The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research

Targeting FDX1 by trilobatin to inhibit cuproptosis in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Doxorubicin (DOX), an anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent, whose use is limited owing to its dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Mitochondrial oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC). Trilobatin (TLB), a naturally occurring food additive, exhibits strong antioxidant properties, but its cardioprotective effects in DIC is unclear. This study investigates the cardioprotective effect of TLB on DIC.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

DOX was used to generate an in vivo and in vitro model of cardiotoxicity. Echocardiography, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were used to evaluate the cardiac function in these models. To identify the targets of TLB, RNA-sequence analysis, molecular dynamics simulations, surface plasmon resonance binding assays and protein immunoblotting techniques were used. Transmission electron microscopy, along with dihydroethidium and Mito-SOX staining, was conducted to examine the impact of trilobatin on mitochondrial oxidative stress. SiRNA transfection was performed to confirm the role of ferredoxin 1 (FDX1) in DIC development.

KEY RESULTS

In DIC mice, TLB improved cardiac function in a dose-dependent manner and inhibited myocardial fibrosis in DIC mice. TLB also attenuated DOX-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced cardiac mitochondrial oxidative stress. TLB was found to directly bind to FDX1 and suppresses cuproptosis after DOX treatment, causing significant inhibition of cuproptosis-related proteins.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

This is the first study to show that TLB strongly inhibits DIC by reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress and controlling DOX-mediated cuproptosis by targeting FDX1. Therefore, TLB is as a potential phytochemical cardioprotective candidate for ameliorating DIC.

Identification of active ingredients from Lamiophlomis rotata that increase wound repair in mouse skin

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

We previously showed that the iridoid glycoside extract of Lamiophlomis rotata (IGLR) induces M2 macrophage polarisation to accelerate wound healing. The potentially active compounds (quality markers) in IGLR that accelerate wound healing have not been elucidated; we here identified quality markers that accelerate wound healing.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

After IGLR gavage of dorsal excisional wound mice and normal mice for 7 days, the tissues were analysed using the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) method and were further validated by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) coupled with multivariate analyses to identify quality markers.

KEY RESULTS

Using the MSI assay, Shanzhiside methyl ester (SM), 8-O-acetylshanzhiside methyl ester (ASM) and Phlorigidoside C (PhC) were identified as the quality markers in IGLR and overlapped with endogenous metabolites (lactate, citrate and itaconate) in the same class by UMAP manifold analysis. Additionally, the results were also confirmed by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS coupled with multivariate analyses of the skin tissues in normal and wound groups. MSI data from the livers and kidneys revealed that the accumulation of SM, ASM and PhC in the livers significantly increased in the model group, and the ion intensity of their glucuronide conjugates in the kidneys was decreased compared to the normal group. These results suggested that bioavailability of these compounds was improved in the wound group.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

The overall data demonstrated that SM, ASM and PhC were selectively increased in new granulation tissues, and are most likely the quality markers that accelerate wound healing.

Best practices for blood collection and anaesthesia in mice: Selection, application and reporting

Blood collection in mice is a common procedure in biomedical research. The choice of blood collection method and the need for analgesia and/or anaesthesia depend on multiple factors, including the experimental setup, animal welfare considerations and the intended downstream analyses. This minireview describes key non-surgical and surgical blood collection techniques, the appropriate use of analgesia and anaesthesia, and the best practice for documentation and adherence to reporting standards in animal studies. We here provide a table summarising collection procedures; a table listing animal welfare guidelines from multiple countries; a table describing the most common analgesics and anaesthetics, with doses and route of administration; and a table outlining key points for reporting blood collection, anaesthesia and analgesia protocols. A decision chart is also included to assist in selecting the most suitable method. Ultimately, with this minireview, we aim to promote standardised practices, improve data reproducibility, and support ethical animal research.

The Metabolic Profile of Plasma During Epileptogenesis in a Rat Model of Lithium-Pilocarpine-Induced Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) arises mostly because of an initial injury. Certain stimuli can make a normal brain prone to repeated, spontaneous seizures via a process called epileptogenesis. This study examined the plasma metabolomics profile in rats with the induced TLE to identify feasible biomarkers that can distinguish progression of epileptogenesis in three different time points and reveal the underlying mechanisms of epileptogenesis. Status epilepticus (SE) was induced by repetitive intraperitoneal injections of low-dose lithium chloride-pilocarpine hydrocholoride. Blood samples were collected 48 h, 1 week, and 6 weeks after SE, respectively. Plasma metabolites were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. Statistical analysis was performed using MetaboAnalyst 6.0. An orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model was employed to represent variations between the TLE model groups and respective controls. Volcano plot analysis was used to identify key features, applying a fold-change criterion of 1.5 and a t-test threshold of 0.05. 48 h after SE, dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) and creatinine levels were decreased, whereas glycine and creatine levels were increased. The only metabolite that changed 1 week after SE was pyruvic acid, which was increased compared to its control level. Lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and succinic acid levels were increased 6 weeks after SE. The identified metabolites were especially related to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. The results illustrate that distinct plasma metabolites can function as phase-specific biomarkers in TLE and reveal new insights into the mechanisms underlying SE.

Reno-protective impact of diosmin and perindopril in amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity rat model: modulation of SIRT1/p53/C-FOS, NF-κB-p65, and keap-1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways

PURPOSE

Amikacin (AMC), an aminoglycoside antibiotic known for its rapid and potent bactericidal activity, is also associated with nephrotoxicity. Diosmin and perindopril have been reported to improve renal function and hold promise as therapeutic agents for preventing drug-induced nephrotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Diosmin and perindopril, either alone or in combination, against renal damage induced by AMC toxicity and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The researchers evaluated the impact of Diosmin (50 mg/kg, orally) and perindopril (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) on AMC-induced kidney injury (1.2 g/kg, intraperitoneally) in rats. Invasive blood pressure, serum kidney function and toxicity parameters, oxidative stress biomarkers, and inflammatory cytokine levels in serum and renal tissue were assessed. Histopathological changes in the kidney were examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical analysis. The molecular mechanisms underlying the protective effect of the combination pretreatment on kidney injury were investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting techniques.

RESULTS

The findings demonstrated that the combination therapy improved kidney function by attenuating pathological changes observed in H&E staining including tubular necrosis and glomerular damage, in addition to reducing levels of kidney function including serum levels of creatinine compared to the AMC group, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) uric acid, and albumin. Mean arterial blood pressure, and toxicity markers including Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1), Cystatin-c were also decreased in samples of combination group compared to AMC group. Furthermore, the protective combination therapy downregulated NF-κB-p65, P53, Keap-1, and C-FOS, while upregulating Mammalian sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (Iκβ), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings reveal the potential clinical application of combining Diosmin and perindopril to reduce AMC-induced nephrotoxicity, which requires further research in clinical settings.

Comparison of the Novel Thrombolytic Constitutively Active ADAMTS13 With Clinical Thrombolytics in a Murine Stroke Model

BACKGROUND

r-tPA (recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator) and its variant, TNK (tenecteplase), are the currently approved thrombolytic drugs for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, but they are ineffective in a proportion of patients due to r-tPA resistance of platelet-rich thrombi. A novel thrombolytic, caADAMTS13 (constitutively active a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13) has been shown to improve experimental stroke outcomes where platelet-rich thrombi are present but have not been directly compared with r-tPA or TNK.

METHODS

We conducted a direct comparison of caADAMTS13 versus r-tPA versus TNK versus vehicle control in the ferric chloride-mediated distal middle cerebral artery occlusion model in mice, which features platelet and VWF (von Willebrand Factor)-rich thrombi that reproduce r-tPA-resistant occlusion. Treatments were administered intravenously 1 hour after ferric chloride application by bolus injection or bolus followed by infusion, as translationally applicable. Laser speckle contrast imaging measured early reperfusion over the hour following treatment, and magnetic resonance imaging measured cerebral blood flow and lesion volume at 24 hours.

RESULTS

Reperfusion 1 hour after treatment was greatest in caADAMTS13-treated animals. Later cerebral blood flow, 24 hours post-treatment, within the stroke-affected hypoperfused area was higher in caADAMTS13 and r-tPA but not TNK-treated mice. Functionally, this led to the absence of an initial behavioral deficit in caADAMTS13-treated mice, alongside a smaller lesion volume at 24 hours and reduced extent of bleeding.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings demonstrate an overall suggestion that caADAMTS13 has improved thrombolytic efficacy, compared with current stroke treatments, against platelet-rich thrombi, for which there is currently an unmet clinical need.

Increased excitatory amino acid transporter 2 levels in basolateral amygdala astrocytes mediate chronic stress-induced anxiety-like behavior

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202506000-00024/figure1/v/2024-08-05T133530Z/r/image-tiff The conventional perception of astrocytes as mere supportive cells within the brain has recently been called into question by empirical evidence, which has revealed their active involvement in regulating brain function and encoding behaviors associated with emotions. Specifically, astrocytes in the basolateral amygdala have been found to play a role in the modulation of anxiety-like behaviors triggered by chronic stress. Nevertheless, the precise molecular mechanisms by which basolateral amygdala astrocytes regulate chronic stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we found that in a mouse model of anxiety triggered by unpredictable chronic mild stress, the expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 was upregulated in the basolateral amygdala. Interestingly, our findings indicate that the targeted knockdown of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 specifically within the basolateral amygdala astrocytes was able to rescue the anxiety-like behavior in mice subjected to stress. Furthermore, we found that the overexpression of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 in the basolateral amygdala, whether achieved through intracranial administration of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 agonists or through injection of excitatory amino acid transporter 2-overexpressing viruses with GfaABC1D promoters, evoked anxiety-like behavior in mice. Our single-nucleus RNA sequencing analysis further confirmed that chronic stress induced an upregulation of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 specifically in astrocytes in the basolateral amygdala. Moreover, through in vivo calcium signal recordings, we found that the frequency of calcium activity in the basolateral amygdala of mice subjected to chronic stress was higher compared with normal mice. After knocking down the expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 in the basolateral amygdala, the frequency of calcium activity was not significantly increased, and anxiety-like behavior was obviously mitigated. Additionally, administration of an excitatory amino acid transporter 2 inhibitor in the basolateral amygdala yielded a notable reduction in anxiety level among mice subjected to stress. These results suggest that basolateral amygdala astrocytic excitatory amino acid transporter 2 plays a role in in the regulation of unpredictable chronic mild stress-induced anxiety-like behavior by impacting the activity of local glutamatergic neurons, and targeting excitatory amino acid transporter 2 in the basolateral amygdala holds therapeutic promise for addressing anxiety disorders.

Enhancing m6A modification in the motor cortex facilitates corticospinal tract remodeling after spinal cord injury

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202506000-00026/figure1/v/2024-08-05T133530Z/r/image-tiff Spinal cord injury typically causes corticospinal tract disruption. Although the disrupted corticospinal tract can self-regenerate to a certain degree, the underlying mechanism of this process is still unclear. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modifications are the most common form of epigenetic regulation at the RNA level and play an essential role in biological processes. However, whether m6A modifications participate in corticospinal tract regeneration after spinal cord injury remains unknown. We found that expression of methyltransferase 14 protein (METTL14) in the locomotor cortex was high after spinal cord injury and accompanied by elevated m6A levels. Knockdown of Mettl14 in the locomotor cortex was not favorable for corticospinal tract regeneration and neurological recovery after spinal cord injury. Through bioinformatics analysis and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we found that METTL14 regulated Trib2 expression in an m6A-regulated manner, thereby activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and promoting corticospinal tract regeneration. Finally, we administered syringin, a stabilizer of METTL14, using molecular docking. Results confirmed that syringin can promote corticospinal tract regeneration and facilitate neurological recovery by stabilizing METTL14. Findings from this study reveal that m6A modification is involved in the regulation of corticospinal tract regeneration after spinal cord injury.

An antisense oligonucleotide targeting the heat-shock protein HSPB5 as an innovative therapeutic approach in pulmonary fibrosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease characterized by fibroblast activation and abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix in the lungs. We previously demonstrated the importance of the heat shock protein αB-crystallin (HSPB5) in TGF-β1 profibrotic signalling, which suggests that HSPB5 could be a new therapeutic target for the treatment of IPF. The purpose of this study was thus to develop antisense oligonucleotides targeting HSPB5 and to study their effects on the development of experimental pulmonary fibrosis.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Specific antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) were designed and screened in vitro, based on their ability to inhibit human and murine HSPB5 expression. The selected ASO22 was characterized in vitro in human fibroblast CCD-19Lu cells and A549 epithelial pulmonary cells, as well as in vivo using a mouse model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

KEY RESULTS

ASO22 was selected for its capacity to inhibit TGF-β1-induced expression of HSPB5 and additional key markers of fibrosis such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, collagen, fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin in fibroblastic human CCD-19Lu cells as well as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and α-smooth muscle actin in pulmonary epithelial A549 cells. Intra-tracheal or intravenous administration of ASO22 in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrotic mice decreased HSPB5 expression and reduced fibrosis, as demonstrated by decreased pulmonary remodelling, collagen accumulation and Acta2 and Col1a1 expression.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

Our results suggest that an antisense oligonucleotide strategy targeting HSPB5 could be of interest for the treatment of IPF.

Novel FKBP prolyl isomerase 1A (FKBP12) ligand promotes functional improvement in SOD1G93A amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with limited treatment options. ALS pathogenesis involves intricate processes within motor neurons, characterized by dysregulated Ca2+ influx and buffering in early ALS-affected motor neurones. This study proposes the modulation of ryanodine receptors (RyRs), key mediators of intracellular Ca2+, as a therapeutic target.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

A novel class of novel FKBP12 ligands that show activity as cytosolic calcium modulators through stabilizing RyR channel activity, were tested in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)G93A mouse model of ALS. Different outcomes were used to assess treatment efficacy, including electrophysiology, histopathology, neuromuscular function and survival.

KEY RESULTS

Among the novel FKBP12 ligands, MP-010 was chosen for its central nervous system availability and favourable in vitro pharmaco-toxicological profile. Chronic administration of MP-010 to SOD1G93A mice produced preservation of motor nerve conduction, with the 61-mg·kg-1 dose significantly delaying the onset of motor impairment. This was accompanied by improved motor coordination, increased innervated endplates and significant preservation of motor neurones in the spinal cord of treated mice. Notably, MP-010 treatment significantly extended lifespan by an average of 10 days compared to vehicle.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

FKBP12 ligands, particularly MP-010, exhibit promising neuroprotective effects in ALS, highlighting their potential as novel therapeutic agents. Further investigations into the molecular mechanisms and clinical translatability of these compounds are needed for their application in ALS treatment.

Effects of Lung Expansion on Global and Regional Pulmonary Blood Volume in a Sheep Model of Acute Lung Injury

BACKGROUND

Pulmonary capillary blood volume is a major determinant of lung gas transport efficiency and also potentially related to ventilator-induced lung injury. However, knowledge on how lung expansion influences pulmonary blood volume in injured lungs is scant. The hypothesis was that lung expansion produced by positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) modulates the global and regional spatial distribution of pulmonary blood volume.

METHODS

In a lung injury model exposed to distinct lung expansion within clinical range (PEEP of 5 to 20 cm H 2 O), this study aimed to determine whole-lung and regional blood volume, their dynamic changes, and association with gas volume changes. Seven healthy sheep were subjected to 3 h of low-lung volume mechanical ventilation at a PEEP of 0 cm H 2 O and systemic endotoxemia. PEEP values of 5 (low), 20 (high), and 12 (intermediate) cm H 2 O were applied to produce distinct lung expansion. Respiratory-gated positron emission tomography with 11 C-labeled carbon monoxide and four-dimensional computed tomography were obtained to quantify blood volume and aeration.

RESULTS

Transpulmonary pressures were lowest at a PEEP of 12 cm H 2 O. Changes in whole-lung blood volume correlated with gas volume changes between PEEP of 5 and 12 cm H 2 O at end expiration ( P < 0.001) and end inspiration ( P < 0.001) but not between 12 and 20 cm H 2 O. Tissue-normalized blood volume ( ) was heterogeneously distributed, with mean values in nondependent regions ( = 0.116 ± 0.055) approximately seven times smaller than those in mid-dependent regions ( = 0.832 ± 0.132). A positive end-expiratory pressure of 12 cm H 2 O resulted in the most homogeneous distribution, with the largest means in mid-dependent regions and inspiratory 10th percentile, a measure of lowest values, throughout the lung. increased with inspiration at PEEP of 5 and 12 cm H 2 O but decreased with a PEEP of 20 cm H 2 O in mid-nondependent regions.

CONCLUSIONS

During low-volume mechanical ventilation and systemic endotoxemia, lung blood volume is markedly heterogeneously distributed, and modulated by PEEP. Nondependent regions are susceptible to low blood volume and capillary closure. Recruitment of pulmonary vascular blood volume with gas volume is nonlinear, limited at an intermediate PEEP, indicating its advantage to spatial distribution of blood volume.

Interactions between ADGRF1 (GPR110) and extracellular matrix proteins govern its effects on tumorigenesis in HER2-positive breast cancer

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

We and others have previously shown that ADGRF1, an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor, is overexpressed and associated with poor survival in many cancers, including human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) breast cancer (BC). Also, we have reported the tumour-promoting function of ADGRF1 using preclinical models of HER2+ BC. In this study, we investigated the effect of ADGRF1 overexpression in an orthotopic in vivo model as well as downstream signalling of ADGRF1 in HER2+ BC.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

We utilized a doxycycline (Dox)-induced ADGRF1 overexpression system in HER2+ BC cell lines and performed various in vitro and in vivo studies. Following ADGRF1 overexpression in the presence/absence of Matrigel, laminin-111 or collagen-IV, we performed the mammosphere assay to assess the tumorigenicity of breast epithelial cells, as well as cAMP/IP1 assays and RNA-sequencing, to understand the receptor function and pharmacology. We conducted cross-linking-aided immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to confirm the physical interaction between ADGRF1 and the extracellular matrix proteins present in Matrigel.

KEY RESULTS

We found that ADGRF1 switched from a tumour-promoting to tumour-suppressive function upon interaction with laminin-111. Interaction of ADGRF1 with laminin-111 resulted in inhibition of Gαs coupling and STAT3 phosphorylation, induction of senescence, increase in HER2 expression, and improvement of sensitivity to anti-HER2 drugs in HER2+ BC.

CONCLUSIONS

ADGRF1 switches from a tumour-promoting to tumour-suppressive function upon interaction with laminin-111, leading to improvements in sensitivity to anti-HER2 drugs. Leveraging ADGRF1 interactions with laminin-111 may allow the design of novel therapies against ADGRF1 in HER2+ BC.

TREM2 activation reduces white matter injury via PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signalling after intracerebral haemorrhage

BACKGROUND

White matter injury (WMI) considerably exacerbates the prognosis following intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). While the triggering receptor on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is recognized for its neuroprotective roles in a range of neurological disorders through the modulation of neuroinflammation, phagocytosis, promoting cell survival, its specific function in WMI after ICH has yet to be fully elucidated.

METHODS

This study involved inducing ICH in mice through autologous blood injection. Neurological functions were tested via behavioural assessments and electrophysiological recordings. WMI was examined using immunofluorescence, Luxol fast blue staining, MRI and transmission electron microscopy. Microglia were isolated and analysed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Microglia depletion was achieved with PLX3397, primary cultures of microglia and oligodendrocytes were investigated.

RESULTS

The activation of TREM2 resulted in improved neurological outcomes after ICH, correlated with reduced WMI, demonstrated by decreased white matter loss in the corpus striatum, reduced damage to the nodes of Ranvier, and better preservation of myelin and white matter tract integrity. These neuroprotective effects were attributed to changes in microglial states mediated via the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signalling pathway. However, the neuroprotective advantages conferred by TREM2 activation were negated in TREM2 KO mice, either through microglia depletion or inhibition of PI3K.

CONCLUSIONS

This research is the first to illustrate that TREM2 activation mitigates WMI following ICH through a microglia-dependent mechanism involving the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway. TREM2 represents a potential therapeutic target for ICH.

Characteristic changes in astrocyte properties during astrocyte-to-neuron conversion induced by NeuroD1/Ascl1/Dlx2

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202506000-00030/figure1/v/2024-08-05T133530Z/r/image-tiff Direct in vivo conversion of astrocytes into functional new neurons induced by neural transcription factors has been recognized as a potential new therapeutic intervention for neural injury and degenerative disorders. However, a few recent studies have claimed that neural transcription factors cannot convert astrocytes into neurons, attributing the converted neurons to pre-existing neurons mis-expressing transgenes. In this study, we overexpressed three distinct neural transcription factors--NeuroD1, Ascl1, and Dlx2--in reactive astrocytes in mouse cortices subjected to stab injury, resulting in a series of significant changes in astrocyte properties. Initially, the three neural transcription factors were exclusively expressed in the nuclei of astrocytes. Over time, however, these astrocytes gradually adopted neuronal morphology, and the neural transcription factors was gradually observed in the nuclei of neuron-like cells instead of astrocytes. Furthermore, we noted that transcription factor-infected astrocytes showed a progressive decrease in the expression of astrocytic markers AQP4 (astrocyte endfeet signal), CX43 (gap junction signal), and S100β. Importantly, none of these changes could be attributed to transgene leakage into pre-existing neurons. Therefore, our findings suggest that neural transcription factors such as NeuroD1, Ascl1, and Dlx2 can effectively convert reactive astrocytes into neurons in the adult mammalian brain.

Sex differences in the effects of maternal voluntary oral Cannabis consumption on the metabolic outcomes of high-fat diet in adult offspring

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Given the recent rise in Cannabis legalisation, accessibility to Cannabis and consumption have increased during pregnancy. Therefore, there could be unintended developmental consequences. The endocannabinoid system plays a key role in fetal development and later-life energy homeostasis. We explored the long-term effects of maternal voluntary Cannabis consumption on the metabolic outcomes of a high-fat diet (HFD) in adult offspring.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Pregnant mice voluntarily consumed Cannabis extract equivalent to 5 mg kg-1 day-1 Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from gestational day 1.5 until postnatal day (PD) 10. Pregnancy and pup outcomes and active maternal behaviour were recorded. Male and female offspring (PD49) were placed on a 12-week HFD or control diet; their weight gain, adiposity, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, circulating hormones and pancreatic structure were measured.

KEY RESULTS

Perinatal Cannabis exposure (PCE) pup weight was initially reduced but restored by PD16. PCE did not influence weight gain or metabolic characteristics of male mice on a HFD. PCE female but not male offspring on a HFD had reduced accumulation of adipose tissue and lower insulin, leptin and resistin independent of body weight. PCE females on control diet also showed altered basal insulin sensitivity likely because of increased glucagon levels in parallel with reduced islets of Langerhans size and enhanced gene expression of cannabinoid 2 receptors in white adipose tissue.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

PCE adversely affected glycaemic control in female offspring on control diet while it mitigated HFD-induced metabolic dysfunction. This raises concerns about the long-term effects of PCE on the metabolic health of offspring.

Piperazine ferulate impact on diabetes-induced testicular dysfunction: unveiling genetic insights, MAPK/ERK/JNK pathways, and TGF-β signaling

Diabetic testicular dysfunction (DTD) poses a significant threat to male reproductive health. This study delves into the potential of piperazine ferulate (PF), a natural phenolic compound, in alleviating DTD and sheds light on its underlying mechanisms in rats. Animals were divided into the control, PF, diabetic, and diabetic plus PF groups. Diabetes was induced in rats with a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at 50 mg/kg. PF was administered at 50 mg/kg/day via i.p. injection for four weeks. Significant changes in sexual behavior were observed in diabetic rats, which additionally revealed lower serum levels of testosterone, FSH, and LH. The abnormalities in sperm count, viability, motility, and morphology occurred along with the demonstrated suppression of genes and protein expression related to spermatogenesis. Atrophy of the seminiferous tubules and extensive degeneration and necrosis of the germ and Leydig cells were highlighted by histopathological examination. The testicular function of diabetic rats was significantly improved after PF administration, evidenced by normalized testicular histology, increased testosterone levels, and enhanced sperm quality. In addition to reducing inflammatory cytokines, COX2, and NF-κB expression, pf administration elevated the antioxidant levels and Nrf2/HO-1 expression. Furthermore, key signaling pathways involved in testicular degeneration are regulated by PF. It promoted cell survival and tissue repair by activating the protective TGF-β signaling pathway and attenuating the MAPK/ERK/JNK signaling cascade, which in turn reduced inflammation and apoptosis. PF suppressed the expression of INSL3, SPHK1, CD62E, ANGPTL2, and miR-148a-5p, while increasing the expression of testicular genes like HSD17B1, DAZL, and S1P, addressing DTD. This study highlights the potential of PF to restore testicular function and fertility in diabetic males by modulating genetic and signaling pathways.

Type 2 diabetes abates retrograde collateral flow and promotes leukocyte adhesion following ischemic stroke

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with impaired leptomeningeal collateral compensation and poor stroke outcome. Neutrophils tethering and rolling on endothelium after stroke can also independently reduce flow velocity. However, the chronology and topological changes in collateral circulation in T2DM is not yet defined. Here, we describe the spatial and temporal blood flow dynamics and vessel diameter changes in pial arteries and veins and leukocyte-endothelial adhesion following middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke using two-photon microscopy in awake control and T2DM mice. Relative to control mice, T2DM mice already exhibited smaller pial vessels with reduced flow velocity prior to stroke. Following stroke, T2DM mice displayed persistently reduced blood flow in pial arteries and veins, resulting in a poor recovery of downstream penetrating arterial flow and a sustained deficit in microvascular flow. There was also persistent increase of leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium of veins, coincided with elevated neutrophils infiltration into brain parenchyma in T2DM mice compared to control mice after stroke. Our data suggest that T2DM-induced increase in inflammation and chronic remodeling of leptomeningeal vessels may contribute to the observed hemodynamics deficiency after stroke and subsequent poor stroke outcome.

Probiotic-based irrigation solution reduces neutrophil extracellular trap formation and stimulates CRAMP antimicrobial peptide expression in rat teeth with induced periapical lesions

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effect of the probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (B. lactis) HN019, as an irrigation solution, on the expression of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and the antimicrobial peptide CRAMP, in rats with induced periapical lesions.

METHODOLOGY

Periapical lesions were induced in the first molars of forty-five Wistar Hannover rats, with an experimental period of 21 days. The animals were divided into groups based on the irrigating solution and the number of sessions. Semiquantitative analysis was performed using HE staining, neutrophil counts, and histomorphometric analysis of the periapical lesions. Additionally, immunohistochemistry for CRAMP and immunofluorescence for NETs markers such as H3Cit, MPO, and NE were conducted. qRT-PCR analysis was performed for CAMP, ELANE, MPO, and H3F3B.

RESULTS

The probiotic irrigation groups showed better results for periodontal ligament parameters (p = 0.03) and inflammatory infiltrate (p = 0.004). A single probiotic irrigation resulted in the highest absence of cementum and bone resorption (85.71% and 71.43%). The periapical lesion area was smaller (p = 0.002), and neutrophil counts showed no difference (p = 0.064). Lower immunolabeling for H3Cit (p = 0.002), MPO (p < 0.001), and NE (p = 0.001) was observed in probiotic-irrigated groups, with reduced gene expression of CAMP (p < 0.001), MPO (p = 0.002), and ELANE (p = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The probiotic-based irrigation solution was effective in reducing neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Additionally, the probiotic solution stimulated CRAMP expression and had a positive effect in preventing cementum and bone resorption.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The results demonstrate the potential application of the probiotic-based irrigation solution as a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of periapical lesions.

Multicenter SPAN Trial of Fasudil in Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND

The SPAN (Stroke Preclinical Assessment Network) is a confirmatory multicenter trial network to test cerebroprotective interventions in experimental acute stroke. In a first-of-its-kind trial, SPAN tested 6 interventions in a rodent model of transient focal ischemic stroke. Here, we report the efficacy of fasudil, an isoform-nonselective rho-associated kinase inhibitor, on primary and secondary outcomes in the SPAN trial.

METHODS

Fasudil was administered at 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally every 12 hours for 6 doses starting 5 minutes before reperfusion in a 60-minute endovascular filament middle cerebral artery occlusion model. The active treatment arm (n=345) was compared with the pooled intraperitoneal and intravenous vehicle arms (n=344). In addition to healthy young mice, the trial included aging mice (16±1 months), diet-induced obese mice, and spontaneously hypertensive rats. The a priori fasudil substudy design stipulated the modified corner test performance on day 28 as the primary end point and separate analyses for mice and spontaneously hypertensive rats using the modified intention-to-treat cohort.

RESULTS

Fasudil improved the primary outcome end point in mice (probabilistic index point estimate, 0.57; P=0.022). The effect appeared stronger in aging mice and when ischemia was induced during the active circadian stage. Fasudil did not show any benefit in the spontaneously hypertensive rats. Alternative analyses using the per-protocol population and imputation generally yielded similar conclusions.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results reveal a favorable therapeutic profile for fasudil, supporting future translational development of rho-associated kinase inhibitors in ischemic stroke.

Cannabidiol dose dependently reduces alcohol intake in mice via a non-5-HT1A receptor mechanism: Exploration of other potential receptor targets

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Binge drinking is a risky pattern of alcohol intake and a major predictor of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Current AUD medications have limited efficacy and poor patient compliance, calling for more effective therapeutics. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-intoxicating component of cannabis, has emerged as a potential novel therapeutic. However, receptor mechanisms in CBD's alcohol-related effects have not been investigated comprehensively.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Using the murine drinking-in-the-dark model of binge drinking, our research aimed to confirm a reduction of alcohol consumption with CBD (7.5, 15, 30, 60, 120 mg kg-1) in male and female mice. Behavioural pharmacological approaches were used to explore CBD interactions with identified target mechanisms: serotonin-1A receptor (5-HT1AR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARɣ), and the novel targets, chemokine receptor type-4 (CXCR4) and neuropeptide S receptor (NPSR).

KEY RESULTS

Acute CBD dose dependently suppressed binge-like drinking and blood ethanol concentration. The effect was not driven by locomotor impairments and was maintained across sub-chronic treatment. Blockade of 5-HT1AR and PPARɣ had no impact on CBD's reduction of alcohol consumption. Co-administration of subthreshold CBD doses and a NPSR antagonist implicated NPSR blockade as a potential mechanism contributing to CBD's effect, whereas co-administration of CBD and a CXCR4 antagonist suggested CXCR4 was not involved. However, the potent and selective CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 reduced ethanol consumption.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

CBD represents a promising candidate to reduce voluntary alcohol consumption. Mechanisms driving CBD's alcohol-related effects remain unclear and may involve polypharmacology, including actions at the NPSR identified in the present study.

Endometriosis-like lesions induced by phthalates: new phytotherapic applications to complement traditional cares: a PNRR 2023 project

BACKGROUND

Endometriosis (E) is an oestrogen-dependent, multifactorial, inflammatory disease causing pelvic pain and infertility. Several concerns have been raised about the role of food contaminants, in particular Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), potentially involved in the onset and propagation of E. Conventional therapies- which have considerable side effects - focus on reducing levels of oestrogens and counteracting inflammation. The potential preventive/protective role of plant extracts (PEs) on phthalate (PH) -induced E is studied by a stepwise approach.

METHODS

(i) raw material identification, extraction and phytochemical characterization; (ii) in vitro tests to evaluate pharmacokinetics and organotropism; (iii) in vitro screening on 2 human endometrial cell lines and in vivo toxicokinetic to select the PEs/BCs in comparison with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; (iv) in vivo juvenile toxicity study to test the PE/BC activity on DEHP induced E-like lesions and (v) ex vivo and in vitro studies on human E primary cells obtained by patients with E to be subjected to scheduled surgical procedures and human non-cancerous cells, to investigate the DEHP and metabolite concentration and PE/BC effects, respectively.

DISCUSSION

The project aims to provide data and tools to develop a new strategy based on herbal medicine- especially polyphenolic compounds for their pleiotropic activities - to mitigate the E symptoms and to prevent and/or to protect population - including susceptible sub-groups - from the onset of E. The outcomes of the project will support the Italian National Health System in the development of complementary alternative/preventive strategies for E and to set clinical studies on humans also considering the potential role of environmental contaminants in E pathogenesis.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER

Not applicable.

Dual roles of IRE1α inhibition in reversing mitochondrial ROS-induced CD8+ T-cell senescence and exerting direct antitumor effects in multiple myeloma

BACKGROUND

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the proliferation of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, which significantly contributes to immune suppression of CD8+ T cells. Our previous research identified that dysregulation of the IRE1α-XBP1s-SLC38A2 axis leads to decreased glutamine uptake and senescence of CD8+ T cells in MM. However, the underlying mechanisms of T-cell senescence remain unclear.

METHODS

Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to analyze mitochondrial function in CD8+ T cells in MM. The effects of XBP1s and SLC38A2 on mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) were evaluated by flow cytometry under loss-of-function experiments. An IRE1α inhibitor (17#) was administered to explore its effects on T-cell senescence and MM cell growth. RNA sequencing was employed to disclose pathway alterations in T cells treated with 17#. The Vk*MYC mouse model was used to assess the impact of 17# on CD8+ T cell senescence and anti-myeloma effects.

RESULTS

BM-derived CD8+ T cells from patients with MM exhibited downregulated expressions of genes critical for glutamine transport (SLC38A2), mitochondrial respiratory chain, and ATP synthesis, while genes associated with ROS were upregulated. Suppression of XBP1s in CD8+ T cells resulted in decreased mtROS levels, whereas inhibition of SLC38A2 increased mtROS levels. Compound 17# significantly reduced senescence marker KLRG1 expression and increased perforin expression in nutrient-deprived BM CD8+ T cells from healthy donors and in BM CD8+ T cells from patients with MM, while promoting T-cell proliferation. Importantly, 17# did not impair the viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors or alter the immune phenotypes of healthy CD8+ T cells. The NPR2-cGMP-PKG pathway was activated by IRE1α inhibition in restoring T-cell function. Furthermore, 17# exhibited direct inhibitory effects on MM cells. In Vk*MYC mouse model, 17# decreased mtROS levels in BM CD8+ T cells, reduced the proportion of senescent (KLRG1+CD57+CD28-) T cells, and resulted in a lower tumor burden.

CONCLUSION

Inhibiting IRE1α represents a promising strategy to reverse the senescence of CD8+ T cells by mitigating mtROS production. This dual mechanism not only rejuvenates T cells but also directly targets myeloma cells, offering a novel therapeutic approach for MM treatment.

Integrative morphometric and phylogenetic insights into Eastern Ghats channids (Teleostei: Channidae) unveil the transboundary dispersal of the Dwarf Snakehead (Channa kelaartii) across India and Sri Lanka

BACKGROUND

The biogeography of Eastern Ghats channids, including the Dwarf Snakehead Channa kelaartii, poses a complex challenge, especially with recent evidence confirming its presence in both India and Sri Lanka. While the Sri Lankan population is well- documented through integrative approach, the Indian population remains unexplored, requiring further research to elucidate its genetic structure and phylogenetic relationships.

METHODS

This study examines the morphology and mtCOI-based genetic diversity of 10 channid species, including seven from the Gachua complex. An integrative approach is also applied to assess population-level variation in C. kelaartii, aiming to clarify its genetic diversity with geographically isolated Sri Lankan populations.

RESULTS

Morphological analysis distinctly identified all Channa species and indicated a close resemblance between Indian and Sri Lankan C. kelaartii populations. Genetic analysis revealed considerable divergence between C. kelaartii and other members of the Gachua group, ranging from 6.15 to 21.31%. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction robustly resolved all species, including C. kelaartii. Combined mitochondrial data from India and Sri Lanka revealed 13 haplotypes, with mean intra-regional genetic distances of 0.5% (Sri Lanka) and 0.7% (India), and maximum divergences of 1.24% and 2.29%, respectively. A haplotype from the Western Ghats exhibited only 0.17% divergence from Sri Lankan populations, indicating potential historical gene flow between the two regions.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, this study provides a comprehensive assessment of Channa diversity in the Eastern Ghats and confirms the presence of C. kelaartii in both peninsular India and Sri Lanka, likely shaped by historical land connections and freshwater dispersal across the Palk Isthmus during the Plio-Pleistocene.

Individually Ventilated Cages Severely Attenuate Inter-Cage Ultrasonic Vocalizations in Rats

Individually ventilated cages (IVCs) benefit rodent and researcher health but may limit animals' ability to communicate with cage-neighbours via ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). Despite USVs' importance in rodent social behaviour, no previous research has investigated IVCs' impact on between-cage USV transmission. We recorded USV transmission between cages housing Sprague-Dawley rats in three conditions: in an open cage rack setting with microphone in an empty cage; from an open cage with a microphone outside an enclosed IVC; and between adjacent IVCs (with microphone in empty IVC). We compared the number and amplitude of USVs detected during 10-minute sessions across conditions. To verify results weren't due to differences in USV generation between cage types, we simultaneously recorded with two microphones, one inside an IVC and one in an adjacent enclosed IVC. Results showed USVs generated in open cages were clearly detectable in adjacent open cages but attenuated outside IVCs and virtually undetectable in adjacent IVCs. Since this loss of inter-cage USVs may affect animal behaviour, we recommend adjustments to cage design and handling procedures to mitigate these effects.

Antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Aloysia citriodora in animals subjected to childhood stress

BACKGROUND

Stress in childhood can harm brain development, leading to biological and systemic dysfunctions that, along with genetic factors, may contribute to major depressive disorder (MDD) in adulthood. MDD treatment is complex, with current drugs taking time to show effects and not working for many patients. As a result, medicinal plants, like Aloysia citriodora (A. citriodora), are being studied as treatments for resistant depression. The main objective of this proposal was to evaluate the treatment with the hydroalcoholic extract of the medicinal species A. citriodora Palau on depressive-like behaviors in rats subjected to chronic stress in childhood and on mechanisms involved in neuroprotection through the evaluation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.

METHODS

The maternal deprivation (MD) protocol was used during the first ten days of life. At the beginning of adulthood, the animals were treated for fourteen days. At the end of the treatments, the animals underwent the forced swimming behavioral test and were then euthanized for analysis of oxidative stress and inflammation markers.

RESULTS

The stress caused by the MD protocol in rats culminated in a significant increase in depressive-like behaviors in adulthood, an increase in the expression of inflammatory substances IL-1 β and IL-6 in the animals' hippocampus, and an increase in the activity of oxidative stress parameters, such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), in serum and hippocampus. The treatment with A. citriodora reduced depressive-like behaviors similar to the group treated with escitalopram. Regarding markers of inflammation in nervous tissue, it was observed that animals treated with A. citriodora had lower levels than those treated with escitalopram and the control group, and even more significantly when compared to the MD group treated with saline. The treatments reduced MPO activity in the serum of animals that underwent the MD protocol. TBARS was decreased in the serum and ultimately reversed in the hippocampus. Moreover, molecular docking studies have demonstrated that baicalein and quercetin-7-O-glucoside interact efficiently with IL-1β and IL-6.

CONCLUSION

PM stress increased depressive-like behavior and increased markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Treatment with the Aloysia citriodora extracts significantly reduced depressive-like behavior and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, suggesting an antidepressant, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effect.

A Comparison of the Effects of Milk, Yogurt, and Cheese on Insulin Sensitivity, Hepatic Steatosis, and Gut Microbiota in Diet-Induced Obese Male Mice

The effects of low-fat dairy products on insulin resistance (IR), hepatic steatosis, and gut microbiota composition in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice were examined. C57BL/6 male mice (n = 16/group) were fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 45% fat) or HFD supplemented with either fat-free milk (MILK), fat-free yogurt (YOG), or reduced-fat (19% milk fat) cheddar cheese (CHE) at 10% of the total energy intake for 8 weeks. Body weight, fat mass, liver lipids, and metabolic enzymes were evaluated. Compared with HFD, MILK reduced homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance along with increased hepatic insulin signaling and decreased hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes. YOG and MILK decreased hepatic triacylglycerol content and lipid droplet size, while CHE had no effect. In the liver, MILK and YOG downregulated de novo lipogenesis enzymes. In MILK, fat oxidation capacity was elevated. Compared with HFD, liver lipidomic analysis in MILK and YOG revealed unique profiles of decreased proinflammatory lipid species, including ceramides. Dairy feeding elicited an increase in beneficial bacteria, such as Streptococcus in YOG and Anaero-tignum in MILK, as shown by 16S rRNA sequencing of gut microbiota. In conclusion, the ability of milk and yogurt to reduce hepatic steatosis in HFD mice may be explained, at least in part, by the regulation of the gut microbiome and liver lipidome.

Description of a new troglophilic loach, Schistura densiclava (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) from Meghalaya, northeast India

Integrative taxonomy reveals a new troglophilic species of Schistura, from a cave-dwelling population inhabiting stream draining (Barak-Surma-Meghna drainage) through the Krem (=cave) Mawjymbuin in East Khasi Hills of Meghalaya. Morphologically, the new species is easily distinguished from its congeners in having a combination of characters, including a unique colour pattern in the form of 14-20 greyish black to faint black bars overimposed to a black midlateral stripe on a greyish brown to pale beige (yellowish green in life); pre-dorsal bars thin, numerous, wider than interspaces, weakly contrasted, sometimes broken and/or incomplete; bars posterior of anal-fin base numerous and variable, mostly broken or incomplete, located on lower flank, weakly contrasted; a complete lateral line; presence of an axillary pelvic lobe; an uninterrupted thick black stripe along the base of the dorsal fin; an incomplete black basicaudal bar, dissociated, occupying median one-third of caudal-fin base; conspicuous black botch on the procurrent rays of the upper lobe of the caudal fin; and a type of sexual dimorphism: males with slender body, bars mostly irregular on flanks and slightly puffy cheek with greater lateral head length; females with regular-shaped bars and swollen body. Analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene sequence of the new species shows significant genetic divergence with p distances ranging 4.5%-13.6% from its sister species found in northeast India, supporting its report as new species. Further, this finding is also validated by phylogenetic analysis and the species delimitation approaches, Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning (ASAP) and Poisson Tree Processes (PTP), which clearly resolved that the Schistura densiclava sp. nov. is distinct from its sister species. Although the species has been sampled from the cave, it retains a fully pigmented body and functional eyes, which are not reduced when compared to other epigean Schistura, tentatively indicating it as a troglophile. Distribution of the new species is limited to the cave, which suggests an endemism in this cave system.

Casdatifan (AB521) is a novel and potent allosteric small molecule inhibitor of protumourigenic HIF-2α dependent transcription

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) is a transcription factor that mediates the expression of genes critical for cell adaptation and survival in low oxygen (hypoxic) conditions. In cancer, hypoxic conditions or molecular alterations within cancer cells can lead to HIF-2α accumulation and promote tumour growth and progression. Inactivating mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene disable the oxygen-dependent HIF-2α degradation pathway and cause constitutive HIF-2α activity. VHL mutations are prevalent in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) where HIF-2α is a known tumourigenic driver. HIF-2α inhibition was shown to improve ccRCC patient outcomes clinically, warranting development of next-generation inhibitors.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Pharmacological effects of a novel small molecule allosteric inhibitor of HIF-2α, AB521 (casdatifan), were evaluated using in vitro cell-based assays and in vivo mouse models.

KEY RESULTS

AB521 inhibited HIF-2α-mediated transcription in cancer cells, endothelial cells, and M2-polarised macrophages. AB521 was selective for HIF-2α, displaying no activity against HIF-1α, and did not exhibit off-target cytotoxicity. When delivered orally to mice, AB521 caused dose-dependent decreases in HIF-2α-associated pharmacodynamic markers and significant regression of human ccRCC xenograft tumours. AB521 combined favourably with cabozantinib, a standard of care tyrosine kinase inhibitor, or zimberelimab, a clinical-stage anti-PD-1 antibody, in ccRCC xenograft studies.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

AB521 is a potent, selective and orally bioavailable HIF-2α inhibitor, with favourable pharmacological properties, that is being explored clinically for the treatment of ccRCC.

Assessment of muscle fiber types transformation in rats with discogenic low back pain using diffusion tensor image of paraspinal muscles

BACKGROUND

The onset of discogenic lower back pain (DLBP) was strongly associated with fiber-type transformation in the paraspinal muscles. Management of DLBP would be greatly benefited from an objective, noninvasive biomarker for assessing fiber composition. Our study aimed to explore the value of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in evaluating fiber-type transformation, which contributed to improve diagnosis and intervention strategies on DLBP.

METHODS

According to time since model establishment, ninety healthy female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into the 1st month group,3rd month group, and 6th month group, then each group was subdivided into the DLBP group, sham-operated group, and control group. The L4/5 and L5/6 intervertebral discs of rats underwent posterior-entry puncture disruption and sham-operation to establish DLBP and sham-operation groups. DTI MRI and immunofluorescence (IF) were performed to assess fiber type transformation.

RESULTS

The DLBP rats exhibited a gradual decrease in Fractional Anisotropy (FA) values. At the 3rd month and 6th month after modeling, there was a significant decrease in the percentage of type I fiber, while an increase in the percentage of type II fiber. Notably, the percentage of type I fiber demonstrated a moderate positive correlation with FA values.

CONCLUSION

DTI may serve as a potential tool to investigate the fiber type transformation in DLBP rats.

CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER

Not applicable.

Effects of Exercise on Gut Microbiome and Serum Metabolomics in Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis Rats

Objective: The aim of this work is to investigate the impact of exercise on gut microbiome composition, serum metabolites, and their correlation with osteoarthritis (OA) severity. Methods: Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham rats without treadmill walking (Sham/Sed group, n = 9), Sham rats with treadmill walking 2 months (Sham/TW2M group, n = 9), PTOA rats without treadmill walking (PTOA/Sed group, n = 9), and PTOA rats with treadmill walking 2 months (PTOA/TW2M group, n = 9). The PTOA model was induced by transection of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACLT) and destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). Histological evaluation and micro-CT analysis were performed to observe the pathological changes in cartilage and subchondral bone, respectively. Additionally, we conducted 16S rDNA sequencing of fecal samples and untargeted metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of serum samples to detect the alteration of gut microbiota composition and metabolites. Results: Exercise effectively mitigated OA-related pathological changes, including articular cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone loss. Moreover, 16S rDNA sequencing analysis of gut microbiome revealed a decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes (p < 0.01), Bacteroidia (p < 0.01), Rikenellaceae (p < 0.01), [Paraprevotellaceae] (p < 0.01), and Paraprevotella (p < 0.01) but an increase in Firmicutes (p < 0.01) in PTOA/TW2M group rats compared with PTOA/Sed group as a response to exercise. In addition, the results of metabolomics analysis showed that exercise treatment contributed to the upregulation of Daidzein and Anthranilic acid and downregulation of 1-Palmitoyllysophosphatidylcholine. Moreover, the correlation analysis showed that Rikenellaceae significantly positively correlated with both OARSI (r = 0.81, p < 0.01) and Mankin score (r = 0.83, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with the serum level of Anthranilic acid (r = -0.56, p < 0.01) and Daidzein (r = -0.46, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Exercise can effectively mitigate OA through slowing down articular cartilage degeneration and subchondral bone loss, modulating gut microbiota composition, and increasing beneficial metabolites.

Bioresorbable Gelatin Microspheres for Temporary Transarterial Embolization: Feasibility Study in Porcine Kidney Model

PURPOSE

To evaluate the in vivo characteristics, degradation profile, and feasibility of a bioresorbable gelatin microsphere (R-GM) for controlled, temporary embolization in a porcine kidney model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Six male farm pigs underwent transarterial embolization of the artery to the left kidney upper pole (LKUP) and to the right kidney upper pole (RKUP) using 100-300-µm-sized tris-acryl gelatin microsphere (T-GM) and R-GM, respectively. Follow-up angiography was performed in 2 h, 2 days, 1 week, 3 weeks, and 16 weeks to assess the presence of recanalization of the embolized arteries. Each pig was killed at each time point, and histopathologic analysis was performed to evaluate the presence of embolic agents, inflammatory reaction, and degree of tissue damage of the embolized renal segment.

RESULTS

On 2 h post-angiogram, LKUP was occluded, and RKUP was fully recanalized in all pigs. Parenchymal staining of the RKUP area was normalized at 2 h post-embolization and maintained until the 16-week follow-up. No R-GM or fragments were found in any specimens except for 2 days, but tris-acryl microspheres were observed in tissues with infarction with inflammatory changes until the 16-week follow-up. The levels of macrophages, giant cells, neovascularization, and fibrosis were higher in the LKUP compared to the RKUP at 1 week to 16 weeks (all, p < 0.05). The LKUP had a higher infarct area up to 97.17 ± 0.64% at 1 week compared to the RKUP, which had no infarction (0 ± 0%).

CONCLUSION

Temporary transarterial embolization using R-GM was feasible in vivo, achieving temporary occlusion followed by complete recanalization of the embolized vessel and minimal tissue damage.

LEVELS OF EVIDENCE

No levels of Evidence (Experimental study).

Novel Perivascular Macrophage Mechanism to Promote Glymphatic Aβ Clearance After Stroke

BACKGROUND

Parenchymal border macrophages (PBMs) reside at the interface between the central nervous system and the periphery. They are known to mediate the accessibility of the substances to the brain. However, no one has examined their role in poststroke Aβ (amyloid-β) clearance.

METHODS

Permanent focal cerebral ischemia was induced in 8- to 10-week-old C57/Bl6 male mice by distal middle cerebral artery occlusion. The clodronate liposomes were administered into the cerebral spinal fluid at 7 days before stroke to deplete the PBM population. Sensorimotor and cognitive functions, glymphatic system, and Aβ accumulation were assessed for up to 34 days after stroke.

RESULTS

The Aβ accumulated along brain blood vessels after stroke in both the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres. When PBMs were depleted, glymphatic drainage of Aβ was markedly reduced, and this was accompanied by deterioration of cognitive function, highlighting a critical role for PBMs in poststroke Aβ disposal. A possible mechanism relates to MANF (mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor). MANF derived from PBMs suppressed astrocytic stress and maintained glymphatic drainage when supplemented into the cerebral spinal fluid. In the chronic phase of stroke, MANF production in PBMs was downregulated, and consequently, glymphatic impairments were exacerbated, which led to ongoing Aβ accumulation and cognitive decline.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, supplementation of MANF not only mitigates the adverse impacts of PBM depletion but also exerts therapeutic effects that improve glymphatic system function. We thus propose that this represents a promising strategy to prevent poststroke cognitive impairment.

Systemic Ozone Therapy Improves Oral Hard and Soft Tissue Healing in Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw (MRONJ): A Study in Senescent Female Rats

Background/Objectives: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a challenging condition often associated with bisphosphonate use, leading to impaired bone healing and difficult clinical management. Given the lack of predictable therapeutic options, this study investigated the effects of systemic ozone therapy on MRONJ healing. This study aimed to analyze the effects of systemic ozone therapy on oral hard and soft tissue healing in senescent rats with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) induced by antiresorptive therapy. Methods: Twenty-eight senescent Wistar rats, aged eighteen months and weighing ~350 g, were used for this study. The animals were divided into four groups. The negative control (SAL) group received saline applications, while the control-treated (SAL+OZ) group received saline applications and ozone therapy (0.7 mg/kg). The MRONJ (ZOL) group received Zoledronate, an intravenous antiresorptive drug (100 μg/kg), and the MRONJ-treated (ZOL+OZ) group received zoledronate application and was treated with systemic ozone therapy (0.7 mg/kg). All rats underwent molar extraction in the third week of the experiment and were euthanized in the seventh week of the experiment. The mandibles were resected, reduced, and prepared for microtomographic analysis, histopathological/histometric analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Results: The ZOL group presented characteristics of vitreous, non-vital, and dense bone, poor vascularization, and high values of inflammation markers compatible with MRONJ. In contrast, the ZOL+OZ group exhibited improvement in alveolar bone and soft tissue healing, a decrease in nonvital bone area, and modulation of local inflammation. Conclusions: It can be concluded that Ozone therapy improved oral hard and soft tissue healing of MRONJ in senescent female rats subjected to antiresorptive drugs and might be considered for future clinical applications.

Prophylactic administration of overproducing-abscisic acid Bacillus licheniformis attenuated DSS-induced colitis in mice by regulating the gut microbiota and immune activity

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves the complex interplay among the mucosal barrier, microbiota, immunity and genetic factors. There are currently no satisfactory treatments for IBD. Administration of the probiotic Bacillus licheniformis (Bl) can improves colitis by regulating the gut microbiota. The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) treatment has favorable effects on immunity, as well as on inflammatory diseases like colitis. We hypothesized that the expression of an additional cyp gene by the Bl to increase its ABA production would enhance its effects.

RESULTS

In this study, we found that a Bl-cyp strain overexpressing the cyp gene secreted more ABA into its supernatant than either the parental Bl stain or a Bl-pET82a strain expressing only a vector pET82a when these bacteria were grown in Nfb medium for 48 h. The prophylactic administration of the Bl-cyp strain culture more effectively attenuated dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice compared to the Bl and Bl-pET28a strains. These findings were associated with significantly reduced epithelial barrier damage, as well as increased number of goblet cells and expression levels of occludin gene in the colonic epithelial layer, and decreased serum LPS levels in the Bl-cyp group. In addition, the administration of Bl-cyp strain effectively regulated the disordered gut microbiota by improving their diversity, richness and compositions more than the Bl or Bl-pET82a strain, including the ratio of Bacteroidota: Bacillota. It also inhibited the excessive growth of opportunistic pathogen Escherichia just like the Bl or Bl-pET82a strain. Moreover, the preventive administration of the Bl-cyp strain to mice following DSS-induced colitis enhanced the proportion of Treg cells and suppressed the proportion of Th17 cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-22, and increased the level of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in colon tissues, similar to treatment with a high concentration of the ABA standard (ABA-H). Notably, the treatment with the Bl-cyp strain more effectively regulated the disordered microbiota than the ABA-H.

CONCLUSIONS

The administration of the Bl-cyp strain may provide a novel preventive approach for IBD, and may exert its effects by modulating the gut microbiota and host's immune status.

The Hallmarks of Ageing in Microglia

As ageing is linked to the development of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), such as Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease, it is important to disentangle the independent effect of age-related changes from those due to disease processes. To do so, changes to central nervous system (CNS) cells as a function of advanced age need better characterisation. Microglia are of particular interest due to their proposed links with the development and progression of NDs through control of the CNS immune response. Therefore, understanding the extent to which microglial dysfunction is related to phyisological ageing, rather than a disease process, is critical. As microglia age, they are believed to take on a pro-inflammatory phenotype with a distinct dystrophic morphology. Nevertheless, while established hallmarks of ageing have been investigated across a range of other cell types, such as macrophages, a detailed consideration of functional changes that occur in aged microglia remains elusive. Here, we describe the dynamic phenotypes of microglia and evaluate the current state of understanding of microglial ageing, focusing on the recently updated twelve hallmarks of ageing. Understanding how these hallmarks present in microglia represents a step towards better characterisation of microglial ageing, which is essential in the development of more representative models of NDs.

Efficacy Evaluation of a VR-2332-Based Modified Live Vaccine Against NADC30-like PRRSV in China

Background: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome is caused by PRRSV. Modified live vaccines (MLVs) are widely used to control PRRSV infection, but their efficacy against the emerging NADC30-like variant remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a VR-2332-based MLV against the NADC30-like PRRSV strain HNjz15. Methods: Forty piglets were randomized into a vaccination group (MLV group), negative control group (NC group), and sentinel group. MLV group piglets were immunized with a commercial MLV at 3 weeks of age and challenged with HNjz15 (106.6 TCID50/mL) at 21 days post-immunization. Clinical symptoms, viral load, antibody responses, cytokine levels, and lung lesions were monitored for 14 days post-challenge. Results: Although fever and respiratory symptoms were more pronounced in the NC group pigs than those of the MLV group (average percent occurrence: 65.2% vs. 52.9%), there was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) in the occurrence of respiratory symptoms between the two groups from 5 dpc. Reduced weight gains (by 40-53%) were also observed in the MLV and NC groups compared with the sentinels. The MLV and NC groups exhibited severe lung lesions, while there was no marked difference in viral RNA loads in serum and tissue samples between the MLV and NC groups (p > 0.05). The MLV vaccine induced a significant high level of N protein-specific antibodies compared to the NC group. There was also no significant difference in IFN-γ or TNF-α response to the HNjz15 challenge in both groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The VR-2332-based MLV does not provide adequate protection against challenge with the PRRSV-2 NADC30-like strain HNjz15.

Soluble Dietary Fiber from Fermentation of Tea Residues by Eurotium cristatum and the Effects on DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis

Tea residues are rich in dietary fiber, most of which are insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). However, soluble dietary fiber (SDF) is reported to show a better health-promoting effect. In this paper, the Eurotium cristatum (E. cristatum) fermentation method was employed to prepare SDF from tea residues. The results showed that the yield of SDF in fermented SDF (FSDF) was higher than that in unfermented SDF (USDF). Meanwhile, an increased proportion of galactose and a looser microstructure were observed in FSDF. In addition, FSDF has more advantages than USDF in relieving colitis symptoms. FSDF is more effective in reversing weight loss, colon shortening, and tissue damage. Meanwhile, it has a better regulatory effect on the level of inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10) and oxidative stress (CAT, T-SOD, and MDA). FSDF treatment more effectively restored gut microbiota composition toward normal parameters compared to USDF by upregulating Akkermanisa and Lachospiracae_NK4A136_group and downregulating Helicobacter and Alisitipes. In conclusion, fermentation treatment with E. cristatum contributed to the preparation efficiency and bioactive effect of SDF from tea residues. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of tea residues.

Impact of chronic alcohol consumption on inflammatory response and periapical bone resorption in induced apical periodontitis: a systematic review of animal studies

Alcohol consumption is linked to reduced bone mass and strength due to an imbalance in bone remodeling, characterized by decreased bone formation and an increased inflammatory response. Apical periodontitis affects the tissues surrounding the teeth and may also influence the systemic immune response by altering inflammatory marker levels. This systematic review examined how alcohol consumption affects the severity of experimental apical periodontitis in animal models. Following PRISMA guidelines, studies were sourced from three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) up to January 26, 2025. The included studies analyzed inflammation and/or bone resorption in animals with induced apical periodontitis, comparing alcohol-exposed groups to well-defined controls. Study quality was evaluated using the Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines and the risk of bias was analyzed using the Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE) tool. Of 135 screened records, 7 studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies were of moderate quality with a moderate risk of bias. Findings revealed that chronic alcohol consumption exacerbates inflammation and bone resorption in rats with experimental apical periodontitis, with effects increasing in a dose-dependent manner. The evidence suggests that chronic alcohol consumption amplifies the periapical inflammatory response in animal models, potentially accelerating apical periodontitis progression. These results highlight the need for further prospective studies to explore the broader implications of alcohol consumption in the context of apical periodontitis. This systematic review is registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42024589226).

Apigenin Attenuates Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Lung Injury via Downregulation of MMP-3 and MCP-1: An Experimental Study in Rats

Background/Objectives: In liver transplant surgery, ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) maneuvers are frequently employed to control bleeding; however, such interventions can result in injury not only to the liver but also to remote organs. The lungs, in particular, are highly susceptible due to their extensive vascularization and inflammatory response. While pulmonary injury secondary to hepatic I-R is recognized, and despite the fact that various antioxidant compounds have been investigated for their potential to mitigate I-R-induced damage to hepatic tissue, few studies have focused on evaluating therapeutic agents aimed at mitigating lung damage in this setting. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of apigenin on pulmonary tissue following liver I-R injury using an experimental rat model. Methods: Sixty-three male albino Wistar rats (approximately 15 weeks old, weighing 220-350 g) were randomly allocated into three groups: a sham group (open-close surgery; n = 7), a control (C) group subjected to liver I-R injury only (n = 28), and an apigenin (Ap) group receiving intraperitoneal apigenin administration immediately after liver ischemia and prior to reperfusion (n = 28). Both the C and Ap groups were subdivided into four equal subgroups corresponding to euthanasia at 60-, 120-, 180-, and 240 min post-reperfusion. Lung tissues were harvested for immunohistochemical analysis targeting the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Results: The apigenin-treated groups exhibited significantly reduced expression levels of MMP-3 and MCP-1 across all time points when compared to the control groups. In contrast, no expression of MMP-3 or MCP-1 was observed in the sham group. Conclusions: The findings support the protective role of the antioxidant apigenin in reducing pulmonary injury following liver I-R. The diminished expression of MMP-3 and MCP-1 in the apigenin-treated rats provides compelling evidence for its protective effects on remote organs.

Courtship and spawning behaviour of medaka in a semi-outdoor environment initiating at midnight

Reproductive timing is a critical ecological trait that directly influences fitness. Medaka (Oryzias latipes), a small freshwater fish, is widely used as a model organism in various scientific fields. However, ecological studies conducted under (semi-) natural conditions remain limited. Although, spawning has been reported to occur within 1 h before and after sunrise, direct observations remain scarce. We investigated the timing of spawning initiation and associated courtship in medaka through 24-h observations using infrared cameras under semi-natural conditions. During the experiments, sunrise occurred at approximately 4:45. Observations of the 31 pairs revealed that spawning occurred between 1:05-9:48, with a peak at 2:00-4:00. Unlike previous reports but like the most recent fieldwork, only 26% of the total spawning events (8/31) were observed within 1 h before and after sunrise. Male courtship behaviours, including following females and quick circle displays, increased from midnight, peaking between 2:00-5:00. This study provides new insights into the natural reproductive timing of medaka, suggesting a possible adaptation to nocturnal spawning, likely as a strategy to reduce predation on both parents and eggs. It also underscores the importance of investigating the ecology of model organisms under (semi-)natural conditions to gain a more comprehensive understanding of biological phenomena observed in laboratory settings.

Neurologic Deficit Score at 4-5 Days Post-eCPR Predicts Long-Term Brain Dysfunction in Rats Following Cardiac Arrest

Cardiac arrest (CA) survivors often develop long-term neurological deficits, but its long-term impact on vulnerable brain regions and neurological outcomes remains unclear. In a previous CA model with conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation, we found reduced heme oxygenase (HO) activity in the hippocampus and cortex 14 days post-CA, suggesting its potential as a functional outcome marker. Here, we used a rat model with 6 or 8 min of CA followed by extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. While in the 6 min-CA group, 67% survived to day 14, increased mortality within 4 days resulted in only 33% survival in the 8 min group post-ROSC. All animals displayed neurological impairment assessed by daily neurologic deficit scoring (NDS). While deficits declined within the first 3-4 days in the 6 min-CA animals, the 8 min-CA group showed significantly worse neurological outcomes until day 14. Two weeks post-CA, neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative markers (HO-1, TNF-R1, Iba1, and GFAP) were elevated in the hippocampus, while HO and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activities were reduced in all rats, indicating a decrease in anti-oxidative capacity and mitochondrial capacity for metabolizing glutamate. NDS at day 4-5 strongly correlated with the delayed CA-mediated enzymatic dysfunction determined in the hippocampus. This finding highlights this time point for identifying at-risk individuals and suggests a prolonged therapeutic intervention lasting at least until 4 days post-CA.

A comparative study on immune responses to demineralized and decellularized bone substitute following intraperitoneal implantation in mouse model

The immunological sensitization of implanted bone grafts is crucial for long-term success. This study aimed to investigate the immune responses following implantation of lyophilized demineralized (DMB) and lyophilized decellularized (DCC) bovine cancellous bone substitutes, respectively, in mouse models of peritoneal implantation to evaluate the effectiveness of DMB and DCC processing methods. The DMB and DCC substitutes were prepared using published methods. BALB/c mice were divided into four groups (n = 4). A small abdominal incision was created to deliver the DMB or DCC materials into the peritoneal cavity. The first group received native unprocessed bone, while the second group was sham-operated (SO). The third and fourth groups received DMB and DCC substitutes, respectively. The immunogenicity effects of the implants were assessed through WBC count, spleen index, CD4 + /CD8 + counts, cytokine expression, and histology analysis of the spleen, liver and kidney. Native controls displayed systemic inflammation. The DMB group showed an increased trend in WBC count, cytokine profile and spleen index on day seven, followed by a considerable reduction in the DCC group compared to DMB on days 14 and 21. The native group showed significantly higher CD4+ /CD8+  T-cells and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ, MCP-1, IL-6). Additionally, the DMB group showed significantly higher mRNA levels for IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The DMB group further exhibited a significantly higher CD4 +  count, while the DCC group demonstrated higher CD8+  T-cells on day 1. Histological assessments of the liver and kidney revealed pyknotic nuclei, necrotic cells, and extravasated RBCs in the native group and, to a lesser extent, in the DMB group, while the DCC group showed normal morphology similar to Sham. Both DMB and DCC demonstrated favourable immunocompatibility properties, while DCC exhibited further immune tolerance in the mouse model.

Dynamic expression of endometrial adhesion G protein-coupled receptors during the menstrual cycle and early mouse pregnancy: modulation by ovarian stimulation

OBJECTIVE

To characterize the expression of adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (ADGR) in the human endometrium and early mouse pregnancy.

DESIGN

An in silico analysis was performed using a retrospective data set comprised endometrial samples across normo-ovulatory menstrual cycles. Gene expression was then validated using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and mRNA sequencing (mRNA-seq) in prospectively collected endometrial biopsies in the periovulatory and midsecretory stages of natural cycles. Gene expression was also investigated under ovarian stimulation (OS) conditions using mRNA-seq. Early pregnancy mouse models were used to investigate whether trends of dynamic ADGR expression are also conserved in the mouse.

SUBJECTS

Twenty-four women aged 21-42 years.

EXPOSURE

Ovulatory menstrual cycle or OS cycle.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Gene expression in endometrial biopsies and pregnant mouse uterus.

RESULTS

Fifteen women, aged 21-33 years, were recruited in natural cycles during the proliferative phase (cycle days 10-13; n = 4), periovulatory (luteinizing hormone + 12-24 hours; n = 6) period, and midsecretory (luteinizing hormone + 8-9 days; n = 5) phase. Nine women aged 31-42 years old undergoing in vitro fertilization (without fresh embryo transfer) or oocyte cryopreservation using a gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist protocol were recruited for the OS cohort in either the periovulatory phase (human chorionic gonadotropin + 2; n = 5) or midsecretory phase (human chorionic gonadotropin + 9; n = 4). The in silico analysis revealed dynamic expression for many ADGRs across the menstrual cycle. Differential gene expression was also seen in the prospective analysis within the menstrual cycle phases and between natural cycle and OS conditions. Within early mouse pregnancy, expression was also found to be altered across several Adgr subfamilies.

CONCLUSION

The differential gene expression observed between the proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle, along with changes in expression seen in OS and early mouse pregnancy suggest that ADGR expression is hormonally regulated by estradiol and progesterone.

Amyloid beta peptides inhibit glucose transport at the blood-brain barrier by disrupting the insulin-AKT pathway

Molecular mechanisms underlying disruptions in brain glucose uptake and metabolism, linked with cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, are only partially understood. This study investigated how soluble amyloid beta (sAβ) peptides affect glucose transport at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the primary portal for glucose entry into the brain. We demonstrated that [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) uptake is reduced in sAβ overproducing APP,PS1 transgenic mice compared to wild-type mice. Moreover, the influx rate of 18FDG decreased in sAβ40 or sAβ42 pre-infused mice, highlighting the inhibitory effect of sAβ peptides on glucose transport at the BBB. Consistently, the expression of GLUT1, the primary glucose transporter at the BBB, is reduced in polarized human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell (hCMEC/D3) monolayers upon exposure to sAβ peptides and in Aβ-laden cerebral vasculature in vivo. The study further examined the influence of sAβ on the insulin-AKT pathway, known to regulate glucose uptake through modulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) expression. Results showed that sAβ peptides suppress AKT phosphorylation and reduce GLUT1 expression by upregulating TXNIP levels in hCMEC/D3 monolayers. Co-incubation of resveratrol with sAβ peptides reduced TXNIP expression and rectified reductions in GLUT1 expression. In summary, toxic sAβ impairs BBB glucose transport by disrupting the insulin/AKT/TXNIP axis.

N6-methyladenosine-regulated exosome biogenesis orchestrates an immunosuppressive pre-metastatic niche in gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis is clinically challenging, given the limited treatment options and poor prognosis. The molecular mechanisms that precede gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis, known as the pre-metastatic niche (PMN), and its relationship with N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification remain unclear.

METHODS

We used 87 resected gastric cancer tissues and 4 public datasets to explore the association between methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) expression and gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis. Roles of m6A, exosomes, or macrophages in PMN formation were explored in immunocompetent mouse models through exosome treatments or macrophage modifications. Key genes and regulatory mechanisms were uncovered using mass spectrometry, RNA/miRNA sequencing, RNA-immunoprecipitation, dual-luciferase assays, and point mutations in the ras-related protein Rab-27A (RAB27A) in cells. Macrophage and T-cell functions were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and cytotoxicity assays.

RESULTS

METTL3 overexpression in gastric cancer cells enhanced RAB27A translation by methylating its mRNA A502 base, facilitated by its m6A "reader" YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein F1 (YTHDF1), and led to increased exosome biogenesis. The miRNA-17-92 cluster was enriched in METTL3-overexpressed cell-derived exosomes and targeted SRC kinase signaling inhibitor 1 (SRCIN1) to activate SRC proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase (SRC) signaling in peritoneal macrophages. Macrophage activation skewed cytokine production towards an immunosuppressive profile in the peritoneum, elevating the levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and reducing the levels of IL-1 and IL-6. These cytokine shifts inhibited T cell proliferation and cytotoxic activities, which created an immunosuppressive PMN and led to peritoneal metastasis. The association between METTL3, macrophages, and peritoneal metastasis was verified in clinical samples.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study identified an intricate m6A-regulated mechanism of peritoneal PMN development that is mediated by exosome-promoted macrophages. These insights into gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis offer promising directions for translational research.

Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition protects against junctophilin-2 proteolysis during doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Treatment of cancer patients with anthracyclines is known to cause dose-dependent cardiotoxicity through several mechanisms including enhanced oxidative stress, ultimately resulting in defective excitation-contraction coupling. Loss of junctophilin-2 (JPH-2), which tethers transverse tubules (T-tubules) to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, is a feature of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, yet the protease involved in unclear. As activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is known to contribute to doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, we investigated here the role of MMP-2 in JPH-2 proteolysis and defective calcium transients in it.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

C57BL/6J mice were treated with doxorubicin for 4 weeks with or without the MMP inhibitor (doxycycline), MMP-2 preferring inhibitor (ONO-4817) or vehicle, and cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography. JPH-2 levels in ventricular extracts were measured. Calcium transients and JPH-2 levels were measured in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes treated with doxorubicin and ONO-4817.

KEY RESULTS

Both MMP inhibitors attenuated doxorubicin-induced cardiac systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Doxorubicin treatment resulted in JPH-2 cleavage in mouse hearts as evidenced by the appearance of lower molecular weight products of 63 and 25 kDa, which was prevented by MMP inhibitors. Loss of JPH-2 and impaired calcium transients were observed in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes treated with doxorubicin, while ONO-4817 attenuated these changes. In silico analysis predicted cleavage sites between JPH-2 MORN repeats and within its unstructured region.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

These results reveal that JPH-2 proteolysis is a consequence of MMP-2 activation and highlight the beneficial prophylactic action of two orally available MMP inhibitors in preventing doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.

Evaluation of a novel high speed burr tip for safe and efficient bone surgery in a sheep model

The exposure of neural structures by removing the overlying bone using a high-speed drill can cause iatrogenic injury to the dura, neural tissue, and vessels. We investigated the safety and efficacy of a novel Surgify Safety Burr (SSB), attachable to existing high-speed drills. Three anesthetized living sheep underwent cranial burr hole drilling (n = 19) and hemilaminectomies (n = 14) with the SSB and standard burrs. Drilling time, dural injury, and subjective evaluation of heating and haptic feedback of each burr were assessed. Cranial burr hole drilling was done using diamond (n = 3), fluted (n = 6), and SSB (n = 10) burrs. Penetrating dura damage was observed in 33% of the diamond burr drilled holes, and in 33% of the fluted burr drilled holes, but not in the holes drilled with the SSB. Hemilaminectomies were performed with the SSB (n = 7) and diamond (n = 7) burrs without drilling-induced dura damage. Mean drilling time was not significantly different in cranial drilling (SSB, 121 ± 18s; fluted burr, 63 ± 22s; diamond burr, 165 ± 29s) nor in hemilaminectomy (SSB, 108 ± 13s; diamond burr, 95 ± 18s). Subjective evaluation of the SSB suggested efficient bone removal without heating or chattering. The SSB is a safe and effective surgical tool in cranial drilling and hemilaminectomy procedures. Safety, efficacy, and clinical benefits should be established in human studies.

Hedera helix folium extract attenuates methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity by modulating oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators

Methotrexate (MTX)-induced hepatotoxicity is linked to oxidative damage and inflammatory processes. Hedera helix folium (HHF) extract protects cells against oxidative damage. We investigated the role of HHF extract in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10)-associated inflammation and oxidative stress in the pathology of MTX-associated liver injury in rats. Forty male rats were divided into one of five equal groups: Control, HHF, MTX, H100+MTX and H200+MTX. HHF extract was administered via the oral route at 100 mg/kg or 200 mg/kg once daily for seven days, while MTX was administered as a single dose of 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally. Intracardiac blood samples and liver tissue samples were collected at the conclusion of the experiment. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels increased due to MTX. Increased ALT levels were significantly reduced by low-dose HHF and increased AST levels were significantly reduced by high-dose HHF administration. The application of MTX significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and TNF-α levels, while significantly reducing those of glutathione (GSH) and IL-10. High-dose HHF also significantly lowered MDA and TNF-α levels, while significantly increasing those of GSH and IL-10. Histopathological damage findings observed due to MTX were significantly attenuated with high-dose HHF. In addition, the increased caspase-3, p53, and Bcl2 levels caused by MTX decreased with high-dose HHF administration. HHF extract can alleviate liver damage induced by MTX. This extract, which has the ability to reduce damage due to oxidative stress and inflammation, may represent an alternative approach to preventing MTX-induced liver damage.

Endorsement of reporting guidelines and clinical trial registration by tropical medicine and infectious disease journals: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Studies published in academic medical journals inform and influence healthcare decisions. Sufficient study reporting is primarily charged to researchers. However, journals can promote more complete reporting of their published studies. Recommending or requiring reporting guideline use and prospective trial registration may ensure published studies adhere to rigorous reporting standards. This study aimed to evaluate 'instructions to authors' pages of tropical medicine and infectious disease (TM/ID) journals to assess endorsement of reporting guidelines (RGs) for common medical study designs and clinical trial registration.

METHODS

Using a cross-sectional design guided by the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist, we examined the top 100 infectious disease (ID) journals identified by the 2021 Scopus CiteScore tool and the 21 tropical medicine (TM) journals identified by Clarivate Web of Science. Each editorial journal staff was contacted for specific study designs accepted. Data were extracted from journals' 'instructions to authors' webpages with any discrepancies being resolved through consensus. We assessed adherence to RGs and clinical trial registration.

RESULTS

This study identified 293 TM/ID journals. Among the top 100 ID journals selected (Scopus CiteScore), 2 unfit journals were replaced. Among the 28 TM journals selected (Clarivate Web of Science), 5 were removed due to being duplicates and 2 were removed due to not being published in English. The Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research (EQUATOR) Network was cited by 49% of journals, while 85% of journals referenced the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) was most cited (73%), Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses was least (2.6%). Clinical trial registration was mentioned by 73% of the journals.

CONCLUSIONS

TM and ID journals demonstrated suboptimal endorsement of various RGs. Among our findings, however, CONSORT and clinical trial registration garnered over 70% endorsement. We propose journals streamline RGs, establish user-friendly 'instructions to authors' pages and mandate reporting guideline adherence. These insights inform future research on enhancing reporting guideline use and TM/ID research quality.

E-cadherin expression in the tongue epithelium of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: an exploratory study

OBJECTIVE

Little was found on the association between diabetes and its effect on epithelial intercellular adhesion. However, no study reported the association between hyperglycemia and E-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion in tongue epithelium. This study aimed to explore the potential impacts of hyperglycemia on the epithelial E-cadherin expression in the tongue's epithelial tissue in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Twelve male Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into control and STZ-induced diabetic groups. At the 5-week post-STZ injection, rats were euthanized, and the tongues were harvested and preserved in formalin. Epithelial thickness was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, while immunohistochemistry (IHC) was employed to analyze the expression of E-cadherin. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired t-tests and two-proportion Z-tests, with a significance level determined at p < 0.05.

RESULTS

The results showed a significant reduction in epithelial thickness in the dorsal tongue of STZ-diabetic rats compared to the control group (p = 0.0173). Additionally, E-cadherin expression in the dorsal tongue epithelium was markedly weaker in the diabetic group than in the control (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

This exploratory study is the first to report that hyperglycemia reduces E-cadherin expression in the dorsal tongue epithelium, possibly contributing to oral epithelial alterations observed in diabetes. These findings not only highlight the potential diagnostic value of E-cadherin as a biomarker for oral complications in diabetic patients but also provide a foundation for future translational and clinical studies exploring therapeutic interventions targeting epithelial integrity in diabetes.