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McMillan L, Reidt S, McNicol C, Barnard IRM, MacDonald M, Brown CTA, Wood K. Imaging in thick samples, a phased Monte Carlo radiation transfer algorithm. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210166R. [PMID: 34490761 PMCID: PMC8421375 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.9.096004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Optical microscopy is characterized by the ability to get high resolution, below 1 μm, high contrast, functional and quantitative images. The use of shaped illumination, such as with lightsheet microscopy, has led to greater three-dimensional isotropic resolution with low phototoxicity. However, in most complex samples and tissues, optical imaging is limited by scattering. Many solutions to this issue have been proposed, from using passive approaches such as Bessel beam illumination to active methods incorporating aberration correction, but making fair comparisons between different approaches has proven to be challenging. AIM We present a phase-encoded Monte Carlo radiation transfer algorithm (φMC) capable of comparing the merits of different illumination strategies or predicting the performance of an individual approach. APPROACH We show that φMC is capable of modeling interference phenomena such as Gaussian or Bessel beams and compare the model with experiment. RESULTS Using this verified model, we show that, for a sample with homogeneously distributed scatterers, there is no inherent advantage to illuminating a sample with a conical wave (Bessel beam) instead of a spherical wave (Gaussian beam), except for maintaining a greater depth of focus. CONCLUSION φMC is adaptable to any illumination geometry, sample property, or beam type (such as fractal or layered scatterer distribution) and as such provides a powerful predictive tool for optical imaging in thick samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis McMillan
- University of St. Andrews, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Sascha Reidt
- University of Dundee, School of Science and Engineering, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron McNicol
- University of St. Andrews, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Isla R. M. Barnard
- University of St. Andrews, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Michael MacDonald
- University of Dundee, School of Science and Engineering, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Christian T. A. Brown
- University of St. Andrews, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Wood
- University of St. Andrews, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, St. Andrews, United Kingdom
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Zhu J, Ma Y, Xu J, Li Y, Wan P, Qi Y, Yu T, Zhu D. Dec-DISCO: decolorization DISCO clearing for seeing through the biological architectures of heme-rich organs. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:5499-5513. [PMID: 34692197 PMCID: PMC8515970 DOI: 10.1364/boe.431397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The tissue optical clearing technique plays an important role in three-dimensional (3D) visualization of large tissues. As a typical solvent-based clearing method, 3DISCO can achieve the highest level of tissue transparency with favorable clearing speed. However, 3DISCO cannot deal with the residual blood within tissues, leading to tissue brownness or redness after clearing, thus greatly influencing the tissue transparency and image quality due to the strong absorption of residual blood. To address this problem, we proposed an optimized clearing method by introducing CUBIC-L solution combined with 3DISCO for effective decolorization, termed Dec-DISCO (Decolorization DISCO). Dec-DISCO achieves better transparency than 3DISCO for various heme-rich tissues and performs enhanced fluorescence preservation capability. Dec-DISCO allows high-quality 3D imaging of fluorescently labeled heme-rich organs, as well as pathological tissue with severe hemorrhage. Dec-DISCO is expected to provide a powerful tool for histological analysis of kinds of heme-rich tissues in various medical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yilin Ma
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jianyi Xu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yusha Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Peng Wan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yisong Qi
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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Olianti C, Giardini F, Lazzeri E, Costantini I, Silvestri L, Coppini R, Cerbai E, Pavone FS, Sacconi L. Optical clearing in cardiac imaging: A comparative study. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 168:10-17. [PMID: 34358555 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The optical clearing of the cardiac tissue has always been a challenging goal to obtain successful three-dimensional reconstructions of entire hearts. Typically, the developed protocols are targeted at the clearing of the brain; cardiac tissue requires proper arrangements to the original protocols, which are usually tough and time-consuming to figure out. Here, we present the application of three different clearing methodologies on mouse hearts: uDISCO, CLARITY, and SHIELD. For each approach, we describe the required optimizations that we have developed to improve the outcome; in particular, we focus on comparing the features of the tissue after the application of each methodology, especially in terms of tissue preservation, transparency, and staining. We found that the uDISCO protocol induces strong fiber delamination of the cardiac tissue, thus reducing the reliability of structural analyses. The CLARITY protocol confers a high level of transparency to the heart and allows deep penetration of the fluorescent dyes; however, it requires long times for the clearing and the tissue loses its robustness. The SHIELD methodology, indeed, is very promising for tissue maintenance since it preserves its consistency and provides ideal transparency, but further approaches are needed to obtain homogeneous staining of the whole heart. Since the CLARITY procedure, despite the disadvantages in terms of tissue preservation and timings, is actually the most suitable approach to image labeled samples in depth, we optimized and performed the methodology also on human cardiac tissue from control hearts and hearts with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Olianti
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Francesco Giardini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Erica Lazzeri
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Irene Costantini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy; National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Florence, 50125, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Ludovico Silvestri
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy; National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Florence, 50125, Italy; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Raffaele Coppini
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Cerbai
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drugs and Child Health, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco S Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy; National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Florence, 50125, Italy; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sacconi
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy; National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Florence, 50125, Italy; Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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54
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Wan P, Li Y, Zhu J, Xu J, Liu X, Yu T, Zhu D. FDISCO+: a clearing method for robust fluorescence preservation of cleared samples. NEUROPHOTONICS 2021; 8:035007. [PMID: 34514032 PMCID: PMC8427119 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.8.3.035007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The recently reported solvent-based optical clearing method FDISCO can preserve various fluorescent signals very well. However, the strict low-temperature storage condition of FDISCO is not conducive to long-time or repetitive imaging usually conducted at room temperature. Therefore, it is important to solve the contradiction between fluorescence preservation and imaging condition. Aim: We develop a modified FDISCO clearing method, termed FDISCO+, to change the preservation condition from low temperature to room temperature. Approach: Two alternative antioxidants were screened out to effectively inhibit the peroxide generation in the clearing agent at room temperature, enabling robust fluorescence preservation of cleared samples. Results: FDISCO+ achieves comparable fluorescence preservation with the original FDISCO protocol and allows long-time storage at room temperature, making it easier for researchers to image and preserve the samples. Conclusions: FDISCO+ is expected to be widely used due to its loose operation requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wan
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yusha Li
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingtan Zhu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianyi Xu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Liu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Address all correspondence to Tingting Yu,
| | - Dan Zhu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Wuhan, China
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55
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Matryba P, Łukasiewicz K, Pawłowska M, Tomczuk J, Gołąb J. Can Developments in Tissue Optical Clearing Aid Super-Resolution Microscopy Imaging? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136730. [PMID: 34201632 PMCID: PMC8268743 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of super-resolution microscopy (SRM) techniques opens new avenues to examine cell and tissue details at a nanometer scale. Due to compatibility with specific labelling approaches, in vivo imaging and the relative ease of sample preparation, SRM appears to be a valuable alternative to laborious electron microscopy techniques. SRM, however, is not free from drawbacks, with the rapid quenching of the fluorescence signal, sensitivity to spherical aberrations and light scattering that typically limits imaging depth up to few micrometers being the most pronounced ones. Recently presented and robustly optimized sets of tissue optical clearing (TOC) techniques turn biological specimens transparent, which greatly increases the tissue thickness that is available for imaging without loss of resolution. Hence, SRM and TOC are naturally synergistic techniques, and a proper combination of these might promptly reveal the three-dimensional structure of entire organs with nanometer resolution. As such, an effort to introduce large-scale volumetric SRM has already started; in this review, we discuss TOC approaches that might be favorable during the preparation of SRM samples. Thus, special emphasis is put on TOC methods that enhance the preservation of fluorescence intensity, offer the homogenous distribution of molecular probes, and vastly decrease spherical aberrations. Finally, we review examples of studies in which both SRM and TOC were successfully applied to study biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Matryba
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.T.); (J.G.)
- The Doctoral School of the Medical University of Warsaw, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Kacper Łukasiewicz
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
| | - Monika Pawłowska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Tomczuk
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.T.); (J.G.)
| | - Jakub Gołąb
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (J.T.); (J.G.)
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56
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Costantini I, Mazzamuto G, Roffilli M, Laurino A, Maria Castelli F, Neri M, Lughi G, Simonetto A, Lazzeri E, Pesce L, Destrieux C, Silvestri L, Conti V, Guerrini R, Saverio Pavone F. Large-scale, cell-resolution volumetric mapping allows layer-specific investigation of human brain cytoarchitecture. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:3684-3699. [PMID: 34221688 PMCID: PMC8221968 DOI: 10.1364/boe.415555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although neuronal density analysis on human brain slices is available from stereological studies, data on the spatial distribution of neurons in 3D are still missing. Since the neuronal organization is very inhomogeneous in the cerebral cortex, it is critical to map all neurons in a given volume rather than relying on sparse sampling methods. To achieve this goal, we implement a new tissue transformation protocol to clear and label human brain tissues and we exploit the high-resolution optical sectioning of two-photon fluorescence microscopy to perform 3D mesoscopic reconstruction. We perform neuronal mapping of 100mm3 human brain samples and evaluate the volume and density distribution of neurons from various areas of the cortex originating from different subjects (young, adult, and elderly, both healthy and pathological). The quantitative evaluation of the density in combination with the mean volume of the thousands of neurons identified within the specimens, allow us to determine the layer-specific organization of the cerebral architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Costantini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Italy
- National Institute of Optics (INO), National Research Council (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Giacomo Mazzamuto
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Institute of Optics (INO), National Research Council (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Annunziatina Laurino
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Present address: Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Maria Castelli
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Erica Lazzeri
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Luca Pesce
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - Ludovico Silvestri
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Institute of Optics (INO), National Research Council (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Valerio Conti
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, A. Meyer Children’s Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics and Neurobiology Unit and Laboratories, A. Meyer Children’s Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- National Institute of Optics (INO), National Research Council (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Italy
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Weiss KR, Voigt FF, Shepherd DP, Huisken J. Tutorial: practical considerations for tissue clearing and imaging. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:2732-2748. [PMID: 34021294 PMCID: PMC10542857 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00502-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue clearing has become a powerful technique for studying anatomy and morphology at scales ranging from entire organisms to subcellular features. With the recent proliferation of tissue-clearing methods and imaging options, it can be challenging to determine the best clearing protocol for a particular tissue and experimental question. The fact that so many clearing protocols exist suggests there is no one-size-fits-all approach to tissue clearing and imaging. Even in cases where a basic level of clearing has been achieved, there are many factors to consider, including signal retention, staining (labeling), uniformity of transparency, image acquisition and analysis. Despite reviews citing features of clearing protocols, it is often unknown a priori whether a protocol will work for a given experiment, and thus some optimization is required by the end user. In addition, the capabilities of available imaging setups often dictate how the sample needs to be prepared. After imaging, careful evaluation of volumetric image data is required for each combination of clearing protocol, tissue type, biological marker, imaging modality and biological question. Rather than providing a direct comparison of the many clearing methods and applications available, in this tutorial we address common pitfalls and provide guidelines for designing, optimizing and imaging in a successful tissue-clearing experiment with a focus on light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt R Weiss
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Fabian F Voigt
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich & ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Douglas P Shepherd
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jan Huisken
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI, USA.
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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58
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Dybala MP, Hara M. In Vivo and In Situ Approach to Study Islet Microcirculation: A Mini-Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:602620. [PMID: 34040578 PMCID: PMC8142941 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.602620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The pancreas is regarded as consisting of two separate organ systems, the endocrine and exocrine pancreas. While treatment of a disease with either an endocrine or exocrine pathogenesis may affect the function of the entire pancreas, the pancreatic diseases have been treated by clinicians in different medical disciplines, including endocrinologists and gastroenterologists. Islet microcirculation has long been considered to be regulated independently from that of the exocrine pancreas. A new model proposes that pancreatic islet blood flow is integrated with the surrounding exocrine capillary network. This recent model may provide revived or contrasting hypotheses to test, since the pancreatic microcirculation has critical implications for the regulation of islet hormones as well as acinar pancreas functions. In this mini-review, practical applications of in vivo and in situ studies of islet microcirculation are described with a specific emphasis on large-scale data analysis to ensure sufficient sample size accounting for known islet heterogeneity. For in vivo small animal studies, intravital microscopy based on two-photon excitation microscopes is a powerful tool that enables capturing the flow direction and speed of individual fluorescent-labeled red blood cells. Complementarily, for structural analysis of blood vessels, the recent technical advancements of confocal microscopy and tissue clearing have enabled us to image the three-dimensional network structure in thick tissue slices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manami Hara
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Hu L, Hu S, Gong W, Si K. Image enhancement for fluorescence microscopy based on deep learning with prior knowledge of aberration. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2055-2058. [PMID: 33929417 DOI: 10.1364/ol.418997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we propose a deep learning method with prior knowledge of potential aberration to enhance the fluorescence microscopy without additional hardware. The proposed method could effectively reduce noise and improve the peak signal-to-noise ratio of the acquired images at high speed. The enhancement performance and generalization of this method is demonstrated on three commercial fluorescence microscopes. This work provides a computational alternative to overcome the degradation induced by the biological specimen, and it has the potential to be further applied in biological applications.
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Kolesová H, Olejníčková V, Kvasilová A, Gregorovičová M, Sedmera D. Tissue clearing and imaging methods for cardiovascular development. iScience 2021; 24:102387. [PMID: 33981974 PMCID: PMC8086021 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue imaging in 3D using visible light is limited and various clearing techniques were developed to increase imaging depth, but none provides universal solution for all tissues at all developmental stages. In this review, we focus on different tissue clearing methods for 3D imaging of heart and vasculature, based on chemical composition (solvent-based, simple immersion, hyperhydration, and hydrogel embedding techniques). We discuss in detail compatibility of various tissue clearing techniques with visualization methods: fluorescence preservation, immunohistochemistry, nuclear staining, and fluorescent dyes vascular perfusion. We also discuss myocardium visualization using autofluorescence, tissue shrinking, and expansion. Then we overview imaging methods used to study cardiovascular system and live imaging. We discuss heart and vessels segmentation methods and image analysis. The review covers the whole process of cardiovascular system 3D imaging, starting from tissue clearing and its compatibility with various visualization methods to the types of imaging methods and resulting image analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kolesová
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Olejníčková
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kvasilová
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Gregorovičová
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
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61
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Costantini I, Baria E, Sorelli M, Matuschke F, Giardini F, Menzel M, Mazzamuto G, Silvestri L, Cicchi R, Amunts K, Axer M, Pavone FS. Autofluorescence enhancement for label-free imaging of myelinated fibers in mammalian brains. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8038. [PMID: 33850168 PMCID: PMC8044204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyzing the structure of neuronal fibers with single axon resolution in large volumes is a challenge in connectomics. Different technologies try to address this goal; however, they are limited either by the ineffective labeling of the fibers or in the achievable resolution. The possibility of discriminating between different adjacent myelinated axons gives the opportunity of providing more information about the fiber composition and architecture within a specific area. Here, we propose MAGIC (Myelin Autofluorescence imaging by Glycerol Induced Contrast enhancement), a tissue preparation method to perform label-free fluorescence imaging of myelinated fibers that is user friendly and easy to handle. We exploit the high axial and radial resolution of two-photon fluorescence microscopy (TPFM) optical sectioning to decipher the mixture of various fiber orientations within the sample of interest. We demonstrate its broad applicability by performing mesoscopic reconstruction at a sub-micron resolution of mouse, rat, monkey, and human brain samples and by quantifying the different fiber organization in control and Reeler mouse's hippocampal sections. Our study provides a novel method for 3D label-free imaging of nerve fibers in fixed samples at high resolution, below micrometer level, that overcomes the limitation related to the myelinated axons exogenous labeling, improving the possibility of analyzing brain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Costantini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Rome, Italy.
| | - Enrico Baria
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Michele Sorelli
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Felix Matuschke
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Francesco Giardini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Miriam Menzel
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Giacomo Mazzamuto
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovico Silvestri
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Riccardo Cicchi
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Axer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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62
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Meador WD, Zhou J, Malinowski M, Jazwiec T, Calve S, Timek TA, Rausch MK. The effects of a simple optical clearing protocol on the mechanics of collagenous soft tissue. J Biomech 2021; 122:110413. [PMID: 33905970 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Optical clearing of biological tissues improves imaging depth for light transmission imaging modalities such as two-photon microscopy. In studies that investigate the interplay between microstructure and tissue-level mechanics, mechanical testing of cleared tissue may be useful. However, the effects of optical clearing on soft tissue mechanics have not been investigated. Thus, we set out to quantify the effects of a simple and effective optical clearing protocol on the mechanics of soft collagenous tissues using ovine mitral valve anterior leaflets as a model system. First, we demonstrate the effectiveness of an isotonic glycerol-DMSO optical clearing protocol in two-photon microscopy. Second, we evaluate the mechanical effects of optical clearing on leaflets under equibiaxial tension in a dependent study design. Lastly, we quantify the shrinkage strain while traction-free and the contractile forces while constrained during clearing. We found the optical clearing protocol to improve two-photon imaging depth from ~100 μm to ~500-800 μm, enabling full-thickness visualization of second-harmonic generation, autofluorescent, and fluorophore-tagged structures. Under equibiaxial tension, cleared tissues exhibited reduced circumferential (p < 0.001) and radial (p = 0.009) transition stretches (i.e. stretch where collagen is recruited), and reduced radial stiffness (p = 0.031). Finally, during clearing we observed ~10-15% circumferential and radial compressive strains, and when constrained, ~2mN of circumferential and radial traction forces. In summary, we suggest the use of this optical clearing agent with mechanical testing be done with care, as it appears to alter the tissue's stress-free configuration and stiffness, likely due to tissue dehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Meador
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Marcin Malinowski
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, United States; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, School of Medicine in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jazwiec
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, United States; Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Sarah Calve
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Tomasz A Timek
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Spectrum Health, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Manuel K Rausch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Department of Aerospace Engineering & Engineering Mechanics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States; Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.
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63
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Avilov SV. Navigating across multi-dimensional space of tissue clearing parameters. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2021; 9:022001. [PMID: 33592593 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/abe6fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optical tissue clearing refers to physico-chemical treatments which make thick biological samples transparent by removal of refractive index gradients and light absorbing substances. Although tissue clearing was first reported in 1914, it was not widely used in light microscopy until 21th century, because instrumentation of that time did not permit to acquire and handle images of thick (mm to cm) samples as whole. Rapid progress in optical instrumentation, computers and software over the last decades made micrograph acquisition of centimeter-thick samples feasible. This boosted tissue clearing use and development. Numerous diverse protocols have been developed. They use organic solvents or water-miscible substances, such as detergents and chaotropic agents; some protocols require application of electric field or perfusion with special devices. There is no 'best-for-all' tissue clearing method. Depending on the case, one or another protocol is more suitable. Most of protocols require days or even weeks to complete, thus choosing an unsuitable protocol may cause an important waste of time. Several inter-dependent parameters should be taken into account to choose a tissue clearing protocol, such as: (1) required image quality (resolution, contrast, signal to noise ratio etc), (2) nature and size of the sample, (3) type of labels, (4) characteristics of the available instrumentation, (5) budget, (6) time budget, and (7) feasibility. Present review focusses on the practical aspects of various tissue clearing techniques. It is aimed to help non-experts to choose tissue clearing techniques which are optimal for their particular cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy V Avilov
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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Borile G, Sandrin D, Filippi A, Anderson KI, Romanato F. Label-Free Multiphoton Microscopy: Much More Than Fancy Images. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2657. [PMID: 33800802 PMCID: PMC7961783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy has recently passed the milestone of its first 30 years of activity in biomedical research. The growing interest around this approach has led to a variety of applications from basic research to clinical practice. Moreover, this technique offers the advantage of label-free multiphoton imaging to analyze samples without staining processes and the need for a dedicated system. Here, we review the state of the art of label-free techniques; then, we focus on two-photon autofluorescence as well as second and third harmonic generation, describing physical and technical characteristics. We summarize some successful applications to a plethora of biomedical research fields and samples, underlying the versatility of this technique. A paragraph is dedicated to an overview of sample preparation, which is a crucial step in every microscopy experiment. Afterwards, we provide a detailed review analysis of the main quantitative methods to extract important information and parameters from acquired images using second harmonic generation. Lastly, we discuss advantages, limitations, and future perspectives in label-free multiphoton microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Borile
- Laboratory of Optics and Bioimaging, Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, 35127 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (D.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Deborah Sandrin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (D.S.); (A.F.)
- L.I.F.E.L.A.B. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Filippi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (D.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Kurt I. Anderson
- Crick Advanced Light Microscopy Facility (CALM), The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK;
| | - Filippo Romanato
- Laboratory of Optics and Bioimaging, Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, 35127 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (D.S.); (A.F.)
- L.I.F.E.L.A.B. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region, 35128 Padua, Italy
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65
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Kim MS, Ahn JH, Mo JE, Song HY, Cheon D, Yoo SH, Choi HJ. Optimizing tissue clearing and imaging methods for human brain tissue. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211001729. [PMID: 33771067 PMCID: PMC8166401 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211001729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify optimum sample conditions for human brains, we compared the clearing efficiency, antibody staining efficiency, and artifacts between fresh and cadaver samples. METHODS Fresh and cadaver samples were cleared using X-CLARITY™. Clearing efficiency and artifact levels were calculated using ImageJ, and antibody staining efficiency was evaluated after confocal microscopy imaging. Three staining methods were compared: 4-day staining (4DS), 11-day staining (11DS), and 4-day staining with a commercial kit (4DS-C). The optimum staining method was then selected by evaluating staining time, depth, method complexity, contamination, and cost. RESULTS Fresh samples outperformed cadaver samples in terms of the time and quality of clearing, artifacts, and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining efficiency, but had a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining efficiency that was similar to that of cadaver samples. The penetration depth and DAPI staining improved in fresh samples as the incubation period lengthened. 4DS-C was the best method, with the deepest penetration. Human brain images containing blood vessels, cell nuclei, and astrocytes were visualized three-dimensionally. The chemical dye staining depth reached 800 µm and immunostaining depth exceeded 200 µm in 4 days. CONCLUSIONS We present optimized sample preparation and staining protocols for the visualization of three-dimensional macrostructure in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sun Kim
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jang Ho Ahn
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Mo
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ha Young Song
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Deokhyeon Cheon
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong Ho Yoo
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Department of Forensic Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Choi
- Functional Neuroanatomy of Metabolism Regulation Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21Plus Biomedical Science Project Team, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Hongcheon, South Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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66
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Tan C, Robbins EM, Wu B, Cui XT. Recent Advances in In Vivo Neurochemical Monitoring. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:208. [PMID: 33670703 PMCID: PMC7922317 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a complex network that accounts for only 5% of human mass but consumes 20% of our energy. Uncovering the mysteries of the brain's functions in motion, memory, learning, behavior, and mental health remains a hot but challenging topic. Neurochemicals in the brain, such as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, gliotransmitters, hormones, and metabolism substrates and products, play vital roles in mediating and modulating normal brain function, and their abnormal release or imbalanced concentrations can cause various diseases, such as epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. A wide range of techniques have been used to probe the concentrations of neurochemicals under normal, stimulated, diseased, and drug-induced conditions in order to understand the neurochemistry of drug mechanisms and develop diagnostic tools or therapies. Recent advancements in detection methods, device fabrication, and new materials have resulted in the development of neurochemical sensors with improved performance. However, direct in vivo measurements require a robust sensor that is highly sensitive and selective with minimal fouling and reduced inflammatory foreign body responses. Here, we review recent advances in neurochemical sensor development for in vivo studies, with a focus on electrochemical and optical probes. Other alternative methods are also compared. We discuss in detail the in vivo challenges for these methods and provide an outlook for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.T.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.)
| | - Elaine M. Robbins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.T.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Bingchen Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.T.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.)
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (C.T.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.)
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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67
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Kong C, Bobe S, Pilger C, Lachetta M, Øie CI, Kirschnick N, Mönkemöller V, Hübner W, Förster C, Schüttpelz M, Kiefer F, Huser T, Schulte Am Esch J. Multiscale and Multimodal Optical Imaging of the Ultrastructure of Human Liver Biopsies. Front Physiol 2021; 12:637136. [PMID: 33679449 PMCID: PMC7925637 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.637136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver as the largest organ in the human body is composed of a complex macroscopic and microscopic architecture that supports its indispensable function to maintain physiological homeostasis. Optical imaging of the human liver is particularly challenging because of the need to cover length scales across 7 orders of magnitude (from the centimeter scale to the nanometer scale) in order to fully assess the ultrastructure of the entire organ down to the subcellular scale and probe its physiological function. This task becomes even more challenging the deeper within the organ one hopes to image, because of the strong absorption and scattering of visible light by the liver. Here, we demonstrate how optical imaging methods utilizing highly specific fluorescent labels, as well as label-free optical methods can seamlessly cover this entire size range in excised, fixed human liver tissue and we exemplify this by reconstructing the biliary tree in three-dimensional space. Imaging of tissue beyond approximately 0.5 mm length requires optical clearing of the human liver. We present the successful use of optical projection tomography and light-sheet fluorescence microscopy to derive information about the liver architecture on the millimeter scale. The intermediate size range is covered using label-free structural and chemically sensitive methods, such as second harmonic generation and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy extends the resolution to the nanoscale, allowing us to ultimately image individual liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and their fenestrations by super-resolution structured illumination microscopy. This allowed us to visualize the human hepatobiliary system in 3D down to the cellular level, which indicates that reticular biliary networks communicate with portal bile ducts via single or a few ductuli. Non-linear optical microscopy enabled us to identify fibrotic regions extending from the portal field to the parenchyma, along with microvesicular steatosis in liver biopsies from an older patient. Lastly, super-resolution microscopy allowed us to visualize and determine the size distribution of fenestrations in human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells for the first time under aqueous conditions. Thus, this proof-of-concept study allows us to demonstrate, how, in combination, these techniques open up a new chapter in liver biopsy analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihang Kong
- Department of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bobe
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Mario Lachetta
- Department of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Cristina Ionica Øie
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nils Kirschnick
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Hübner
- Department of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld (FBMB), Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Mark Schüttpelz
- Department of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- European Institute for Molecular Imaging, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Huser
- Department of Physics, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.,Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld (FBMB), Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jan Schulte Am Esch
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld (FBMB), Bielefeld, Germany.,Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Evangelisches Klinikum Bethel gGmbH, University Hospital OWL of the University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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68
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Nikitkina AI, Bikmulina PY, Gafarova ER, Kosheleva NV, Efremov YM, Bezrukov EA, Butnaru DV, Dolganova IN, Chernomyrdin NV, Cherkasova OP, Gavdush AA, Timashev PS. Terahertz radiation and the skin: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-200356VSSR. [PMID: 33583155 PMCID: PMC7881098 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.4.043005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Terahertz (THz) radiation has demonstrated a great potential in biomedical applications over the past three decades, mainly due to its non-invasive and label-free nature. Among all biological specimens, skin tissue is an optimal sample for the application of THz-based methods because it allows for overcoming some intrinsic limitations of the technique, such as a small penetration depth (0.1 to 0.3 mm for the skin, on average). AIM We summarize the modern research results achieved when THz technology was applied to the skin, considering applications in both imaging/detection and treatment/modulation of the skin constituents. APPROACH We perform a review of literature and analyze the recent research achievements in THz applications for skin diagnosis and investigation. RESULTS The reviewed results demonstrate the possibilities of THz spectroscopy and imaging, both pulsed and continuous, for diagnosis of skin melanoma and non-melanoma cancer, dysplasia, scars, and diabetic condition, mainly based on the analysis of THz optical properties. The possibility of modulating cell activity and treatment of various diseases by THz-wave exposure is shown as well. CONCLUSIONS The rapid development of THz technologies and the obtained research results for skin tissue highlight the potential of THz waves as a research and therapeutic instrument. The perspectives on the use of THz radiation are related to both non-invasive diagnostics and stimulation and control of different processes in a living skin tissue for regeneration and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Polina Y. Bikmulina
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare,” Moscow, Russia
| | - Elvira R. Gafarova
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare,” Moscow, Russia
| | - Nastasia V. Kosheleva
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare,” Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology,” Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri M. Efremov
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare,” Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny A. Bezrukov
- Sechenov University, Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis V. Butnaru
- Sechenov University, Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina N. Dolganova
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita V. Chernomyrdin
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga P. Cherkasova
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Laser Physics of the Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State Technical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Arsenii A. Gavdush
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter S. Timashev
- Sechenov University, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare,” Moscow, Russia
- N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Department of Polymers and Composites, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Chemistry Department, Moscow, Russia
- Address all correspondence to Peter S. Timashev,
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69
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Tian T, Yang Z, Li X. Tissue clearing technique: Recent progress and biomedical applications. J Anat 2021; 238:489-507. [PMID: 32939792 PMCID: PMC7812135 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms are inherently three dimensional, thus comprehensive understanding of the complicated biological system requires analysis of organs or even whole bodies in the context of three dimensions. However, this is a tremendous task since the biological specimens are naturally opaque, a major obstacle in whole-body and whole-organ imaging. Tissue clearing technique provides a prospective solution and has become a powerful tool for three-dimensional imaging and quantification of organisms. Tissue clearing technique aims to make tissue transparent by minimizing light scattering and light absorption, thus allowing deep imaging of large volume samples. When combined with diverse molecular labeling methods and high-throughput optical sectioning microscopes, tissue clearing technique enables whole-body and whole-organ imaging at cellular or subcellular resolution, providing detailed and comprehensive information about the intact biological systems. Here, we give an overview of recent progress and biomedical applications of tissue clearing technique. We introduce the mechanisms and basic principles of tissue clearing, and summarize the current tissue clearing methods. Moreover, the available imaging techniques and software packages for data processing are also presented. Finally, we introduce the recent advances in applications of tissue clearing in biomedical fields. Tissue clearing contributes to the investigation of structure-function relationships in intact mammalian organs, and opens new avenues for cellular and molecular mapping of intact human organs. We hope this review contributes to a better understanding of tissue clearing technique and can help researchers to select the best-suited clearing protocol for their experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural RegenerationSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhaoyang Yang
- Department of NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural RegenerationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural RegenerationSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina,Department of NeurobiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina,Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural RegenerationBeijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijingChina
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70
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James DS, Campagnola PJ. Recent Advancements in Optical Harmonic Generation Microscopy: Applications and Perspectives. BME FRONTIERS 2021; 2021:3973857. [PMID: 37849910 PMCID: PMC10521653 DOI: 10.34133/2021/3973857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Second harmonic generation (SHG) and third harmonic generation (THG) microscopies have emerged as powerful imaging modalities to examine structural properties of a wide range of biological tissues. Although SHG and THG arise from very different contrast mechanisms, the two are complimentary and can often be collected simultaneously using a modified multiphoton microscope. In this review, we discuss the needed instrumentation for these modalities as well as the underlying theoretical principles of SHG and THG in tissue and describe how these can be leveraged to extract unique structural information. We provide an overview of recent advances showing how SHG microscopy has been used to evaluate collagen alterations in the extracellular matrix and how this has been used to advance our knowledge of cancers, fibroses, and the cornea, as well as in tissue engineering applications. Specific examples using polarization-resolved approaches and machine learning algorithms are highlighted. Similarly, we review how THG has enabled developmental biology and skin cancer studies due to its sensitivity to changes in refractive index, which are ubiquitous in all cell and tissue assemblies. Lastly, we offer perspectives and outlooks on future directions of SHG and THG microscopies and present unresolved questions, especially in terms of overall miniaturization and the development of microendoscopy instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darian S. James
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Paul J. Campagnola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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71
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Brunet J, Pierrat B, Badel P. Review of Current Advances in the Mechanical Description and Quantification of Aortic Dissection Mechanisms. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 2021; 14:240-255. [PMID: 31905148 DOI: 10.1109/rbme.2019.2950140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aortic dissection is a life-threatening event associated with a very poor outcome. A number of complex phenomena are involved in the initiation and propagation of the disease. Advances in the comprehension of the mechanisms leading to dissection have been made these last decades, thanks to improvements in imaging and experimental techniques. However, the micro-mechanics involved in triggering such rupture events remains poorly described and understood. It constitutes the primary focus of the present review. Towards the goal of detailing the dissection phenomenon, different experimental and modeling methods were used to investigate aortic dissection, and to understand the underlying phenomena involved. In the last ten years, research has tended to focus on the influence of microstructure on initiation and propagation of the dissection, leading to a number of multiscale models being developed. This review brings together all these materials in an attempt to identify main advances and remaining questions.
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Urea-based amino sugar agent clears murine liver and preserves protein fluorescence and lipophilic dyes. Biotechniques 2021; 70:72-80. [PMID: 33467918 PMCID: PMC7983039 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2020-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Five established clearing protocols were compared with a modified and simplified method to determine an optimal clearing reagent for three-dimensionally visualizing fluorophores in the murine liver, a challenging organ to clear. We report successful clearing of whole liver lobes by modification of an established protocol (UbasM) using only Ub-1, a urea-based amino sugar reagent, in a simpler protocol that requires only a 24-h processing time. With Ub-1 alone, we observed sufficiently preserved liver tissue structure in three dimensions along with excellent preservation of fluorophore emissions from endogenous protein reporters and lipophilic tracer dyes. This streamlined technique can be used for 3D cell lineage tracing and fluoroprobe-based reporter gene expression to compare various experimental conditions. This study presents a simplified protocol for optically clearing murine liver tissue in only 24 h using one simple urea-based amino sugar solution and a single incubation. This method preserves fluorescence of transgenically expressed proteins and lipophilic tracer dyes within the context of native spatial morphology.
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73
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Zhao J, Lai HM, Qi Y, He D, Sun H. Current Status of Tissue Clearing and the Path Forward in Neuroscience. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:5-29. [PMID: 33326739 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the complexity and limited availability of human brain tissues, for decades, pathologists have sought to maximize information gained from individual samples, based on which (patho)physiological processes could be inferred. Recently, new understandings of chemical and physical properties of biological tissues and multiple chemical profiling have given rise to the development of scalable tissue clearing methods allowing superior optical clearing of across-the-scale samples. In the past decade, tissue clearing techniques, molecular labeling methods, advanced laser scanning microscopes, and data visualization and analysis have become commonplace. Combined, they have made 3D visualization of brain tissues with unprecedented resolution and depth widely accessible. To facilitate further advancements and applications, here we provide a critical appraisal of these techniques. We propose a classification system of current tissue clearing and expansion methods that allows users to judge the applicability of individual ones to their questions, followed by a review of the current progress in molecular labeling, optical imaging, and data processing to demonstrate the whole 3D imaging pipeline based on tissue clearing and downstream techniques for visualizing the brain. We also raise the path forward of tissue-clearing-based imaging technology, that is, integrating with state-of-the-art techniques, such as multiplexing protein imaging, in situ signal amplification, RNA detection and sequencing, super-resolution imaging techniques, multiomics studies, and deep learning, for drawing the complete atlas of the human brain and building a 3D pathology platform for central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hei Ming Lai
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuwei Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Dian He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Biobank Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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74
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Campbell-Thompson M, Tang SC. Pancreas Optical Clearing and 3-D Microscopy in Health and Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:644826. [PMID: 33981285 PMCID: PMC8108133 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.644826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although first described over a hundred years ago, tissue optical clearing is undergoing renewed interest due to numerous advances in optical clearing methods, microscopy systems, and three-dimensional (3-D) image analysis programs. These advances are advantageous for intact mouse tissues or pieces of human tissues because samples sized several millimeters can be studied. Optical clearing methods are particularly useful for studies of the neuroanatomy of the central and peripheral nervous systems and tissue vasculature or lymphatic system. Using examples from solvent- and aqueous-based optical clearing methods, the mouse and human pancreatic structures and networks will be reviewed in 3-D for neuro-insular complexes, parasympathetic ganglia, and adipocyte infiltration as well as lymphatics in diabetes. Optical clearing with multiplex immunofluorescence microscopy provides new opportunities to examine the role of the nervous and circulatory systems in pancreatic and islet functions by defining their neurovascular anatomy in health and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Campbell-Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Martha Campbell-Thompson, ; Shiue-Cheng Tang,
| | - Shiue-Cheng Tang
- Department of Medical Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Martha Campbell-Thompson, ; Shiue-Cheng Tang,
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75
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Gao Y, Liu L, Yin Y, Liao J, Yu J, Wu T, Ye S, Li H, Zheng W. Adaptive optics via pupil ring segmentation improves spherical aberration correction for two-photon imaging of optically cleared tissues. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:34935-34947. [PMID: 33182951 DOI: 10.1364/oe.408621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optical clearing methods reduce the optical scattering of biological samples and thereby extend optical imaging penetration depth. However, refractive index mismatch between the immersion media of objectives and clearing reagents induces spherical aberration (SA), causing significant degradation of fluorescence intensity and spatial resolution. We present an adaptive optics method based on pupil ring segmentation to correct SA in optically cleared samples. Our method demonstrates superior SA correction over a modal-based adaptive optics method and restores the fluorescence intensity and resolution at high imaging depth. Moreover, the method can derive an SA correction map for the whole imaging volume based on three representative measurements. It facilitates SA correction during image acquisition without intermittent SA measurements. We applied this method in mouse brain tissues treated with different optical clearing methods. The results illustrate that the synaptic structures of neurons within 900 μm depth can be clearly resolved after SA correction.
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76
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Tuchina DK, Meerovich IG, Sindeeva OA, Zherdeva VV, Savitsky AP, Bogdanov AA, Tuchin VV. Magnetic resonance contrast agents in optical clearing: Prospects for multimodal tissue imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960249. [PMID: 32687263 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Skin optical clearing effect ex vivo and in vivo was achieved by topical application of low molecular weight paramagnetic magnetic resonance contrast agents. This novel feature has not been explored before. By using collimated transmittance the diffusion coefficients of three clinically used magnetic resonance contrast agents, that is Gadovist, Magnevist and Dotarem as well as X-ray contrast agent Visipaque in mouse skin were determined ex vivo as (4.29 ± 0.39) × 10-7 cm2 /s, (5.00 ± 0.72) × 10-7 cm2 /s, (3.72 ± 0.67) × 10-7 cm2 /s and (1.64 ± 0.18) × 10-7 cm2 /s, respectively. The application of gadobutrol (Gadovist) resulted in efficient optical clearing that in general, was superior to other contrast agents tested and allowed to achieve: (a) more than 12-fold increase of transmittance over 10 minutes after application ex vivo; (b) markedly improved images of skin architecture obtained with optical coherence tomography; (c) an increase of the fluorescence intensity/background ratio in TagRFP-red fluorescent marker protein expressing tumor by five times after 15 minutes application into the skin in vivo. The obtained results have immediate implications for multimodality imaging because many contrast agents are capable of simultaneously enhancing the contrast of multiple imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria K Tuchina
- Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina G Meerovich
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Victoria V Zherdeva
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander P Savitsky
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei A Bogdanov
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- А.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
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77
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Franceschini A, Costantini I, Pavone FS, Silvestri L. Dissecting Neuronal Activation on a Brain-Wide Scale With Immediate Early Genes. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:569517. [PMID: 33192255 PMCID: PMC7645181 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.569517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Visualizing neuronal activation on a brain-wide scale yet with cellular resolution is a fundamental technical challenge for neuroscience. This would enable analyzing how different neuronal circuits are disrupted in pathology and how they could be rescued by pharmacological treatments. Although this goal would have appeared visionary a decade ago, recent technological advances make it eventually feasible. Here, we review the latest developments in the fields of genetics, sample preparation, imaging, and image analysis that could be combined to afford whole-brain cell-resolution activation mapping. We show how the different biochemical and optical methods have been coupled to study neuronal circuits at different spatial and temporal scales, and with cell-type specificity. The inventory of techniques presented here could be useful to find the tools best suited for a specific experiment. We envision that in the next years, mapping of neuronal activation could become routine in many laboratories, allowing dissecting the neuronal counterpart of behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Costantini
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,National Institute of Optics, National Research Council (INO-CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco S Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,National Institute of Optics, National Research Council (INO-CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ludovico Silvestri
- European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,National Institute of Optics, National Research Council (INO-CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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78
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Daniel M, Dubreil L, Fleurisson R, Judor JP, Bresson T, Brouard S, Favier A, Charreyre MT, Conchon S. Multiscale fluorescent tracking of immune cells in the liver with a highly biocompatible far-red emitting polymer probe. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17546. [PMID: 33067572 PMCID: PMC7567820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of innovative immune cell therapies relies on efficient cell tracking strategies. For this, multiscale fluorescence-based analyses of transferred cells into the host with complementary techniques, including flow cytometry for high-throughput cell analysis and two-photon microscopy for deep tissue imaging would be highly beneficial. Ideally, cells should be labelled with a single fluorescent probe combining all the properties required for these different techniques. Due to the intrinsic autofluorescence of most tissues and especially the liver, far-red emission is also an important asset. However, the development of far-red emitting probes suitable for two-photon microscopy and compatible with clearing methods to track labelled immune cells in thick samples, remains challenging. A newly-designed water-soluble far-red emitting polymer probe, 19K-6H, with a large Stokes shift, was thus evaluated for the tracking of primary immune CD8 T cells. These cells, prepared from mouse spleen, were efficiently labelled with the 19K-6H probe, which was internalized via endocytosis and was highly biocompatible at concentrations up to 20 μM. Labelled primary CD8 T cells were detectable in culture by both confocal and two-photon microscopy as well as flow cytometry, even after 3 days of active proliferation. Finally, 19K-6H-labelled primary CD8 T cells were injected to mice in a classical model of immune mediated hepatitis. The efficient tracking of the transferred cells in the liver by flow cytometry (on purified non-parenchymal cells) and by two-photon microscopy on 800 μm thick cleared sections, demonstrated the versatility of the 19K-6H probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malo Daniel
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, ITUN, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Laurence Dubreil
- PAnTher, INRAE, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Romain Fleurisson
- PAnTher, INRAE, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), 44307, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Judor
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, ITUN, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Timothée Bresson
- Laboratoire Ingénierie des Polymères (IMP), CNRS UMR5223, Université Lyon1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, ITUN, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Arnaud Favier
- Laboratoire Ingénierie des Polymères (IMP), CNRS UMR5223, Université Lyon1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Charreyre
- Laboratoire Ingénierie des Polymères (IMP), CNRS UMR5223, Université Lyon1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sophie Conchon
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, UMR1064, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, ITUN, 44000, Nantes, France.
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79
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Yang J, Chen IA, Chang S, Tang J, Lee B, Kılıç K, Sunil S, Wang H, Varadarajan D, Magnain C, Chen SC, Costantini I, Pavone F, Fischl B, Boas DA. Improving the characterization of ex vivo human brain optical properties using high numerical aperture optical coherence tomography by spatially constraining the confocal parameters. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:045005. [PMID: 33094126 PMCID: PMC7575831 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.4.045005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The optical properties of biological samples provide information about the structural characteristics of the tissue and any changes arising from pathological conditions. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has proven to be capable of extracting tissue's optical properties using a model that combines the exponential decay due to tissue scattering and the axial point spread function that arises from the confocal nature of the detection system, particularly for higher numerical aperture (NA) measurements. A weakness in estimating the optical properties is the inter-parameter cross-talk between tissue scattering and the confocal parameters defined by the Rayleigh range and the focus depth. Aim: In this study, we develop a systematic method to improve the characterization of optical properties with high-NA OCT. Approach: We developed a method that spatially parameterizes the confocal parameters in a previously established model for estimating the optical properties from the depth profiles of high-NA OCT. Results: The proposed parametrization model was first evaluated on a set of intralipid phantoms and then validated using a low-NA objective in which cross-talk from the confocal parameters is negligible. We then utilize our spatially parameterized model to characterize optical property changes introduced by a tissue index matching process using a simple immersion agent, 2,2'-thiodiethonal. Conclusions: Our approach improves the confidence of parameter estimation by reducing the degrees of freedom in the non-linear fitting model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Yang
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, United States
| | - Ichun Anderson Chen
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, United States
| | - Shuaibin Chang
- Boston University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, United States
| | - Jianbo Tang
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, United States
| | - Blaire Lee
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, United States
| | - Kıvılcım Kılıç
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, United States
| | - Smrithi Sunil
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- Massachusetts General Hospital, A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Boston, United States
| | - Divya Varadarajan
- Massachusetts General Hospital, A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Boston, United States
| | - Caroline Magnain
- Massachusetts General Hospital, A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Boston, United States
| | - Shih-Chi Chen
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Irene Costantini
- University of Florence, European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- National Research Council, National Institute of Optics, Italy
| | - Francesco Pavone
- University of Florence, European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Massachusetts General Hospital, A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Boston, United States
- Health Science and Technology/Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - David A. Boas
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, United States
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80
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Genina EA, Surkov YI, Serebryakova IA, Bashkatov AN, Tuchin VV, Zharov VP. Rapid Ultrasound Optical Clearing of Human Light and Dark Skin. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:3198-3206. [PMID: 32310764 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2020.2989079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Application of optical clearing of biological tissue in humans in vivo is challenging due to toxicity of chemical agents, long processing time (≥30 min), and moderate (1.3-1.5-fold) imaging depth improvement. Here, we introduce novel, robust, and rapid ultrasound-based optical clearing of human skin without chemical agents that provides dramatic (up to 10-fold) reducing processing time down to 2-5 min. We discovered that ultrasound alone can increase a light depth penetration for optical coherence tomography (OCT) up to ~1.5-fold during 2 min. Nevertheless, sequent application of microdermabrasion, oleic acid and ultrasound allowed increasing OCT signal amplitude up to 3.3-fold with more than twice improved depth penetration during 30 min that was not demonstrated with other approaches. Comparison of these effects in light and dark skin revealed similarity of the optical clearing mechanisms. However, for combined optical clearing, only 1.34-fold increase in OCT signal amplitude was achieved for dark skin.
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81
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Longo E, Sancey L, Flenner S, Kubec A, Bonnin A, David C, Müller M, Greving I. X-ray Zernike phase contrast tomography: 3D ROI visualization of mm-sized mice organ tissues down to sub-cellular components. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5506-5517. [PMID: 33149967 PMCID: PMC7587279 DOI: 10.1364/boe.396695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to its non-invasive nature, X-ray phase contrast tomography is a very versatile imaging tool for biomedical studies. In contrast, histology is a well-established method, though having its limitations: it requires extensive sample preparation and it is quite time consuming. Therefore, the development of nano-imaging techniques for studying anatomic details at the cellular level is gaining more and more importance. In this article, full field transmission X-ray nanotomography is used in combination with Zernike phase contrast to image millimeter sized unstained tissue samples at high spatial resolution. The regions of interest (ROI) scans of different tissues were obtained from mouse kidney, spleen and mammalian carcinoma. Thanks to the relatively large field of view and effective pixel sizes down to 36 nm, this 3D approach enabled the visualization of the specific morphology of each tissue type without staining or complex sample preparation. As a proof of concept technique, we show that the high-quality images even permitted the 3D segmentation of multiple structures down to a sub-cellular level. Using stitching techniques, volumes larger than the field of view are accessible. This method can lead to a deeper understanding of the organs' nano-anatomy, filling the resolution gap between histology and transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Longo
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Material Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - L. Sancey
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences U1209 UMR5309 UGA, Allée des Alpes - Site Santé, La Tronche, 38700, France
| | - S. Flenner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Material Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - A. Kubec
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - A. Bonnin
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - C. David
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - M. Müller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Material Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - I. Greving
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Material Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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82
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Olianti C, Costantini I, Giardini F, Lazzeri E, Crocini C, Ferrantini C, Pavone FS, Camici PG, Sacconi L. 3D imaging and morphometry of the heart capillary system in spontaneously hypertensive rats and normotensive controls. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14276. [PMID: 32868776 PMCID: PMC7459314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic arterial hypertension is a highly prevalent chronic disease associated with hypertensive cardiomyopathy. One important feature of this condition is remodelling of intramural small coronary arteries and arterioles. Here, we investigated the implications of this remodelling in the downstream vascular organization, in particular at the capillary level. We used Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) exhibiting many features of the human hypertensive cardiomyopathy. We generated 3D high-resolution mesoscopic reconstructions of the entire network of SHR hearts combining gel-based fluorescent labelling of coronaries with a CLARITY-based tissue clearing protocol. We performed morphometric quantification of the capillary network over time to assess capillary diameter, linear density, and angular dispersion. In SHRs, we found significant remodelling of the capillary network density and dispersion. SHR capillary density is increased in both ventricles and at all ages, including before the onset of systemic hypertension. This result suggests that remodelling occurs independently from the onset of systemic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. On the contrary, capillary angular dispersion increases with time in SHR. Consistently, our multicolor imaging underlined a strong correlation between vascular dispersion and cellular disarray. Together our data show that 3D high-resolution reconstruction of the capillary network can unveil anatomic signatures in both physiological and pathological cardiac conditions, thus offering a reliable method for integrated quantitative analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Olianti
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Costantini
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence, Italy
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Erica Lazzeri
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Saverio Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence, Italy
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Florence, Italy
- University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Sacconi
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Florence, Italy
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council, Florence, Italy
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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83
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Gómez-Gaviro MV, Sanderson D, Ripoll J, Desco M. Biomedical Applications of Tissue Clearing and Three-Dimensional Imaging in Health and Disease. iScience 2020; 23:101432. [PMID: 32805648 PMCID: PMC7452225 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) optical imaging techniques can expand our knowledge about physiological and pathological processes that cannot be fully understood with 2D approaches. Standard diagnostic tests frequently are not sufficient to unequivocally determine the presence of a pathological condition. Whole-organ optical imaging requires tissue transparency, which can be achieved by using tissue clearing procedures enabling deeper image acquisition and therefore making possible the analysis of large-scale biological tissue samples. Here, we review currently available clearing agents, methods, and their application in imaging of physiological or pathological conditions in different animal and human organs. We also compare different optical tissue clearing methods discussing their advantages and disadvantages and review the use of different 3D imaging techniques for the visualization and image acquisition of cleared tissues. The use of optical tissue clearing resources for large-scale biological tissues 3D imaging paves the way for future applications in translational and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Gómez-Gaviro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Sanderson
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Ripoll
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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84
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Matryba P, Wolny A, Pawłowska M, Sosnowska A, Rydzyńska Z, Jasiński M, Stefaniuk M, Gołąb J. Tissue clearing-based method for unobstructed three-dimensional imaging of mouse penis with subcellular resolution. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000072. [PMID: 32352207 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although mice are widely used to elucidate factors contributing to penile disorders and develop treatment options, quantification of tissue changes upon intervention is either limited to minuscule tissue volume (histology) or acquired with limited spatial resolution (MRI/CT). Thus, imaging method suitable for expeditious acquisition of the entire mouse penis with subcellular resolution is described that relies on both aqueous- (clear, unobstructed brain imaging cocktails and computational analysis) and solvent-based (fluorescence-preserving capability imaging of solvent-cleared organs) tissue optical clearing (TOC). The combined TOC approach allows to image mouse penis innervation and vasculature with unprecedented detail and, for the first time, reveals the three-dimensional structure of murine penis fibrocartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Matryba
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- The Doctoral School of the Medical University of Warsaw, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Wolny
- Laboratory of Imaging Tissue Structure and Function, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Pawłowska
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Sosnowska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Rydzyńska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Jasiński
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marzena Stefaniuk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Gołąb
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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85
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Genina EA, Bashkatov AN, Terentyuk GS, Tuchin VV. Integrated effects of fractional laser microablation and sonophoresis on skin immersion optical clearing in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e202000101. [PMID: 32339439 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed to find an approach for effective skin optical clearing in vivo using polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG-300) as an optical clearing agent in combination with physical enhancers: fractional laser microablation (FLMA) and/or low-frequency sonophoresis. In this study albino outbred rats were used. Light attenuation coefficient and optical clearing potential (OCP) of these approaches were evaluated in upper (from ~70 to ~200 μm) and middle (from ~200 to ~400 μm) dermis separately using optical coherence tomography. In 30 minutes, OCP of sonophoresis in combination with FLMA and PEG-300 in the upper dermis was the maximal (2.3 ± 0.4) in comparison with other treatments in this time point. The most effective approach for optical clearing of middle dermis was PEG-300 and sonophoresis; but the maximal value of OCP (1.6 ± 0.1) was achieved only in 90 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina A Genina
- Department of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexey N Bashkatov
- Department of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Georgy S Terentyuk
- Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Uronephrology, Saratov State Medical University, Saratov, Russia
- The First Veterinary Clinics, Saratov, Russia
- Research Department, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Department of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the RAS, Saratov, Russia
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86
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Zhu J, Yu T, Li Y, Xu J, Qi Y, Yao Y, Ma Y, Wan P, Chen Z, Li X, Gong H, Luo Q, Zhu D. MACS: Rapid Aqueous Clearing System for 3D Mapping of Intact Organs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903185. [PMID: 32328422 PMCID: PMC7175264 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tissue optical clearing techniques have provided important tools for large-volume imaging. Aqueous-based clearing methods are known for good fluorescence preservation and scalable size maintenance, but are limited by long incubation time, insufficient clearing performance, or requirements for specialized devices. Additionally, few clearing methods are compatible with widely used lipophilic dyes while maintaining high clearing performance. Here, to address these issues, m-xylylenediamine (MXDA) is firstly introduced into tissue clearing and used to develop a rapid, highly efficient aqueous clearing method with robust lipophilic dyes compatibility, termed MXDA-based Aqueous Clearing System (MACS). MACS can render whole adult brains highly transparent within 2.5 days and is also applicable for other intact organs. Meanwhile, MACS possesses ideal compatibility with multiple probes, especially for lipophilic dyes. MACS achieves 3D imaging of the intact neural structures labeled by various techniques. Combining MACS with DiI labeling, MACS allows reconstruction of the detailed vascular structures of various organs and generates 3D pathology of glomeruli tufts in healthy and diabetic kidneys. Therefore, MACS provides a useful method for 3D mapping of intact tissues and is expected to facilitate morphological, physiological, and pathological studies of various organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Yusha Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Jianyi Xu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Yisong Qi
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Yingtao Yao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Yilin Ma
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Peng Wan
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Zhilong Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Xiangning Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Hui Gong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Qingming Luo
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical PhotonicsWuhan National Laboratory for OptoelectronicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical PhotonicsHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
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87
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Hernández JM, Buisson A, Wang I, Vial JC. Improved optical slicing by stimulated emission depletion light sheet microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:660-671. [PMID: 32206391 PMCID: PMC7041452 DOI: 10.1364/boe.379646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional microscopy is mandatory for biological investigation. We describe a stimulated emission depletion selective plane illumination microscope (STED-SPIM) that provides both ease of implementation and an efficient optical slicing. This self-aligned system is based on a single diode-pumped solid-state laser and phase masks made of simple cover glass. A three-fold reduction of the light sheet thickness is achieved together with an enhancement of the sheet uniformity. This method is validated by using fluorescent microspheres and thick slices of fixed and clarified mouse brain to provide an enhanced imaging of Alzheimer's disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martínez Hernández
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alain Buisson
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Irène Wang
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Claude Vial
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique, 38000 Grenoble, France
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88
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Li Y, Xu J, Zhu J, Yu T, Zhu D. Three-dimensional visualization of intramuscular innervation in intact adult skeletal muscle by a modified iDISCO method. NEUROPHOTONICS 2020; 7:015003. [PMID: 32016132 PMCID: PMC6977403 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.7.1.015003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional visualization of the innervation in skeletal muscles is helpful for understanding the morphological structure and function. iDISCO, a whole-mount immunolabeling and clearing technique, provides a valuable tool for volume imaging of intramuscular nerve fibers but suffers from the nonspecific staining caused by the anti-mouse secondary antibody when using the murine primary antibody. We developed a modified iDISCO method by introducing pretreatment of ScaleCUBIC-1 reagent, termed m-iDISCO. The m-iDISCO method could eliminate the nonspecific staining and achieve uniform and complete labeling of nerve fibers in various muscles with mouse anti-neurofilament primary antibody. Combining the m-iDISCO method with light-sheet microscopy enabled us to visualize the innervation of adult mouse tibialis anterior and trace the nerve fibers from extramuscular branches to intramuscular terminal branches. This method represents an effective alternative for studying the innervation of intact skeletal muscles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusha Li
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianyi Xu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingtan Zhu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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