51
|
Higher limb asymmetry in deceased human fetuses and infants with aneuploidy. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3703. [PMID: 24424506 PMCID: PMC3892436 DOI: 10.1038/srep03703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidies cause gene-dosage imbalances that presumably result in a generalized decreased developmental homeostasis, which is expected to be detectable through an increase in fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of bilateral symmetric traits. However, support for the link between aneuploidy and FA is currently limited and no comparisons among different aneuploidies have been made. Here, we study FA in deceased human fetuses and infants from a 20-year hospital collection. Mean FA of limb bones was compared among groups of aneuploidies with different prenatal and postnatal survival chances and two reference groups (normal karyogram or no congenital anomalies). Limb asymmetry was 1.5 times higher for aneuploid cases with generally very short life expectancies (trisomy 13, trisomy 18, monosomy X, triploidy) than for trisomy 21 patients and both reference groups with higher life expectancies. Thus, FA levels are highest in groups for which developmental disturbances have been highest. Our results show a significant relationship between fluctuating asymmetry, human genetic disorders and severity of the associated abnormalities.
Collapse
|
52
|
DeLaurier A, Huycke TR, Nichols JT, Swartz ME, Larsen A, Walker C, Dowd J, Pan L, Moens CB, Kimmel CB. Role of mef2ca in developmental buffering of the zebrafish larval hyoid dermal skeleton. Dev Biol 2014; 385:189-99. [PMID: 24269905 PMCID: PMC3892954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic robustness requires a process of developmental buffering that is largely not understood, but which can be disrupted by mutations. Here we show that in mef2ca(b1086) loss of function mutant embryos and early larvae, development of craniofacial hyoid bones, the opercle (Op) and branchiostegal ray (BR), becomes remarkably unstable; the large magnitude of the instability serves as a positive attribute to learn about features of this developmental buffering. The OpBR mutant phenotype variably includes bone expansion and fusion, Op duplication, and BR homeosis. Formation of a novel bone strut, or a bone bridge connecting the Op and BR together occurs frequently. We find no evidence that the phenotypic stability in the wild type is provided by redundancy between mef2ca and its co-ortholog mef2cb, or that it is related to the selector (homeotic) gene function of mef2ca. Changes in dorsal-ventral patterning of the hyoid arch also might not contribute to phenotypic instability in mutants. However, subsequent development of the bone lineage itself, including osteoblast differentiation and morphogenetic outgrowth, shows marked variation. Hence, steps along the developmental trajectory appear differentially sensitive to the loss of buffering, providing focus for the future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- April DeLaurier
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - Tyler R Huycke
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - James T Nichols
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - Mary E Swartz
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - Ashlin Larsen
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - Charline Walker
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - John Dowd
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA
| | - Luyuan Pan
- Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Cecilia B Moens
- Division of Basic Science, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. N., PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Charles B Kimmel
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1254, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Bonatti V, Simões ZLP, Franco FF, Francoy TM. Evidence of at least two evolutionary lineages in Melipona subnitida (Apidae, Meliponini) suggested by mtDNA variability and geometric morphometrics of forewings. Naturwissenschaften 2014; 101:17-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-013-1123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
54
|
ten Broek CMA, Bots J, Varela-Lasheras I, Bugiani M, Galis F, Van Dongen S. Amniotic fluid deficiency and congenital abnormalities both influence fluctuating asymmetry in developing limbs of human deceased fetuses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81824. [PMID: 24312362 PMCID: PMC3842303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), as an indirect measure of developmental instability (DI), has been intensively studied for associations with stress and fitness. Patterns, however, appear heterogeneous and the underlying causes remain largely unknown. One aspect that has received relatively little attention in the literature is the consequence of direct mechanical effects on asymmetries. The crucial prerequisite for FA to reflect DI is that environmental conditions on both sides should be identical. This condition may be violated during early human development if amniotic fluid volume is deficient, as the resulting mechanical pressures may increase asymmetries. Indeed, we showed that limb bones of deceased human fetuses exhibited increased asymmetry, when there was not sufficient amniotic fluid (and, thus, space) in the uterine cavity. As amniotic fluid deficiency is known to cause substantial asymmetries and abnormal limb development, these subtle asymmetries are probably at least in part caused by the mechanical pressures. On the other hand, deficiencies in amniotic fluid volume are known to be associated with other congenital abnormalities that may disturb DI. More specifically, urogenital abnormalities can directly affect/reduce amniotic fluid volume. We disentangled the direct mechanical effects on FA from the indirect effects of urogenital abnormalities, the latter presumably representing DI. We discovered that both factors contributed significantly to the increase in FA. However, the direct mechanical effect of uterine pressure, albeit statistically significant, appeared less important than the effects of urogenital abnormalities, with an effect size only two-third as large. We, thus, conclude that correcting for the relevant direct factors allowed for a representative test of the association between DI and stress, and confirmed that fetuses form a suitable model system to increase our understanding in patterns of FA and symmetry development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Mariquita Antoinette ten Broek
- Group of Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica Bots
- Group of Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Irma Varela-Lasheras
- Department of Patterning and Morphogenesis, Gulbenkian Institute of Science, Oeiros, Portugal
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frietson Galis
- Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Van Dongen
- Group of Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Stamps JA, Saltz JB, Krishnan V. Genotypic differences in behavioural entropy: unpredictable genotypes are composed of unpredictable individuals. Anim Behav 2013; 86:641-649. [PMID: 24098058 PMCID: PMC3788645 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intra-genotypic variability (IGV) occurs when individuals with the same genotype, raised in the same environment and then tested under the same conditions, express different trait values. Game theoretical and bet-hedging models have suggested two ways that a single genotype might generate variable behaviour when behavioural variation is discrete rather than continuous: behavioural polyphenism (a genotype produces different types of individuals, each of which consistently expresses a different type of behaviour) or stochastic variability (a genotype produces one type of individual who randomly expresses different types of behaviour over time). We first demonstrated significant differences across 14 natural genotypes of male Drosophila melanogaster in the variability (as measured by entropy) of their microhabitat choice, in an experiment in which each fly was allowed free access to four different types of habitat. We then tested four hypotheses about ways that within-individual variability might contribute to differences across genotypes in the variability of microhabitat choice. There was no empirical support for three hypotheses (behavioural polymorphism, consistent choice, or time-based choice), nor could our results be attributed to genotypic differences in activity levels. The stochastic variability hypothesis accurately predicted the slope and the intercept of the relationship across genotypes between entropy at the individual level and entropy at the genotype level. However, our initial version of the stochastic model slightly but significantly overestimated the values of individual entropy for each genotype, pointing to specific assumptions of this model that might need to be adjusted in future studies of the IGV of microhabitat choice. This is among a handful of recent studies to document genotypic differences in behavioural IGV, and the first to explore ways that genotypic differences in within-individual variability might contribute to differences among genotypes in the predictability of their behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia B. Saltz
- Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California
| | - V.V. Krishnan
- School of Engineering, San Francisco State University
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Breno M, Bots J, De Schaepdrijver L, Van Dongen S. Fluctuating asymmetry as risk marker for stress and structural defects in a toxicologic experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 98:310-7. [PMID: 24039084 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (the directionally random asymmetry of bilateral structures, FA) is commonly used as a measure of developmental instability, and may increase with stress. As several studies reported a relation between FA and developmental abnormalities, we investigate whether FA could be an additional perhaps more sensitive marker of developmental toxicity. The aim of this work is analyzing patterns of FA in multiple traits in a large dataset of rabbit fetuses, which were prenatally exposed to a toxic compound and sacrificed just before natural delivery. Gravid females were exposed to three doses of this compound, inducing abnormalities in the fetuses at the high dose only. The average FA, however, was already higher than control in rabbit fetuses of the low-dose group but did not further increase with higher concentrations. Moreover, the increase in FA differed between traits, with the hindlimbs showing the strongest response. In addition, we did not find any association between FA and the presence of fetal abnormalities at the individual level. Although these results suggest that FA may act as "an early warning system," we did not find a dose-response relationship with increasing stress and effects were trait-specific. Further testing is needed before FA may be considered as a sensitive marker in developmental toxicity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Breno
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Carreira VP, Imberti MA, Mensch J, Fanara JJ. Gene-by-temperature interactions and candidate plasticity genes for morphological traits in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70851. [PMID: 23936253 PMCID: PMC3728209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic architecture of any quantitative trait requires identifying the genes involved in its expression in different environmental conditions. This goal can be achieved by mutagenesis screens in genetically tractable model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster. Temperature during ontogenesis is an important environmental factor affecting development and phenotypic variation in holometabolous insects. In spite of the importance of phenotypic plasticity and genotype by environment interaction (GEI) for fitness related traits, its genetic basis has remained elusive. In this context, we analyzed five different adult morphological traits (face width, head width, thorax length, wing size and wing shape) in 42 co-isogenic single P-element insertional lines of Drosophila melanogaster raised at 17°C and 25°C. Our analyses showed that all lines differed from the control for at least one trait in males or females at either temperature. However, no line showed those differences for all traits in both sexes and temperatures simultaneously. In this sense, the most pleiotropic candidate genes were CG34460, Lsd-2 and Spn. Our analyses also revealed extensive genetic variation for all the characters mostly indicated by strong GEIs. Further, our results indicate that GEIs were predominantly explained by changes in ranking order in all cases suggesting that a moderate number of genes are involved in the expression of each character at both temperatures. Most lines displayed a plastic response for at least one trait in either sex. In this regard, P-element insertions affecting plasticity of a large number of traits were associated to the candidate genes Btk29A, CG43340, Drak and jim. Further studies will help to elucidate the relevance of these genes on the morphogenesis of different body structures in natural populations of D. melanogaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Paula Carreira
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Breno M, Bots J, Van Dongen S. Relationship between canalization and developmental stability of foetal rabbit limbs in two reproductive toxicological experiments. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Breno
- Evolutionary Ecology Group; Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 B-2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Jessica Bots
- Evolutionary Ecology Group; Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 B-2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Stefan Van Dongen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group; Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; Groenenborgerlaan 171 B-2020 Antwerp Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Debat V, Peronnet F. Asymmetric flies: the control of developmental noise in Drosophila. Fly (Austin) 2013; 7:70-7. [PMID: 23519089 PMCID: PMC3732334 DOI: 10.4161/fly.23558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
What are the sources of phenotypic variation and which factors shape this variation are fundamental questions of developmental and evolutionary biology. Despite this simple formulation and intense research, controversy remains. Three points are particularly discussed: (1) whether adaptive developmental mechanisms buffering variation exist at all; (2) if yes, do they involve specific genes and processes, i.e., different from those involved in the development of the traits that are buffered?; and (3) whether different mechanisms specifically buffer the various sources of variation, i.e., genetic, environmental and stochastic, or whether a generalist process buffers them all at once. We advocate that experimental work integrating different levels of analysis will improve our understanding of the origin of phenotypic variation and thus help answering these contentious questions. In this paper, we first survey the current views on these issues, highlighting potential sources of controversy. We then focus on the stochastic part of phenotypic variation, as measured by fluctuating asymmetry, and on current knowledge about the genetic basis of developmental stability. We report our recent discovery that an individual gene, Cyclin G, plays a central role-adaptive or not-in developmental stability in Drosophila. ( 1) We discuss the implications of this discovery on the regulation of organ size and shape, and finally point out open questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Debat
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7205 OSEB, Département Systématique et Evolution, Paris, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Morales Vargas RE, Phumala-Morales N, Tsunoda T, Apiwathnasorn C, Dujardin JP. The phenetic structure of Aedes albopictus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 13:242-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
61
|
Savriama Y, Gómez JM, Perfectti F, Klingenberg CP. Geometric morphometrics of corolla shape: dissecting components of symmetric and asymmetric variation in Erysimum mediohispanicum (Brassicaceae). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:945-954. [PMID: 22988918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Symmetry is an important feature of floral structure, and floral symmetries are diverse and often complex. We use a new morphometric approach for analysing shapes with complex types of symmetry, which partitions shape variation into a component of symmetric variation and different components of asymmetry. This approach, based on the mathematical theory of symmetry groups, can be used for landmark configurations with any type of symmetry and is therefore promising as a general framework for morphometric analyses of floral symmetry and asymmetry. We demonstrate this approach by quantifying floral shape variation in a wild population of Erysimum mediohispanicum (Brassicaceae). Flowers of this species are disymmetric, so that the symmetry in the left-right and adaxial-abaxial directions can be considered separately and in combination. Both principal component analysis and Procrustes ANOVA indicate that symmetric variation accounts for most of the total variance and that adaxial-abaxial asymmetry is the dominant component of fluctuating asymmetry. Each component is associated with specific patterns of shape variation. These results illustrate the potential of the new method and suggest new areas for future research. The new morphometric approach is promising for further analyses of floral symmetry and asymmetry in evolutionary and developmental contexts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoland Savriama
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
- UMR 7205 CP 50 Entomologie/service Hyménoptères, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
- Department of Biological Sciences St. Albert Hall, Rm 272 St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - José María Gómez
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Perfectti
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Christian Peter Klingenberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Pitchers W, Pool JE, Dworkin I. Altitudinal clinal variation in wing size and shape in African Drosophila melanogaster: one cline or many? Evolution 2012; 67:438-52. [PMID: 23356616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Geographical patterns of morphological variation have been useful in addressing hypotheses about environmental adaptation. In particular, latitudinal clines in phenotypes have been studied in a number of Drosophila species. Some environmental conditions along latitudinal clines-for example, temperature-also vary along altitudinal clines, but these have been studied infrequently and it remains unclear whether these environmental factors are similar enough for convergence or parallel evolution. Most clinal studies in Drosophila have dealt exclusively with univariate phenotypes, allowing for the detection of clinal relationships, but not for estimating the directions of covariation between them. We measured variation in wing shape and size in D. melanogaster derived from populations at varying altitudes and latitudes across sub-Saharan Africa. Geometric morphometrics allows us to compare shape changes associated with latitude and altitude, and manipulating rearing temperature allows us to quantify the extent to which thermal plasticity recapitulates clinal effects. Comparing effect vectors demonstrates that altitude, latitude, and temperature are only partly associated, and that the altitudinal shape effect may differ between Eastern and Western Africa. Our results suggest that selection responsible for these phenotypic clines may be more complex than just thermal adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Pitchers
- Department of Zoology, Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Beasley DE, Bonisoli-Alquati A, Welch SM, Møller AP, Mousseau TA. Effects of parental radiation exposure on developmental instability in grasshoppers. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1149-62. [PMID: 22507690 PMCID: PMC3964017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutagenic and epigenetic effects of environmental stressors and their transgenerational consequences are of interest to evolutionary biologists because they can amplify natural genetic variation. We studied the effect of parental exposure to radioactive contamination on offspring development in lesser marsh grasshopper Chorthippus albomarginatus. We used a geometric morphometric approach to measure fluctuating asymmetry (FA), wing shape and wing size. We measured time to sexual maturity to check whether parental exposure to radiation influenced offspring developmental trajectory and tested effects of radiation on hatching success and parental fecundity. Wings were larger in early maturing individuals born to parents from high radiation sites compared to early maturing individuals from low radiation sites. As time to sexual maturity increased, wing size decreased but more sharply in individuals from high radiation sites. Radiation exposure did not significantly affect FA or shape in wings nor did it significantly affect hatching success and fecundity. Overall, parental radiation exposure can adversely affect offspring development and fitness depending on developmental trajectories although the cause of this effect remains unclear. We suggest more direct measures of fitness and the inclusion of replication in future studies to help further our understanding of the relationship between developmental instability, fitness and environmental stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D E Beasley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Posnien N, Hopfen C, Hilbrant M, Ramos-Womack M, Murat S, Schönauer A, Herbert SL, Nunes MDS, Arif S, Breuker CJ, Schlötterer C, Mitteroecker P, McGregor AP. Evolution of eye morphology and rhodopsin expression in the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37346. [PMID: 22662147 PMCID: PMC3360684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A striking diversity of compound eye size and shape has evolved among insects. The number of ommatidia and their size are major determinants of the visual sensitivity and acuity of the compound eye. Each ommatidium is composed of eight photoreceptor cells that facilitate the discrimination of different colours via the expression of various light sensitive Rhodopsin proteins. It follows that variation in eye size, shape, and opsin composition is likely to directly influence vision. We analyzed variation in these three traits in D. melanogaster, D. simulans and D. mauritiana. We show that D. mauritiana generally has larger eyes than its sibling species, which is due to a combination of larger ommatidia and more ommatidia. In addition, intra- and inter-specific differences in eye size among D. simulans and D. melanogaster strains are mainly caused by variation in ommatidia number. By applying a geometric morphometrics approach to assess whether the formation of larger eyes influences other parts of the head capsule, we found that an increase in eye size is associated with a reduction in the adjacent face cuticle. Our shape analysis also demonstrates that D. mauritiana eyes are specifically enlarged in the dorsal region. Intriguingly, this dorsal enlargement is associated with enhanced expression of rhodopsin 3 in D. mauritiana. In summary, our data suggests that the morphology and functional properties of the compound eyes vary considerably within and among these closely related Drosophila species and may be part of coordinated morphological changes affecting the head capsule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Posnien
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Corinna Hopfen
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maarten Hilbrant
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Margarita Ramos-Womack
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Sophie Murat
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Schönauer
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Samantha L. Herbert
- Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria D. S. Nunes
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saad Arif
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Casper J. Breuker
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Schlötterer
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Mitteroecker
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (PM); or (APM)
| | - Alistair P. McGregor
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (PM); or (APM)
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Takahashi KH, Okada Y, Teramura K. Deficiency screening for genomic regions with effects on environmental sensitivity of the sensory bristles of Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 2012; 66:2878-90. [PMID: 22946809 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01636.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental canalization is defined as a reduction in the effect of external environmental perturbations on a phenotype, while phenotypic plasticity is defined as the production of different phenotypes in alternative environments. These terms describe different aspects of the same phenomenon, that is, the sensitivity of the phenotype to the environment. Genetic regulation of the environmental sensitivity has been a central topic in the field of evolutionary biology. In this study, we performed deficiency screening to detect genomic regions with effects on the environmental sensitivity of Drosophila melanogaster sensory bristles. We used a collection of isogenic deficiency strains established by the DrosDel Project for screening. We screened 423 genomic deficiencies that encompassed approximately 63.6% of the entire D. melanogaster genome. We identified 29 genomic deficiencies showing significant effects on environmental sensitivity, suggesting that multiple genomic regions may influence phenotypic variation. We also found significant correlations among the effects of deficiencies on environmental sensitivity for different bristle traits, suggesting that the same genetic mechanism can regulate environmental sensitivity of multiple traits. Current high-resolution mapping will facilitate the examination of individual candidate genes using mutations or RNAi approaches in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo H Takahashi
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 3-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Klingenberg CP, Duttke S, Whelan S, Kim M. Developmental plasticity, morphological variation and evolvability: a multilevel analysis of morphometric integration in the shape of compound leaves. J Evol Biol 2011; 25:115-29. [PMID: 22070353 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The structure of compound leaves provides flexibility for morphological change by variation in the shapes, sizes and arrangement of leaflets. Here, we conduct a multilevel analysis of shape variation in compound leaves to explore the developmental plasticity and evolutionary potential that are the basis of diversification in leaf shape. We use the methods of geometric morphometrics to study the shapes of individual leaflets and whole leaves in 20 taxa of Potentilla (sensu lato). A newly developed test based on the bootstrap approach suggests that uncertainty in the molecular phylogeny precludes firm conclusions whether there is a phylogenetic signal in the data on leaf shape. For variation among taxa, variation within taxa, as well as fluctuating asymmetry, there is evidence of strong morphological integration. The patterns of variation are similar across all three levels, suggesting that integration within taxa may act as a constraint on evolutionary change.
Collapse
|
67
|
Viscosi V, Cardini A. Leaf morphology, taxonomy and geometric morphometrics: a simplified protocol for beginners. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25630. [PMID: 21991324 PMCID: PMC3184990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxonomy relies greatly on morphology to discriminate groups. Computerized geometric morphometric methods for quantitative shape analysis measure, test and visualize differences in form in a highly effective, reproducible, accurate and statistically powerful way. Plant leaves are commonly used in taxonomic analyses and are particularly suitable to landmark based geometric morphometrics. However, botanists do not yet seem to have taken advantage of this set of methods in their studies as much as zoologists have done. Using free software and an example dataset from two geographical populations of sessile oak leaves, we describe in detailed but simple terms how to: a) compute size and shape variables using Procrustes methods; b) test measurement error and the main levels of variation (population and trees) using a hierachical design; c) estimate the accuracy of group discrimination; d) repeat this estimate after controlling for the effect of size differences on shape (i.e., allometry). Measurement error was completely negligible; individual variation in leaf morphology was large and differences between trees were generally bigger than within trees; differences between the two geographic populations were small in both size and shape; despite a weak allometric trend, controlling for the effect of size on shape slighly increased discrimination accuracy. Procrustes based methods for the analysis of landmarks were highly efficient in measuring the hierarchical structure of differences in leaves and in revealing very small-scale variation. In taxonomy and many other fields of botany and biology, the application of geometric morphometrics contributes to increase scientific rigour in the description of important aspects of the phenotypic dimension of biodiversity. Easy to follow but detailed step by step example studies can promote a more extensive use of these numerical methods, as they provide an introduction to the discipline which, for many biologists, is less intimidating than the often inaccessible specialistic literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Viscosi
- Museo Erbario del Molise, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Ambiente e il Territorio, Università del Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, Pesche, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Debat V, Bloyer S, Faradji F, Gidaszewski N, Navarro N, Orozco-terWengel P, Ribeiro V, Schlötterer C, Deutsch JS, Peronnet F. Developmental stability: a major role for cyclin G in drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002314. [PMID: 21998598 PMCID: PMC3188557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological consistency in metazoans is remarkable given the pervasive occurrence of genetic variation, environmental effects, and developmental noise. Developmental stability, the ability to reduce developmental noise, is a fundamental property of multicellular organisms, yet its genetic bases remains elusive. Imperfect bilateral symmetry, or fluctuating asymmetry, is commonly used to estimate developmental stability. We observed that Drosophila melanogaster overexpressing Cyclin G (CycG) exhibit wing asymmetry clearly detectable by sight. Quantification of wing size and shape using geometric morphometrics reveals that this asymmetry is a genuine-but extreme-fluctuating asymmetry. Overexpression of CycG indeed leads to a 40-fold increase of wing fluctuating asymmetry, which is an unprecedented effect, for any organ and in any animal model, either in wild populations or mutants. This asymmetry effect is not restricted to wings, since femur length is affected as well. Inactivating CycG by RNAi also induces fluctuating asymmetry but to a lesser extent. Investigating the cellular bases of the phenotypic effects of CycG deregulation, we found that misregulation of cell size is predominant in asymmetric flies. In particular, the tight negative correlation between cell size and cell number observed in wild-type flies is impaired when CycG is upregulated. Our results highlight the role of CycG in the control of developmental stability in D. melanogaster. Furthermore, they show that wing developmental stability is normally ensured via compensatory processes between cell growth and cell proliferation. We discuss the possible role of CycG as a hub in a genetic network that controls developmental stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Debat
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Département Systématique et Evolution UMR 7205, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Bloyer
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement UMR 7622, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Floria Faradji
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement UMR 7622, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Nelly Gidaszewski
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Département Systématique et Evolution UMR 7205, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Navarro
- Laboratory of Artificial and Natural Evolution Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, University of Geneva Sciences III, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Orozco-terWengel
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valérie Ribeiro
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement UMR 7622, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Christian Schlötterer
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean S. Deutsch
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement UMR 7622, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Peronnet
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement UMR 7622, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Beyond bilateral symmetry: geometric morphometric methods for any type of symmetry. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:280. [PMID: 21958045 PMCID: PMC3209460 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of symmetric structures have made important contributions to evolutionary biology, for example, by using fluctuating asymmetry as a measure of developmental instability or for investigating the mechanisms of morphological integration. Most analyses of symmetry and asymmetry have focused on organisms or parts with bilateral symmetry. This is not the only type of symmetry in biological shapes, however, because a multitude of other types of symmetry exists in plants and animals. For instance, some organisms have two axes of reflection symmetry (biradial symmetry; e.g. many algae, corals and flowers) or rotational symmetry (e.g. sea urchins and many flowers). So far, there is no general method for the shape analysis of these types of symmetry. RESULTS We generalize the morphometric methods currently used for the shape analysis of bilaterally symmetric objects so that they can be used for analyzing any type of symmetry. Our framework uses a mathematical definition of symmetry based on the theory of symmetry groups. This approach can be used to divide shape variation into a component of symmetric variation among individuals and one or more components of asymmetry. We illustrate this approach with data from a colonial coral that has ambiguous symmetry and thus can be analyzed in multiple ways. Our results demonstrate that asymmetric variation predominates in this dataset and that its amount depends on the type of symmetry considered in the analysis. CONCLUSIONS The framework for analyzing symmetry and asymmetry is suitable for studying structures with any type of symmetry in two or three dimensions. Studies of complex symmetries are promising for many contexts in evolutionary biology, such as fluctuating asymmetry, because these structures can potentially provide more information than structures with bilateral symmetry.
Collapse
|
70
|
|
71
|
Parsons TE, Schmidt EJ, Boughner JC, Jamniczky HA, Marcucio RS, Hallgrímsson B. Epigenetic integration of the developing brain and face. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:2233-44. [PMID: 21901785 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of the brain and face and to what extent this relationship constrains or enables evolutionary change in the craniofacial complex is an issue of long-standing interest in vertebrate evolution. To investigate brain-face integration, we studied the covariation between the forebrain and midface at gestational days 10-10.5 in four strains of laboratory mice. We found that phenotypic variation in the forebrain is highly correlated with that of the face during face formation such that variation in the size of the forebrain correlates with the degree of prognathism and orientation of the facial prominences. This suggests strongly that the integration of the brain and face is relevant to the etiology of midfacial malformations such as orofacial clefts. This axis of integration also has important implications for the evolutionary developmental biology of the mammalian craniofacial complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trish E Parsons
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
BRENO MATTEO, LEIRS HERWIG, VAN DONGEN STEFAN. No relationship between canalization and developmental stability of the skull in a natural population ofMastomys natalensis(Rodentia: Muridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
73
|
Takahashi KH, Okada Y, Teramura K, Tsujino M. DEFICIENCY MAPPING OF THE GENOMIC REGIONS ASSOCIATED WITH EFFECTS ON DEVELOPMENTAL STABILITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. Evolution 2011; 65:3565-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
74
|
Takahashi KH, Okada Y, Teramura K. Genome-wide deficiency mapping of the regions responsible for temporal canalization of the developmental processes of Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 102:448-57. [PMID: 21525178 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esr026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Developmental processes of organisms are programmed to proceed in a finely regulated manner and finish within a certain period of time depending on the ambient environmental conditions. Therefore, variation in the developmental period under controlled genetic and environmental conditions indicates innate instability of the developmental process. In this study, we aimed to determine whether a molecular machinery exists that regulates the canalization of the developmental period and, if so, to test whether the same mechanism also stabilizes a morphological trait. To search for regions that influence the instability of the developmental period, we conducted genome-wide deficiency mapping with 441 isogenic deficiency strains covering 65.5% of the Drosophila melanogaster genome. We found that 11 independent deficiencies significantly increased the instability of the developmental period and 5 of these also significantly increased the fluctuating asymmetry of wing shape although there was no significant correlation between the instabilities of developmental period and wing shape in general. These results suggest that canalization processes of the developmental period and morphological traits are at least partially independent. Our findings emphasize the potential importance of temporal variation in development as an indicator of developmental stability and canalization and provide a novel perspective for understanding the regulation of phenotypic variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo H Takahashi
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University, 3-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Nouvellet P, Ramirez-Sierra MJ, Dumonteil E, Gourbière S. Effects of genetic factors and infection status on wing morphology of Triatoma dimidiata species complex in the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:1243-9. [PMID: 21515410 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Triatoma dimidiata is one of the main vectors of Chagas disease, and it has been shown to be a species complex. In the Yucatán peninsula, Mexico, vector populations are non-domiciliated, and the transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi thus critically relies on vector dispersal. This leads us to study the morphologic variations in T. dimidiata wings with respect to genetic factors (sex and genotype at the ITS-2 locus), geographic location, and T. cruzi-infection status. Females were found to have larger and more symmetrical wings than males. Wing shape was influenced by ITS-2 genotypes, although differences are unlikely sufficient to allow taxonomic discrimination of the sibling species. Hybrids were shown to have similar fluctuating asymmetries in wing size and shape as parental species, but the level of asymmetry in shape varied slightly between villages. The two later findings are consistent with a high level of gene flow between parental species, and the high dispersal potential of these non-domiciliated vectors. More surprisingly, individuals infected with T. cruzi were found to have larger wings than non-infected ones. This effect, which was consistently observed across sexes, genotypes and villages, is likely to be due to a direct impact of T. cruzi on insect development. Sex and infection status are thus likely to be key factors influencing vector dispersal with important impacts on disease transmission, since dispersal directly controls the domestic abundance of these vectors. These aspects should be investigated further to fully capture the ecology and evolution of Chagas disease transmission by non-domiciliated vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Nouvellet
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Webster M, Zelditch ML. Evolutionary Lability of Integration in Cambrian Ptychoparioid Trilobites. Evol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-011-9110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
77
|
ELTON SARAH, DUNN JASON, CARDINI ANDREA. Size variation facilitates population divergence but does not explain it all: an example study from a widespread African monkey. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
78
|
Klingenberg CP, Debat V, Roff DA. Quantitative genetics of shape in cricket wings: developmental integration in a functional structure. Evolution 2010; 64:2935-51. [PMID: 20482613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of developmental and genetic integration for evolution is contentious. One hypothesis states that integration acts as a constraint on evolution, whereas an alternative is that developmental and genetic systems evolve to match the functional modularity of organisms. This study examined a morphological structure, the cricket wing, where developmental and functional modules are discordant, making it possible to distinguish the two alternatives. Wing shape was characterized with geometric morphometrics, quantitative genetic information was extracted using a full-sibling breeding design, and patterns of developmental integration were inferred from fluctuating asymmetry of wing shape. The patterns of genetic, phenotypic, and developmental integration were clearly similar, but not identical. Heritabilities for different shape variables varied widely, but no shape variables were devoid of genetic variation. Simulated selection for specific shape changes produced predicted responses with marked deflections due to the genetic covariance structure. Three hypotheses of modularity according to the wing structures involved in sound production were inconsistent with the genetic, phenotypic, or developmental covariance structure. Instead, there appears to be strong integration throughout the wing. The hypothesis that genetic and developmental integration evolve to match functional modularity can therefore be rejected for this example.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Peter Klingenberg
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
|
80
|
Abbott JK, Bedhomme S, Chippindale AK. Sexual conflict in wing size and shape in Drosophila melanogaster. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:1989-97. [PMID: 20695965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Intralocus sexual conflict occurs when opposing selection pressures operate on loci expressed in both sexes, constraining the evolution of sexual dimorphism and displacing one or both sexes from their optimum. We eliminated intralocus conflict in Drosophila melanogaster by limiting transmission of all major chromosomes to males, thereby allowing them to win the intersexual tug-of-war. Here, we show that this male-limited (ML) evolution treatment led to the evolution (in both sexes) of masculinized wing morphology, body size, growth rate, wing loading, and allometry. In addition to more male-like size and shape, ML evolution resulted in an increase in developmental stability for males. However, females expressing ML chromosomes were less developmentally stable, suggesting that being ontogenetically more male-like was disruptive to development. We suggest that sexual selection over size and shape of the imago may therefore explain the persistence of substantial genetic variation in these characters and the ontogenetic processes underlying them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Abbott
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Henry A, Thongsripong P, Fonseca-Gonzalez I, Jaramillo-Ocampo N, Dujardin JP. Wing shape of dengue vectors from around the world. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:207-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
82
|
Drake AG, Klingenberg CP. Large‐Scale Diversification of Skull Shape in Domestic Dogs: Disparity and Modularity. Am Nat 2010; 175:289-301. [PMID: 20095825 DOI: 10.1086/650372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abby Grace Drake
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Pélabon C, Hansen TF, Carter AJR, Houle D. Evolution of variation and variability under fluctuating, stabilizing, and disruptive selection. Evolution 2010; 64:1912-25. [PMID: 20199560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.00979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
How variation and variability (the capacity to vary) may respond to selection remain open questions. Indeed, effects of different selection regimes on variational properties, such as canalization and developmental stability are under debate. We analyzed the patterns of among- and within-individual variation in two wing-shape characters in populations of Drosophila melanogaster maintained under fluctuating, disruptive, and stabilizing selection for more than 20 generations. Patterns of variation in wing size, which was not a direct target of selection, were also analyzed. Disruptive selection dramatically increased phenotypic variation in the two shape characters, but left phenotypic variation in wing size unaltered. Fluctuating and stabilizing selection consistently decreased phenotypic variation in all traits. In contrast, within-individual variation, measured by the level of fluctuating asymmetry, increased for all traits under all selection regimes. These results suggest that canalization and developmental stability are evolvable and presumably controlled by different underlying genetic mechanisms, but the evolutionary responses are not consistent with an adaptive response to selection on variation. Selection also affected patterns of directional asymmetry, although inconsistently across traits and treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pélabon
- Department of Biology, Center for Conservation Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Breuker CJ, Gibbs M, Van Dongen S, Merckx T, Van Dyck H. The Use of Geometric Morphometrics in Studying Butterfly Wings in an Evolutionary Ecological Context. MORPHOMETRICS FOR NONMORPHOMETRICIANS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-95853-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
|
85
|
Debat V, Debelle A, Dworkin I. Plasticity, canalization, and developmental stability of the Drosophila wing: joint effects of mutations and developmental temperature. Evolution 2009; 63:2864-76. [PMID: 19624729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic effects of genetic and environmental manipulations have been rarely investigated simultaneously. In addition to phenotypic plasticity, their effect on the amount and directions of genetic and phenotypic variation is of particular evolutionary importance because these constitute the material for natural selection. Here, we used heterozygous insertional mutations of 16 genes involved in the formation of the Drosophila wing. The flies were raised at two developmental temperatures (18 degrees C and 28 degrees C). Landmark-based geometric morphometrics was used to analyze the variation of the wing size and shape at different hierarchical levels: among genotypes and temperatures; among individuals within group; and fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Our results show that (1) the phenotypic effects of the mutations depend on temperature; (2) reciprocally, most mutations affect wing plasticity; (3) both temperature and mutations modify the levels of FA and of among individuals variation within lines. Remarkably, the patterns of shape FA seem unaffected by temperature whereas those associated with individual variation are systematically altered. By modifying the direction of available phenotypic variation, temperature might thus directly affect the potential for further evolution. It suggests as well that the developmental processes responsible for developmental stability and environmental canalization might be partially distinct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Debat
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 5202, Département Systématique et Evolution, 75005 Paris, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Abstract
Environmental stress has been suggested to be a major evolutionary force, both through inducing strong selection and because of its direct impact on developmental buffering processes that alter the evolvability of organisms. In particular, temperature has attracted much attention because of its importance as an ecological feature and the relative ease with which it can be experimentally manipulated in the lab. Evolution Canyon, Lower Nahal Oren, Israel, is a well studied natural site where ecological parameters are suspected to drive evolutionary differentiation. In this study, using Drosophila melanogaster isofemale lines derived from wild flies collected on both slopes of the canyon, we investigated the effect of developmental temperature upon the different components of phenotypic variation of a complex trait: the wing. Combining geometric and traditional morphometrics, we find only limited evidence for a differentiation among slopes. Investigating simultaneously phenotypic plasticity, genetic variation among isofemale lines, variation among individuals and fluctuating asymmetry, we could not identify a consistent effect of the stressful conditions encountered on the south facing slope. The prevailing structuring effect is that of the experimentally manipulated temperature which clearly influences wing mean size and shape. Variability, in contrast, is not consistently affected by temperature. Finally, we investigated the specific relationship between individual variation and fluctuating asymmetry. Using metric multi-dimensional scaling we show that the related patterns of wing shape variation are not identical, supporting the view that the underlying developmental processes are to a certain extent different.
Collapse
|
87
|
Van Dongen S, Lens L, Pape E, Volckaert FAM, Raeymaekers JAM. Evolutionary history shapes the association between developmental instability and population-level genetic variation in three-spined sticklebacks. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1695-707. [PMID: 19555450 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Developmental instability (DI) is the sensitivity of a developing trait to random noise and can be measured by degrees of directionally random asymmetry [fluctuating asymmetry (FA)]. FA has been shown to increase with loss of genetic variation and inbreeding as measures of genetic stress, but associations vary among studies. Directional selection and evolutionary change of traits have been hypothesized to increase the average levels of FA of these traits and to increase the association strength between FA and population-level genetic variation. We test these two hypotheses in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) populations that recently colonized the freshwater habitat. Some traits, like lateral bone plates, length of the pelvic spine, frontal gill rakers and eye size, evolved in response to selection regimes during colonization. Other traits, like distal gill rakers and number of pelvic fin rays, did not show such phenotypic shifts. Contrary to a priori predictions, average FA did not systematically increase in traits that were under presumed directional selection, and the increases observed in a few traits were likely to be attributable to other factors. However, traits under directional selection did show a weak but significantly stronger negative association between FA and selectively neutral genetic variation at the population level compared with the traits that did not show an evolutionary change during colonization. These results support our second prediction, providing evidence that selection history can shape associations between DI and population-level genetic variation at neutral markers, which potentially reflect genetic stress. We argue that this might explain at least some of the observed heterogeneities in the patterns of asymmetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Van Dongen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
HELSEN P, VAN DONGEN S. The normal distribution as appropriate model of developmental instability inOpuntiacacti flowers. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1346-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
89
|
Burgio G, Baylac M, Heyer E, Montagutelli X. Genetic analysis of skull shape variation and morphological integration in the mouse using interspecific recombinant congenic strains between C57BL/6 and mice of the mus spretus species. Evolution 2009; 63:2668-86. [PMID: 19490077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To assess the genetic basis of the skull shape variation and morphological integration in mice, we have used a tool based on the cross between the distantly related mouse species Mus spretus (SEG/Pas strain) and the laboratory strain C57BL/6 called interspecific recombinant congenic strains (IRCSs). The genome of each IRCS consists on average of 1.3% of SEG/Pas derived sequences, located on multiple chromosomes as small-sized, DNA segments. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) on the skull shape, separated into dorsal and ventral sides, were analyzed in 17 IRCSs by a Procrustes superimposition method using 3D landmarks. The shapes of 16 strains differed significantly from C57BL/6. Discrepancy in the QTLs effects was found between the dorsal side and the anterior region of the ventral side due to a differential effect of the SEG/Pas alleles on the skull shape. A comprehensive analysis of all allelic combinations of the BCG-66H strain showed strong epistatic interactions between SEG/Pas segment acting on both skull sides. Epistatic pleiotropy and covariation between sides were dependent in SEG/Pas alleles direction and contributed to the strong morphological integration between sides. Introduction of Mus spretus alleles in a C57BL/6 background induced strong morphological changes mostly in SEG/Pas alleles direction and provided evidence for high level of morphological integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtan Burgio
- Unité postulante de Génétique fonctionnelle de la Souris, CNRS URA 2578, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Gidaszewski NA, Baylac M, Klingenberg CP. Evolution of sexual dimorphism of wing shape in the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:110. [PMID: 19457235 PMCID: PMC2691407 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual dimorphism of body size has been the subject of numerous studies, but few have examined sexual shape dimorphism (SShD) and its evolution. Allometry, the shape change associated with size variation, has been suggested to be a main component of SShD. Yet little is known about the relative importance of the allometric and non-allometric components for the evolution of SShD. Results We investigated sexual dimorphism in wing shape in the nine species of the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup. We used geometric morphometrics to characterise wing shape and found significant SShD in all nine species. The amount of shape difference and the diversity of the shape changes evolved across the group. However, mapping the divergence of SShD onto the phylogeny of the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup indicated that there is little phylogenetic signal. Finally, allometry accounted for a substantial part of SShD, but did not explain the bulk of evolutionary divergence in SShD because allometry itself was found to be evolutionarily plastic. Conclusion SShD in the Drosophila wing can evolve rapidly and therefore shows only weak phylogenetic structure. The variable contribution of allometric and non-allometric components to the evolutionary divergence of SShD and the evolutionary plasticity of allometry suggest that SShD and allometry are influenced by a complex interaction of processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelly A Gidaszewski
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Van Dongen S, Wijnaendts LCD, Ten Broek CMA, Galis F. Fluctuating asymmetry does not consistently reflect severe developmental disorders in human fetuses. Evolution 2009; 63:1832-44. [PMID: 19245674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00675.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Developmental instability (DI), as measured by fluctuating asymmetry (FA), may reflect fitness and facilitate the expression of morphological variation. Insights in the underlying mechanisms and magnitude of DI during early development would increase our understanding of its role in evolutionary biology. We studied associations between FA and congenital abnormalities of different origins and functional systems in deceased human fetuses. Major congenital abnormalities corresponded to severe, often-lethal developmental disorders disrupting normal development from early organogenesis onward, but only moderately increased FA. Lower FA with age also supported the hypothesis that more severe abnormalities, leading to an earlier death, increased DI. Although FA related significantly to measures of fitness or health, we anticipated stronger associations because fetal health problems were detrimental. Furthermore, elevated FA occurred in only 4 of 17 disorders (left-right patterning, limb defects, and problems of bronchopulmonary and urogenital system). Fetuses experiencing major abnormalities other than these four types did not show increased FA. This suggests that the functional importance of symmetry in limbs has resulted in strong selection for symmetry and reduced its sensitivity to stress. Finally, the observed patterns suggest that specific developmental pathways have a stronger effect on DI than others do.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Van Dongen
- Group of Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Groeneborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Morphometrics applied to medical entomology. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2008; 8:875-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
93
|
Klingenberg CP. Morphological Integration and Developmental Modularity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2008. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
94
|
optomotor-blind suppresses instability at the A/P compartment boundary of the Drosophila wing. Mech Dev 2008; 125:233-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
95
|
Babbitt GA. How accurate is the phenotype? - an analysis of developmental noise in a cotton aphid clone. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2008; 8:19. [PMID: 18294398 PMCID: PMC2268667 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-8-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background The accuracy by which phenotype can be reproduced by genotype potentially is important in determining the stability, environmental sensitivity, and evolvability of morphology and other phenotypic traits. Because two sides of an individual represent independent development of the phenotype under identical genetic and environmental conditions, average body asymmetry (or "fluctuating asymmetry") can estimate the developmental instability of the population. The component of developmental instability not explained by intrapopulational differences in gene or environment (or their interaction) can be further defined as internal developmental noise. Surprisingly, developmental noise remains largely unexplored despite its potential influence on our interpretations of developmental stability, canalization, and evolvability. Proponents of fluctuating asymmetry as a bioindicator of environmental or genetic stress, often make the assumption that developmental noise is minimal and, therefore, that phenotype can respond sensitively to the environment. However, biologists still have not measured whether developmental noise actually comprises a significant fraction of the overall environmental response of fluctuating asymmetry observed within a population. Results In a morphometric study designed to partition developmental noise from fluctuating asymmetry in the wing morphology of a monoclonal culture of cotton aphid, Aphis gossipyii, it was discovered that fluctuating asymmetry in the aphid wing was nearly four times higher than in other insect species. Also, developmental noise comprised a surprisingly large fraction (≈ 50%) of the overall response of fluctuating asymmetry to a controlled graded temperature environment. Fluctuating asymmetry also correlated negatively with temperature, indicating that environmentally-stimulated changes in developmental instability are mediated mostly by changes in the development time of individuals. Conclusion The amount of developmental noise revealed in this trait potentially does interfere with a substantial amount of the sensitivity of fluctuating asymmetry to change in temperature. Assuming that some genetic-based variation in individual buffering of developmental instability exists in natural aphid populations, the amount of internal developmental noise determined in this study could also substantially reduce evolvability of the aphid wing. The overall findings here suggest that individual response to the seemingly high cost of stabilizing some aspects of the phenotype may account for the frequent observation of trait and species specificity in levels of fluctuating asymmetry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Babbitt
- Center for Evolutionary Functional Genomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287-5301, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Krag K, Thomsen H, Faurby S, Kjærsgaard A, Tejedo M, Loeschcke V, Pertoldi C. Consequences of outbreeding on phenotypic plasticity in Drosophila mercatorum wings. Evol Ecol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-007-9234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
97
|
|