn and its subsequent cell-to-cell transmission. According to these findings, we look forward to effective therapeutic perspectives that can block the progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Anmu Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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63
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FTY720 Improves Behavior, Increases Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels and Reduces α-Synuclein Pathology in Parkinsonian GM2+/- Mice. Neuroscience 2019; 411:1-10. [PMID: 31129200 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive aging disorder that affects millions worldwide, thus, disease-modifying-therapies are urgently needed. PD pathology includes α-synuclein (aSyn) accumulation as synucleinopathy. Loss of GM1 gangliosides occurs in PD brain, which is modeled in GM2 synthase transgenic mice. GM2+/- mice have low, not absent GM1 and develop age-onset motor deficits, making them an excellent PD drug testing model. FTY720 (fingolimod) reduces synucleinopathy in A53T aSyn mice and motor dysfunction in 6-OHDA and rotenone PD models, but no one has tested FTY720 in mice that develop age-onset PD-like motor problems. We confirmed that GM2+/-mice had equivalent rotarod, hindlimb reflexes, and adhesive removal functions at 9 mo. From 11 mo, GM2+/- mice received oral FTY720 or vehicle 3x/week to 16 mo. As bladder problems occur in PD, we also assessed GM2+/- bladder function. This allowed us to demonstrate improved motor and bladder function in GM2+/- mice treated with FTY720. By immunoblot, FTY720 reduced levels of proNGF, a biomarker of bladder dysfunction. In humans with PD, arm swing becomes abnormal, and brachial plexus modulates arm swing. Ultrastructure of brachial plexus in wild type and GM2 transgenic mice confirmed abnormal myelination and axons in GM2 transgenics. FTY720 treated GM2+/- brachial plexus sustained myelin associated protein levels and reduced aggregated aSyn and PSer129 aSyn levels. FTY720 increases brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and we noted increased BDNF in GM2+/- brachial plexus and cerebellum, which contribute to rotarod performance. These findings provide further support for testing low dose FTY720 in patients with PD.
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Marvian AT, Koss DJ, Aliakbari F, Morshedi D, Outeiro TF. In vitro models of synucleinopathies: informing on molecular mechanisms and protective strategies. J Neurochem 2019; 150:535-565. [PMID: 31004503 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) is a central player in Parkinson's disease (PD) and in a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases collectively known as synucleinopathies. The protein was first associated with PD just over 20 years ago, when it was found to (i) be a major component of Lewy bodies and (ii) to be also associated with familial forms of PD. The characterization of α-Syn pathology has been achieved through postmortem studies of human brains. However, the identification of toxic mechanisms associated with α-Syn was only achieved through the use of experimental models. In vitro models are highly accessible, enable relatively rapid studies, and have been extensively employed to address α-Syn-associated neurodegeneration. Given the diversity of models used and the outcomes of the studies, a cumulative and comprehensive perspective emerges as indispensable to pave the way for further investigations. Here, we subdivided in vitro models of α-Syn pathology into three major types: (i) models simulating α-Syn fibrillization and the formation of different aggregated structures in vitro, (ii) models based on the intracellular expression of α-Syn, reporting on pathogenic conditions and cellular dysfunctions induced, and (iii) models using extracellular treatment with α-Syn aggregated species, reporting on sites of interaction and their downstream consequences. In summary, we review the underlying molecular mechanisms discovered and categorize protective strategies, in order to pave the way for future studies and the identification of effective therapeutic strategies. This article is part of the Special Issue "Synuclein".
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Tayaranian Marvian
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Translational Neurodegeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - David J Koss
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Farhang Aliakbari
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dina Morshedi
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, Göttingen, Germany.,University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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Ugalde CL, Lawson VA, Finkelstein DI, Hill AF. The role of lipids in α-synuclein misfolding and neurotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9016-9028. [PMID: 31064841 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.007500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The misfolding and aggregation of α-synuclein (αsyn) in the central nervous system is associated with a group of neurodegenerative disorders referred to as the synucleinopathies. In addition to being a pathological hallmark of disease, it is now well-established that upon misfolding, αsyn acquires pathogenic properties, such as neurotoxicity, that can contribute to disease development. The mechanisms that produce αsyn misfolding and the molecular events underlying the neuronal damage caused by these misfolded species are not well-defined. A consistent observation that may be relevant to αsyn's pathogenicity is its ability to associate with lipids. This appears important not only to how αsyn aggregates, but also to the mechanism by which the misfolded protein causes intracellular damage. This review discusses the current literature reporting a role of lipids in αsyn misfolding and neurotoxicity in various synucleinopathy disorders and provides an overview of current methods to assess protein misfolding and pathogenicity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn L Ugalde
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia, .,the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and.,the Howard Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, and
| | | | - David I Finkelstein
- the Howard Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia, .,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia, and
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Alza NP, Iglesias González PA, Conde MA, Uranga RM, Salvador GA. Lipids at the Crossroad of α-Synuclein Function and Dysfunction: Biological and Pathological Implications. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:175. [PMID: 31118888 PMCID: PMC6504812 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery, the study of the biological role of α-synuclein and its pathological implications has been the subject of increasing interest. The propensity to adopt different conformational states governing its aggregation and fibrillation makes this small 14-kDa cytosolic protein one of the main etiologic factors associated with degenerative disorders known as synucleinopathies. The structure, function, and toxicity of α-synuclein and the possibility of different therapeutic approaches to target the protein have been extensively investigated and reviewed. One intriguing characteristic of α-synuclein is the different ways in which it interacts with lipids. Though in-depth studies have been carried out in this field, the information they have produced is puzzling and the precise role of lipids in α-synuclein biology and pathology and vice versa is still largely unknown. Here we provide an overview and discussion of the main findings relating to α-synuclein/lipid interaction and its involvement in the modulation of lipid metabolism and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Alza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Pablo A Iglesias González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Melisa A Conde
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Romina M Uranga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Salvador
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.,Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Bistaffa E, Rossi M, De Luca CMG, Cazzaniga F, Carletta O, Campagnani I, Tagliavini F, Legname G, Giaccone G, Moda F. Prion Efficiently Replicates in α-Synuclein Knockout Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7448-7457. [PMID: 31041657 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative disorders associated with the conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into an abnormal misfolded form named PrPSc. Other than accumulating in the brain, PrPSc can bind PrPC and force it to change conformation to PrPSc. The exact mechanism which underlies the process of PrPC/PrPSc conversion still needs to be defined and many molecules or cofactors might be involved. Several studies have documented an important role of PrPC to act as receptor for abnormally folded forms of α-synuclein which are responsible of a group of diseases known as synucleinopathies. The presence of PrPC was required to promote efficient internalization and spreading of abnormal α-synuclein between cells. In this work, we have assessed whether α-synuclein exerts any role in PrPSc conversion and propagation either in vitro or in vivo. Indeed, understanding the mechanism of PrPC/PrPSc conversion and the identification of cofactors involved in this process is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies. Our results showed that PrPSc was able to efficiently propagate in the brain of animals even in the absence of α-synuclein thus suggesting that this protein did not act as key modulator of prion propagation. Thus, α-synuclein might take part in this process but is not specifically required for sustaining prion conversion and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Bistaffa
- Unit of Neuropathology and Neurology 5, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Rossi
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Maria Giulia De Luca
- Unit of Neuropathology and Neurology 5, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Federico Cazzaniga
- Unit of Neuropathology and Neurology 5, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Olga Carletta
- Unit of Neuropathology and Neurology 5, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Campagnani
- Unit of Neuropathology and Neurology 5, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Unit of Neuropathology and Neurology 5, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Legname
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Prion Biology, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giaccone
- Unit of Neuropathology and Neurology 5, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Moda
- Unit of Neuropathology and Neurology 5, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.
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68
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Dunkley PR, Dickson PW. Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation
in vivo. J Neurochem 2019; 149:706-728. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Dunkley
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and The Hunter Medical Research Institute The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - Phillip W. Dickson
- The School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy and The Hunter Medical Research Institute The University of Newcastle University Drive Callaghan NSW Australia
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69
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Vidal-Martinez G, Yang B, Vargas-Medrano J, Perez RG. Could α-Synuclein Modulation of Insulin and Dopamine Identify a Novel Link Between Parkinson's Disease and Diabetes as Well as Potential Therapies? Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:465. [PMID: 30622456 PMCID: PMC6308185 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the normal function(s) of the protein α-Synuclein (aSyn) has the potential to illuminate links between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and diabetes and also point the way toward new therapies for these disorders. Here we provide a perspective for consideration based on our discovery that aSyn normally acts to inhibit insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells by interacting with the Kir6.2 subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel (K-ATP). It is also known that K-ATP channels act to inhibit brain dopamine secretion, and we have also shown that aSyn is a normal inhibitor of dopamine synthesis. The finding, that aSyn modulates Kir6.2 and other proteins involved in dopamine and insulin secretion, suggests that aSyn interacting proteins may be negatively impacted when aSyn aggregates inside cells, whether in brain or pancreas. Furthermore, identifying therapies for PD that can counteract dysfunction found in diabetes, would be highly beneficial. One such compound may be the multiple sclerosis drug, FTY720, which like aSyn can stimulate the activity of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Ac) as well as insulin secretion. In aging aSyn transgenic mice given long term oral FTY720, the mice had reduced aSyn pathology and increased levels of the protective molecule, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (Vidal-Martinez et al., 2016). In collaboration with medicinal chemists, we made two non-immunosuppressive FTY720s that also enhance PP2Ac activity, and BDNF expression (Vargas-Medrano et al., 2014; Enoru et al., 2016; Segura-Ulate et al., 2017a). FTY720 and our novel FTY720-based-derivatives, may thus have therapeutic potential for both diabetes and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Vidal-Martinez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Barbara Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Javier Vargas-Medrano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Ruth G Perez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX, United States
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Carlson SW, Dixon CE. Lithium Improves Dopamine Neurotransmission and Increases Dopaminergic Protein Abundance in the Striatum after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2827-2836. [PMID: 29699444 PMCID: PMC6247981 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) recapitulate secondary injury sequela and cognitive dysfunction reported in patients afflicted with a TBI. Impairments in neurotransmission are reported in multiple brain regions in the weeks following experimental TBI and may contribute to behavioral dysfunction. Formation of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex is an important mechanism for neurotransmitter exocytosis. We previously showed that lithium treatment attenuated hippocampal decreases in α-synuclein and VAMP2, enhanced SNARE complex formation, and improved cognitive performance after TBI. However, the effect of TBI on striatal SNARE complex formation is not known. We hypothesized lithium treatment would attenuate TBI-induced impairments in evoked dopamine release and increase the abundance of synaptic proteins associated with dopamine neurotransmission. The current study evaluated the effect of lithium (1 mmol/kg/day) administration on striatal evoked dopamine neurotransmission, SNARE complex formation, and proposed actions of lithium, including inhibition of GSK3β, assessment of synaptic marker protein abundance, and synaptic proteins important for dopamine synthesis and transport following controlled cortical impact (CCI). Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to CCI or sham injury and treated daily with lithium chloride or vehicle for 7 days post-injury. We provide novel evidence that CCI reduces SNARE protein and SNARE complex abundance in the striatum at 1 week post-injury. Lithium administration improved evoked dopamine release and increased the abundance of α-synuclein, D2 receptor, and phosphorylated tyrosine hydroxylase in striatal synaptosomes post-injury. These findings show that lithium treatment attenuated dopamine neurotransmission deficits and increased the abundance of synaptic proteins important for dopamine signaling after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun W. Carlson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - C. Edward Dixon
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation protects neurons by activating autophagy via PP2A inactivation in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2018; 306:232-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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72
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Tian H, Lu Y, Liu J, Liu W, Lu L, Duan C, Gao G, Yang H. Leucine Carboxyl Methyltransferase Downregulation and Protein Phosphatase Methylesterase Upregulation Contribute Toward the Inhibition of Protein Phosphatase 2A by α-Synuclein. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:173. [PMID: 29950985 PMCID: PMC6008559 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of phosphorylated α-synuclein (α-syn). Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is responsible for α-syn dephosphorylation. Previous work has demonstrated that α-syn can regulate PP2A activity. However, the mechanisms underlying α-syn regulation of PP2A activity are not well understood. In this study, we found that α-syn overexpression induced increased α-syn phosphorylation at serine 129 (Ser129), and PP2A inhibition, in vitro and in vivo. α-syn overexpression resulted in PP2A demethylation. This demethylation was mediated via downregulated leucine carboxyl methyltransferase (LCMT-1) expression, and upregulated protein phosphatase methylesterase (PME-1) expression. Furthermore, LCMT-1 overexpression, or PME-1 inhibition, reversed α-syn-induced increases in α-syn phosphorylation and apoptosis. In addition to post-translational modifications of the catalytic subunit, regulatory subunits are involved in the regulation of PP2A activity. We found that the levels of regulatory subunits which belong to the PPP2R2 subfamily, not the PPP2R5 subfamily, were downregulated in the examined brain regions of transgenic mice. Our work identifies a novel mechanism to explain how α-syn regulates PP2A activity, and provides the optimization of PP2A methylation as a new target for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tian
- Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Center of Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing, China
| | - Yongquan Lu
- Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Center of Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Center of Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Liu
- Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Center of Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Lu
- Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Center of Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Duan
- Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Center of Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Center of Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Center of Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing, China
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73
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Yan X, Uronen RL, Huttunen HJ. The interaction of α-synuclein and Tau: A molecular conspiracy in neurodegeneration? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 99:55-64. [PMID: 29738880 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
α-synuclein and Tau are proteins prone to pathological misfolding and aggregation that are normally found in the presynaptic and axonal compartments of neurons. Misfolding initiates a homo-oligomerization and aggregation cascade culminating in cerebral accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein and Tau in insoluble protein inclusions in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Traditionally, α-synuclein-containing Lewy bodies have been associated with Parkinson's disease and Tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles with Alzheimer's disease and various frontotemporal dementia syndromes. However, there is significant overlap and co-occurrence of α-synuclein and Tau pathologies in a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. Importantly, α-synuclein and Tau can interact in cells, and their pathological conformations are capable of templating further misfolding and aggregation of each other. They also share a number of protein interactors indicating that network perturbations may contribute to chronic proteotoxic stress and neuronal dysfunction in synucleinopathies and tauopathies, some of which share similarities in both neuropathological and clinical manifestations. In this review, we focus on the protein interactions of these two pathologically important proteins and consider a network biology perspective towards neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yan
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka-Liisa Uronen
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri J Huttunen
- Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Post MR, Lieberman OJ, Mosharov EV. Can Interactions Between α-Synuclein, Dopamine and Calcium Explain Selective Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease? Front Neurosci 2018; 12:161. [PMID: 29593491 PMCID: PMC5861202 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence place alpha-synuclein (aSyn) at the center of Parkinson's disease (PD) etiology, but it is still unclear why overexpression or mutated forms of this protein affect some neuronal populations more than others. Susceptible neuronal populations in PD, dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the locus coeruleus (LC), are distinguished by relatively high cytoplasmic concentrations of dopamine and calcium ions. Here we review the evidence for the multi-hit hypothesis of neurodegeneration, including recent papers that demonstrate synergistic interactions between aSyn, calcium ions and dopamine that may lead to imbalanced protein turnover and selective susceptibility of these neurons. We conclude that decreasing the levels of any one of these toxicity mediators can be beneficial for the survival of SNpc and LC neurons, providing multiple opportunities for targeted drug interventions aimed at modifying the course of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Post
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ori J Lieberman
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Eugene V Mosharov
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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75
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Abstract
α-Synuclein is an abundant neuronal protein that is highly enriched in presynaptic nerve terminals. Genetics and neuropathology studies link α-synuclein to Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. Accumulation of misfolded oligomers and larger aggregates of α-synuclein defines multiple neurodegenerative diseases called synucleinopathies, but the mechanisms by which α-synuclein acts in neurodegeneration are unknown. Moreover, the normal cellular function of α-synuclein remains debated. In this perspective, we review the structural characteristics of α-synuclein, its developmental expression pattern, its cellular and subcellular localization, and its function in neurons. We also discuss recent progress on secretion of α-synuclein, which may contribute to its interneuronal spread in a prion-like fashion, and describe the neurotoxic effects of α-synuclein that are thought to be responsible for its role in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Burré
- Appel Institute for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021
| | - Manu Sharma
- Appel Institute for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California 94305
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76
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by intracellular inclusions of aggregated and misfolded α-Synuclein (α-Syn), and the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the brain. The resulting motor abnormalities mark the progression of PD, while non-motor symptoms can already be identified during early, prodromal stages of disease. Recent studies provide evidence that during this early prodromal phase, synaptic and axonal abnormalities occur before the degenerative loss of neuronal cell bodies. These early phenotypes can be attributed to synaptic accumulation of toxic α-Syn. Under physiological conditions, α-Syn functions in its native conformation as a soluble monomer. However, PD patient brains are characterized by intracellular inclusions of insoluble fibrils. Yet, oligomers and protofibrils of α-Syn have been identified to be the most toxic species, with their accumulation at presynaptic terminals affecting several steps of neurotransmitter release. First, high levels of α-Syn alter the size of synaptic vesicle pools and impair their trafficking. Second, α-Syn overexpression can either misregulate or redistribute proteins of the presynaptic SNARE complex. This leads to deficient tethering, docking, priming and fusion of synaptic vesicles at the active zone (AZ). Third, α-Syn inclusions are found within the presynaptic AZ, accompanied by a decrease in AZ protein levels. Furthermore, α-Syn overexpression reduces the endocytic retrieval of synaptic vesicle membranes during vesicle recycling. These presynaptic alterations mediated by accumulation of α-Syn, together impair neurotransmitter exocytosis and neuronal communication. Although α-Syn is expressed throughout the brain and enriched at presynaptic terminals, DA neurons are the most vulnerable in PD, likely because α-Syn directly regulates dopamine levels. Indeed, evidence suggests that α-Syn is a negative modulator of dopamine by inhibiting enzymes responsible for its synthesis. In addition, α-Syn is able to interact with and reduce the activity of VMAT2 and DAT. The resulting dysregulation of dopamine levels directly contributes to the formation of toxic α-Syn oligomers. Together these data suggest a vicious cycle of accumulating α-Syn and deregulated dopamine that triggers synaptic dysfunction and impaired neuronal communication, ultimately causing synaptopathy and progressive neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika C Bridi
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Hirth
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
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77
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Benskey MJ, Sellnow RC, Sandoval IM, Sortwell CE, Lipton JW, Manfredsson FP. Silencing Alpha Synuclein in Mature Nigral Neurons Results in Rapid Neuroinflammation and Subsequent Toxicity. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:36. [PMID: 29497361 PMCID: PMC5819572 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human studies and preclinical models of Parkinson’s disease implicate the involvement of both the innate and adaptive immune systems in disease progression. Further, pro-inflammatory markers are highly enriched near neurons containing pathological forms of alpha synuclein (α-syn), and α-syn overexpression recapitulates neuroinflammatory changes in models of Parkinson’s disease. These data suggest that α-syn may initiate a pathological inflammatory response, however the mechanism by which α-syn initiates neuroinflammation is poorly understood. Silencing endogenous α-syn results in a similar pattern of nigral degeneration observed following α-syn overexpression. Here we aimed to test the hypothesis that loss of α-syn function within nigrostriatal neurons results in neuronal dysfunction, which subsequently stimulates neuroinflammation. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing an short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting endogenous α-syn was unilaterally injected into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of adult rats, after which nigrostriatal pathology and indices of neuroinflammation were examined at 7, 10, 14 and 21 days post-surgery. Removing endogenous α-syn from nigrostriatal neurons resulted in a rapid up-regulation of the major histocompatibility complex class 1 (MHC-1) within transduced nigral neurons. Nigral MHC-1 expression occurred prior to any overt cell death and coincided with the recruitment of reactive microglia and T-cells to affected neurons. Following the induction of neuroinflammation, α-syn knockdown resulted in a 50% loss of nigrostriatal neurons in the SNc and a corresponding loss of nigrostriatal terminals and dopamine (DA) concentrations within the striatum. Expression of a control shRNA did not elicit any pathological changes. Silencing α-syn within glutamatergic neurons of the cerebellum did not elicit inflammation or cell death, suggesting that toxicity initiated by α-syn silencing is specific to DA neurons. These data provide evidence that loss of α-syn function within nigrostriatal neurons initiates a neuronal-mediated neuroinflammatory cascade, involving both the innate and adaptive immune systems, which ultimately results in the death of affected neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Benskey
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Rhyomi C Sellnow
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Ivette M Sandoval
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Caryl E Sortwell
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Jack W Lipton
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
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78
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The interaction between calcineurin and α-synuclein is regulated by calcium and calmodulin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:1109-1114. [PMID: 29409956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Calcineurin (CN) is a protein phosphatase and widely distributed in eukaryotes, with an extremely high level of expression in mammalian brain. Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a small soluble protein expressed primarily at presynaptic terminals in the central nervous system. In our present study, we explored the interactions between CN and α-syn in vitro. Based on the data from microscale thermophoresis, GST pull-down assays, and co-immunoprecipitation, we found that CN binds α-syn. Furthermore, this interaction is mediated by calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM) signaling. Additionally, thapsigargin (TG) triggered an increase in CN activity and α-syn aggregation in HEK293 cells stably transfected with α-syn. Our previous study in vivo suggest that overexpression of α-syn in transgenic mice significantly promoted CN activity and subsequent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) in the midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. These in vivo and in vitro studies have been complementary with each other, representing the changes in the CN-dependent pathway affected by overexpression of α-syn.
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79
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Does sympathetic dysfunction occur before denervation in pure autonomic failure? Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1-16. [PMID: 29162745 DOI: 10.1042/cs20170240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pure autonomic failure (PAF) is a rare sporadic disorder characterized by autonomic failure in the absence of a movement disorder or dementia and is associated with very low plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels-suggesting widespread sympathetic denervation, however due to its rarity the pathology remains poorly elucidated. We sought to correlate clinical and neurochemical findings with sympathetic nerve protein abundances, accessed by way of a forearm vein biopsy, in patients with PAF and in healthy controls and patients with multiple systems atrophy (MSA) in whom sympathetic nerves are considered intact. The abundance of sympathetic nerve proteins, extracted from forearm vein biopsy specimens, in 11 patients with PAF, 8 patients with MSA and 9 age-matched healthy control participants was performed following a clinical evaluation and detailed evaluation of sympathetic nervous system function, which included head-up tilt (HUT) testing with measurement of plasma catecholamines and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in addition to haemodynamic assessment to confirm the clinical phenotype. PAF participants were found to have normal abundance of the NE transporter (NET) protein, together with very low levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (P<0.0001) and reduced vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) (P<0.05) protein expression compared with control and MSA participants. These findings were associated with a significantly higher ratio of plasma 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG):NE in PAF participants when compared with controls (P<0.05). The finding of normal NET abundance in PAF suggests intact sympathetic nerves but with reduced NE synthesis. The finding of elevated plasma ratio of DHPG:NE and reduced VMAT2 in PAF indicates a shift towards intraneuronal NE metabolism over sequestration in sympathetic nerves and suggests that sympathetic dysfunction may occur ahead of denervation.
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80
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Suárez I, Bodega G, Rubio M, Fernández B. Reduced TH expression and α-synuclein accumulation contribute towards nigrostriatal dysfunction in experimental hepatic encephalopathy. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2017; 35:469-481. [PMID: 28984618 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-170728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present work examines α-synuclein expression in the nigrostriatal system of a rat chronic hepatic encephalopathy model induced by portacaval anastomosis (PCA). There is evidence that dopaminergic dysfunction in disease conditions is strongly associated with such expression. Possible relationships among dopaminergic neurons, astroglial cells and α-synuclein expression were sought. METHODS Brain tissue samples from rats at 1 and 6 months post-PCA, and controls, were analysed immunohistochemically using antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), α-synuclein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin (Ub). RESULTS In the control rats, TH immunoreactivity was detected in the neuronal cell bodies and processes in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). A dense TH-positive network of neurons was also seen in the striatum. In the PCA-exposed rats, however, a reduction in TH-positive neurons was seen at both 1 and 6 months in the SNc, as well as a reduction in TH-positive fibres in the striatum. This was coincident with the appearance of α-synuclein-immunoreactive neurons in the SNc; some of the TH-positive neurons also showed α-synuclein immunoreactivity. In addition, α-synuclein accumulation was seen in the SNc and striatum at both 1 and 6 months post-PCA, whereas α-synuclein was only mildly expressed in the nigrostriatal pathway of the controls. Astrogliosis was also seen following PCA, as revealed by increased GFAP expression from 1 month to 6 months post-PCA in both the SN and striatum. The astroglial activation level in the SN paralleled the reduced neuronal expression of TH throughout PCA exposure. CONCLUSION α-synuclein accumulation following PCA may induce dopaminergic dysfunction via the downregulation of TH, as well as astroglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Suárez
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Bodega
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Rubio
- Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnología, Universidad de Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Benjamín Fernández
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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81
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Yang W, Wang X, Liu J, Duan C, Gao G, Lu L, Yu S, Yang H. PINK1 suppresses alpha-synuclein-induced neuronal injury: a novel mechanism in protein phosphatase 2A activation. Oncotarget 2017; 9:37-53. [PMID: 29416594 PMCID: PMC5787472 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN)-induced putative kinase (PINK) 1 are proteins found in Lewy bodies, which are a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD). PINK1 overexpression suppresses α-Syn-induced phenotypes and increases lifespan and health in an animal model of PD. It has been suggested that the two proteins regulate protein phosphatase (PP) 2A activity, but the underlying mechanisms and neuroprotective action of PP2A against PD-associated pathology are unknown. We found that α-Syn overexpression in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells and primary cortical neurons caused mitochondrial dysfunction and cell injury via phosphorylation of PP2A at Tyr307 and inhibition of its activity. Concomitant overexpression of PINK1 reversed this effect and restored the activity. The level of phospho-activated Src was increased in cells overexpressing α-Syn, which was reversed by co-expressing PINK1, suggesting that the latter suppressed α-Syn-induced PP2A inactivation by inhibiting Src activity. Calmodulin/Src complex formation was also enhanced in α-Syn-overexpressing cells, which was reversed by co-expression of PINK1 as a result of reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ releasing. Interestingly, the protective effects of PINK1 in α-Syn induced models were abolished by treatment with the PP2A inhibitor okadaic acid, indicating that PP2A is a target of PINK1. These findings indicate that PINK1 protects against α-Syn-induced neurodegeneration by promoting the dissociation of the calmodulin/Src complex and inhibiting Src, thereby enhancing PP2A activity. This was supported by the observation that PP2A activity was decreased in PD patients, which was negatively correlated with Hoehn and Yahr scores. Our results provide novel insight into the mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in PD as well as possible avenues for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Duan
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Lu
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of the Ministry of Education, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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82
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Hu ZY, Chen B, Zhang JP, Ma YY. Up-regulation of autophagy-related gene 5 ( ATG5) protects dopaminergic neurons in a zebrafish model of Parkinson's disease. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18062-18074. [PMID: 28928221 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.764795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most epidemic neurodegenerative diseases and is characterized by movement disorders arising from loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Recently, the relationship between PD and autophagy has received considerable attention, but information about the mechanisms involved is lacking. Here, we report that autophagy-related gene 5 (ATG5) is potentially important in protecting dopaminergic neurons in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD model in zebrafish. Using analyses of zebrafish swimming behavior, in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, and expressions of genes and proteins related to PD and autophagy, we found that the ATG5 expression level was decreased and autophagy flux was blocked in this model. The ATG5 down-regulation led to the upgrade of PD-associated proteins, such as β-synuclein, Parkin, and PINK1, aggravation of MPTP-induced PD-mimicking pathological locomotor behavior, DA neuron loss labeled by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or dopamine transporter (DAT), and blocked autophagy flux in the zebrafish model. ATG5 overexpression alleviated or reversed these PD pathological features, rescued DA neuron cells as indicated by elevated TH/DAT levels, and restored autophagy flux. The role of ATG5 in protecting DA neurons was confirmed by expression of the human atg5 gene in the zebrafish model. Our findings reveal that ATG5 has a role in neuroprotection, and up-regulation of ATG5 may serve as a goal in the development of drugs for PD prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Ying Hu
- From the Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bo Chen
- From the Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing-Pu Zhang
- From the Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ma
- From the Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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83
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Pértile RAN, Corvino ME, Marchette RCN, Pavesi E, Cavalli J, Ramos A, Izídio GS. The Quinpirole Hypolocomotive Effects are Strain and Route of Administration Dependent in SHR and SLA16 Isogenic Rats. Behav Genet 2017; 47:552-563. [PMID: 28822047 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-017-9865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The SHR and SLA16 inbred strains present behavioral differences in anxiety/emotionality that could be under the influence of dopaminergic neurotransmission. In order to investigate the role of D2 receptors in modulating such differences, an agonist (quinpirole) and an antagonist (haloperidol) of this receptor were administered, either via systemic injection (IP), or microinjected into the ventral area of the hippocampus (vHIP). Quinpirole and haloperidol IP decreased locomotor activity, only in SLA16 rats in the open-field (OF), and in both strains in the elevated plus-maze (EPM). Quinpirole also increased the preference for the aversive areas of the EPM. Quinpirole vHIP decreased locomotor activity in both strains. Haloperidol vHIP did not elicit behavioural changes and no differences in the levels of D2 receptors and of dopamine transporter in the hippocampus were found. Results indicate that systemic activation/blocking of D2 receptors caused a strain-dependent hypolocomotion, whereas activation of D2 receptors in the vHIP, but not D2 receptor antagonism, regardless of dose, decreased general locomotor activity in the two strains. Therefore, we suggest that genomic differences in the chromosome 4 can influence the locomotor activity regulated by the D2 dopaminergic receptor, especially in the vHIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A N Pértile
- Laboratory of Behavior Genetics, Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - M E Corvino
- Laboratory of Behavior Genetics, Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - R C N Marchette
- Laboratory of Behavior Genetics, Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - E Pavesi
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - J Cavalli
- Laboratory of Behavior Genetics, Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - A Ramos
- Laboratory of Behavior Genetics, Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - G S Izídio
- Laboratory of Behavior Genetics, Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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Lek S, Vargas-Medrano J, Villanueva E, Marcus B, Godfrey W, Perez RG. Recombinant α- β- and γ-Synucleins Stimulate Protein Phosphatase 2A Catalytic Subunit Activity in Cell Free Assays. J Vis Exp 2017:55361. [PMID: 28829427 PMCID: PMC5614314 DOI: 10.3791/55361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (aSyn), β-Synuclein (bSyn), and γ-Synuclein (gSyn) are members of a conserved family of chaperone-like proteins that are highly expressed in vertebrate neuronal tissues. Of the three synucleins, only aSyn has been strongly implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies, and Multiple System Atrophy. In studying normal aSyn function, data indicate that aSyn stimulates the activity of the catalytic subunit of an abundantly expressed dephosphorylating enzyme, PP2Ac in vitro and in vivo. Prior data show that aSyn aggregation in human brain reduces PP2Ac activity in regions with Lewy body pathology, where soluble aSyn has become insoluble. However, because all three synucleins have considerable homology in the amino acid sequences, experiments were designed to test if all can modulate PP2Ac activity. Using recombinant synucleins and recombinant PP2Ac protein, activity was assessed by malachite green colorimetric assay. Data revealed that all three recombinant synucleins stimulated PP2Ac activity in cell-free assays, raising the possibility that the conserved homology between synucleins may endow all three homologs with the ability to bind to and activate the PP2Ac. Co-immunoprecipitation data, however, suggest that PP2Ac modulation likely occurs through endogenous interactions between aSyn and PP2Ac in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sovanarak Lek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso
| | - Javier Vargas-Medrano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso
| | - Ernesto Villanueva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso
| | - Brian Marcus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso
| | - Wesley Godfrey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso
| | - Ruth G Perez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso;
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85
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Emamzadeh FN. Role of Apolipoproteins and α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 62:344-355. [PMID: 28695482 PMCID: PMC5541107 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive brain disorder that interferes with activities of normal life. The main pathological feature of this disease is the loss of more than 80% of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Dopaminergic neuronal cell death occurs when intraneuronal, insoluble, aggregated proteins start to form Lewy bodies (LBs), the most important component of which is a protein called α-synuclein (α-syn). α-Syn structurally contains hexameric repeats of 11 amino acids, which are characteristic of apolipoproteins and thus α-syn can also be considered an apolipoprotein. Moreover, apolipoproteins seem to be involved in the incidence and development of PD. Some apolipoproteins such as ApoD have a neuroprotective role in the brain. In PD, apoD levels increase in glial cells surrounding dopaminergic cells. However, elevated levels of some other apolipoproteins such as ApaA1 and ApoE are reported as a vulnerability factor of PD. At present, when a clinical diagnosis of PD is made, based on symptoms such as shaking, stiff muscles and slow movement, serious damage has already been done to nerve cells of the SN. The diagnosis of PD in its earlier stages, before this irreversible damage, would be of enormous benefit for future treatment strategies designed to slow or halt the progression of PD. This review presents the roles of apolipoproteins and α-syn in PD and how some of them could potentially be used as biomarkers for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nouri Emamzadeh
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4AY, UK.
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86
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Jorge-Finnigan A, Kleppe R, Jung-Kc K, Ying M, Marie M, Rios-Mondragon I, Salvatore MF, Saraste J, Martinez A. Phosphorylation at serine 31 targets tyrosine hydroxylase to vesicles for transport along microtubules. J Biol Chem 2017. [PMID: 28637871 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.762344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyzes the conversion of l-tyrosine into l-DOPA, which is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamines, such as dopamine, in dopaminergergic neurons. Low dopamine levels and death of the dopaminergic neurons are hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD), where α-synuclein is also a key player. TH is highly regulated, notably by phosphorylation of several Ser/Thr residues in the N-terminal tail. However, the functional role of TH phosphorylation at the Ser-31 site (THSer(P)-31) remains unclear. Here, we report that THSer(P)-31 co-distributes with the Golgi complex and synaptic-like vesicles in rat and human dopaminergic cells. We also found that the TH microsomal fraction content decreases after inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and ERK1/2. The cellular distribution of an overexpressed phospho-null mutant, TH1-S31A, was restricted to the soma of neuroblastoma cells, with decreased association with the microsomal fraction, whereas a phospho-mimic mutant, TH1-S31E, was distributed throughout the soma and neurites. TH1-S31E associated with vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and α-synuclein in neuroblastoma cells, and endogenous THSer(P)-31 was detected in VMAT2- and α-synuclein-immunoprecipitated mouse brain samples. Microtubule disruption or co-transfection with α-synuclein A53T, a PD-associated mutation, caused TH1-S31E accumulation in the cell soma. Our results indicate that Ser-31 phosphorylation may regulate TH subcellular localization by enabling its transport along microtubules, notably toward the projection terminals. These findings disclose a new mechanism of TH regulation by phosphorylation and reveal its interaction with key players in PD, opening up new research avenues for better understanding dopamine synthesis in physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Jorge-Finnigan
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Rune Kleppe
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kunwar Jung-Kc
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ming Ying
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael Marie
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgaten 55, 5020 Bergen Norway
| | - Ivan Rios-Mondragon
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael F Salvatore
- Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107
| | - Jaakko Saraste
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Aurora Martinez
- From the Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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87
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Leão AHFF, Meurer YSR, da Silva AF, Medeiros AM, Campêlo CLC, Abílio VC, Engelberth RCGK, Cavalcante JS, Izídio GS, Ribeiro AM, Silva RH. Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) Are Resistant to a Reserpine-Induced Progressive Model of Parkinson's Disease: Differences in Motor Behavior, Tyrosine Hydroxylase and α-Synuclein Expression. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:78. [PMID: 28396635 PMCID: PMC5366354 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reserpine is an irreversible inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) used to study Parkinson’s disease (PD) and screening for antiparkinsonian treatments in rodents. Recently, the repeated treatment with a low-dose of reserpine was proposed as a progressive model of PD. Rats under this treatment show progressive catalepsy behavior, oral movements and spontaneous motor activity decrement. In parallel, compared to Wistar rats, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are resistant to acute reserpine-induced oral dyskinesia. We aimed to assess whether SHR would present differential susceptibility to repeated reserpine-induced deficits in the progressive model of PD. Male Wistar and SHR rats were administered 15 subcutaneously (s.c.) injections of reserpine (0.1 mg/kg) or vehicle, every other day and motor activity was assessed by the catalepsy, oral movements and open field tests. Only reserpine-treated Wistar rats presented increased latency to step down in the catalepsy test and impaired spontaneous activity in the open field. On the other hand, there was an increase in oral movements in both reserpine-treated strains, although with reduced magnitude and latency to instauration in SHR. After a 15-day withdrawn period, both strains recovered from motor impairment, but SHR animals expressed reduced latencies to reach control levels. Finally, we performed immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and α-synuclein (α-syn) 48 h after the last injection or 15 days after withdrawn. Reserpine-treated animals presented a reduction in TH and an increase in α-syn immunoreactivity in the substantia nigra and dorsal striatum (dSTR), which were both recovered after 15 days of withdraw. Furthermore, SHR rats were resistant to reserpine-induced TH decrement in the substantia nigra, and presented reduced immunoreactivity to α-syn in the dSTR relative to Wistar rats, irrespective of treatment. This effect was accompanied by increase of malondaldhyde (MDA) in the striatum of reserpine-treated Wistar rats, while SHR presented reduced MDA in both control and reserpine conditions relative to Wistar strain. In conclusion, the current results show that SHR are resilient to motor and neurochemical impairments induced by the repeated low-dose reserpine protocol. These findings indicate that the neurochemical, molecular and genetic differences in the SHR strain are potential relevant targets to the study of susceptibility to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson H F F Leão
- Memory Studies Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil; Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil; Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ywlliane S R Meurer
- Memory Studies Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | | | - André M Medeiros
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarissa L C Campêlo
- Memory Studies Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | - Vanessa C Abílio
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rovena C G K Engelberth
- Neurochemical Studies Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | - Jeferson S Cavalcante
- Neurochemical Studies Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal, Brazil
| | - Geison S Izídio
- Laboratory of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Cellular Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianopolis, Brazil
| | | | - Regina H Silva
- Memory Studies Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do NorteNatal, Brazil; Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
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88
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Protein Phosphatase 2A: a Double-Faced Phosphatase of Cellular System and Its Role in Neurodegenerative Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1750-1761. [PMID: 28224476 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0444-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine phosphatase, is a vitally important phosphatase for the cellular system. Structurally, it is constituted of three different subunits, namely catalytic subunit (PP2Ac), structural scaffold subunit (PP2A-A), and regulatory subunit (PP2A-B). All subunits have various isoforms, and catalytic and scaffold subunits are ubiquitously expressed, whereas regulatory subunits are more specific to tissue and cell type. It is the numerous possibilities of PP2A holoenzyme assembly with varying isoform components that make it possess a dual nature of activator or the inhibitory character in different signaling pathways, namely neural developmental pathways, Akt/protein kinase B pathway, NF-kB pathway, MAPK pathway, apoptosis pathway, and cell cycle progression to name a few. Importantly, the expression of PP2A in the brain is highest among the serine phosphatases and is known to actively participate in the neural development process. However, the exact mechanism of action of PP2A is still debated and enunciating the holoenzyme components, especially the regulatory subunit of PP2A involved in regulating neural developmental process is still poorly understood. In this review, we try to throw some light on the involvement of various PP2A holoenzyme forms in the process of neurogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases.
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89
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Kim S, Lim J, Bang Y, Moon J, Kwon MS, Hong JT, Jeon J, Seo H, Choi HJ. Alpha-Synuclein Suppresses Retinoic Acid-Induced Neuronal Differentiation by Targeting the Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1607-1619. [PMID: 28190238 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) is expressed during neuronal development and is mainly involved in the modulation of synaptic transmission. Missense mutations and amplifications of this gene have been associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Here, we evaluate whether α-SYN plays a detrimental role in the phenotypic and morphological regulation of neurons. We also identify the underlying mechanisms of this process in all-trans-retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, which represents dopaminergic (DAergic) phenotype. Our results indicate that overexpression of wild-type or mutant A53T α-SYN attenuated the RA-induced upregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter as well as neurite outgrowth in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, GSK-3β inactivation and downstream β-catenin stabilization were associated with RA-induced differentiation, which was attenuated by α-SYN. Moreover, protein phosphatase 2A was positively regulated by α-SYN and was implicated in the α-SYN-mediated interference with RA signaling. The results obtained from SH-SY5Y cells were verified in primary cultures of mesencephalic DAergic neurons from A53T α-SYN transgenic mice, which represent high levels of α-SYN and protein phosphatase 2A in the midbrain. The number and length of neurites in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive as well as Tau-positive cells from A53T α-SYN transgenic mice were significantly lower than those in littermate controls. The current results provide novel insight into the role of α-SYN in the regulation of neuronal differentiation, including DAergic neurons. Identifying the signaling pathway involved in the α-SYN-mediated dysregulation of neuronal differentiation could lead to a better understanding of the developmental processes underlying α-SYN-related pathologies and facilitate the discovery of specifically targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasuk Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Lim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojin Bang
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisook Moon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeha Jeon
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemyung Seo
- Department of Molecular and Life Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Seongnam, 13488, Republic of Korea.
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90
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Tejeda GS, Díaz-Guerra M. Integral Characterization of Defective BDNF/TrkB Signalling in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders Leads the Way to New Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020268. [PMID: 28134845 PMCID: PMC5343804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling has great potential in therapy for neurological and psychiatric disorders. This neurotrophin not only attenuates cell death but also promotes neuronal plasticity and function. However, an important challenge to this approach is the persistence of aberrant neurotrophic signalling due to a defective function of the BDNF high-affinity receptor, tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), or downstream effectors. Such changes have been already described in several disorders, but their importance as pathological mechanisms has been frequently underestimated. This review highlights the relevance of an integrative characterization of aberrant BDNF/TrkB pathways for the rational design of therapies that by combining BDNF and TrkB targets could efficiently promote neurotrophic signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo S Tejeda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Margarita Díaz-Guerra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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91
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Yang W, Li X, Li X, Li X, Yu S. Neuronal hemoglobin in mitochondria is reduced by forming a complex with α-synuclein in aging monkey brains. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7441-54. [PMID: 26824991 PMCID: PMC4884930 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal hemoglobin (nHb) plays a critical role in maintaining normal mitochondrial functioning in the brain. However, in aging and Parkinson's disease (PD) brains, mitochondrial nHb levels are greatly reduced in neurons that accumulate α-synuclein (α-syn), suggesting a link between the two proteins. In this study, we demonstrate that α-syn and Hb can form a complex in both brain tissue and peripheral red blood cells (RBCs) in aging cynomolgus monkeys. nHb-α-syn complex levels in the mitochondrial fraction of the striatum decreased with age; this was negatively correlated with levels in the cytoplasmic fraction and in RBCs and was accompanied by a reduction in mitochondrial free nHb. In contrast, no changes in nHb-α-syn complex formation or free nHb levels were detected in the cerebellum. In vitro studies using a cultured dopaminergic cell line showed that intracellular accumulation of α-syn caused an elevation in nHb-α-syn complex levels in both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic fractions as well as a reduction in mitochondrial free nHb. nHb overexpression increased free nHb levels in mitochondria, stabilized mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduced α-syn-induced apoptosis. The above results suggest that α-syn forms a complex with nHb in selected regions of the aging brain, thereby decreasing mitochondrial function and increasing the risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xuran Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xuying Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Parkinson's Disease, Beijing, China
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92
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Enoru JO, Yang B, Krishnamachari S, Villanueva E, DeMaio W, Watanyar A, Chinnasamy R, Arterburn JB, Perez RG. Preclinical Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and In Vivo Analysis of New Blood-Brain-Barrier Penetrant Fingolimod Analogues: FTY720-C2 and FTY720-Mitoxy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162162. [PMID: 27611691 PMCID: PMC5017749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative aging disorder in which postmortem PD brain exhibits neuroinflammation, as well as synucleinopathy-associated protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) enzymatic activity loss. Based on our translational research, we began evaluating the PD-repurposing-potential of an anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and PP2A stimulatory oral drug that is FDA-approved for multiple sclerosis, FTY720 (fingolimod, Gilenya®). We also designed two new FTY720 analogues, FTY720-C2 and FTY720-Mitoxy, with modifications that affect drug potency and mitochondrial localization, respectively. Herein, we describe the metabolic stability and metabolic profiling of FTY720-C2 and FTY720-Mitoxy in liver microsomes and hepatocytes. Using mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human liver microsomes the intrinsic clearance of FTY720-C2 was 22.5, 79.5, 6.0, 20.2 and 18.3 μL/min/mg; and for FTY720-Mitoxy was 1.8, 7.8, 1.4, 135.0 and 17.5 μL/min/mg, respectively. In hepatocytes, both FTY720-C2 and FTY720-Mitoxy were metabolized from the octyl side chain, generating a series of carboxylic acids similar to the parent FTY720, but without phosphorylated metabolites. To assess absorption and distribution, we gave equivalent single intravenous (IV) or oral doses of FTY720-C2 or FTY720-Mitoxy to C57BL/6 mice, with two mice per time point evaluated. After IV delivery, both FTY720-C2 and FTY720-Mitoxy were rapidly detected in plasma and brain; and reached peak concentrations at the first sampling time points. After oral dosing, FTY720-C2 was present in plasma and brain, although FTY720-Mitoxy was not orally bioavailable. Brain-to-plasma ratio of both compounds increased time-dependently, suggesting a preferential partitioning to the brain. PP2A activity in mouse adrenal gland increased ~2-fold after FTY720-C2 or FTY720-Mitoxy, as compared to untreated controls. In summary, FTY720-C2 and FTY720-Mitoxy both (i) crossed the blood-brain-barrier; (ii) produced metabolites similar to FTY720, except without phosphorylated species that cause S1P1-mediated-immunosuppression; and (iii) stimulated in vivo PP2A activity, all of which encourage additional preclinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius O. Enoru
- In Vitro and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Ricerca Biosciences LLC, Concord, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Barbara Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sesha Krishnamachari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ernesto Villanueva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - William DeMaio
- In Vitro and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Ricerca Biosciences LLC, Concord, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Adiba Watanyar
- In Vitro and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Ricerca Biosciences LLC, Concord, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Chinnasamy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey B. Arterburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ruth G. Perez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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93
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Vidal-Martínez G, Vargas-Medrano J, Gil-Tommee C, Medina D, Garza NT, Yang B, Segura-Ulate I, Dominguez SJ, Perez RG. FTY720/Fingolimod Reduces Synucleinopathy and Improves Gut Motility in A53T Mice: CONTRIBUTIONS OF PRO-BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR (PRO-BDNF) AND MATURE BDNF. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:20811-21. [PMID: 27528608 PMCID: PMC5034069 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.744029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) often have aggregated α-synuclein (aSyn) in enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons, which may be associated with the development of constipation. This occurs well before the onset of classic PD motor symptoms. We previously found that aging A53T transgenic (Tg) mice closely model PD-like ENS aSyn pathology, making them appropriate for testing potential PD therapies. Here we show that Tg mice overexpressing mutant human aSyn develop ENS pathology by 4 months. We then evaluated the responses of Tg mice and their WT littermates to the Food and Drug Administration-approved drug FTY720 (fingolimod, Gilenya) or vehicle control solution from 5 months of age. Long term oral FTY720 in Tg mice reduced ENS aSyn aggregation and constipation, enhanced gut motility, and increased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) but produced no significant change in WT littermates. A role for BDNF was directly assessed in a cohort of young A53T mice given vehicle, FTY720, the Trk-B receptor inhibitor ANA-12, or FTY720 + ANA-12 from 1 to 4 months of age. ANA-12-treated Tg mice developed more gut aSyn aggregation as well as constipation, whereas FTY720-treated Tg mice had reduced aSyn aggregation and less constipation, occurring in part by increasing both pro-BDNF and mature BDNF levels. The data from young and old Tg mice revealed FTY720-associated neuroprotection and reduced aSyn pathology, suggesting that FTY720 may also benefit PD patients and others with synucleinopathy. Another finding was a loss of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in gut neurons with aggregated aSyn, comparable with our prior findings in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Vidal-Martínez
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Javier Vargas-Medrano
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Carolina Gil-Tommee
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - David Medina
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Nathan T Garza
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Barbara Yang
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Ismael Segura-Ulate
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Samantha J Dominguez
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
| | - Ruth G Perez
- From the Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas 79905
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94
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Alpha-synuclein (SNCA) polymorphisms exert protective effects on memory after mild traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Lett 2016; 630:241-246. [PMID: 27478013 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Problems with attention and short-term learning and memory are commonly reported after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Due to the known relationships between α-synuclein (SNCA), dopaminergic transmission, and neurologic deficits, we hypothesized that SNCA polymorphisms might be associated with cognitive outcome after mTBI. A cohort of 91 mTBI patients one month after injury and 86 healthy controls completed a series of cognitive tests assessing baseline intellectual function, attentional function, and memory, and was genotyped at 13 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SNCA gene. Significant differences in two memory measures (p=0.001 and 0.002), but not baseline intellectual function or attentional function tasks, were found between the mTBI group and controls. A highly significant protective association between memory performance and SNCA promoter SNP rs1372525 was observed in the mTBI patients (p=0.006 and 0.029 for the long and short delay conditions of the California Verbal Learning Tests, respectively), where the presence of at least one copy of the A (minor) allele was protective after mTBI. These results may help elucidate the pathophysiology of cognitive alterations after mTBI, and thus warrant further investigation.
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95
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Butler B, Sambo D, Khoshbouei H. Alpha-synuclein modulates dopamine neurotransmission. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 83-84:41-49. [PMID: 27334403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein is a small, highly charged protein encoded by the synuclein or SNCA gene that is predominantly expressed in central nervous system neurons. Although its physiological function remains enigmatic, alpha-synuclein is implicated in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and in neurodegenerative diseases such as Dementia with Lewy bodies. Here we have focused on reviewing the existing literature pertaining to wild-type alpha-synuclein structure, its properties, and its potential involvement in regulation of dopamine neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Butler
- University of Florida, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Danielle Sambo
- University of Florida, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- University of Florida, Department of Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry Gainesville, FL 32611.
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96
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Emamzadeh FN. Alpha-synuclein structure, functions, and interactions. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 21:29. [PMID: 27904575 PMCID: PMC5122110 DOI: 10.4103/1735-1995.181989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
At present, when a clinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is made, serious damage has already been done to nerve cells of the substantia nigra pars compacta. The diagnosis of PD in its earlier stages, before this irreversible damage, would be of enormous benefit for future treatment strategies designed to slow or halt the progression of this disease that possibly prevents accumulation of toxic aggregates. As a molecular biomarker for the detection of PD in its earlier stages, alpha-synuclein (α-syn), which is a key component of Lewy bodies, in which it is found in an aggregated and fibrillar form, has attracted considerable attention. Here, α-syn is reviewed in details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nouri Emamzadeh
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Lancaster, Lancaster, LA1 4AY, UK
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97
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Benskey MJ, Perez RG, Manfredsson FP. The contribution of alpha synuclein to neuronal survival and function - Implications for Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 137:331-59. [PMID: 26852372 PMCID: PMC5021132 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of alpha synuclein (α-syn) is a neuropathological feature that defines a spectrum of disorders collectively termed synucleinopathies, and of these, Parkinson's disease (PD) is arguably the best characterized. Aggregated α-syn is the primary component of Lewy bodies, the defining pathological feature of PD, while mutations or multiplications in the α-syn gene result in familial PD. The high correlation between α-syn burden and PD has led to the hypothesis that α-syn aggregation produces toxicity through a gain-of-function mechanism. However, α-syn has been implicated to function in a diverse range of essential cellular processes such as the regulation of neurotransmission and response to cellular stress. As such, an alternative hypothesis with equal explanatory power is that the aggregation of α-syn results in toxicity because of a toxic loss of necessary α-syn function, following sequestration of functional forms α-syn into insoluble protein aggregates. Within this review, we will provide an overview of the literature linking α-syn to PD and the knowledge gained from current α-syn-based animal models of PD. We will then interpret these data from the viewpoint of the α-syn loss-of-function hypothesis and provide a potential mechanistic model by which loss of α-syn function could result in at least some of the neurodegeneration observed in PD. By providing an alternative perspective on the etiopathogenesis of PD and synucleinopathies, this may reveal alternative avenues of research in order to identify potential novel therapeutic targets for disease modifying strategies. The correlation between α-synuclein burden and Parkinson's disease pathology has led to the hypothesis that α-synuclein aggregation produces toxicity through a gain-of-function mechanism. However, in this review, we discuss data supporting the alternative hypothesis that the aggregation of α-synuclein results in toxicity because of loss of necessary α-synuclein function at the presynaptic terminal, following sequestration of functional forms of α-synuclein into aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Benskey
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Ruth G Perez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neuroscience, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University of the Health Sciences El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
- Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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98
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Das AK, Pandit R, Maiti S. Effect of amyloids on the vesicular machinery: implications for somatic neurotransmission. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0187. [PMID: 26009766 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain neurodegenerative diseases are thought to be initiated by the aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins. However, the mechanism underlying toxicity remains obscure. Most of the suggested mechanisms are generic in nature and do not directly explain the neuron-type specific lesions observed in many of these diseases. Some recent reports suggest that the toxic aggregates impair the synaptic vesicular machinery. This may lead to an understanding of the neuron-type specificity observed in these diseases. A disruption of the vesicular machinery can also be deleterious for extra-synaptic, especially somatic, neurotransmission (common in serotonergic and dopaminergic systems which are specifically affected in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), respectively), though this relationship has remained unexplored. In this review, we discuss amyloid-induced damage to the neurotransmitter vesicular machinery, with an eye on the possible implications for somatic exocytosis. We argue that the larger size of the system, and the availability of multi-photon microscopy techniques for directly visualizing monoamines, make the somatic exocytosis machinery a more tractable model for understanding the effect of amyloids on all types of vesicular neurotransmission. Indeed, exploring this neglected connection may not just be important, it may be a more fruitful route for understanding AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kant Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
| | - Rucha Pandit
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
| | - Sudipta Maiti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
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99
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Mor DE, Ugras SE, Daniels MJ, Ischiropoulos H. Dynamic structural flexibility of α-synuclein. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 88:66-74. [PMID: 26747212 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein is a conserved, abundantly expressed protein that is partially localized in pre-synaptic terminals in the central nervous system. The precise biological function(s) and structure of α-synuclein are under investigation. Recently, the native conformation and the presence of naturally occurring multimeric assemblies have come under debate. These are important deliberations because α-synuclein assembles into highly organized amyloid-like fibrils and non-amyloid amorphous aggregates that constitute the neuronal inclusions in Parkinson's disease and related disorders. Therefore understanding the nature of the native and pathological conformations is pivotal from the standpoint of therapeutic interventions that could maintain α-synuclein in its physiological state. In this review, we will discuss the existing evidence that define the physiological states of α-synuclein and highlight how the inherent structural flexibility of this protein may be important in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Mor
- Biomedical graduate studies in Neuroscience, Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
| | - Scott E Ugras
- Biomedical graduate studies in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
| | - Malcolm J Daniels
- Biomedical graduate studies in Pharmacology, Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
| | - Harry Ischiropoulos
- Biomedical graduate studies in Neuroscience, Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States; Biomedical graduate studies in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States; Biomedical graduate studies in Pharmacology, Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, PA 19104, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Raymond, and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States; Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Raymond, and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States.
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100
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Guardia-Laguarta C, Area-Gomez E, Schon EA, Przedborski S. A new role for α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease: Alteration of ER-mitochondrial communication. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1026-33. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology; Columbia University Medical Center; New York NY USA
| | - Eric A. Schon
- Department of Neurology; Columbia University Medical Center; New York NY USA
- Department of Genetics and Development; Columbia University Medical Center; New York NY USA
| | - Serge Przedborski
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Columbia University Medical Center; New York NY USA
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