51
|
Multiplex Protein Biomarker Profiling in Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101599. [PMID: 34680994 PMCID: PMC8535274 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, and APOE genes and is characterized by high plasma levels of total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Our study aimed to analyze the influences of two different therapies on a wide spectrum of plasma protein biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases. Plasma from FH patients under hypolipidemic therapy (N = 18; men = 8, age 55.4 ± 13.1 years) and patients under combined long-term LDL apheresis/hypolipidemic therapy (N = 14; men = 7; age 58.0 ± 13.6 years) were analyzed in our study. We measured a profile of 184 cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated proteins using a proximity extension assay (PEA). Hypolipidemic therapy significantly (all p < 0.01) influenced 10 plasma proteins (TM, DKK1, CCL3, CD4, PDGF subunit B, AGRP, IL18, THPO, and LOX1 decreased; ST2 increased). Under combined apheresis/hypolipidemic treatment, 18 plasma proteins (LDLR, PCSK9, MMP-3, GDF2, CTRC, SORT1, VEGFD, IL27, CCL24, and KIM1 decreased; OPN, COL1A1, KLK6, IL4RA, PLC, TNFR1, GLO1, and PTX3 increased) were significantly affected (all p < 0.006). Hypolipidemic treatment mainly affected biomarkers involved in vascular endothelial maintenance. Combined therapy influenced proteins that participate in cholesterol metabolism and inflammation.
Collapse
|
52
|
Park CS, Hwang IC, Park JJ, Park JH, Park JB, Cho GY. Determinants of the survival benefit associated with statins in patients with acute heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2021; 8:5424-5435. [PMID: 34612019 PMCID: PMC8712823 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The benefit of statins in patients with heart failure (HF) remains controversial and the mechanism of action is largely speculative. We investigated the determinants of the survival benefit associated with statins in HF patients. Methods and results We enrolled 1680 acute HF patients receiving statins and 2157 patients not receiving statins admitted between 2009 and 2016. The left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) was assessed as a measure of myocardial contractility. The primary outcome was 5 year all‐cause mortality. Statin therapy was independently associated with improved survival in patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.781, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.621–0.981, P = 0.034], but not in those with HF with reduced EF (HFrEF) (adjusted HR 0.881, 95% CI 0.712–1.090, P = 0.244). Mortality reduction associated with statin therapy was significant in patients with ischaemic HF (adjusted HR 0.775, 95% CI 0.607–0.989, P = 0.040), but not in those with non‐ischaemic HF (adjusted HR 0.895, 95% CI 0.734–1.092, P = 0.275). The relative magnitude of survival benefit with statin therapy increased as LV‐EF and LV‐GLS increased, with a steeper dose–response relationship in patients with ischaemic HF. In the subgroup of patients with ischaemic HF, survival benefit with statin therapy was confined to those ≤75 years of age. Conclusions Our study suggests that the survival benefit of statins is confined to patients with HFpEF and those with ischaemic HF. Myocardial contractility may modulate the prognostic effects of statins in HF patients, particularly when the aetiology is ischaemic rather than non‐ischaemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Soon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chang Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeong Park
- Department of Cardiology in Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Bean Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo-Yeong Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Frasco PE, Aqel B, Alvord JM, Poterack KA, Bauer I, Mathur AK. Statin Therapy and the Incidence of Thromboembolism and Vascular Events Following Liver Transplantation. Liver Transpl 2021; 27:1432-1442. [PMID: 33964102 DOI: 10.1002/lt.26093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Statin therapy may reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), which may impact solid organ transplant outcomes. We evaluated the incidence of VTE and other complications after liver transplantation stratified by hyperlipidemia status and statin use using a retrospective cohort study approach. We reviewed all primary orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) records from January 2014 to December 2019 from our center. Intraoperative deaths were excluded. Recipient, donor clinical and demographic data were collected. We developed risk-adjusted models to assess the effect of statin use on the occurrence of VTE, hepatic artery complications (HACs), graft failure, and death, accounting for clinical covariates and competing risks. A total of 672 OLT recipients were included in the analysis. Of this cohort, 11.9% (n = 80) received statin therapy. A total of 47 patients (7.0%) had VTE events. HACs occurred in 40 patients (6.0%). A total of 42 (6.1%) patients experienced graft loss, whereas 9.1% (n = 61) of the cohort died during the study interval. Eighty OLT recipients (29.8%) were treated with statins. In the statin treated group, 0% of patients had VTE versus 7.9% of those not on statins (P = 0.02). HACs were identified in 1.2% of the statin group and 6.8% of the nonstatin group. Untreated hyperlipidemia was associated with a 2.1-fold higher risk of HACs versus patients with no hyperlipidemia status (P = 0.05). Statin therapy was associated with significantly better risk-adjusted thromboembolic event-free survival (absence of VTE, cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction, HACs, and death); hazard ratio, 2.7; P = 0.01. These data indicate that statin therapy is correlated with a lower rate of VTE and HACs after liver transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Frasco
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Bashar Aqel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Jeremy M Alvord
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Karl A Poterack
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Isabel Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Amit K Mathur
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Phoenix, AZ
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Huang Y, Tocmo R, Nauman MC, Haughan MA, Johnson JJ. Defining the Cholesterol Lowering Mechanism of Bergamot ( Citrus bergamia) Extract in HepG2 and Caco-2 Cells. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093156. [PMID: 34579033 PMCID: PMC8469228 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bergamot, a Mediterranean citrus fruit native to southern Italy, has been reported to have cholesterol-lowering properties; however, the mechanism of action is not well understood. Due to structural similarities with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors, it has been proposed that the phenolic compounds in bergamot may also inhibit HMGCR. Statins are widely used for their cholesterol-lowering properties; however, they are not universally well tolerated, suggesting there is a need to identify novel cholesterol-lowering strategies. In the present study, we investigated bergamot fruit extract (BFE) and its principal components (neoeriocitrin, naringin, neohesperidin, melitidin, and brutieridin) for their ability to regulate cholesterol levels in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells. BFE at increasing concentrations decreased the levels of total and free cholesterol in HepG2 cells. BFE and its constituents did not directly inhibit HMGCR activity. However, BFE and neohesperidin decreased HMGCR levels in HepG2 cells, suggesting that neohesperidin and BFE may downregulate HMGCR expression. An increase in AMP-kinase phosphorylation was observed in BFE and neohesperidin-treated cells. In Caco-2 cells, brutieridin exhibited a significant reduction in cholesterol uptake and decreased the level of Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1, an important cholesterol transporter. Taken together, our data suggest that the cholesterol-lowering activity of bergamot is distinct from statins. We hypothesize that BFE and its principal constituents lower cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis and absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Huang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (Y.H.); (R.T.); (M.C.N.); (M.A.H.)
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510700, China
| | - Restituto Tocmo
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (Y.H.); (R.T.); (M.C.N.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Mirielle C. Nauman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (Y.H.); (R.T.); (M.C.N.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Monica A. Haughan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (Y.H.); (R.T.); (M.C.N.); (M.A.H.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jeremy J. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (Y.H.); (R.T.); (M.C.N.); (M.A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-312-996-4368
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Sahebnasagh A, Saghafi F, Azimi S, Salehifar E, Hosseinimehr SJ. Pharmacological Interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Kidney Injury Induced by Radiotherapy: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:607-619. [PMID: 34429052 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210824123212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
More than half of cancer patients need radiotherapy during the course of their treatment. Despite the beneficial aspects, the destructive effects of radiation beams on normal tissues lead to oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell injury. Kidneys are affected during radiotherapy of abdominal malignancies. Radiation nephropathy eventually leads to the release of factors triggering systemic inflammation. Currently, there is no proven prophylactic or therapeutic intervention for the management of radiation-induced nephropathy. This article reviews the biomarkers involved in the pathophysiology of radiation-induced nephropathy and its underlying molecular mechanisms. The efficacy of compounds with potential radio-protective properties on amelioration of inflammation and oxidative stress is also discussed. By outlining the approaches for preventing and treating this critical side effect, we evaluate the potential treatment of radiation-induced nephropathy. Available preclinical and clinical studies on these compounds are also scrutinized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeleh Sahebnasagh
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd. Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saghafi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd. Iran
| | - Saeed Azimi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Ebrahim Salehifar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Sari. Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari. Iran
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Basso PJ, Sales-Campos H, Nardini V, Duarte-Silva M, Alves VBF, Bonfá G, Rodrigues CC, Ghirotto B, Chica JEL, Nomizo A, Cardoso CRDB. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha Mediates the Beneficial Effects of Atorvastatin in Experimental Colitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:618365. [PMID: 34434187 PMCID: PMC8382038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.618365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The current therapeutic options for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are limited. Even using common anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive or biological therapies, many patients become unresponsive to the treatments, immunosuppressed or unable to restrain secondary infections. Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs with non-canonical anti-inflammatory properties, whose underlying mechanisms of action still remain poorly understood. Here, we described that in vitro atorvastatin (ATO) treatment was not toxic to splenocytes, constrained cell proliferation and modulated IL-6 and IL-10 production in a dose-dependent manner. Mice exposed to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for colitis induction and treated with ATO shifted their immune response from Th17 towards Th2, improved the clinical and histological aspects of intestinal inflammation and reduced the number of circulating leukocytes. Both experimental and in silico analyses revealed that PPAR-α expression is reduced in experimental colitis, which was reversed by ATO treatment. While IBD patients also downregulate PPAR-α expression, the responsiveness to biological therapy relied on the restoration of PPAR-α levels. Indeed, the in vitro and in vivo effects induced by ATO treatment were abrogated in Ppara-/- mice or leukocytes. In conclusion, the beneficial effects of ATO in colitis are dependent on PPAR-α, which could also be a potential predictive biomarker of therapy responsiveness in IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo José Basso
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Helioswilton Sales-Campos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Viviani Nardini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Murillo Duarte-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Beatriz Freitas Alves
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Giuliano Bonfá
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Costa Rodrigues
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruno Ghirotto
- Departmento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Javier Emílio Lazo Chica
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Auro Nomizo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristina Ribeiro de Barros Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Hirono K, Takarada S, Okabe M, Miyao N, Nakaoka H, Ibuki K, Ozawa S, Origasa H, Ichida F, Imanaka-Yoshida K. Clinical significance of chronic myocarditis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Vessels 2021; 37:300-314. [PMID: 34365565 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-021-01914-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic myocarditis is a prolonged inflammatory condition in the myocardium and its histological manifestation is defined by the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate. Chronic myocarditis has not been well known and its treatment of chronic myocarditis has not been established. Primary outcome of this study was to assess the efficacy of immunomodulatory treatment in addition to conventional treatment, and secondary outcomes were to clarity the prognosis of natural history of chronic myocarditis and incidence of chronic myocarditis in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). We searched for studies in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Igaku Chuo Zasshi published between January 1946 and June 2020. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria. A meta-analysis revealed that patients receiving immunomodulatory treatment showed an improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction after immunomodulatory treatment compared to the control group (hazard ratio, 16.65; confidence interval, 4.55-28.74; p = 0.007). Five-year survival rate of the patients with inflammatory DCM (iDCM) and DCM was 52.7-70.3% and 51.9-91.1%, respectively. Moreover, 51.5%-62.7% of patients with DCM met the criteria of iDCM. Our systematic review revealed that patients with chronic myocarditis had poor prognosis and immunomodulatory treatment was significantly effective in addition to conventional treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Hirono
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Shinya Takarada
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mako Okabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Nariaki Miyao
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakaoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Keijiro Ibuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ozawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hideki Origasa
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Fukiko Ichida
- Department of Pediatrics, International University of Health&Welfare, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Imanaka-Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Matrix Biology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Checker R, Patwardhan RS, Jayakumar S, Maurya DK, Bandekar M, Sharma D, Sandur SK. Chemical and biological basis for development of novel radioprotective drugs for cancer therapy. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:595-625. [PMID: 34181503 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1876854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) causes chemical changes in biological systems through direct interaction with the macromolecules or by causing radiolysis of water. This property of IR is harnessed in the clinic for radiotherapy in almost 50% of cancers patients. Despite the advent of stereotactic radiotherapy instruments and other advancements in shielding techniques, the inadvertent deposition of radiation dose in the surrounding normal tissue can cause late effects of radiation injury in normal tissues. Radioprotectors, which are chemical or biological agents, can reduce or mitigate these toxic side-effects of radiotherapy in cancer patients and also during radiation accidents. The desired characteristics of an ideal radioprotector include low chemical toxicity, high risk to benefit ratio and specific protection of normal cells against the harmful effects of radiation without compromising the cytotoxic effects of IR on cancer cells. Since reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the major contributors of IR mediated toxicity, plethora of studies have highlighted the potential role of antioxidants to protect against IR induced damage. However, owing to the lack of any clinically approved radioprotector against whole body radiation, researchers have shifted the focus toward finding alternate targets that could be exploited for the development of novel agents. The present review provides a comprehensive insight in to the different strategies, encompassing prime molecular targets, which have been employed to develop radiation protectors/countermeasures. It is anticipated that understanding such factors will lead to the development of novel strategies for increasing the outcome of radiotherapy by minimizing normal tissue toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Checker
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Raghavendra S Patwardhan
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Sundarraj Jayakumar
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Maurya
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Mayuri Bandekar
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Santosh K Sandur
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bio-science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Post-Diagnostic Statin Use Reduces Mortality in South Korean Patients with Dyslipidemia and Gastrointestinal Cancer. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112361. [PMID: 34072162 PMCID: PMC8198926 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Statins play a role in lowering serum cholesterol and are known to have pleiotropic effects in a variety of diseases, including cancer. Despite the beneficial effects of statins in dyslipidemia patients, the treatment rate for dyslipidemia in Korea remains low, and evidence supporting the continued use of statins is lacking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of continued statin use and dosage on patient mortality after diagnosis of dyslipidemia and gastrointestinal (GI) cancer. Methods: We used data from the National Health Insurance Sampling (NHIS) cohort to evaluate patients diagnosed with dyslipidemia from 2002 to 2015. A total of 901 GI cancer patients with dyslipidemia and 62,727 non-cancer dyslipidemia patients were included in the study. During the study period, each patient’s medication possession ratio (MPR) after diagnosis was evaluated as a measure of continued statin use. Statin dosage was measured based on a defined daily dose (DDD). Finally, we used Cox-proportional hazard ratios to identify associations between the continual use of statins and mortality in patients with dyslipidemia and GI cancer. Results: In our study, mortality decreased with increasing MPR and reached significance in MPRs exceeding 50% for GI cancer patients and 75% for dyslipidemia patients compared to patients that did not use statins. Moreover, patients with high MPRs had significantly reduced 5-year mortality compared to non-users, and cause-specific mortality analyses revealed that high MPR was associated with decreased colorectal cancer death. We did not find a significant dose–response relationship between statins and mortality. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that continued statin use after diagnosis is associated with reduced patient mortality. Altogether, these results support the continued use of statins in dyslipidemia patients with and without GI cancer and highlight the importance of patient education by healthcare providers.
Collapse
|
60
|
Wujak M, Kozakiewicz A, Ciarkowska A, Loch JI, Barwiolek M, Sokolowska Z, Budny M, Wojtczak A. Assessing the Interactions of Statins with Human Adenylate Kinase Isoenzyme 1: Fluorescence and Enzyme Kinetic Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115541. [PMID: 34073952 PMCID: PMC8197361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are the most effective cholesterol-lowering drugs. They also exert many pleiotropic effects, including anti-cancer and cardio- and neuro-protective. Numerous nano-sized drug delivery systems were developed to enhance the therapeutic potential of statins. Studies on possible interactions between statins and human proteins could provide a deeper insight into the pleiotropic and adverse effects of these drugs. Adenylate kinase (AK) was found to regulate HDL endocytosis, cellular metabolism, cardiovascular function and neurodegeneration. In this work, we investigated interactions between human adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 (hAK1) and atorvastatin (AVS), fluvastatin (FVS), pravastatin (PVS), rosuvastatin (RVS) and simvastatin (SVS) with fluorescence spectroscopy. The tested statins quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of hAK1 by creating stable hAK1-statin complexes with the binding constants of the order of 104 M−1. The enzyme kinetic studies revealed that statins inhibited hAK1 with significantly different efficiencies, in a noncompetitive manner. Simvastatin inhibited hAK1 with the highest yield comparable to that reported for diadenosine pentaphosphate, the only known hAK1 inhibitor. The determined AK sensitivity to statins differed markedly between short and long type AKs, suggesting an essential role of the LID domain in the AK inhibition. Our studies might open new horizons for the development of new modulators of short type AKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wujak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Anna Kozakiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.B.); (Z.S.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-56-611-4511
| | - Anna Ciarkowska
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Joanna I. Loch
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Barwiolek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.B.); (Z.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Zuzanna Sokolowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.B.); (Z.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Marcin Budny
- Synthex Technologies Sp. z o.o., Gagarina 7/134B, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Wojtczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.B.); (Z.S.); (A.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Climent E, Benaiges D, Pedro-Botet J. Hydrophilic or Lipophilic Statins? Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:687585. [PMID: 34095267 PMCID: PMC8172607 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.687585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs can be classified as hydrophilic or lipophilic depending on their ability to dissolve in water or in lipid-containing media. The predominantly lipophilic statins (simvastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, lovastatin and atorvastatin) can easily enter cells, whereas hydrophilic statins (rosuvastatin and pravastatin) present greater hepatoselectivity. Although the beneficial role of statins in primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention has been unequivocally confirmed, the possible superiority of one statin or other regarding their solubility profile is still not well-established. In this respect, although some previously published observational studies and clinical trials observed a superiority of lipophilic statins in cardiovascular outcomes, these results could also be explained by a greater low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction with this statin type. On the other hand, previous studies reported conflicting results as to the possible superiority of one statin type over the other regarding heart failure outcomes. Furthermore, adverse events with statin therapy may also be related to their solubility profile. Thus, the aim of the present review was to collect clinical evidence on possible differences in cardiovascular outcomes among statins when their solubility profile is considered, and how this may also be related to the occurrence of statin-related adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisenda Climent
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Benaiges
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro-Botet
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitari Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Pillunat KR, Pillunat LE. [Vasculat treatment concepts in glaucoma patients]. Ophthalmologe 2021; 118:431-438. [PMID: 33026527 DOI: 10.1007/s00347-020-01239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 40% of all open-angle glaucomas do not show high intraocular pressure (IOP). Vascular risk factors play an important role in the pathogeneses of normal pressure glaucoma but high pressure glaucoma is also often accompanied by significant vascular components. OBJECTIVE What are the practice relevant possibilities of vascular glaucoma treatment? MATERIAL AND METHODS An evaluation of scientific articles from PubMed dealing with vascular glaucoma was carried out. RESULTS The treatment of vascular risk factors in glaucoma patients requires a thorough medical history regarding vascular symptoms (peripheral vasospasm, tinnitus, migraine etc.) and information on the presence of systemic diseases. Furthermore, a 24h blood pressure profile and the determination of the fat metabolism status represent important and simple examinations. CONCLUSION Besides optimizing systemic blood pressure, reducing an increased central retinal venous pressure, treatment with statins, calcium channel blockers, Ginkgo biloba extract, increased physical exercise and fluid replacement are options to ameliorate vascular conditions. An interdisciplinary cooperation with general practitioners and internists is an important component of holistic treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin R Pillunat
- Universitätsaugenklinik Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland.
| | - Lutz E Pillunat
- Universitätsaugenklinik Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Skov J, Falhammar H, Calissendorff J, Lindh JD, Mannheimer B. Association between lipid-lowering agents and severe hyponatremia: a population-based case-control study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 77:747-755. [PMID: 33215235 PMCID: PMC8032630 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-020-03006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Drug-induced hyponatremia is common, with medications from many drug-classes implicated. Lipid-lowering agents are among the most prescribed drugs. Limited evidence suggests an inverse association between statins and hyponatremia, while data on other lipid-lowering agents is absent. The objective of this investigation was to study the association between lipid-lowering drugs and hospitalization due to hyponatremia. METHODS This was a register-based case-control study of the general Swedish population. Those hospitalized with a main diagnosis of hyponatremia (n = 11,213) were compared with matched controls (n = 44,801). Multivariable logistic regression adjusting for co-medication, diseases, previous hospitalizations, and socioeconomic factors was used to explore the association between severe hyponatremia and the use of lipid-lowering drugs. RESULTS Unadjusted ORs (95% CI) for hospitalization due to hyponatremia were 1.28 (1.22-1.35) for statins, 1.09 (0.79-1.47) for ezetimibe, 1.38 (0.88-2.12) for fibrates, and 2.12 (1.31-3.35) for resins. After adjustment for confounding factors the adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) compared with controls were 0.69 (0.64-0.74) for statins, 0.60 (0.41-0.86) for ezetimibe, 0.87 (0.51-1.42) for fibrates, and 1.21 (0.69-2.06) for resins. CONCLUSIONS Use of statins and ezetimibe was inversely correlated with severe hyponatremia. Consequently, these drugs are unlikely culprits in patients with hyponatremia, and they appear safe to initiate in hyponatremic patients. A potential protective effect warrants further studies on how statins and other lipid-lowering drugs are linked to dysnatremias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Skov
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karlstad Central Hospital, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Henrik Falhammar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Calissendorff
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonatan D Lindh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Buster Mannheimer
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Melasari WP, Suharjono S, Samsulhadi W. Effect of Atorvastatin in Lipid Profile Changes and Inflammation Marker TNF-alpha on Diabetes Patient with Dyslipidemia. FOLIA MEDICA INDONESIANA 2021. [DOI: 10.20473/fmi.v57i1.26326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Diabetics patients have 2 to 4 times increased risk of cardiovascular disease compared with non-diabetics. TNF-alpha is a proinflammatory cytokine that can be used to determine the risk of atherosclerosis complications triggered by inflammation in diabetes. Statins are a class of HMG CoA reductase inhibitors that inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis and have pleioropic effects that inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines likeTNF-alpha and stabilize atherosclerotic plaques. This study aims to determine the effect of atorvastatin 20 mg/day for 30 days in reducing the lipid profile and TNF-alpha inflammatory markers in patients with diabetes dyslipidemia. Diabetes patient with dyslipidemia who included the inclusion criteria in this observational prospective cohorts studies treated with atorvastatin for 30 days (n = 19). The efficacy of statin therapy was measured by lipid profiles (LDL, TG, HDL, and total cholesterol) and TNF-alpha. The results of the study showed that atorvastatin decreased 40.55% of LDL levels, 15.34% of TG levels, and 30.70% oftotal cholesterol levels which statistically significant (P <0.05). As for HDL, there is an increase of 6.06% but statistically non-significant (P >0.05). TNF-alpha levels increased by 11.30% which statistically non-significant (P >0.05). The use of atorvastatin 20 mg for 30 days gave reduction in LDL, TG, and total cholesterol and increased in HDL. Atorvastatin does not have a reducing effect on TNF-alpha. There was no correlation between lipid profile changes with TNF-alpha changes.
Collapse
|
65
|
Ganji R, Majdinasab N, Hesam S, Rostami N, Sayyah M, Sahebnasagh A. Does atorvastatin have augmentative effects with sodium valproate in prevention of migraine with aura attacks? A triple-blind controlled clinical trial. J Pharm Health Care Sci 2021; 7:12. [PMID: 33789774 PMCID: PMC8015063 DOI: 10.1186/s40780-021-00198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Migraine is a painful and disabling nervous disorder which negatively affects the quality of life. Migraineurs may suffer from a generalized vasomotor dysfunction. Statins improve vasomotor and vascular function, with their pleiotropic effects. We aimed to assess efficacy and safety of adding Atorvastatin to prophylactic regimen in better control of migraine with aura. Methods This triple-blind controlled clinical trial was on 68 patients with migraine with aura. An interval of at least 1 month was given to evaluate vitamin D3 level and eligibility. In patients with vitamin D3 deficiency, the correction with vitamin D supplementation was provided. The patients were randomly assigned to receive atorvastatin 20 mg plus sodium valproate 500 mg or placebo plus sodium valproate 500 mg once a day for 2 months. The patients were evaluated based for the number of attacks and pain severity based on Visual Analogue Scale. Results There was a significant (p = 0.0001) improvement in severity of pain and number of migraine attacks by adding Atorvastin to the prophylactic regimen of patients with migraine with aura. After controlling for variable parameters, the differences between two arms of the study was yet statistically significant (p = 0.0001). A significant number of participants in intervention group were satisfied by their treatment (p = 0.001) with no remarkable side effects (P = 0.315). Conclusions Adding atorvastatin to migraine with aura preventive regimen may help reduce the number of acute attacks and pain severity without causing considerable side effects and led to a better patient satisfaction. Trial registration IRCT20180106038242N1. Registered: 7 February 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ganji
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nastaran Majdinasab
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurology, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeed Hesam
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nazanin Rostami
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sayyah
- Education Development Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Adeleh Sahebnasagh
- Clinical Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran. .,Department of Surgical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Imam Ali Hospital, Shahriar Street, Bojnourd, North Khorasan Province, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Klaus R, Niyazi M, Lange-Sperandio B. Radiation-induced kidney toxicity: molecular and cellular pathogenesis. Radiat Oncol 2021; 16:43. [PMID: 33632272 PMCID: PMC7905925 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-021-01764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation nephropathy (RN) is a kidney injury induced by ionizing radiation. In a clinical setting, ionizing radiation is used in radiotherapy (RT). The use and the intensity of radiation therapy is limited by normal-tissue damage including kidney toxicity. Different thresholds for kidney toxicity exist for different entities of RT. Histopathologic features of RN include vascular, glomerular and tubulointerstitial damage. The different molecular and cellular pathomechanisms involved in RN are not fully understood. Ionizing radiation causes double-stranded breaks in the DNA, followed by cell death including apoptosis and necrosis of renal endothelial, tubular and glomerular cells. Especially in the latent phase of RN oxidative stress and inflammation have been proposed as putative pathomechanisms, but so far no clear evidence was found. Cellular senescence, activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone-system and vascular dysfunction might contribute to RN, but only limited data is available. Several signalling pathways have been identified in animal models of RN and different approaches to mitigate RN have been investigated. Drugs that attenuate cell death and inflammation or reduce oxidative stress and renal fibrosis were tested. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone-system blockade, anti-apoptotic drugs, statins, and antioxidants have been shown to reduce the severity of RN. These results provide a rationale for the development of new strategies to prevent or reduce radiation-induced kidney toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Klaus
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Niyazi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bärbel Lange-Sperandio
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Christiansen LB, Dohlmann TL, Ludvigsen TP, Parfieniuk E, Ciborowski M, Szczerbinski L, Kretowski A, Desler C, Tiano L, Orlando P, Martinussen T, Olsen LH, Larsen S. Atorvastatin impairs liver mitochondrial function in obese Göttingen Minipigs but heart and skeletal muscle are not affected. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2167. [PMID: 33500513 PMCID: PMC7838180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81846-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins lower the risk of cardiovascular events but have been associated with mitochondrial functional changes in a tissue-dependent manner. We investigated tissue-specific modifications of mitochondrial function in liver, heart and skeletal muscle mediated by chronic statin therapy in a Göttingen Minipig model. We hypothesized that statins enhance the mitochondrial function in heart but impair skeletal muscle and liver mitochondria. Mitochondrial respiratory capacities, citrate synthase activity, coenzyme Q10 concentrations and protein carbonyl content (PCC) were analyzed in samples of liver, heart and skeletal muscle from three groups of Göttingen Minipigs: a lean control group (CON, n = 6), an obese group (HFD, n = 7) and an obese group treated with atorvastatin for 28 weeks (HFD + ATO, n = 7). Atorvastatin concentrations were analyzed in each of the three tissues and in plasma from the Göttingen Minipigs. In treated minipigs, atorvastatin was detected in the liver and in plasma. A significant reduction in complex I + II-supported mitochondrial respiratory capacity was seen in liver of HFD + ATO compared to HFD (P = 0.022). Opposite directed but insignificant modifications of mitochondrial respiratory capacity were seen in heart versus skeletal muscle in HFD + ATO compared to the HFD group. In heart muscle, the HFD + ATO had significantly higher PCC compared to the HFD group (P = 0.0323). In the HFD group relative to CON, liver mitochondrial respiration decreased whereas in skeletal muscle, respiration increased but these changes were insignificant when normalizing for mitochondrial content. Oral atorvastatin treatment in Göttingen Minipigs is associated with a reduced mitochondrial respiratory capacity in the liver that may be linked to increased content of atorvastatin in this organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liselotte Bruun Christiansen
- The LIFEPHARM Centre, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Tine Lovsø Dohlmann
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Pagh Ludvigsen
- Global Drug Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Ewa Parfieniuk
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Lukasz Szczerbinski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland
| | - Claus Desler
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DISVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Patrick Orlando
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences (DISVA), Polytechnic University of Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Torben Martinussen
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1014, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Høier Olsen
- The LIFEPHARM Centre, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Steen Larsen
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089, Białystok, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Carrasco R, Castillo RL, Gormaz JG, Carrillo M, Thavendiranathan P. Role of Oxidative Stress in the Mechanisms of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiotoxicity: Effects of Preventive Strategies. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8863789. [PMID: 33574985 PMCID: PMC7857913 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8863789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC) persists as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer survivors. Although many protective strategies have been evaluated, cardiotoxicity remains an ongoing threat. The mechanisms of AIC remain unclear; however, several pathways have been proposed, suggesting a multifactorial origin. When the central role of topoisomerase 2β in the pathophysiology of AIC was described some years ago, the classical reactive oxygen species (ROS) hypothesis shifted to a secondary position. However, new insights have reemphasized the importance of the role of oxidative stress-mediated signaling as a common pathway and a critical modulator of the different mechanisms involved in AIC. A better understanding of the mechanisms of cardiotoxicity is crucial for the development of treatment strategies. It has been suggested that the available therapeutic interventions for AIC could act on the modulation of oxidative balance, leading to a reduction in oxidative stress injury. These indirect antioxidant effects make them an option for the primary prevention of AIC. In this review, our objective is to provide an update of the accumulated knowledge on the role of oxidative stress in AIC and the modulation of the redox balance by potential preventive strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Carrasco
- Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and the Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rodrigo L. Castillo
- Medicine Department, East Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile. Santiago, Chile; Critical Care Patient Unit, Hospital Salvador, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan G. Gormaz
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Montserrat Carrillo
- Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and the Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paaladinesh Thavendiranathan
- Division of Cardiology, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre and the Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Freitas F, Tibiriçá E, Singh M, Fraser PA, Mann GE. Redox Regulation of Microvascular Permeability: IL-1β Potentiation of Bradykinin-Induced Permeability Is Prevented by Simvastatin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121269. [PMID: 33327440 PMCID: PMC7764912 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant effects of statins have been implicated in the reduction in microvascular permeability and edema formation in experimental and clinical studies. Bradykinin (Bk)-induced increases in microvascular permeability are potentiated by IL-1β; however, no studies have examined the protection afforded by statins against microvascular hyperpermeability. We investigated the effects of simvastatin pretreatment on albumin–fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate (FITC-albumin) permeability in post-capillary venules in rat cremaster muscle. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase with L-NAME (10µM) increased basal permeability to FITC-albumin, which was abrogated by superoxide dismutase and catalase. Histamine-induced (1 µM) permeability was blocked by L-NAME but unaffected by scavenging reactive oxygen species with superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. In contrast, bradykinin-induced (1–100 nM) permeability increases were unaffected by L-NAME but abrogated by SOD and catalase. Acute superfusion of the cremaster muscle with IL-1β (30 pM, 10 min) resulted in a leftward shift of the bradykinin concentration–response curve. Potentiation by IL-1β of bradykinin-induced microvascular permeability was prevented by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase) inhibitor apocynin (1 µM). Pretreatment of rats with simvastatin (5 mg·kg−1, i.p.) 24 h before permeability measurements prevented the potentiation of bradykinin permeability responses by IL-1β, which was not reversed by inhibition of heme oxygenase-1 with tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP). This study highlights a novel mechanism by which simvastatin prevents the potentiation of bradykinin-induced permeability by IL-1β, possibly by targeting the assembly of NADPH oxidase subunits. Our findings highlight the therapeutic potential of statins in the prevention and treatment of patients predisposed to inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Freitas
- Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London British Heart Foundation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.; (F.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Eduardo Tibiriçá
- National Institute of Cardiology, Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro 22240-006, Brazil;
| | - Mita Singh
- Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London British Heart Foundation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.; (F.F.); (M.S.)
| | - Paul A. Fraser
- Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London British Heart Foundation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.; (F.F.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.F.); (G.E.M.); Tel.: +44-(0)20-78484306 (G.E.M.)
| | - Giovanni E. Mann
- Centre of Research Excellence, King’s College London British Heart Foundation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.; (F.F.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.F.); (G.E.M.); Tel.: +44-(0)20-78484306 (G.E.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Bruiners N, Dutta NK, Guerrini V, Salamon H, Yamaguchi KD, Karakousis PC, Gennaro ML. The anti-tubercular activity of simvastatin is mediated by cholesterol-driven autophagy via the AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB axis. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1617-1628. [PMID: 32848049 PMCID: PMC7707180 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise of drug-resistant tuberculosis poses a major risk to public health. Statins, which inhibit both cholesterol biosynthesis and protein prenylation branches of the mevalonate pathway, increase anti-tubercular antibiotic efficacy in animal models. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. In this study, we used an in vitro macrophage infection model to investigate simvastatin's anti-tubercular activity by systematically inhibiting each branch of the mevalonate pathway and evaluating the effects of the branch-specific inhibitors on mycobacterial growth. The anti-tubercular activity of simvastatin used at clinically relevant doses specifically targeted the cholesterol biosynthetic branch rather than the prenylation branches of the mevalonate pathway. Using Western blot analysis and AMP/ATP measurements, we found that simvastatin treatment blocked activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) through increased intracellular AMP:ATP ratios, and favored nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB (TFEB). These mechanisms all induce autophagy, which is anti-mycobacterial. The biological effects of simvastatin on the AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB-autophagy axis were reversed by adding exogenous cholesterol to the cells. Our data demonstrate that the anti-tubercular activity of simvastatin requires inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis, reveal novel links between cholesterol homeostasis, the AMPK-mTORC1-TFEB axis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection control, and uncover new anti-tubercular therapy targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Bruiners
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Noton K Dutta
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Valentina Guerrini
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Petros C Karakousis
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria L Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Ahmadi M, Amiri S, Pecic S, Machaj F, Rosik J, Łos MJ, Alizadeh J, Mahdian R, da Silva Rosa SC, Schaafsma D, Shojaei S, Madrakian T, Zeki AA, Ghavami S. Pleiotropic effects of statins: A focus on cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165968. [PMID: 32927022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The statin drugs ('statins') potently inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase by competitively blocking the active site of the enzyme. Statins decrease de novo cholesterol biosynthesis and thereby reduce plasma cholesterol levels. Statins exhibit "pleiotropic" properties that are independent of their lipid-lowering effects. For example, preclinical evidence suggests that statins inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis in specific cancer cell types. Furthermore, statins show chemo-sensitizing effects by impairing Ras family GTPase signaling. However, whether statins have clinically meaningful anti-cancer effects remains an area of active investigation. Both preclinical and clinical studies on the potential mechanisms of action of statins in several cancers have been reviewed in the literature. Considering the contradictory data on their efficacy, we present an up-to-date summary of the pleiotropic effects of statins in cancer therapy and review their impact on different malignancies. We also discuss the synergistic anti-cancer effects of statins when combined with other more conventional anti-cancer drugs to highlight areas of potential therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mazaher Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Shayan Amiri
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, R4046 - 351 Taché Ave, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek J Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Reza Mahdian
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simone C da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Shahla Shojaei
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Amir A Zeki
- University of California, Davis School of Medicine. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine. U.C. Davis Lung Center, Davis, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mather, California, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Bhagavathula AS, Clark C, Rahmani J. Statin use and new-onset of inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of over ten million participants. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 891:173750. [PMID: 33245900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Statin therapy is used ubiquitously to reduce cholesterol levels, and recent studies have revealed statin use may be associated with a reduced risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A comprehensive assessment of the literature was performed to investigate whether statin use may influence the risk of new-onset IBD. We searched the PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Scopus online databases, for articles published up to July 31, 2020. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used. We identified five retrospective studies, with seven arms, comprising >10 million participants, consisting of 89,324 cases of IBD (statin users: 14,494 versus non-users: 74,830) detected during a mean follow-up of 8.6 years. Overall, statin use was associated with a reduced risk of new-onset IBD (HR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.06; P = 0.129, I2 = 81.3%). Pooled results indicated a non-significant reduced risk of new-onset CD (HR = 0.94; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.25; P = 0.684, I2 = 85.9%) and new-onset UC (HR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.70 to 1.12; P = 0.306, I2 = 92.5%) with statin use. Statin use may confer a protective effect in reducing the risk of new-onset IBD. Indeed, this study provides novel and intriguing insights into a potential preventive agent for IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Cain Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, United Kingdom.
| | - Jamal Rahmani
- Department of Community Nutrition, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Sohrabi C, Saberwal B, Lim WY, Tousoulis D, Ahsan S, Papageorgiou N. Heart Failure in Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Review. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:5933-5952. [PMID: 33213313 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201118091659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and heart failure (HF) are comorbid conditions associated with significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the availability of novel and effective therapeutic options and intensive glycaemic control strategies, mortality and hospitalisation rates continue to remain high and the incidence of HF persists. In this review, we described the impact of currently available glucose-lowering therapies in DM with a focus on HF clinical outcomes. Non-conventional modes of management and alternative pathophysiological mechanisms with the potential for therapeutic targeting are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catrin Sohrabi
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bunny Saberwal
- Electrophysiology Department, Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei-Yao Lim
- Electrophysiology Department, Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- First Cardiology Department, Hippokration Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Syed Ahsan
- Electrophysiology Department, Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaos Papageorgiou
- Electrophysiology Department, Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Regular Statin Use and Incidence of Postendoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2020; 54:905-910. [PMID: 31895166 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
GOALS AND BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is widely utilized to diagnose and treat various pancreaticobiliary diseases, but postendoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP) can be a fatal adverse event. Evidence suggests that statins may exhibit suppressive effects on inflammation in the pancreas. We carried out an observational cohort study to examine the protective effect of statins on PEP. STUDY We retrospectively identified consecutive patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography at a tertiary care center in Japan between January 2010 and January 2019. The incidences of PEP were compared between regular and nonregular statin users. Using the multivariable logistic regression model, we examined the association of regular statin use with the incidence of PEP controlling for potential risk factors for PEP. RESULTS We included 2664 patients (328 regular statin users and 2336 nonregular users). The incidence of PEP did not differ by statin use status (P=0.52): 8.8% in regular statin users and 7.9% in nonregular users. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for PEP comparing regular statin use with nonregular use was 1.08 (95% confidence interval, 0.67-1.72; P=0.76). When we examined specific statin types (hydrophilic and lipophilic statins), we consistently observed the null association: 6.8% of 132 hydrophilic statin users and 10% of 196 lipophilic statin users (P=0.74 and 0.27, respectively, compared with nonregular users). CONCLUSIONS Regular statin use was not shown to be protective against PEP. A further investigation is warranted before this medication is tested in prospective randomized trials.
Collapse
|
75
|
Rafiq M, Liaquat A, Saeed N, Shamshad GU, Mumtaz S, Khan MJ. Gene expression of thrombomodulin, TNF-α and NF-KB in coronary artery disease patients of Pakistan. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:7575-7582. [PMID: 32930934 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (THBD) is an endothelial surface glycoprotein receptor, having a pivotal role in maintaining laminar blood flow. It functions to protect endothelial integrity by exhibiting anti-coagulation and anti-inflammatory properties thereby playing a key role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) pathology. Cholesterol lowering drugs have shown to alter the anti-inflammatory effects of cytokines. Understanding the molecular aspects of THBD gene and its relation to inflammatory cytokines is important to identify new prognostic and therapeutic targets for the CVD treatments. The present study was conducted to measure the expression of THBD, TNF-α and NF-kB genes in coronary artery disease patients (CAD) in Pakistani population. Lipid profile and BMI was compared both on fifty CAD patients and fifty healthy individuals. Expression analysis for THBD, TNF-α and NF-kB was carried out using real time PCR. The effect of lipid lowering drugs on cardiometabolic risk variables especially gene expression was analyzed. Our results indicated that the difference in BMI was marginal; however LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides levels in CAD patients were significantly higher than healthy individuals. THBD gene was significantly up-regulated whereas TNF-α and NF-kB were significantly down regulated in CAD individuals. Further exploration revealed that these variations were accounted to the use of statins by the patients. The use of statins by CAD patients up-regulated the mRNA expression of THBD by down-regulation of inflammatory mediators. The enhanced expression of endothelial THBD in response to cholesterol lowering drugs establishes a novel pleiotropic target that can be of clinical significance in thromboembolic and inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.,Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-E-Millat University, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Afrose Liaquat
- Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-E-Millat University, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Nadia Saeed
- Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-E-Millat University, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | | | - Sana Mumtaz
- Shifa College of Medicine, Shifa Tameer-E-Millat University, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.,Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, 37075, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Muhammad Jawad Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Sheng B, Song Y, Zhang J, Li R, Wang Z, Zhu X. Atorvastatin suppresses the progression of cervical cancer via regulation of autophagy. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:5252-5268. [PMID: 33042417 PMCID: PMC7540084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atorvastatin (ATO), one of the most common cholesterol reduction agents, exhibits anti-neoplastic effects in several human cancers. However, the antitumor effects of ATO on cervical cancer have not been extensively reported. Recently, autophagy inhibitors are reported to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutics. Here, we showed that ATO reduced cell viability and promoted apoptosis of cervical cancer cells by inducing caspase-3 and PARP activation and upregulating Bim. Treatment of ATO also suppressed tumor growth in vivo. In addition, co-culture with GGPP almost completely reversed the morphological change and apoptosis induced by ATO in cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, ATO induced cellular autophagy in cervical cancer cells, which was confirmed by an increase of LC3-I into LC3-II conversion, downregulation of p62 expression, regulation of AMPK and Akt/mTOR pathways. Moreover, pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy using either Baf-A1 or 3-MA significantly enhanced ATO-mediated apoptosis on cervical cancer cells. In conclusion, combination of ATO with autophagy inhibitors could emerge as a new therapeutic strategy for cervical cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yizuo Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruyi Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Ahsan F, Oliveri F, Goud HK, Mehkari Z, Mohammed L, Javed M, Althwanay A, Rutkofsky IH. Pleiotropic Effects of Statins in the Light of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cureus 2020; 12:e10446. [PMID: 33072455 PMCID: PMC7557526 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, the lipid-lowering drugs, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a lipid-related pathology, share a complex relationship, one known to be hepatotoxic and other being hepatic injury. NASH is an unresolved mystery in terms of treatment. Could statins prove to be a promising solution due to their pleiotropic properties in addition to the cholesterol-lowering effect? This study aims to find statin effectiveness in NAFLD/NASH treatment and prevention of associated adverse outcomes. An extensive data search was done to identify the studies assessing statin effect on NAFLD/NASH and then analyzed to establish the relationship. Several studies demonstrated a reduction in NAFLD/NASH-associated inflammation and fibrosis with statin treatment. These anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects were through their pleiotropic properties, which were in addition to their cholesterol-lowering effect. In various animal studies, statins were found to improve hepatic lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and fibrosis associated with NASH through multiple pathways. Statins exert these protective effects by recovering the gene expression level of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and therefore restore the mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation (FAO). Statin treatment also increased the levels of paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an antioxidant and antiatherogenic enzyme that is reduced in NAFLD as well as encounter the hepatic lipotoxicity by resolving cholesterol crystals and Kupffer cells (KCs) with crown-like structures (CLSs). They exhibited antitumor properties by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines and vascular proliferative factors. Moreover, they restored a healthy liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSEC) and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) along with inhibiting the activation of HSC via modulating inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and expressions of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Besides, they were protective against cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related morbidity and mortality, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and metabolic syndrome (MS) associated with NAFLD/NASH. NASH and its precursor, NAFLD, could be treated and prevented with statins owing to their pleiotropic properties. This study helps to prove this by looking back at different literature and has successfully enlightened the point. Once proved through large clinical trials on humans, it could revolutionize the NASH therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah Ahsan
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Federico Oliveri
- Cardiology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Harshit K Goud
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioural Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Zainab Mehkari
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neuroscience & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Lubna Mohammed
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Moiz Javed
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Aldanah Althwanay
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ian H Rutkofsky
- Psychiatry, Neuroscience, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Orlandi M, Graziani F, D'Aiuto F. Periodontal therapy and cardiovascular risk. Periodontol 2000 2020; 83:107-124. [PMID: 32385887 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the worldwide leading cause of mortality. Cardiovascular diseases are noncommunicable conditions with a complex pathogenesis, and their clinical manifestations include major cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Epidemiologic evidence suggests a consistent association between periodontitis and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Some evidence supports a beneficial effect of the treatment of periodontitis on both surrogate and hard cardiovascular outcomes. This narrative review has been conducted as an update of the most recent evidence on the effects of periodontitis treatment on cardiovascular outcomes since the last commissioned review of the European Federation of Periodontology-American Academy of Periodontology World Workshop in 2012. Newer evidence originating from published randomized controlled trials confirms a positive effect of periodontal treatment on surrogate measures of cardiovascular diseases, whereas there have been no randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of periodontal treatment on the incidence of cardiovascular disease events such as myocardial infarction and stroke. In conclusion, there is sufficient evidence from observational and experimental studies on surrogate cardiovascular measures to justify the design and conduct of appropriately powered randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of effective periodontal interventions on cardiovascular disease outcomes (ie, myocardial infarction and stroke) with adequate control of traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Orlandi
- Periodontology Unit, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - Filippo Graziani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Sub-Unit of Periodontology, Halitosis and Periodontal Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Dehnavi S, Sohrabi N, Sadeghi M, Lansberg P, Banach M, Al-Rasadi K, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Statins and autoimmunity: State-of-the-art. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 214:107614. [PMID: 32592715 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins, are potent plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) lowering agents. Since the introduction of the first statin, lovastatin, in 1987, accumulating evidence showed that non-cholesterol lowering effects play an important role in their efficacy to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Thus, these non-LDL-c lowering properties could benefit patients with immune-mediated diseases. Statins and their associated immune-modulating roles have recently received much attention. Different statins have been administered in various experimental and clinical studies focused on autoimmunity. The results indicate that statins can modulate immune responses through mevalonate pathway-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects include cell adhesion, migration of antigen presenting cells, and differentiation, as well as activation, of T-cells. In various autoimmune diseases (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis), promising results have been obtained to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Dehnavi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Nasrollah Sohrabi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahvash Sadeghi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Peter Lansberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Building 3226, Room 04.14, Internal Zip Code EA12, Antonius Deusinglaan 19713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Khalid Al-Rasadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Azkarate I, Díez M, Ganzarain M, Salas E, Choperena G, Eguibar I. Statin therapy prior to hospitalization does not significantly influence sepsis presentation or sepsis outcomes. A prospective, observational study. Med Clin (Barc) 2020; 156:13-16. [PMID: 32402386 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to being effective at lowering cholesterol, statins seem to have immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticoagulant effects. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the presentation of sepsis and its outcome in patients who have had prehospital statin therapy are different. METHODS A prospective, observational study was carried out on 1042 septic patients, for 5 consecutive years in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a tertiary hospital. RESULTS 317 (30.4%) septic patients were receiving statins prior to hospitalization. Patients on statin therapy were older (69.7 years old vs 62.5; p <.001), males (71.9% vs 65.7%; p=.047) and with a higher mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score (21.7 vs 20.1; p<.001). Renal dysfunction was observed in a greater proportion (60.3% vs 51.5%; p=.009) in statin users but without requiring more continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT). No differences were observed in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, procalcitonin levels, source of infection, microorganism and nosocomial infections in ICU and hospital mortality or length of stay. CONCLUSIONS Statin therapy prior to hospitalization does not significantly influence sepsis presentation or sepsis outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izaskun Azkarate
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, España.
| | - Mikel Díez
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, España
| | - Maialen Ganzarain
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, España
| | - Estibaliz Salas
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, España
| | - Gabriel Choperena
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, España
| | - Itziar Eguibar
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, España
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Peppas S, Piovani D, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Danese S, Bonovas S. Statins and inflammatory bowel disease: Where do we stand? Eur J Intern Med 2020; 75:10-14. [PMID: 32151491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic autoimmune disorder of the western world that is rapidly expanding in newly industrialized countries. Novel strategies are urgently needed to prevent and improve the treatment of this costly and disabling disease. Statins are the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide. Besides their lipid-lowering effects, statins may exert complex immunomodulatory properties and multiple pleiotropic effects including the inhibition of T-cell activation, antigen-presenting function and leukocyte infiltration of target organs which might render statins as beneficial agents for inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. In this review, we summarize the experimental findings on the topic, and critically appraise the epidemiological evidence regarding the value of statins as a potential strategy for preventing and treating inflammatory bowel disease. Several experimental studies have shown that statins reduce inflammation in animal models of colitis; however, clinical studies investigating their disease-modifying and preventive potential in IBD have demonstrated some limitations and conflicting results. The available epidemiological evidence is not yet sufficient to support the use of statin for preventing or treating inflammatory bowel disease. Additional high-quality research is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Spyros Peppas
- Gastroenterology Department, Naval Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Daniele Piovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; IBD Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology and Inserm U954, University Hospital of Nancy, University of Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; IBD Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefanos Bonovas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; IBD Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
The impact of statins on physical activity and exercise capacity: an overview of the evidence, mechanisms, and recommendations. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1205-1225. [PMID: 32248287 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Statins are among the most widely prescribed medications worldwide. Considered the 'gold-standard' treatment for cardiovascular disease (CVD), statins inhibit HMG-CoA reductase to ultimately reduce serum LDL-cholesterol levels. Unfortunately, the main adverse event of statin use is the development of muscle-associated problems, referred to as SAMS (statin-associated muscle symptoms). While regular moderate physical activity also decreases CVD risk, there is apprehension that physical activity may induce and/or exacerbate SAMS. While much work has gone into identifying the epidemiology of SAMS, only recent research has focused on the extent to which these muscle symptoms are accompanied by functional declines. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of possible mechanisms underlying SAMS and summarize current evidence regarding the relationship between statin treatment, physical activity, exercise capacity, and SAMS development. METHODS PubMed and Google Scholar databases were used to search the most relevant and up-to-date peer-reviewed research on the topic. RESULTS The mechanism(s) behind SAMS, including altered mitochondrial metabolism, reduced coenzyme Q10 levels, reduced vitamin D levels, impaired calcium homeostasis, elevated extracellular glutamate, and genetic polymorphisms, still lack consensus and remain up for debate. Our summation of the evidence leads us to suggest that the etiology of SAMS development is likely multifactorial. Our review also demonstrates that there is limited evidence for statins impairing exercise adaptations or reducing exercise capacity for the majority of the investigated populations. CONCLUSION The available evidence indicates that the benefits of engaging in physical activity while on statin medication largely outweigh the risks.
Collapse
|
83
|
Jhee JH, Joo YS, Park JT, Yoo TH, Park SK, Jung JY, Kim SW, Oh YK, Oh KH, Kang SW, Choi KH, Ahn C, Han SH. Intensity of statin therapy and renal outcome in chronic kidney disease: Results from the Korean Cohort Study for Outcome in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2020; 39:93-102. [PMID: 32182639 PMCID: PMC7105621 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.20.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Higher statin intensity is associated with a lower risk of mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about the relationship between statin intensity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. Methods We studied whether statin intensity affects kidney function decline in 1,073 patients from the Korean Cohort Study for Outcome in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease. The participants were classified based on statin intensity as low, moderate, and high. The study endpoint was CKD progression (composite of doubling of serum creatinine, ≥ 50% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] from baseline, or end-stage renal disease). Results The mean age was 56.0 ± 11.4 years, and 665 (62.0%) participants were male. The mean eGFR was 51.7 ± 26.7 mL/min/1.73 m2; there were no differences in baseline eGFR among statin intensity groups. During the median follow-up of 39.9 (25.4-61.6) months, 255 (23.8%) patients reached the study endpoint. In multivariable Cox model after adjustment of confounders, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for adverse kidney outcome were 0.97 (0.72-1.30) and 1.15 (0.60-2.20) in moderate and high statin intensity groups, respectively, compared with the low intensity group. In addition, no significant association was observed in subgroups stratified by age, sex, eGFR, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk scores. Conclusion We did not observe any significant association between intensity of statin therapy and progression of CKD. Long-term kidney outcomes may not be affected by statin intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hyun Jhee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Su Joo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Tak Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sue Kyung Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yong Jung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyu Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kook-Hwan Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Brain Korea 21 PLUS, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeok Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Rana R, Sharma R, Kumar A. Repurposing of Existing Statin Drugs for Treatment of Microbial Infections: How Much Promising? Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:224-237. [PMID: 30081793 DOI: 10.2174/1871526518666180806123230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Today's microbial infections' resistance to approved drugs, the emergence of new infectious diseases and lack of vaccines, create a huge threat to human health. Thus, there is an urgent need to create novel antimicrobial agents, but the high cost and prolonged timeline of novel drug discovery and development is the major barrier to make new drugs. Therefore, there is a need for specific cost effective approaches in order to identify new drugs for the treatment of various microbial infections. Drug repurposition is an alternative technique to find existing clinically approved drugs for other indications. This approach may enhance the portfolio of Pharmaceutical companies by reducing the time and money required for the development of new chemical entity. In literature, various studies have reported some encouraging results regarding the antimicrobial use of existing statin drugs. Further, some clinical studies have also shown the protective effect of statin drugs in reduction of the morbidity and mortality due to many infectious diseases but complete understanding is still lacking. Thus, there is a need for better understanding of the use of statin drugs, especially in the context of antimicrobial effects. In this review, we try to summarize the use of statin drugs in various infectious diseases and their proposed antimicrobial mechanism of action. Further, current challenges and future perspectives of repurposition of statin drugs as antimicrobial agents have also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Rana
- Department of Pharmacology, Indo-Soviet Friendship Pharmacy College (ISFCP), Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Ruchika Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indo-Soviet Friendship Institute of Professional Studies (ISFIPS), Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Indo-Soviet Friendship Pharmacy College (ISFCP), Moga, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Impact of Statin Use on Dementia Incidence in Elderly Men and Women with Ischemic Heart Disease. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8020030. [PMID: 32050497 PMCID: PMC7168191 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the association between statins and the prevention of dementia according to sex differences in elderly patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). We performed a nationwide retrospective cohort study using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database (2007–2015). Among the 264,036 eligible patients aged ≥65 years with IHD, statin users were compared with non–users by propensity score matching at a 1:1 ratio (71,587 in each group). The primary outcome was dementia risk by estimating hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Differential risks of dementia were assessed by sex in the subgroups of statin types, exposure duration, and patient age, implying that sex is an influential factor for the link between statin use and dementia incidence. Among seven commonly prescribed statins, rosuvastatin was associated with the greatest preventive effect on dementia incidence, with an adjusted HR of 0.82 (95% CI = 0.78–0.87). In a subgroup analysis organized by sex, the differential risk of dementia incidence was assessed in each statin group, implying that sex is an influential factor for the link between statin and dementia. This study suggests that appropriate statin use considering sex differences may have beneficial effects on the development of dementia.
Collapse
|
86
|
Facciorusso A, Buccino VR, Prete VD, Antonino M, Contaldo A, Muscatiello N. Statins decrease the risk of acute pancreatitis after endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration of pancreatic cysts. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2020; 19:74-79. [PMID: 31706860 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basic and clinical studies suggest that statins may prevent and even ameliorate acute pancreatitis. The present study was to evaluate whether statin decreases the risk of acute pancreatitis in patients undergoing endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of pancreatic cysts. METHODS Out of 456 patients with pancreatic cysts referred to our center between 2006 and 2018, 365 were finally included in analyses: 86 were treated with statins and 279 were not at the time of endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration. We compared the acute pancreatitis incidence between the two groups, and we also compared other complications such as bleeding and infections. RESULTS Median age was 64 years [interquartile range (IQR) 62-69] and median cyst size was 24 mm (IQR, 21-29). The most frequent histology was intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (45.3% and 42.3% in the two groups, respectively; P = 0.98). All 13 patients experiencing post-endoscopic ultrasound acute pancreatitis were from the control group (4.7%), of which 3 were classified as severe pancreatitis. None of statin users developed post-procedural acute pancreatitis (odds ratio: 0.15; 95% confidence interval: 0.03-0.98; P = 0.03). No difference was registered with regard to severe pancreatitis and other complications. CONCLUSIONS Statins exert a beneficial role in preventing acute pancreatitis in patients with pancreatic cysts undergoing endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration. If confirmed in prospective trials, our findings may pave the way to an extensive use of statins as prophylactic agents in pancreatic interventional endoscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Facciorusso
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Viale Pinto 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Rosario Buccino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Viale Pinto 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Prete
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Viale Pinto 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Matteo Antonino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Viale Pinto 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonella Contaldo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Viale Pinto 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Nicola Muscatiello
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Viale Pinto 1, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Jahn A, Scherer B, Fritz G, Honnen S. Statins Induce a DAF-16/Foxo-dependent Longevity Phenotype via JNK-1 through Mevalonate Depletion in C. elegans. Aging Dis 2020; 11:60-72. [PMID: 32010481 PMCID: PMC6961767 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins belong to the most pre-scribed cholesterol lowering drugs in western countries. Their competitive inhibition of the HMG-CoA reductase causes a reduction in the mevalonate pool, resulting in reduced cholesterol biosynthesis, impaired protein prenylation and glycosylation. Recently, a cohort study showed a decreased mortality rate in humans between age 78-90 going along with statin therapy, which is independent of blood cholesterol levels. As C. elegans harbors the mevalonate pathway, but is cholesterol-auxotroph, it is particularly suitable to study cholesterol-independent effects of statins on aging-associated phenotypes. Here, we show that low doses of lovastatin or a mild HMG-CoA reductase knockdown via hmgr-1(RNAi) in C. elegans substantially attenuate aging pigment accumulation, which is a well-established surrogate marker for biological age. Consistently, for two statins we found dosages, which prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans. Together with an observed reduced fertility, slower developmental timing and thermal stress resistance this complex of outcomes point to the involvement of DAF-16/hFOXO3a, the master regulator of stress resistance and longevity. Accordingly, prolonged low-dose statin exposure leads to an increased expression of jnk-1, a known activator of DAF-16. Moreover, the beneficial effects of statins on aging pigments and lifespan depend on DAF-16 and JNK-1, as shown in epistasis analyses. These effects can be reverted by mevalonate supplementation. In conclusion, we describe a lifespan extension in C. elegans, which is conferred via two well-conserved stress-related factors (JNK-1, DAF-16) and results from mevalonate depletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jahn
- Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Toxicology, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Bo Scherer
- Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Toxicology, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Toxicology, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Honnen
- Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Institute of Toxicology, D-40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Vázquez-Borrego MC, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Herrera-Martínez AD, Venegas-Moreno E, L-López F, Fanciulli A, Moreno-Moreno P, Alhambra-Expósito MR, Barrera-Martín A, Dios E, Blanco-Acevedo C, Solivera J, Granata R, Kineman RD, Gahete MD, Soto-Moreno A, Gálvez-Moreno MA, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Statins Directly Regulate Pituitary Cell Function and Exert Antitumor Effects in Pituitary Tumors. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:1028-1041. [PMID: 31940630 DOI: 10.1159/000505923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs), the most abundant of all intracranial tumors, entail severe comorbidities. First-line therapy is transsphenoidal surgery, but subsequent pharmacological therapy is often required. Unfortunately, many patients are/become unresponsive to available drugs (somatostatin analogues [SSAs]/dopamine agonists), underscoring the need for new therapies. Statins are well-known drugs commonly prescribed to treat hyperlipidemia/cardiovascular diseases, but can convey additional beneficial effects, including antitumor actions. The direct effects of statins on normal human pituitary or PitNETs are poorly known. Thus, we aimed to explore the direct effects of statins, especially simvastatin, on key functional parameters in normal and tumoral pituitary cells, and to evaluate the combined effects of simvastatin with metformin (MF) or SSAs. METHODS Effects of statins in cell proliferation/viability, hormone secretion, and signaling pathways were evaluated in normal pituitary cells from a primate model (Papio anubis), tumor cells from corticotropinomas, somatotropinomas, nonfunctioning pituitary tumors, and PitNET cell-lines (AtT20/GH3-cells). RESULTS All statins decreased AtT20-cell proliferation, simvastatin showing stronger effects. Indeed, simvastatin reduced cell viability and/or hormone secretion in all PitNETs subtypes and cell-lines, and ACTH/GH/PRL/FSH/LH secretion (but not expression), in primate cell cultures, by modulating MAPK/PI3K/mTOR pathways and expression of key receptors (GH-releasing hormone-receptor/ghrelin-R/Kiss1-R) regulating pituitary function. Addition of MF or SSAs did not enhance simvastatin antitumor effects. CONCLUSION Our data reveal direct antitumor effects of simvastatin on PitNET-cells, paving the way to explore these compounds as a possible tool to treat PitNETs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari C Vázquez-Borrego
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio C Fuentes-Fayos
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Eva Venegas-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando L-López
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alessandro Fanciulli
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hopital, Turin, Italy
| | - Paloma Moreno-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - María R Alhambra-Expósito
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Ana Barrera-Martín
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Elena Dios
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Blanco-Acevedo
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan Solivera
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Neurosurgery, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and Città Della Salute e Della Scienza Hopital, Turin, Italy
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Division of Research and Developments, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alfonso Soto-Moreno
- Metabolism and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María A Gálvez-Moreno
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, IMIBIC, HURS, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute of Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain,
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain,
- Reina Sofia University Hospital (HURS), Cordoba, Spain,
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Cordoba, Spain,
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
The effects of statins with a high hepatoselectivity rank on the extra-hepatic tissues; New functions for statins. Pharmacol Res 2019; 152:104621. [PMID: 31891788 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Statins, as the most common treatment for hyperlipidemia, exert effects beyond their lipid-lowering role which are known as pleiotropic effects. These effects are mainly due to the inhibition of isoprenoids synthesis and consequently blocking prenylation of proteins involved in the cellular signaling pathways regulating cell development, growth, and apoptosis. Statins target cholesterol synthesis in the liver as the major source of cholesterol in the body and so reduce whole-body cholesterol. The reduced level of cholesterol forces other organs to an adaptive homeostatic reaction to increase their cholesterol synthesis capacity, however, this only occurs when statins have unremarkable access to the extra-hepatic tissues. In order to reduce the adverse effects of statin on the skeletal muscle, most recent efforts have been towards formulating new statins with the highest level of hepatoselectivity rank and the least level of access to the extra-hepatic tissues; however, the inaccessibility of statins for the extra-hepatic tissues may induce several biological reactions. In this review, we aim to evaluate the effects of statins on the extra-hepatic tissues when statins have unremarkable access to these tissues.
Collapse
|
90
|
Wang SW, Li LC, Su CH, Yang YH, Hsu TW, Hsu CN. Association of Statin and Its Lipophilicity With Cardiovascular Events in Patients Receiving Chronic Dialysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 107:1312-1324. [PMID: 31715017 PMCID: PMC7325317 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipophilicity of statins has been linked to extrahepatic cell penetration and inhibition of isoprenoid synthesis and coenzyme Q10, which may affect myocardial contraction. Whether statins' lipophilicity affects the risk of cardiovascular disease development in patients under dialysis is unclear. This population‐based study included 114,929 patients undergoing chronic dialysis, retrieved from the Registry for Catastrophic Illness Patients from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan from 2000 to 2013. Statins were initiated after dialysis and classified into hydrophilic and lipophilic by the duration of use. In total, 17,015 statin users and match controls were identified by using propensity score matching in 1:1 ratio. New statin use was associated with higher cardiovascular disease risk (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.2, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13–1.28) but lower all‐cause mortality (aHR: 0.93, 95% CI, 0.89–0.96). Hydrophilic statins were significantly associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease compared with lipophilic statins (aHR: 0.91, 95% CI, 0.85–0.97).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Chih Li
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hao Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Hsu Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Health Information and Epidemiology Laboratory of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsuen-Wei Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ning Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Smit RAJ, Trompet S, Leong A, Goodarzi MO, Postmus I, Warren H, Theusch E, Barnes MR, Arsenault BJ, Li X, Feng Q, Chasman DI, Cupples LA, Hitman GA, Krauss RM, Psaty BM, Rotter JI, Cessie SL, Stein CM, Jukema JW. Statin-induced LDL cholesterol response and type 2 diabetes: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2019; 20:462-470. [PMID: 31801993 PMCID: PMC7260089 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-019-0125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether the increased risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) seen in statin users is due to low LDL-C concentrations, or due to the statin-induced proportional change in LDL-C. In addition, genetic instruments have not been proposed before to examine whether liability to T2D might cause greater proportional statin-induced LDL-C lowering. Using summary level statistics from the Genomic Investigation of Statin Therapy (GIST, nmax=40,914) and DIAGRAM (nmax=159,208) consortia, we found a positive genetic correlation between LDL-C statin response and T2D using LD score regression (rgenetic=0.36, s.e.=0.13). However, mendelian randomization analyses did not provide support for statin response having a causal effect on T2D risk (OR 1.00 (95%CI: 0.97, 1.03) per 10% increase in statin response), nor that liability to T2D has a causal effect on statin-induced LDL-C response (0.20% increase in response (95%CI: −0.40, 0.80) per doubling of odds of liability to T2D). Although we found no evidence to suggest that proportional statin response influences T2D risk, a definitive assessment should be made in populations comprised exclusively of statin-users, as the presence of non-statin users in the DIAGRAM dataset may have substantially diluted our effect estimate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roelof A J Smit
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aaron Leong
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mark O Goodarzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Iris Postmus
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Helen Warren
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Center, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Theusch
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Michael R Barnes
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Center, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Li
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - QiPing Feng
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.,NHLBI Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, 01702, USA
| | - Graham A Hitman
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.,Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA.,The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Medicine, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Saskia le Cessie
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Section of Medical Statistics, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C Michael Stein
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Shenkar R, Peiper A, Pardo H, Moore T, Lightle R, Girard R, Hobson N, Polster SP, Koskimäki J, Zhang D, Lyne SB, Cao Y, Chaudagar K, Saadat L, Gallione C, Pytel P, Liao JK, Marchuk D, Awad IA. Rho Kinase Inhibition Blunts Lesion Development and Hemorrhage in Murine Models of Aggressive Pdcd10/Ccm3 Disease. Stroke 2019; 50:738-744. [PMID: 30744543 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.024058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Previously, murine models Krit1 +/- Msh2 -/ - and Ccm2 +/ - Trp53 -/ - showed a reduction or no effect on cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) burden and favorable effects on lesional hemorrhage by the robust Rock (Rho-associated protein kinase) inhibitor fasudil and by simvastatin (a weak pleiotropic inhibitor of Rock). Herein, we concurrently investigated treatment of the more aggressive Pdcd10/Ccm3 model with fasudil, simvastatin, and higher dose atorvastatin to determined effectiveness of Rock inhibition. Methods- The murine models, Pdcd10 +/ - Trp53 -/ - and Pdcd10 +/ - Msh2 -/ -, were contemporaneously treated from weaning to 5 months of age with fasudil (100 mg/kg per day in drinking water, n=9), simvastatin (40 mg/kg per day in chow, n=11), atorvastatin (80 mg/kg per day in chow, n=10), or with placebo (n=16). We assessed CCM volume in mouse brains by microcomputed tomography. Lesion burden was calculated as lesion volume normalized to total brain volume. We analyzed chronic hemorrhage in CCM lesions by quantitative intensity of Perls staining in brain sections. Results- The Pdcd10 +/ - Trp53 -/ - /Msh2 -/ - models showed a mean CCM lesion burden per mouse reduction from 0.0091 in placebos to 0.0042 ( P=0.027) by fasudil, and to 0.0047 ( P=0.025) by atorvastatin treatment, but was not changed significantly by simvastatin. Hemorrhage intensity per brain was commensurately decreased by Rock inhibition. Conclusions- These results support the exploration of proof of concept effect of high-dose atorvastatin on human CCM disease for potential therapeutic testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Shenkar
- From the Section of Neurosurgery (R.S., T.M., R.L., R.G., N.H., S.P.P., J.K., D.Z., S.B.L., Y.C., K.C., L.S., I.A.A.), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL
| | - Amy Peiper
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (A.P., H.P., C.G., D.M.)
| | - Heidy Pardo
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (A.P., H.P., C.G., D.M.)
| | - Thomas Moore
- From the Section of Neurosurgery (R.S., T.M., R.L., R.G., N.H., S.P.P., J.K., D.Z., S.B.L., Y.C., K.C., L.S., I.A.A.), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL
| | - Rhonda Lightle
- From the Section of Neurosurgery (R.S., T.M., R.L., R.G., N.H., S.P.P., J.K., D.Z., S.B.L., Y.C., K.C., L.S., I.A.A.), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL
| | - Romuald Girard
- From the Section of Neurosurgery (R.S., T.M., R.L., R.G., N.H., S.P.P., J.K., D.Z., S.B.L., Y.C., K.C., L.S., I.A.A.), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL
| | - Nicholas Hobson
- From the Section of Neurosurgery (R.S., T.M., R.L., R.G., N.H., S.P.P., J.K., D.Z., S.B.L., Y.C., K.C., L.S., I.A.A.), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL
| | - Sean P Polster
- From the Section of Neurosurgery (R.S., T.M., R.L., R.G., N.H., S.P.P., J.K., D.Z., S.B.L., Y.C., K.C., L.S., I.A.A.), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL
| | - Janne Koskimäki
- From the Section of Neurosurgery (R.S., T.M., R.L., R.G., N.H., S.P.P., J.K., D.Z., S.B.L., Y.C., K.C., L.S., I.A.A.), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- From the Section of Neurosurgery (R.S., T.M., R.L., R.G., N.H., S.P.P., J.K., D.Z., S.B.L., Y.C., K.C., L.S., I.A.A.), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL
| | - Seán B Lyne
- From the Section of Neurosurgery (R.S., T.M., R.L., R.G., N.H., S.P.P., J.K., D.Z., S.B.L., Y.C., K.C., L.S., I.A.A.), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL
| | - Ying Cao
- From the Section of Neurosurgery (R.S., T.M., R.L., R.G., N.H., S.P.P., J.K., D.Z., S.B.L., Y.C., K.C., L.S., I.A.A.), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL
| | - Kiranj Chaudagar
- From the Section of Neurosurgery (R.S., T.M., R.L., R.G., N.H., S.P.P., J.K., D.Z., S.B.L., Y.C., K.C., L.S., I.A.A.), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL
| | - Laleh Saadat
- From the Section of Neurosurgery (R.S., T.M., R.L., R.G., N.H., S.P.P., J.K., D.Z., S.B.L., Y.C., K.C., L.S., I.A.A.), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL
| | - Carol Gallione
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (A.P., H.P., C.G., D.M.)
| | - Peter Pytel
- Department of Pathology (P.P.), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL
| | - James K Liao
- Section of Cardiology (J.K.L.), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL
| | - Douglas Marchuk
- Molecular Genetics and Microbiology Department, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (A.P., H.P., C.G., D.M.)
| | - Issam A Awad
- From the Section of Neurosurgery (R.S., T.M., R.L., R.G., N.H., S.P.P., J.K., D.Z., S.B.L., Y.C., K.C., L.S., I.A.A.), Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Lipoprotein(a) as Orchestrator of Calcific Aortic Valve Stenosis. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120760. [PMID: 31766423 PMCID: PMC6995555 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is the most prevalent valvular heart disease in the Western World with exponentially increased incidence with age. If left untreated, the yearly mortality rates increase up to 25%. Currently, no effective pharmacological interventions have been established to treat or prevent AVS. The only treatment modality so far is surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (AVR). Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] has been implicated as a pivotal player in the pathophysiology of calcification of the valves. Patients with elevated levels of Lp(a) have a higher risk of hospitalization or mortality due to the presence of AVS. Multiple studies indicated Lp(a) as a likely causal and independent risk factor for AVS. This review discusses the most important findings and mechanisms related to Lp(a) and AVS in detail. During the progression of AVS, Lp(a) enters the aortic valve tissue at damaged sites of the valves. Subsequently, autotaxin converts lysophosphatidylcholine in lysophosphatidic acid (LysoPA) which in turn acts as a ligand for the LysoPA receptor. This triggers a nuclear factor-κB cascade leading to increased transcripts of interleukin 6, bone morphogenetic protein 2, and runt-related transcription factor 2. This progresses to the actual calcification of the valves through production of alkaline phosphatase and calcium depositions. Furthermore, this review briefly mentions potentially interesting therapies that may play a role in the treatment or prevention of AVS in the near future.
Collapse
|
94
|
Morsy MA, Abdel-Latif RG, Nair AB, Venugopala KN, Ahmed AF, Elsewedy HS, Shehata TM. Preparation and Evaluation of Atorvastatin-Loaded Nanoemulgel on Wound-Healing Efficacy. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110609. [PMID: 31766305 PMCID: PMC6920749 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue repair and wound healing are complex processes that involve inflammation, granulation, and remodeling of the tissue. The potential of various statins including atorvastatin (ATR) to improve the wound healing effect was established. The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate the efficacy of topical application of ATR-based nanoemulgel on wound healing. The prepared formulations (ATR gel, ATR emulgel, and ATR nanoemulgel) were evaluated for their physical appearance, rheological behavior, in vitro drug release and ex vivo drug permeation. The in vivo wound healing effect was evaluated in wound-induced rats. The prepared ATR gel formulations showed good physical properties and were comparable. The release profiles of drugs from gel, emulgel, and nanoemulgel were distinct. Skin permeation potential of ATR was significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced when formulated into nanoemulgel. In vivo wound healing studies showed that ATR nanoemulgel exhibited the highest percent wound contraction. Histopathological assessment showed marked improvement in the skin histological architecture after 21 days of ATR nanoemulgel treatment. In conclusion, the data demonstrated here signify the prospective of ATR nanoemulgel as an innovative therapeutic approach in wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.B.N.); (K.N.V.); (H.S.E.); (T.M.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia 61511, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-5496-72245
| | - Rania G. Abdel-Latif
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, El-Minia 61511, Egypt;
| | - Anroop B. Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.B.N.); (K.N.V.); (H.S.E.); (T.M.S.)
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.B.N.); (K.N.V.); (H.S.E.); (T.M.S.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Amira F. Ahmed
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia 61511, Egypt;
| | - Heba S. Elsewedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.B.N.); (K.N.V.); (H.S.E.); (T.M.S.)
| | - Tamer M. Shehata
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (A.B.N.); (K.N.V.); (H.S.E.); (T.M.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Esmeijer K, Dekkers OM, de Fijter JW, Dekker FW, Hoogeveen EK. Effect of different types of statins on kidney function decline and proteinuria: a network meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16632. [PMID: 31719617 PMCID: PMC6851118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that statins reduce the progression of kidney function decline and proteinuria, but whether specific types of statins are more beneficial than others remains unclear. We performed a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) to investigate which statin most effectively reduces kidney function decline and proteinuria. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane database until July 13, 2018, and included 43 RCTs (>110,000 patients). We performed a pairwise random-effects meta-analysis and a network meta-analysis according to a frequentist approach. We assessed network inconsistency, publication bias, and estimated for each statin the probability of being the best treatment. Considerable heterogeneity was present among the included studies. In pairwise meta-analyses, 1-year use of statins versus control reduced kidney function decline by 0.61 (95%-CI: 0.27; 0.95) mL/min/1.73 m2 and proteinuria with a standardized mean difference of -0.58 (95%-CI:-0.88; -0.29). The network meta-analysis for the separate endpoints showed broad confidence intervals due to the small number available RCTs for each individual comparison. In conclusion, 1-year statin use versus control attenuated the progression of kidney function decline and proteinuria. Due to the imprecision of individual comparisons, results were inconclusive as to which statin performs best with regard to renal outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Esmeijer
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Olaf M Dekkers
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W de Fijter
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Friedo W Dekker
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen K Hoogeveen
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Nephrology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, Den Bosch, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
|
97
|
Chen Z, Gao X, Jiao Y, Qiu Y, Wang A, Yu M, Che F, Li S, Liu J, Li J, Zhang H, Yu C, Li G, Gao Y, Pan L, Sun W, Guo J, Cao B, Zhu Y, Xu H. Tanshinone IIA Exerts Anti-Inflammatory and Immune-Regulating Effects on Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque Partially via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Signal Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:850. [PMID: 31402870 PMCID: PMC6677033 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), a lipophilic constituent from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, has shown a promising cardioprotective effect including anti-atherosclerosis. This study aims at exploring Tan IIA’s anti-inflammatory and immune-regulating roles in stabilizing vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque in ApoE-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. Methods: Male ApoE−/− mice (6 weeks) were fed with a high-fat diet for 13 weeks and then randomized to the model group (MOD) or Tan IIA groups [high dose: 90 mg/kg/day (HT), moderate dose: 30 mg/kg/day (MT), low dose: 10 mg/kg/day (LT)] or the atorvastatin group (5 mg/kg/day, ATO) for 13 weeks. Male C57BL/6 mice (6 weeks) were fed with ordinary rodent chow as control. The plaque stability was evaluated according to the morphology and composition of aortic atherosclerotic (AS) plaque in H&E staining and Movat staining sections by calculating the area of extracellular lipid, collagenous fiber, and foam cells to the plaque. The expression of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signal pathway in aorta fractions was determined by immunohistochemistry. Serum levels of blood lipid were measured by turbidimetric inhibition immunoassay. The concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were detected by cytometric bead array. Results: Tan IIA stabilized aortic plaque with a striking reduction in the area of extracellular lipid (ATO: 13.15 ± 1.2%, HT: 12.2 ± 1.64%, MT: 13.93 ± 1.59%, MOD: 18.84 ± 1.46%, P < 0.05) or foam cells (ATO: 16.05 ± 1.26%, HT: 14.88 ± 1.79%, MT: 16.61 ± 1.47%, MOD: 22.08 ± 1.69%, P < 0.05) to the plaque, and an evident increase in content of collagenous fiber (ATO: 16.22 ± 1.91%, HT: 17.58 ± 1.33%, MT: 15.71 ± 2.26%, LT:14.92 ± 1.65%, MOD: 9.61 ± 0.7%, P < 0.05) to the plaque than that in the model group, concomitant with down-regulation of the protein expression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB p65, and serum level of MCP-1 and TNF-α in a dose-dependent manner. There were no differences in serum TC, LDL, HDL, or TG levels between ApoE–/– mice and those treated with atorvastatin. Conclusions: These results suggest that Tan IIA could stabilize vulnerable AS plaque in ApoE−/− mice, and this anti-inflammatory and immune-regulating effect may be achieved via the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Internal medicine, Tieying Hospital of Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Anlu Wang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Meili Yu
- Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyuan Che
- Cardiovascular Department, Beijing hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shunyi branch, Beijing, China
| | - Siming Li
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Graduate school, China Academy of Chinese Medical, Beijing, China
| | - Jingen Li
- Dongzhimen Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - He Zhang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Changan Yu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Geng Li
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lin Pan
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jing Guo
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bingyan Cao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yilin Zhu
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Zinellu A, Paliogiannis P, Usai MF, Carru C, Mangoni AA. Effect of statin treatment on circulating malondialdehyde concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2019; 10:2040622319862714. [PMID: 31367297 PMCID: PMC6643183 DOI: 10.1177/2040622319862714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effect of statins on oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), is still a matter of debate. We sought to address this issue by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of published data on the effect of statin treatment on systemic MDA concentrations. Methods A literature search was conducted on MEDLINE/PubMed, ISI Web of Sciences and Scopus. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. Results A total of 35 studies assessing MDA concentrations before and after statin treatment in 1512 participants (mean age 53.6 years, 48.7% males) were identified. Extreme between-study heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 96.0%, p < 0.001). Pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) showed a significant reduction in plasma MDA concentrations after treatment (SMD = -1.47 µmol/l, 95% confidence interval = -1.89 to -1.05 μmol/l; p < 0.001). Similarly, a subgroup analysis of 10 studies that also included a placebo group showed a significant reduction in plasma MDA concentrations with statins (-1.03 μmol/l, 95% confidence interval = -1.52 to -0.29 μmol/l; p = 0.036). Conclusions This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that statin treatment significantly reduces systemic MDA concentrations. However, the results should be interpreted with caution because of extreme between-study heterogeneity, which warrants further intervention studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Maria Franca Usai
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ciriaco Carru
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Lin MS, Lin YS, Chang ST, Wang PC, Chien-Chia Wu V, Lin WY, Chung CM. Effect of initiating statin therapy on long-term outcomes of patients with dyslipidemia after intracerebral hemorrhage. Atherosclerosis 2019; 288:137-145. [PMID: 31374467 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has a higher mortality than ischemic stroke. Statin is beneficial for stroke, but high potency statin treatment has been associated with the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of initiating statin therapy after ICH on cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS Dyslipidemic patients were retrieved from the ICH population from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. We retrospectively compared patients prescribed with and without statin treatment after ICH. Outcomes of interest were mortality, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke during 5 years of follow-up. RESULTS Of 17,980 adult patients with ICH and dyslipidemia, 8927 were eligible for analysis over the study period, including 1613 patients receiving statin therapy and 7314 patients not taking statins. After propensity score matching, the mean age was 61.2 ± 12.2 years in the statin group and 61.6 ± 13.0 years in the non-statin group. Hypertension was dominant, followed by diabetes mellitus, and the mean estimated NIHSS score was 12.9. The patients who received statin therapy were associated with lower risks of all-cause mortality (12.7% vs. 21.3%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45-0.65), cardiovascular death (4.0% vs. 7.1%; HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.39-0.75) and ICH (5.4% vs. 8.5%; HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.46-0.83) compared to those who did not receive statins. CONCLUSIONS Initiating statin therapy after ICH was associated with a decreased risk of recurrent ICH and mortality for dyslipidemia patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shyan Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tai Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chang Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | | | - Wey-Yil Lin
- Department of Neurology, Taiwan Landseed Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Min Chung
- Division of Cardiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan County, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
|