51
|
Beth SA, Jansen MAE, Elfrink MEC, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Wolvius EB, Jaddoe VWV, van Zelm MC, Moll HA. Generation R birth cohort study shows that specific enamel defects were not associated with elevated serum transglutaminase type 2 antibodies. Acta Paediatr 2016; 105:e485-91. [PMID: 27439586 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Coeliac disease can induce specific enamel defects (SED), but little is known about the consequences of antitissue transglutaminase (TG2A) autoimmunity. We investigated whether TG2A positivity in children and their mothers was associated with SED in the primary dentition. METHODS Maternal and child serum immunoglobulin A-TG2A levels were measured as part of the Generation R prospective cohort study. Clinical oral photographs of the primary dentition were taken, and SED and caries were recorded. We performed logistic regression analysis. RESULTS We analysed data on 4775 mothers and 4233 children (median age of 6.2 ± 0.5 years). SED and caries were not associated with maternal TG2A levels. The 59 TG2A-positive children tended to have more SED, particularly the 31 in the strongly positive subgroup, with odds ratio of 1.72 and 2.29, respectively. A positive linear trend was observed between higher TG2A levels and paediatric SED (p = 0.04), but this became nonsignificant after adjusting for ethnic and socio-economic background. No difference in caries was found between the groups. CONCLUSION TG2A did not play an independent role on SED in the primary dentition during pregnancy and childhood, and the relationship may be explained by ethnic and socio-economic background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sytske A. Beth
- The Generation R Study Group; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Michelle A. E. Jansen
- The Generation R Study Group; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Maria E. C. Elfrink
- The Generation R Study Group; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Cariology, Endodontology and Pedodontology; Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong
- Department of Epidemiology; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Global Public Health; Leiden University College; The Hague The Netherlands
| | - Eppo B. Wolvius
- The Dutch Cranofacial Centre; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery; Sophia's Children's Hospital; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W. V. Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Menno C. van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Henriëtte A. Moll
- Department of Pediatrics; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Herpesvirus Infections and Transglutaminase Type 2 Antibody Positivity in Childhood: The Generation R Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2016; 63:423-30. [PMID: 26881413 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Persistent viral infections have been implicated in the etiology of autoimmune diseases in adulthood, but it is not known whether herpesviruses are associated with the development of celiac disease autoimmunity in childhood. We assessed whether herpesvirus infections are associated with transglutaminase type 2 antibody (TG2A) concentrations in children at 6 years of age. METHODS The present study was embedded within a population-based prospective cohort study. Serum immunoglobulin G levels against Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus type 1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay , and TG2A concentrations with fluorescence enzyme immunoassay in 4420 children at 6 years of age. Children were categorized based on TG2A concentrations into negative (<7 U/mL), positive (≥7-70 U/mL), and strongly positive (≥70 U/mL), that is, 10 times upper limit normal. RESULTS Fifty-nine children (1.3%) were TG2A positive, and of these 31 (53%) had concentrations 70 U/mL or more. Children with TG2A concentrations 70 U/mL or more were less often infected with CMV (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.38, 95% CI 0.14-0.98, P = 0.04) and with any of the 3 viruses (aOR 0.38, 95% CI 0.18-0.78, P < 0.01) than children with TG2A negative concentrations. In addition, children with TG2A concentrations 70 U/mL or more were less often infected with 2 or more viruses than children with TG2A negative concentrations (aOR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03-0.65, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Both CMV single infection and combined CMV, Epstein-Barr virus and/or herpes simplex virus type 1 infections are inversely associated with strongly TG2A positivity. This may indicate a protective effect of herpesvirus infections in the pathogenesis of celiac disease autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
53
|
Hallford P, Clair DS, Halley L, Mustard C, Wei J. A study of type-1 diabetes associated autoantibodies in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2016; 176:186-190. [PMID: 27474348 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies revealed an association between type-1 diabetes (T1D) and schizophrenia but the findings reported to date have been controversial. To clarify the inconsistency across studies, T1D-associated autoantibodies were examined in plasma samples collected from 272 patients with schizophrenia and 276 control subjects. An in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using three linear peptide antigens, one of which was derived from glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and two were derived from insulinoma-associated antigen 2 (IA2). Mann-Whitney U test showed a significant decrease in the levels of plasma IgG against the IA2b antigen in schizophrenia patients as compared to control subjects (Z=-3.54, p=0.0007), while no significant difference was found between these two groups either in anti-IA2a IgG levels (Z=-1.62, p=0.105) or in anti-GAD IgG levels (Z=-1.63, p=0.104). Linear regression analysis indicated no association of antipsychotic medication with the levels of plasma IgG against IA2a, IA2b or GAD, while the levels of plasma IgG for these 3 peptide antigens were significantly correlated with each other. Binary logistic regression showed that neither the DQ2.5 variant nor the DQ8 variant was associated with circulating levels of 3 T1D-associated autoantibodies in both the patient group and the control group. The coefficient of variation was 10.7% for anti-IA2a IgG assay, 10.1% for anti-IA2b IgG assay and 10.7% for anti-GAD IgG assay. The present work suggests that T1D-associated antibodies are unlikely to confer risk of schizophrenia and that the in-house ELISA developed with linear peptide antigens is highly reproducible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philomena Hallford
- Division of Health Research, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Science, Old Perth Road, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Department of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Lorna Halley
- Division of Health Research, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Science, Old Perth Road, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Colette Mustard
- Division of Health Research, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Science, Old Perth Road, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Jun Wei
- Division of Health Research, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Science, Old Perth Road, Inverness IV2 3JH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Aguayo-Patrón S, Beltrán-Sauceda L, Calderón de la Barca AM. A population-wide applicable HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 genotyping using DNA from dried blood spots and duplex allele-specific qPCR amplification. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2016; 76:581-587. [PMID: 27670799 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2016.1230773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Genotyping of HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 haplotypes is important for diagnosis or for screening of early risk detection of celiac disease or type 1 diabetes. Usually, venous blood DNA extraction and expensive and time consuming amplification are used, that hinder population-wide studies. We assayed a friendly HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 genotyping procedure using a combination of DNA from dried blood spot (DBS) and duplex allele-specific qPCR amplification using SYBR Green. DNA was extracted using home-made buffers and compared to an extraction commercial kit. Duplex reactions by qPCR were designed using each Tm allele amplicon for reference samples (positive HLA-DQ2 or DQ8) with allele-specific primers. DBS samples from 558 children (7.99 ± 2.47 y) were collected. The DNA final yield obtained by the home-made extractive procedure was higher than from the commercial kit (1.11 ± 0.56 vs 0.23 ± 0.14 μg), while the quality was similar for both DNA samples. There was concordance in the amplification profiles for DNA samples obtained with both methods. All of four alleles from DQ2 and DQ8 haplotypes were accurately identified in duplex reactions. By using DBS samples and DNA extraction home-made procedure, the costs were reduced by 60%. The whole procedure is cost-effective for HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 genotyping.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Aguayo-Patrón
- a Coordinación de Nutrición , Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo , Hermosillo , Sonora , México
| | - Lizbeth Beltrán-Sauceda
- a Coordinación de Nutrición , Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo , Hermosillo , Sonora , México
| | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Senapati S, Sood A, Midha V, Sood N, Sharma S, Kumar L, Thelma BK. Shared and unique common genetic determinants between pediatric and adult celiac disease. BMC Med Genomics 2016; 9:44. [PMID: 27449795 PMCID: PMC4957920 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-016-0211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on age of presentation, celiac disease (CD) is categorised as pediatric CD and adult CD. It however remains unclear if these are genetically and/or phenotypically distinct disorders or just different spectrum of the same disease. We therefore explored the common genetic components underlying pediatric and adult CD in a well characterized north Indian cohort. METHODS A retrospective analysis of children (n = 531) and adult (n = 871) patients with CD between January 2001 and December 2010 was done. The database included basic demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, associated diseases and complications, if any. The genotype dataset was acquired for children (n = 217) and adult CD patients (n = 340) and controls (n = 736) using Immunochip. Association analysis was performed using logistic regression model to identify susceptibility genetic variants. RESULTS The predominant form of CD was classical CD in both pediatric and adult CD groups. There was remarkable similarity between pediatric and adult CD except for quantitative differences between the two groups such as female preponderance, non-classical presentation, co-occurrence of other autoimmune diseases being more common amongst adult CD. Notably, same HLA-DQ2 and -DQ8 haplotypes were established as the major risk factors in both types of CD. In addition, a few suggestively associated (p < 5 × 10(-4)) non-HLA markers were identified of which only ANK3 (rs4948256-A; rs10994257-T) was found to be shared and explain risk for ~45 % of CD patients with HLA allele. DISCUSSION Overall phenotypic similarity between pediatric and adult CD groups can be explained by contribution of same HLA risk alleles. Different non-HLA genes/loci with minor risk seem to play crucial role in disease onset and extra intestinal manifestation of CD. None of the non-HLA risk variants reached genome-wide significance, however most of them were shown to have functional implication to disease pathogenesis. Functional relevance of our findings needs to be investigated to address clinical heterogeneity of CD. CONCLUSIONS This present study is the first comparative study based on common genetic markers to suggest that CD in pediatric age group and in adults are the spectrum of the same disease with novel and shared genetic risk determinants. Follow-up fine mapping studies with larger study cohorts are warranted for further genetic investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Senapati
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
- Present Address: Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Ajit Sood
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Vandana Midha
- Department of Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Neena Sood
- Department of Pathology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Suresh Sharma
- Department of Nursing, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - B K Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify indicators of coeliac disease (CD) in an Australian cohort, beyond the known gastrointestinal symptoms. Individuals were recruited from the general population and at the 2014 Gluten Free Expo in Sydney and in Melbourne, Australia. Data on their current health status including medical history, diagnosis for CD, and family history were collected. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of CD. A weighted risk score system was then generated for the independent predictors, and a risk score was calculated for each individual. A total of 301 individuals were included in the study. We found an association between CD and having a family history of CD (odds ratio [OR] 7.6, 95%confidence interval [CI] 3.7-15.6), an autoimmune disorder (OR 2.1, 95%CI 1.1-4.1), anemia (OR 5.8, 95%CI 2.8-11.9), lactose intolerance (OR 4.5, 95%CI 1.2-17.7), and depression (OR 4.8, 95%CI 1.9-11.6). Risk score analysis found individuals in the medium (OR 4.8, 95%CI 2.5 to 9.3) and high-risk (OR 36.6, 95%CI 16.4 to 81.6) groups were significantly more likely to report having CD compared with those in the low-risk group. This study identifies a set of factors more commonly observed in individuals with CD, beyond the traditional gastrointestinal complaints. These include a family history of CD, the presence of another autoimmune disorder, anemia, lactose intolerance, and depression. A risk score was developed (Coeliac Risk COMPARE) which scores individuals based on the presence or absence of these additional symptoms and provides an additional screening tool when assessing whether the patient requires follow-up testing for CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Chiu
- From the Western Sydney University, School of Medicine, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Vijzelaar R, van der Zwan E, van Gammeren A, Yilmaz R, Verheul A, van Hoogstraten I, de Baar E, Schrauwen L, Kortlandt W. Rapid Detection of the Three Celiac Disease Risk Genotypes HLA-DQ2.2, HLA-DQ2.5, and HLA-DQ8 by Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2016; 20:158-61. [PMID: 26798991 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2015.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genotyping of HLA-DQ2.2, HLA-DQ2.5, and HLA-DQ8 is important in celiac disease (CD). The absence of these three genotypes has a strong negative predictive value. METHODS We designed multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for the combined detection of HLA-DQ2.2, HLA-DQ2.5, and HLA-DQ8. The MLPA probe mix was validated against a set of 59 samples characterized by conventional techniques. RESULTS The MLPA assay genotyped all 59 samples correctly when compared to the results obtained by PCR-SSCP/HD or PCR-SSO and PCR-SSP. CONCLUSION The MLPA assay provides a reliable single-reaction analysis of the CD risk genotypes HLA-DQ2.2, HLA-DQ2.5, and HLA-DQ8 allowing for stratification or exclusion of disease risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen van der Zwan
- 2 Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hematology and Immunology , Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan van Gammeren
- 3 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Amphia Hospital , Breda, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alice Verheul
- 2 Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hematology and Immunology , Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ellen de Baar
- 3 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Amphia Hospital , Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne Schrauwen
- 3 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Amphia Hospital , Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Kortlandt
- 2 Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hematology and Immunology , Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Gutierrez-Achury J, Romanos J, Bakker SF, Kumar V, de Haas EC, Trynka G, Ricaño-Ponce I, Steck A, Chen WM, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Simsek S, Rewers M, Mulder CJ, Liu E, Rich SS, Wijmenga C. Contrasting the Genetic Background of Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease Autoimmunity. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 Suppl 2:S37-44. [PMID: 26405070 PMCID: PMC4582914 DOI: 10.2337/dcs15-2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CeD) cluster in families and can occur in the same individual. Genetic loci have been associated with susceptibility to both diseases. Our aim was to explore the genetic differences between individuals developing both these diseases (double autoimmunity) versus those with only one. We hypothesized that double autoimmunity individuals carry more of the genetic risk markers that are shared between the two diseases independently. SNPs were genotyped in loci associated with T1D (n=42) and CeD (n=28) in 543 subjects who developed double autoimmunity, 2,472 subjects with T1D only, and 2,223 CeD-only subjects. For identification of loci that were specifically associated with individuals developing double autoimmunity, two association analyses were conducted: double autoimmunity versus T1D and double autoimmunity versus CeD. HLA risk haplotypes were compared between the two groups. The CTLA4 and IL2RA loci were more strongly associated with double autoimmunity than with either T1D or CeD alone. HLA analyses indicated that the T1D high-risk genotype, DQ2.5/DQ8, provided the highest risk for developing double autoimmunity (odds ratio 5.22, P=2.25×10(-29)). We identified a strong HLA risk genotype (DQ2.5/DQ8) predisposing to double autoimmunity, suggesting a dominant role for HLA. Non-HLA loci, CTLA4 and IL2RA, may also confer risk to double autoimmunity. Thus, CeD patients who carry the DQ2.5/DQ8 genotype may benefit from periodic screening of autoantibodies related to T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gutierrez-Achury
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jihane Romanos
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd F Bakker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther C de Haas
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gosia Trynka
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Isis Ricaño-Ponce
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Steck
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics and Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics and Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Suat Simsek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Center Alkmaar, Alkmaar, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Chris J Mulder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ed Liu
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics and Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Infections and risk of celiac disease in childhood: a prospective nationwide cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110:1475-84. [PMID: 26346866 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2015.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies on early life infections and risk of later celiac disease (CD) are inconsistent but have mostly been limited to retrospective designs, inpatient data, or insufficient statistical power. We aimed to test whether early life infections are associated with increased risk of later CD using prospective population-based data. METHODS This study, based on the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, includes prospective, repeated assessments of parent-reported infectious disease data up to 18 months of age for 72,921 children born between 2000 and 2009. CD was identified through parental questionnaires and the Norwegian Patient Registry. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios adjusted for child's age and sex (aOR). RESULTS During a median follow-up period of 8.5 years (range, 4.5-14.5), 581 children (0.8%) were diagnosed with CD. Children with ≥10 infections (≥fourth quartile) up to age 18 months had a significantly higher risk of later CD, as compared with children with ≤4 infections (≤first quartile; aOR=1.32; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.06-1.65; per increase in infectious episodes, aOR=1.03; 95% CI=1.02-1.05). The aORs per increase in specific types of infections were as follows: upper respiratory tract infections: 1.03 (95% CI=1.02-1.05); lower respiratory tract infections: 1.12 (95% CI=1.01-1.23); and gastroenteritis: 1.05 (95% CI=0.99-1.11). Additional adjustments for maternal CD, education level, smoking, birth weight, prematurity, infant feeding practices, birth season, and antibiotic treatment yielded largely unchanged results. CONCLUSIONS This is the first large-scale population-based cohort study of this association. Our results are in line with immunological data suggesting that early life infections may have a role in CD development. However, non-causal explanations for this association due to surveillance bias and reverse causation cannot be excluded.
Collapse
|
60
|
Combination Testing Using a Single MSH5 Variant alongside HLA Haplotypes Improves the Sensitivity of Predicting Coeliac Disease Risk in the Polish Population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139197. [PMID: 26406233 PMCID: PMC4583383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of non-HLA variants alongside standard HLA testing was previously shown to improve the identification of potential coeliac disease (CD) patients. We intended to identify new genetic variants associated with CD in the Polish population that would improve CD risk prediction when used alongside HLA haplotype analysis. DNA samples of 336 CD and 264 unrelated healthy controls were used to create DNA pools for a genome wide association study (GWAS). GWAS findings were validated with individual HLA tag single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing of 473 patients and 714 healthy controls. Association analysis using four HLA-tagging SNPs showed that, as was found in other populations, positive predicting genotypes (HLA-DQ2.5/DQ2.5, HLA-DQ2.5/DQ2.2, and HLA-DQ2.5/DQ8) were found at higher frequencies in CD patients than in healthy control individuals in the Polish population. Both CD-associated SNPs discovered by GWAS were found in the CD susceptibility region, confirming the previously-determined association of the major histocompatibility (MHC) region with CD pathogenesis. The two most significant SNPs from the GWAS were rs9272346 (HLA-dependent; localized within 1 Kb of DQA1) and rs3130484 (HLA-independent; mapped to MSH5). Specificity of CD prediction using the four HLA-tagging SNPs achieved 92.9%, but sensitivity was only 45.5%. However, when a testing combination of the HLA-tagging SNPs and the MSH5 SNP was used, specificity decreased to 80%, and sensitivity increased to 74%. This study confirmed that improvement of CD risk prediction sensitivity could be achieved by including non-HLA SNPs alongside HLA SNPs in genetic testing.
Collapse
|
61
|
Abstract
Coeliac disease is a treatable, gluten-induced disease that often occurs concurrently with other autoimmune diseases. In genetic studies since 2007, a partial genetic overlap between these diseases has been revealed and further insights into the pathophysiology of coeliac disease and autoimmunity have been gained. However, genetic screening is not sensitive and specific enough to accurately predict disease development. The current method to diagnose individuals with coeliac disease is serological testing for the presence of autoantibodies whilst the patient is on a regular, gluten-containing diet, followed by gastroduodenoscopy with duodenal biopsy. Serological test results can also predict the probability of coeliac disease development, even if asymptomatic. In patients with autoimmune diseases known to occur alongside coeliac disease (particularly type 1 diabetes mellitus or thyroid disorders), disease screening-and subsequent treatment if coeliac disease is detected-could have beneficial effects on progression or potential complications of both diseases, owing to the effectiveness of gluten-free dietary interventions in coeliac disease. However, whether diagnosis of coeliac disease and subsequent dietary treatment can prevent autoimmune diseases is debated. In this Review, the genetic and immunological features of coeliac disease, overlap with other autoimmune diseases and implications for current screening strategies will be discussed.
Collapse
|
62
|
Lenz TL, Deutsch AJ, Han B, Hu X, Okada Y, Eyre S, Knapp M, Zhernakova A, Huizinga TWJ, Abecasis G, Becker J, Boeckxstaens GE, Chen WM, Franke A, Gladman DD, Gockel I, Gutierrez-Achury J, Martin J, Nair RP, Nöthen MM, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Rahman P, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Stuart PE, Tsoi LC, van Heel DA, Worthington J, Wouters MM, Klareskog L, Elder JT, Gregersen PK, Schumacher J, Rich SS, Wijmenga C, Sunyaev SR, de Bakker PIW, Raychaudhuri S. Widespread non-additive and interaction effects within HLA loci modulate the risk of autoimmune diseases. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1085-90. [PMID: 26258845 PMCID: PMC4552599 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes confer strong risk for autoimmune diseases on a log-additive scale. Here we speculated that differences in autoantigen binding repertoires between a heterozygote’s two expressed HLA variants may result in additional non-additive risk effects. We tested non-additive disease contributions of classical HLA alleles in patients and matched controls for five common autoimmune diseases: rheumatoid arthritis (RA, Ncases=5,337), type 1 diabetes (T1D, Ncases=5,567), psoriasis vulgaris (Ncases=3,089), idiopathic achalasia (Ncases=727), and celiac disease (Ncases=11,115). In four out of five diseases, we observed highly significant non-additive dominance effects (RA: P=2.5×1012; T1D: P=2.4×10−10; psoriasis: P=5.9×10−6; celiac disease: P=1.2×10−87). In three of these diseases, the dominance effects were explained by interactions between specific classical HLA alleles (RA: P=1.8×10−3; T1D: P=8.6×1027; celiac disease: P=6.0×10−100). These interactions generally increased disease risk and explained moderate but significant fractions of phenotypic variance (RA: 1.4%, T1D: 4.0%, and celiac disease: 4.1%, beyond a simple additive model).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias L Lenz
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Evolutionary Immunogenomics, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Ploen, Germany
| | - Aaron J Deutsch
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Buhm Han
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xinli Hu
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Stephen Eyre
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Knapp
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Zhernakova
- Genetics Department, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gonçalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jessica Becker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wei-Min Chen
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dafna D Gladman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, Toronto Western Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto Western Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ines Gockel
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Javier Gutierrez-Achury
- Genetics Department, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Javier Martin
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Rajan P Nair
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Proton Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Solbritt Rantapää-Dahlqvist
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Rheumatology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Philip E Stuart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David A van Heel
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jane Worthington
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Mira M Wouters
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James T Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter K Gregersen
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Johannes Schumacher
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Genetics Department, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shamil R Sunyaev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Partners Center for Personalized Genetic Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Arthritis Research UK Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK.,Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Lund F, Hermansen MN, Pedersen MF, Hillig T, Toft–Hansen H, Sölétormos G. Mapping of HLA– DQ haplotypes in a group of Danish patients with celiac disease. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2015; 75:519-22. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2015.1050688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
64
|
Jamnik J, García-Bailo B, Borchers CH, El-Sohemy A. Gluten Intake Is Positively Associated with Plasma α2-Macroglobulin in Young Adults. J Nutr 2015; 145:1256-62. [PMID: 25855121 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.212829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gluten-free foods have increased in popularity over the past decade and are now being consumed by individuals without celiac disease. However, the physiologic effects of gluten intake in individuals without celiac disease remain unknown. High-abundance plasma proteins involved in inflammation, endothelial function, and other physiologic pathways may represent potential biomarkers of biological effects of gluten intake. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine the association between gluten intake and plasma proteomic biomarkers in a population of adults without clinically diagnosed celiac disease. METHODS Subjects (n = 1095) were participants of the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health Study, a cross-sectional examination of young adults aged 20-29 y. Dietary gluten intake was estimated by using a 1-mo, 196-item semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire. The concentrations of 54 plasma proteins were measured simultaneously by liquid chromatography/multiple-reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. The association between gluten intake and each proteomic biomarker was examined by using general linear models. Analyses were then conducted in individuals who do not have the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2 or DQ8 risk variants required for the development of celiac disease to determine whether any associations observed could have been due to undiagnosed cases of celiac disease. RESULTS Increased gluten intake was associated with increased concentrations of plasma α2-macroglobulin (P = 0.01), a marker of inflammation and cytokine release. The association remained after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, ethnicity, physical activity, energy intake, fiber intake, and hormonal contraceptive use among women. This relation was not modified by HLA risk variants. CONCLUSION Gluten consumption is associated with increased plasma α2-macroglobulin in young adults, which appears to be independent of celiac disease, suggesting possible effects of gluten on inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Jamnik
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and
| | - Bibiana García-Bailo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Ahmed El-Sohemy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Jansen MAE, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Gaillard R, Escher JC, Hofman A, Jaddoe VWV, Hooijkaas H, Moll HA. Growth trajectories and bone mineral density in anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody-positive children: the Generation R Study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13:913-20.e5. [PMID: 25245626 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Increased levels of anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) have been associated with reduced weight and bone mineral density (BMD) in symptomatic patients with celiac disease. Little is known about the effects of these antibodies in patients with subclinical or other forms of celiac disease. We examined associations between anti-tTG positivity and growth and BMD. METHODS In a population-based prospective cohort study, serum samples were collected from children (median age, 6 years; n = 4442) and analyzed for anti-tTG. All children were born between April 2002 and January 2006 and were not previously diagnosed with celiac disease. Children were categorized as anti-tTG negative (<7 U/mL, n = 4249) or anti-tTG positive (≥7 U/mL, n = 57). Children's levels of anti-tTG were further categorized on the basis of ≥10 times upper limit of normal (70 U/mL). Height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) age- and sex-adjusted standard deviation scores (SDS) ([observed value - mean]/SD) were obtained by using Dutch reference growth charts. BMD was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Multivariable linear regression and linear mixed models were performed. RESULTS Children who tested positive for anti-tTG had reduced growth in weight SDS/year (reduction of 0.05; 95% CI, reductions of 0.09-0.01) and BMI SDS/year (reduction of 0.10; 95% CI, reductions of 0.18-0.01) from 6 months until 6 years, compared with children without anti-tTG; they also tended to have reduced growth in height from 6 months until 6 years (reduction of 0.02 SDS/year; 95% CI, reductions of 0.06-0.02). Children who tested positive for anti-tTG were shorter (0.29 SDS shorter; 95% CI, reductions of 0.55-0.04 SDS), weighed less (0.38 SDS less; 95% CI, reductions of 0.64-0.12), and had lower BMIs (0.26 SDS less; 95% CI, reductions of 0.49-0.03) and BMDs (0.26 SDS less; 95% CI, reductions of 0.45-0.08) at 6 years of age than anti-tTG negative children. CONCLUSIONS Anti-tTG positive children without gastrointestinal symptoms have lower BMDs and reduced growth trajectories until they are 6 years old. This suggests that subclinical or potential celiac disease can affect BMD and growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A E Jansen
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Romy Gaillard
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna C Escher
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Herbert Hooijkaas
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henriette A Moll
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Rubicz R, Yolken R, Alaedini A, Drigalenko E, Charlesworth JC, Carless MA, Severance EG, Krivogorsky B, Dyer TD, Kent JW, Curran JE, Johnson MP, Cole SA, Almasy L, Moses EK, Blangero J, Göring HHH. Genome-wide genetic and transcriptomic investigation of variation in antibody response to dietary antigens. Genet Epidemiol 2015; 38:439-46. [PMID: 24962563 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.21817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to dietary antigens can be associated with gastrointestinal dysfunction and autoimmunity. The underlying processes contributing to these adverse reactions remain largely unknown, and it is likely that genetic factors play a role. Here, we estimate heritability and attempt to localize genetic factors influencing IgG antibody levels against food-derived antigens using an integrative genomics approach. IgG antibody levels were determined by ELISA in >1,300 Mexican Americans for the following food antigens: wheat gliadin; bovine casein; and two forms of bovine serum albumin (BSA-a and BSA-b). Pedigree-based variance components methods were used to estimate additive genetic heritability (h(2) ), perform genome-wide association analyses, and identify transcriptional signatures (based on 19,858 transcripts from peripheral blood lymphocytes). Heritability estimates were significant for all traits (0.15-0.53), and shared environment (based on shared residency among study participants) was significant for casein (0.09) and BSA-a (0.33). Genome-wide significant evidence of association was obtained only for antibody to gliadin (P = 8.57 × 10(-8) ), mapping to the human leukocyte antigen II region, with HLA-DRA and BTNL2 as the best candidate genes. Lack of association of known celiac disease risk alleles HLA-DQ2.5 and -DQ8 with antigliadin antibodies in the studied population suggests a separate genetic etiology. Significant transcriptional signatures were found for all IgG levels except BSA-b. These results demonstrate that individual genetic differences contribute to food antigen antibody measures in this population. Further investigations may elucidate the underlying immunological processes involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohina Rubicz
- Departent of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Lehmusvuori A, Kiviniemi M, Ilonen J, Soukka T. Closed-tube human leukocyte antigen DQA1∗05 genotyping assay based on switchable lanthanide luminescence probes. Anal Biochem 2014; 465:6-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
68
|
Vriezinga SL, Auricchio R, Bravi E, Castillejo G, Chmielewska A, Crespo Escobar P, Kolaček S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabo IR, Mummert E, Polanco I, Putter H, Ribes-Koninckx C, Shamir R, Szajewska H, Werkstetter K, Greco L, Gyimesi J, Hartman C, Hogen Esch C, Hopman E, Ivarsson A, Koltai T, Koning F, Martinez-Ojinaga E, te Marvelde C, Pavic A, Romanos J, Stoopman E, Villanacci V, Wijmenga C, Troncone R, Mearin ML. Randomized feeding intervention in infants at high risk for celiac disease. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1304-15. [PMID: 25271603 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1404172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A window of opportunity has been suggested for reducing the risk of celiac disease by introducing gluten to infants at 4 to 6 months of age. METHODS We performed a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dietary-intervention study involving 944 children who were positive for HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 and had at least one first-degree relative with celiac disease. From 16 to 24 weeks of age, 475 participants received 100 mg of immunologically active gluten daily, and 469 received placebo. Anti-transglutaminase type 2 and antigliadin antibodies were periodically measured. The primary outcome was the frequency of biopsy-confirmed celiac disease at 3 years of age. RESULTS Celiac disease was confirmed by means of biopsies in 77 children. To avoid underestimation of the frequency of celiac disease, 3 additional children who received a diagnosis of celiac disease according to the 2012 European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition diagnostic criteria (without having undergone biopsies) were included in the analyses (80 children; median age, 2.8 years; 59% were girls). The cumulative incidence of celiac disease among patients 3 years of age was 5.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.6 to 6.8), with similar rates in the gluten group and the placebo group (5.9% [95% CI, 3.7 to 8.1] and 4.5% [95% CI, 2.5 to 6.5], respectively; hazard ratio in the gluten group, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.91). Rates of elevated levels of anti-transglutaminase type 2 and antigliadin antibodies were also similar in the two study groups (7.0% [95% CI, 4.7 to 9.4] in the gluten group and 5.7% [95% CI, 3.5 to 7.9] in the placebo group; hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.73). Breast-feeding, regardless of whether it was exclusive or whether it was ongoing during gluten introduction, did not significantly influence the development of celiac disease or the effect of the intervention. CONCLUSIONS As compared with placebo, the introduction of small quantities of gluten at 16 to 24 weeks of age did not reduce the risk of celiac disease by 3 years of age in this group of high-risk children. (Funded by the European Commission and others; PreventCD Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN74582487.).
Collapse
|
69
|
Jansen MAE, Tromp IIM, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Escher JC, Hooijkaas H, Moll HA. Infant feeding and anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody concentrations in the Generation R Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:1095-101. [PMID: 25240074 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.090316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Celiac disease (CD) has emerged as a common, but largely undiagnosed health problem. Numerous studies examined the influence of infant nutrition on the development of diagnosed CD. However, results are still inconsistent. In addition, the effect of infant feeding practices on the development of potential forms of CD might be different. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine whether the timing of gluten introduction and breastfeeding duration are associated with CD autoimmunity (CDA) in children at the age of 6 y. DESIGN This study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study. Participants included 1679 Dutch children who were positive for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2/DQ8. Data on the timing of gluten introduction (<6 mo compared with ≥6 mo) and duration of breastfeeding (<6 mo compared with ≥6 mo) were obtained by questionnaire. Serum samples were analyzed for anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) concentrations at age 6 y. Anti-tTG concentrations were categorized into negative (<7 U/mL) and positive (≥7 U/mL) values. Positive anti-tTG concentrations were further categorized based on ≥10 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) values of the test kit (≥7-70 and ≥70 U/mL). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Positive anti-tTG concentrations were found in 43 children, 26 of whom had concentrations ≥10 times the ULN (≥70 IU/mL). The introduction of gluten from the age of 6 mo onward and breastfeeding for ≥6 mo were not significantly associated with positive anti-tTG concentrations. In addition, the timing of gluten introduction and duration of breastfeeding were not significantly associated with positive anti-tTG concentrations below or above 10 times the ULN. CONCLUSIONS Delayed introduction of gluten beyond the age of 6 mo does not increase the risk of CDA. In addition, breastfeeding for ≥6 mo does not decrease the risk of CDA in children at 6 y of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A E Jansen
- From the Generation R Study Group (MAEJ, IIMT, and VWVJ) and the Departments of Pediatrics (MAEJ, IIMT, VWVJ, and HAM), Epidemiology (JCK-dJ, VWVJ, and AH), Pediatric Gastroenterology (JCE), and Immunology (HH), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ilse I M Tromp
- From the Generation R Study Group (MAEJ, IIMT, and VWVJ) and the Departments of Pediatrics (MAEJ, IIMT, VWVJ, and HAM), Epidemiology (JCK-dJ, VWVJ, and AH), Pediatric Gastroenterology (JCE), and Immunology (HH), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jessica C Kiefte-de Jong
- From the Generation R Study Group (MAEJ, IIMT, and VWVJ) and the Departments of Pediatrics (MAEJ, IIMT, VWVJ, and HAM), Epidemiology (JCK-dJ, VWVJ, and AH), Pediatric Gastroenterology (JCE), and Immunology (HH), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- From the Generation R Study Group (MAEJ, IIMT, and VWVJ) and the Departments of Pediatrics (MAEJ, IIMT, VWVJ, and HAM), Epidemiology (JCK-dJ, VWVJ, and AH), Pediatric Gastroenterology (JCE), and Immunology (HH), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- From the Generation R Study Group (MAEJ, IIMT, and VWVJ) and the Departments of Pediatrics (MAEJ, IIMT, VWVJ, and HAM), Epidemiology (JCK-dJ, VWVJ, and AH), Pediatric Gastroenterology (JCE), and Immunology (HH), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - J C Escher
- From the Generation R Study Group (MAEJ, IIMT, and VWVJ) and the Departments of Pediatrics (MAEJ, IIMT, VWVJ, and HAM), Epidemiology (JCK-dJ, VWVJ, and AH), Pediatric Gastroenterology (JCE), and Immunology (HH), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Herbert Hooijkaas
- From the Generation R Study Group (MAEJ, IIMT, and VWVJ) and the Departments of Pediatrics (MAEJ, IIMT, VWVJ, and HAM), Epidemiology (JCK-dJ, VWVJ, and AH), Pediatric Gastroenterology (JCE), and Immunology (HH), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henriette A Moll
- From the Generation R Study Group (MAEJ, IIMT, and VWVJ) and the Departments of Pediatrics (MAEJ, IIMT, VWVJ, and HAM), Epidemiology (JCK-dJ, VWVJ, and AH), Pediatric Gastroenterology (JCE), and Immunology (HH), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Barakauskas VE, Lam GY, Estey MP. Digesting all the options: Laboratory testing for celiac disease. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 51:358-78. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2014.958813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
71
|
Abstract
BLUP (best linear unbiased prediction) is widely used to predict complex traits in plant and animal breeding, and increasingly in human genetics. The BLUP mathematical model, which consists of a single random effect term, was adequate when kinships were measured from pedigrees. However, when genome-wide SNPs are used to measure kinships, the BLUP model implicitly assumes that all SNPs have the same effect-size distribution, which is a severe and unnecessary limitation. We propose MultiBLUP, which extends the BLUP model to include multiple random effects, allowing greatly improved prediction when the random effects correspond to classes of SNPs with distinct effect-size variances. The SNP classes can be specified in advance, for example, based on SNP functional annotations, and we also provide an adaptive procedure for determining a suitable partition of SNPs. We apply MultiBLUP to genome-wide association data from the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (seven diseases), and from much larger studies of celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease, finding that it consistently provides better prediction than alternative methods. Moreover, MultiBLUP is computationally very efficient; for the largest data set, which includes 12,678 individuals and 1.5 M SNPs, the total analysis can be run on a single desktop PC in less than a day and can be parallelized to run even faster. Tools to perform MultiBLUP are freely available in our software LDAK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doug Speed
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - David J Balding
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Wessels MMS, Vriezinga SL, Koletzko S, Werkstetter K, Castillejo-De Villasante G, Shamir R, Hartman C, Putter H, van der Pal SM, Wijmenga C, Bravi E, Mearin ML. Impact on parents of HLA-DQ2/DQ8 genotyping in healthy children from coeliac families. Eur J Hum Genet 2014; 23:405-8. [PMID: 24916643 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the association of coeliac disease and HLA-specificities DQ2 and DQ8, HLA-typing can be used for risk determination of the disease. This study was designed to evaluate the knowledge of parents from coeliac families regarding HLA-typing and the impact of HLA-typing on the perception of the health of their children. A structured questionnaire was sent to the Dutch, Spanish and German parents participating with their child in the European PreventCD study on disease prevention in high-risk families, addressing parents' understanding of and attitude towards HLA-typing, distress related to HLA-typing and perceived health and health-related quality of life of their children. Sixty-eight percent of parents of 515 children returned the questionnaires, with 85% of children being DQ2/DQ8 positive. The majority of all parents answered the questions on knowledge correctly. Forty-eight percent of parents of DQ2/DQ8-negative children thought their child could develop coeliac disease. More distress was reported by parents of DQ2/DQ8-positive children (P<0.001). All parents showed few regrets and would repeat HLA-typing in future children. Perceived health and health-related quality of life were similar. In conclusion, we can say that misinterpretation of DQ2/DQ8-negative results by parents is frequent. DQ2/DQ8-positive results do not affect perceived health and health-related quality of life of children but may cause temporary negative feelings among parents. Parents of coeliac families seem to support HLA-typing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margreet M S Wessels
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine L Vriezinga
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sybille Koletzko
- Department of Pediatrics, Hauner Children's Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Raanan Shamir
- Department of Pediatrics, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Corina Hartman
- Department of Pediatrics, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hein Putter
- Department of Statistics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Enzo Bravi
- Department of Diagnostics, Eurospital S.p.A, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Luisa Mearin
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Ontiveros N, Tye-Din JA, Hardy MY, Anderson RP. Ex-vivo whole blood secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ and IFN-γ-inducible protein-10 measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are as sensitive as IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot for the detection of gluten-reactive T cells in human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2·5(+) -associated coeliac disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 175:305-15. [PMID: 24192268 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell cytokine release assays are used to diagnose infectious diseases, but not autoimmune or allergic disease. Coeliac disease (CD) is a common T cell-mediated disease diagnosed by the presence of gluten-dependent intestinal inflammation and serology. Many patients cannot be diagnosed with CD because they reduce dietary gluten before medical workup. Oral gluten challenge in CD patients treated with gluten-free diet (GFD) mobilizes gluten-reactive T cells measurable by interferon (IFN)-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) or major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II tetramers. Immunodominant peptides are quite consistent in the 90% of patients who possess HLA-DQ2·5. We aimed to develop whole blood assays to detect gluten-specific T cells. Blood was collected before and after gluten challenge from GFD donors confirmed to have CD (n = 27, all HLA-DQ2·5(+) ), GFD donors confirmed not to have CD (n = 6 HLA-DQ2·5(+) , 11 HLA-DQ2·5(-) ) and donors with CD not following GFD (n = 4, all HLA-DQ2·5(+) ). Plasma IFN-γ and IFN-γ inducible protein-10 (IP-10) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) after whole blood incubation with peptides or gliadin, and correlated with IFN-γ ELISPOT. No T cell assay could distinguish between CD patients and controls prior to gluten challenge, but after gluten challenge the whole blood IFN-γ ELISA and the ELISPOT were both 85% sensitive and 100% specific for HLA-DQ2·5(+) CD patients; the whole blood IP-10 ELISA was 94% sensitive and 100% specific. We conclude that whole blood cytokine release assays are sensitive and specific for detection of gluten-reactive T cells in CD; further clinical studies addressing the utility of these tests in patients with an uncertain diagnosis of CD is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Ontiveros
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Auricchio R, Tosco A, Piccolo E, Galatola M, Izzo V, Maglio M, Paparo F, Troncone R, Greco L. Potential celiac children: 9-year follow-up on a gluten-containing diet. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109:913-21. [PMID: 24777149 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2014.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Potential celiac disease (CD) is defined by the presence of serum anti-tissue-transglutaminase (anti-TG2) antibodies and normal duodenal mucosa. The major clinical problem is the management of asymptomatic patients and how to predict the development of villous atrophy. This prospective longitudinal cohort study describes the natural history of potential CD up to 9 years and explores risk factors associated with the development of mucosal damage. METHODS Two hundred and ten potential CD children were eligible for the study; 175/210 asymptomatic children were left on a gluten-containing diet. Antibodies and clinical symptoms were checked every 6 months, and a small bowel biopsy was taken every 2 years to evaluate histological, immunohistochemical, and anti-TG2 deposits. Patients were genotyped for HLA and a set of non-HLA CD-associated genes. RESULTS Forty-three percent of patients showed persistently elevated anti-TG2 level, 20% became negative during follow-up, and 37% showed a fluctuant anti-TG2 course with transiently negative values. At 3 years of follow-up, 86% of cases remained potential; 73 and 67% still had normal duodenal architecture at 6 and 9 years, respectively. Male sex, slight mucosal inflammation at time 0, and a peculiar genetic profile delineate a cohort of individuals who were prone to develop mucosal damage during time. CONCLUSIONS A sizeable proportion of asymptomatic potential celiac patients showed fluctuation or negativization of antibody production, and many of these, with persistently positive anti-TG2, did not develop mucosal damage after 9 years of follow-up. Celiac population is a multivariate aggregate of individuals with different genetic and phenotypic profiles. Caution is required before prescribing a gluten-free diet for life to asymptomatic individuals with potential CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata Auricchio
- Department of Medical Translational Science, European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Tosco
- Department of Medical Translational Science, European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Piccolo
- Department of Medical Translational Science, European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Galatola
- Department of Medical Translational Science, European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Valentina Izzo
- Department of Medical Translational Science, European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- Department of Medical Translational Science, European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Paparo
- Department of Medical Translational Science, European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Medical Translational Science, European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Greco
- Department of Medical Translational Science, European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food Induced Disease (ELFID), University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Rostami-Nejad M, Romanos J, Rostami K, Ganji A, Ehsani-Ardakani MJ, Bakhshipour AR, Zojaji H, Mohebbi SR, Zali MR, Wijmenga C. Allele and haplotype frequencies for HLA-DQ in Iranian celiac disease patients. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:6302-6308. [PMID: 24876751 PMCID: PMC4033468 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the distribution of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2 and -DQ8 in Iranian celiac disease (CD) patients and compare them to healthy Iranian controls.
METHODS: To predict the HLA-DQA1 and -DQB1 genes, we used six previously reported HLA-tagging single nucleotide polymorphism to determine HLA genotypes in 59 Iranian patients with ‘biopsy-confirmed’ CD and in 151 healthy Iranian individuals. To test the transferability of the method, 50 cases and controls were also typed using a commercial kit that identifies individual carriers of DQ2, DQ7 and DQ8 alleles.
RESULTS: In this pilot study 97% of CD cases (n = 57) and 58% of controls (n = 87) were carriers of HLA-DQ2 and/or HLA-DQ8 heterodimers, either in the homozygous or heterozygous state. The HLA-DQ pattern of these 57 CD patients: heterozygous DQ2.2 (n = 14) and homozygous DQ2.2 (n = 1), heterozygous DQ2.5 (n = 33) and homozygous DQ2.5 (n = 8), heterozygous DQ8 (n = 13) and homozygous DQ8 (n = 2). Two CD patients were negative for both DQ2 and DQ8 (3%).
CONCLUSION: The prevalence of DQ8 in our CD population was higher than that reported in other populations (25.4%). As reported in other populations, our results underline the primary importance of HLA-DQ alleles in the Iranian population’s susceptibility to CD.
Collapse
|
76
|
Stagi S, Lapi E, D’Avanzo MG, Perferi G, Romano S, Giglio S, Ricci S, Azzari C, Chiarelli F, Seminara S, de Martino M. Coeliac disease and risk for other autoimmune diseases in patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:61. [PMID: 24885139 PMCID: PMC4035725 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-15-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A higher prevalence of coeliac disease (CD) has been reported in patients with Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS), though coexistence with other autoimmune diseases has not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of the more frequent autoimmune diseases and organ- and non-organ specific autoantibodies in WBS. METHODS We longitudinally analysed 46 WBS patients to evaluate the prevalence and co-occurrence of the major autoantibodies and HLA typing for CD diagnosis. These data were compared with healthy age- and sex-matched controls and Down (DS) and Turner (TS) syndrome patients. RESULTS CD was diagnosed in one (2.2%) WBS patient; this differed significantly from DS and TS (respectively, 10.5% and 9.4%; P < 0.005) but not from healthy controls (0.6%; P = NS). However, no patients with WBS showed anti-thyroid antibodies or other organ- and non-organ specific autoantibodies, which differed significantly from DS (respectively, 10.5% and 7.0%; P < 0.005) and TS (respectively, 9.4% and 9.3%; P < 0.005) patients but not from healthy controls (1.1% and 2.3%). The frequencies of CD-specific HLA-DQ heterodimers were not significantly higher than controls, even though the WBS patients more frequently carried the DQA1*0505 allele (57% vs. 39%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS CD may not be more frequent in patients with WBS. In fact, no evidence of a significantly higher prevalence of other autoimmune diseases or positivity of the main organ and non-organ specific autoantibodies was found in WBS, such as showed in the healthy controls and unlike by the patients with Turner or Down syndrome. This should prompt us to better understand the occurrence of CD in WBS. Other studies or longer follow-up might be useful to clarify this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Stagi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Lapi
- Genetics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Giancarlo Perferi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Romano
- Genetics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Sabrina Giglio
- Genetics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Ricci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Azzari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Salvatore Seminara
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio de Martino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Pillai NE, Okada Y, Saw WY, Ong RTH, Wang X, Tantoso E, Xu W, Peterson TA, Bielawny T, Ali M, Tay KY, Poh WT, Tan LWL, Koo SH, Lim WY, Soong R, Wenk M, Raychaudhuri S, Little P, Plummer FA, Lee EJD, Chia KS, Luo M, De Bakker PIW, Teo YY. Predicting HLA alleles from high-resolution SNP data in three Southeast Asian populations. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:4443-51. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
78
|
Romanos J, Rosén A, Kumar V, Trynka G, Franke L, Szperl A, Gutierrez-Achury J, van Diemen CC, Kanninga R, Jankipersadsing SA, Steck A, Eisenbarth G, van Heel DA, Cukrowska B, Bruno V, Mazzilli MC, Núñez C, Bilbao JR, Mearin ML, Barisani D, Rewers M, Norris JM, Ivarsson A, Boezen HM, Liu E, Wijmenga C. Improving coeliac disease risk prediction by testing non-HLA variants additional to HLA variants. Gut 2014; 63:415-22. [PMID: 23704318 PMCID: PMC3933173 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of coeliac disease (CD) patients are not being properly diagnosed and therefore remain untreated, leading to a greater risk of developing CD-associated complications. The major genetic risk heterodimer, HLA-DQ2 and DQ8, is already used clinically to help exclude disease. However, approximately 40% of the population carry these alleles and the majority never develop CD. OBJECTIVE We explored whether CD risk prediction can be improved by adding non-HLA-susceptible variants to common HLA testing. DESIGN We developed an average weighted genetic risk score with 10, 26 and 57 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in 2675 cases and 2815 controls and assessed the improvement in risk prediction provided by the non-HLA SNP. Moreover, we assessed the transferability of the genetic risk model with 26 non-HLA variants to a nested case-control population (n=1709) and a prospective cohort (n=1245) and then tested how well this model predicted CD outcome for 985 independent individuals. RESULTS Adding 57 non-HLA variants to HLA testing showed a statistically significant improvement compared to scores from models based on HLA only, HLA plus 10 SNP and HLA plus 26 SNP. With 57 non-HLA variants, the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve reached 0.854 compared to 0.823 for HLA only, and 11.1% of individuals were reclassified to a more accurate risk group. We show that the risk model with HLA plus 26 SNP is useful in independent populations. CONCLUSIONS Predicting risk with 57 additional non-HLA variants improved the identification of potential CD patients. This demonstrates a possible role for combined HLA and non-HLA genetic testing in diagnostic work for CD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Romanos
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Anna Rosén
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,Department of Medical Biosciences, Medical and Clinical Genetics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gosia Trynka
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Division of Genetics and Division of Rheumatology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Agata Szperl
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Gutierrez-Achury
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cleo C van Diemen
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roan Kanninga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Soesma A Jankipersadsing
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Steck
- Barbara Davis Centre for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Georges Eisenbarth
- Barbara Davis Centre for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David A van Heel
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Bozena Cukrowska
- Department of Pathology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Valentina Bruno
- European Laboratory for Food-Induced Disease, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Concepcion Núñez
- Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Ramon Bilbao
- Immunogenetics Research Laboratory, Hospital de Cruces, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - M Luisa Mearin
- Department of Paediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Donatella Barisani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Marian Rewers
- Barbara Davis Centre for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jill M Norris
- Epidemiology Department, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, USA
| | - Anneli Ivarsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - H Marieke Boezen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Liu
- Barbara Davis Centre for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Abraham G, Tye-Din JA, Bhalala OG, Kowalczyk A, Zobel J, Inouye M. Accurate and robust genomic prediction of celiac disease using statistical learning. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004137. [PMID: 24550740 PMCID: PMC3923679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Practical application of genomic-based risk stratification to clinical diagnosis is appealing yet performance varies widely depending on the disease and genomic risk score (GRS) method. Celiac disease (CD), a common immune-mediated illness, is strongly genetically determined and requires specific HLA haplotypes. HLA testing can exclude diagnosis but has low specificity, providing little information suitable for clinical risk stratification. Using six European cohorts, we provide a proof-of-concept that statistical learning approaches which simultaneously model all SNPs can generate robust and highly accurate predictive models of CD based on genome-wide SNP profiles. The high predictive capacity replicated both in cross-validation within each cohort (AUC of 0.87–0.89) and in independent replication across cohorts (AUC of 0.86–0.9), despite differences in ethnicity. The models explained 30–35% of disease variance and up to ∼43% of heritability. The GRS's utility was assessed in different clinically relevant settings. Comparable to HLA typing, the GRS can be used to identify individuals without CD with ≥99.6% negative predictive value however, unlike HLA typing, fine-scale stratification of individuals into categories of higher-risk for CD can identify those that would benefit from more invasive and costly definitive testing. The GRS is flexible and its performance can be adapted to the clinical situation by adjusting the threshold cut-off. Despite explaining a minority of disease heritability, our findings indicate a genomic risk score provides clinically relevant information to improve upon current diagnostic pathways for CD and support further studies evaluating the clinical utility of this approach in CD and other complex diseases. Celiac disease (CD) is a common immune-mediated illness, affecting approximately 1% of the population in Western countries but the diagnostic process remains sub-optimal. The development of CD is strongly dependent on specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes, and HLA testing to identify CD susceptibility is now commonly undertaken in clinical practice. The clinical utility of HLA typing is to exclude CD when the CD susceptibility HLA types are absent, but notably, most people who possess HLA types imparting susceptibility for CD never develop CD. Therefore, while genetic testing in CD can overcome several limitations of the current diagnostic tools, the utility of HLA typing to identify those individuals at increased-risk of CD is limited. Using large datasets assaying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we have developed genomic risk scores (GRS) based on multiple SNPs that can more accurately predict CD risk across several populations in “real world” clinical settings. The GRS can generate predictions that optimize CD risk stratification and diagnosis, potentially reducing the number of unnecessary follow-up investigations. The medical and economic impact of improving CD diagnosis is likely to be significant, and our findings support further studies into the role of personalized GRS's for other strongly heritable human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gad Abraham
- Medical Systems Biology, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- NICTA Victoria Research Lab, Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason A. Tye-Din
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oneil G. Bhalala
- Medical Systems Biology, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam Kowalczyk
- NICTA Victoria Research Lab, Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justin Zobel
- NICTA Victoria Research Lab, Department of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Inouye
- Medical Systems Biology, Department of Pathology and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
VIEIRA C, JATOBÁ I, MATOS M, DINIZ-SANTOS D, SILVA LR. PREVALENCE OF CELIAC DISEASE IN CHILDREN WITH EPILEPSY. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2013; 50:290-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032013000400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ContextNeurological symptoms have been well-documented in patients with celiac disease, nevertheless, the presumption of a greater prevalence of epilepsy in celiac patients remains controversial.ObjectivesTo determine the frequency of celiac disease in children and adolescents with idiopathic or cryptogenic epilepsy.MethodsA cross-sectional study. One hundred pediatric patients with non-symptomatic epilepsy were followed-up at two public pediatric neurology clinics in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Screening for celiac disease was performed by serial measurements of IgA anti-transglutaminase and IgA anti-endomysium antibodies, followed by bowel biopsy in positive cases. HLA DQ02 and DQ08 were investigated in seropositive individuals, assessing the type of seizures, the number of antiepileptic drugs used and the presence gastrointestinal symptoms.ResultsThree (3.0%) patients tested anti-tTG-positive, two with normal duodenal mucosa (Marsh 0) and one with intraepithelial infiltrate (Marsh I). No villous atrophy of the duodenal mucosa (Marsh III) celiac disease was found. Two patients tested positive for HLA DQ02; none were DQ08 positive.ConclusionThe present study failed to prove the association between celiac disease and epilepsy.
Collapse
|
81
|
Wennerström A, Vlachopoulou E, Lahtela LE, Paakkanen R, Eronen KT, Seppänen M, Lokki ML. Diversity of extended HLA-DRB1 haplotypes in the Finnish population. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79690. [PMID: 24278156 PMCID: PMC3836878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC, 6p21) codes for traditional HLA and other host response related genes. The polymorphic HLA-DRB1 gene in MHC Class II has been associated with several complex diseases. In this study we focus on MHC haplotype structures in the Finnish population. We explore the variability of extended HLA-DRB1 haplotypes in relation to the other traditional HLA genes and a selected group of MHC class III genes. A total of 150 healthy Finnish individuals were included in the study. Subjects were genotyped for HLA alleles (HLA-A, -B, -DRB1, -DQB1, and -DPB1). The polymorphism of TNF, LTA, C4, BTNL2 and HLA-DRA genes was studied with 74 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphism). The C4A and C4B gene copy numbers and a 2-bp silencing insertion at exon 29 in C4A gene were analysed with quantitative genomic realtime-PCR. The allele frequencies for each locus were calculated and haplotypes were constructed using both the traditional HLA alleles and SNP blocks. The most frequent Finnish A∼B∼DR -haplotype, uncommon in elsewhere in Europe, was A*03∼B*35∼DRB1*01∶01. The second most common haplotype was a common European ancestral haplotype AH 8.1 (A*01∼B*08∼DRB1*03∶01). Extended haplotypes containing HLA-B, TNF block, C4 and HLA-DPB1 strongly increased the number of HLA-DRB1 haplotypes showing variability in the extended HLA-DRB1 haplotype structures. On the contrary, BTNL2 block and HLA-DQB1 were more conserved showing linkage with the HLA-DRB1 alleles. We show that the use of HLA-DRB1 haplotypes rather than single HLA-DRB1 alleles is advantageous when studying the polymorphisms and LD patters of the MHC region. For disease association studies the HLA-DRB1 haplotypes with various MHC markers allows us to cluster haplotypes with functionally important gene variants such as C4 deficiency and cytokines TNF and LTA, and provides hypotheses for further assessment. Our study corroborates the importance of studying population-specific MHC haplotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Wennerström
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - L. Elisa Lahtela
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Paakkanen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja T. Eronen
- Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Seppänen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Anderson RP, Henry MJ, Taylor R, Duncan EL, Danoy P, Costa MJ, Addison K, Tye-Din JA, Kotowicz MA, Knight RE, Pollock W, Nicholson GC, Toh BH, Brown MA, Pasco JA. A novel serogenetic approach determines the community prevalence of celiac disease and informs improved diagnostic pathways. BMC Med 2013; 11:188. [PMID: 23981538 PMCID: PMC3765645 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changing perspectives on the natural history of celiac disease (CD), new serology and genetic tests, and amended histological criteria for diagnosis cast doubt on past prevalence estimates for CD. We set out to establish a more accurate prevalence estimate for CD using a novel serogenetic approach. METHODS The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ genotype was determined in 356 patients with 'biopsy-confirmed' CD, and in two age-stratified, randomly selected community cohorts of 1,390 women and 1,158 men. Sera were screened for CD-specific serology. RESULTS Only five 'biopsy-confirmed' patients with CD did not possess the susceptibility alleles HLA-DQ2.5, DQ8, or DQ2.2, and four of these were misdiagnoses. HLA-DQ2.5, DQ8, or DQ2.2 was present in 56% of all women and men in the community cohorts. Transglutaminase (TG)-2 IgA and composite TG2/deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) IgA/IgG were abnormal in 4.6% and 5.6%, respectively, of the community women and 6.9% and 6.9%, respectively, of the community men, but in the screen-positive group, only 71% and 75%, respectively, of women and 65% and 63%, respectively, of men possessed HLA-DQ2.5, DQ8, or DQ2.2. Medical review was possible for 41% of seropositive women and 50% of seropositive men, and led to biopsy-confirmed CD in 10 women (0.7%) and 6 men (0.5%), but based on relative risk for HLA-DQ2.5, DQ8, or DQ2.2 in all TG2 IgA or TG2/DGP IgA/IgG screen-positive subjects, CD affected 1.3% or 1.9%, respectively, of females and 1.3% or 1.2%, respectively, of men. Serogenetic data from these community cohorts indicated that testing screen positives for HLA-DQ, or carrying out HLA-DQ and further serology, could have reduced unnecessary gastroscopies due to false-positive serology by at least 40% and by over 70%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Screening with TG2 IgA serology and requiring biopsy confirmation caused the community prevalence of CD to be substantially underestimated. Testing for HLA-DQ genes and confirmatory serology could reduce the numbers of unnecessary gastroscopies.
Collapse
|
83
|
Murray JA, McLachlan S, Adams PC, Eckfeldt JH, Garner CP, Vulpe CD, Gordeuk VR, Brantner T, Leiendecker-Foster C, Killeen AA, Acton RT, Barcellos LF, Nickerson DA, Beckman KB, McLaren GD, McLaren CE. Association between celiac disease and iron deficiency in Caucasians, but not non-Caucasians. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11:808-14. [PMID: 23416278 PMCID: PMC3843318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Celiac disease is an increasingly recognized disorder in Caucasian populations of European origin. Little is known about its prevalence in non-Caucasians. Although it is thought to be a cause of iron-deficiency anemia, little is known about the extent to which celiac disease contributes to iron deficiency in Caucasians, and especially non-Caucasians. We analyzed samples collected from participants in the Hemochromatosis and Iron Overload Screening study to identify individuals with iron deficiency and to assess the frequency of celiac disease. METHODS We analyzed serum samples from white men (≥25 y) and women (≥50 y) who participated in the Hemochromatosis and Iron Overload Screening study; cases were defined as individuals with iron deficiency (serum ferritin level, ≤12 μg/L) and controls were those without (serum ferritin level, >100 μg/L in men and >50 μg/L in women). All samples also were analyzed for human recombinant tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A; positive results were confirmed by an assay for endomysial antibodies. Patients with positive results from both celiac disease tests were presumed to have untreated celiac disease, and those with a positive result from only 1 test were excluded from analysis. We analyzed HLA genotypes and frequencies of celiac disease between Caucasians and non-Caucasians with iron deficiency. RESULTS Celiac disease occurred in 14 of 567 cases (2.5%) and in only 1 of 1136 controls (0.1%; Fisher exact test, P = 1.92 × 10(-6)). Celiac disease was more common in Caucasian cases (14 of 363; 4%) than non-Caucasian cases (0 of 204; P = .003). Only 1 Caucasian control and no non-Caucasian controls had celiac disease. The odds of celiac disease in individuals with iron deficiency was 28-fold (95% confidence interval, 3.7-212.8) that of controls; 13 of 14 cases with celiac disease carried the DQ2.5 variant of the HLA genotype. CONCLUSIONS Celiac disease is associated with iron deficiency in Caucasians. Celiac disease is rare among non-Caucasians-even among individuals with features of celiac disease, such as iron deficiency. Celiac disease also is rare among individuals without iron deficiency. Men and postmenopausal women with iron deficiency should be tested for celiac disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Murray
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Imputing amino acid polymorphisms in human leukocyte antigens. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64683. [PMID: 23762245 PMCID: PMC3675122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA sequence variation within human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes mediate susceptibility to a wide range of human diseases. The complex genetic structure of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) makes it difficult, however, to collect genotyping data in large cohorts. Long-range linkage disequilibrium between HLA loci and SNP markers across the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region offers an alternative approach through imputation to interrogate HLA variation in existing GWAS data sets. Here we describe a computational strategy, SNP2HLA, to impute classical alleles and amino acid polymorphisms at class I (HLA-A, -B, -C) and class II (-DPA1, -DPB1, -DQA1, -DQB1, and -DRB1) loci. To characterize performance of SNP2HLA, we constructed two European ancestry reference panels, one based on data collected in HapMap-CEPH pedigrees (90 individuals) and another based on data collected by the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC, 5,225 individuals). We imputed HLA alleles in an independent data set from the British 1958 Birth Cohort (N = 918) with gold standard four-digit HLA types and SNPs genotyped using the Affymetrix GeneChip 500 K and Illumina Immunochip microarrays. We demonstrate that the sample size of the reference panel, rather than SNP density of the genotyping platform, is critical to achieve high imputation accuracy. Using the larger T1DGC reference panel, the average accuracy at four-digit resolution is 94.7% using the low-density Affymetrix GeneChip 500 K, and 96.7% using the high-density Illumina Immunochip. For amino acid polymorphisms within HLA genes, we achieve 98.6% and 99.3% accuracy using the Affymetrix GeneChip 500 K and Illumina Immunochip, respectively. Finally, we demonstrate how imputation and association testing at amino acid resolution can facilitate fine-mapping of primary MHC association signals, giving a specific example from type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
|
85
|
Vazquez-Roque MI, Camilleri M, Smyrk T, Murray JA, Marietta E, O’Neill J, Carlson P, Lamsam J, Janzow D, Eckert D, Burton D, Zinsmeister AR. A controlled trial of gluten-free diet in patients with irritable bowel syndrome-diarrhea: effects on bowel frequency and intestinal function. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:903-911.e3. [PMID: 23357715 PMCID: PMC3633663 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) could benefit from a gluten-free diet (GFD). METHODS We performed a randomized controlled 4-week trial of a gluten-containing diet (GCD) or GFD in 45 patients with IBS-D; genotype analysis was performed for HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8. Twenty-two patients were placed on the GCD (11 HLA-DQ2/8 negative and 11 HLA-DQ2/8 positive) and 23 patients were placed on the GFD (12 HLA-DQ2/8 negative and 11 HLA-DQ2/8 positive). We measured bowel function daily, small-bowel (SB) and colonic transit, mucosal permeability (by lactulose and mannitol excretion), and cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells after exposure to gluten and rice. We collected rectosigmoid biopsy specimens from 28 patients, analyzed levels of messenger RNAs encoding tight junction proteins, and performed H&E staining and immunohistochemical analyses. Analysis of covariance models was used to compare data from the GCD and GFD groups. RESULTS Subjects on the GCD had more bowel movements per day (P = .04); the GCD had a greater effect on bowel movements per day of HLA-DQ2/8-positive than HLA-DQ2/8-negative patients (P = .019). The GCD was associated with higher SB permeability (based on 0-2 h levels of mannitol and the lactulose:mannitol ratio); SB permeability was greater in HLA-DQ2/8-positive than HLA-DQ2/8-negative patients (P = .018). No significant differences in colonic permeability were observed. Patients on the GCD had a small decrease in expression of zonula occludens 1 in SB mucosa and significant decreases in expression of zonula occludens 1, claudin-1, and occludin in rectosigmoid mucosa; the effects of the GCD on expression were significantly greater in HLA-DQ2/8-positive patients. The GCD vs the GFD had no significant effects on transit or histology. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells produced higher levels of interleukin-10, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and transforming growth factor-α in response to gluten than rice (unrelated to HLA genotype). CONCLUSIONS Gluten alters bowel barrier functions in patients with IBS-D, particularly in HLA-DQ2/8-positive patients. These findings reveal a reversible mechanism for the disorder. Clinical trials.govNCT01094041.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Vazquez-Roque
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.),Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.)
| | - Thomas Smyrk
- Surgical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | - Joseph A. Murray
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.)
| | - Eric Marietta
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.)
| | - Jessica O’Neill
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.)
| | - Paula Carlson
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.)
| | | | | | - Deborah Eckert
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.)
| | - Duane Burton
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.)
| | - Alan R. Zinsmeister
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research; College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Kiefte-de Jong JC, Jaddoe VWV, Uitterlinden AG, Steegers EAP, Willemsen SP, Hofman A, Hooijkaas H, Moll HA. Levels of antibodies against tissue transglutaminase during pregnancy are associated with reduced fetal weight and birth weight. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:726-735.e2. [PMID: 23313966 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Celiac disease in pregnant women has been associated with poor growth of the fetus, but little is known about how the level of celiac disease affects fetal growth or birth outcomes. We assessed the associations between levels of antibodies against tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG, a marker of celiac disease) and fetal growth and birth outcomes for pregnant women. METHODS We performed a population-based prospective birth cohort study of 7046 pregnant women. Serum samples were collected during the second trimester of pregnancy and analyzed for levels of anti-tTG. Based on these levels, the women were categorized into 3 groups: negative anti-tTG (≤0.79 U/mL; n = 6702), intermediate anti-tTG (0.8 to ≤6 U/mL; n = 308), or positive anti-tTG (>6 U/mL; n = 36). Data on fetal growth and birth outcomes were collected from ultrasound measurements and medical records. RESULTS Fetuses of women in the positive anti-tTG group weighed 16 g less than those of women in the negative anti-tTG group (95% confidence interval [CI], -32 to -1 g) during the second trimester and weighed 74 g less (95% CI, -140 to -8 g) during the third trimester. Newborns of women in the intermediate and positive anti-tTG groups weighed 53 g (95% CI, -106 to -1 g) and 159 g (95% CI, -316 to -1 g) less at birth, respectively, than those of women in the negative anti-tTG group. The reduction in birth weight in offspring of mothers in the intermediate anti-tTG group was 2-fold greater among mothers who carried HLA-DQ2 or -DQ8 than among those without HLA-DQ2 or -DQ8. CONCLUSIONS Levels of anti-tTG in pregnant women are inversely associated with fetal growth. Growth was reduced to the greatest extent in fetuses of women with the highest levels of anti-tTG (>6 U/mL). Birth weight was also reduced in women with intermediate levels of anti-tTG (0.8 to ≤6 U/mL) and further reduced in those carrying HLA-DQ2 and -DQ8.
Collapse
|
87
|
Vazquez-Roque MI, Camilleri M, Smyrk T, Murray JA, O'Neill J, Carlson P, Lamsam J, Eckert D, Janzow D, Burton D, Ryks M, Rhoten D, Zinsmeister AR. Association of HLA-DQ gene with bowel transit, barrier function, and inflammation in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G1262-9. [PMID: 23042942 PMCID: PMC3532460 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00294.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with diarrhea (IBS-D) carrying human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2/8 genotypes benefit from gluten withdrawal. Our objective was to compare gastrointestinal barrier function, mucosal inflammation, and transit in nonceliac IBS-D patients and assess association with HLA-DQ2/8 status. In 45 IBS-D patients who were naive to prior exclusion of dietary gluten, we measured small bowel (SB) and colonic mucosal permeability by cumulative urinary lactulose and mannitol excretion (0-2 h for SB and 8-24 h for colon), inflammation on duodenal and rectosigmoid mucosal biopsies (obtained in 28 of 45 patients), tight junction (TJ) protein mRNA and protein expression in SB and rectosigmoid mucosa, and gastrointestinal and colonic transit by validated scintigraphy. SB mucosal biopsies were stained with hematoxylin-eosin to assess villi and intraepithelial lymphocytes, and immunohistochemistry was used to assess CD3, CD8, tryptase, and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1); colonic biopsy intraepithelial lymphocytes were quantitated. Associations of HLA-DQ were assessed using Wilcoxon's rank-sum test. Relative to healthy control data, we observed a significant increase in SB permeability (P < 0.001), a borderline increase in colonic permeability (P = 0.10), and a decrease in TJ mRNA expression in rectosigmoid mucosa in IBS-D. In HLA-DQ2/8-positive patients, ZO-1 protein expression in the rectosigmoid mucosa was reduced compared with that in HLA-DQ2/8-negative patients and colonic transit was slower than in HLA-DQ2/8-negative patients. No other associations with HLA genotype were identified. There is abnormal barrier function (increased SB permeability and reduced mRNA expression of TJ proteins) in IBS-D relative to health that may be, in part, related to immunogenotype, given reduced ZO-1 protein expression in rectosigmoid mucosa in HLA-DQ2/8-positive relative to HLA-DQ2/8-negative patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Vazquez-Roque
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; ,4Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; and
| | - Michael Camilleri
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
| | - Thomas Smyrk
- 2Surgical Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
| | - Joseph A. Murray
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
| | - Jessica O'Neill
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
| | - Paula Carlson
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
| | - Jesse Lamsam
- 5Clinical Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Deborah Eckert
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
| | - Denise Janzow
- 5Clinical Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Duane Burton
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
| | - Michael Ryks
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
| | - Deborah Rhoten
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
| | - Alan R. Zinsmeister
- 3Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Genomic modulators of the immune response. Trends Genet 2012; 29:74-83. [PMID: 23122694 PMCID: PMC3605582 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of immunity has historically been informed by studying heritable mutations in both the adaptive and innate immune responses, including primary immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases. Recent advances achieved through the application of genomic and epigenomic approaches are reshaping the study of immune dysfunction and opening up new avenues for therapeutic interventions. Moreover, applying genomic techniques to resolve functionally important genetic variation between individuals is providing new insights into immune function in health. This review describes progress in the study of rare variants and primary immunodeficiency diseases arising from whole-exome sequencing (WES), and discusses the application, success, and challenges of applying genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to disorders of immune function and how they may inform more rational use of therapeutics. In addition, the application of expression quantitative-trait mapping to immune phenotypes, progress in understanding MHC disease associations, and insights into epigenetic mechanisms at the interface of immunity and the environment are reviewed.
Collapse
|
89
|
Gasbarrini G, Rickards O, Martínez-Labarga C, Pacciani E, Chilleri F, Laterza L, Marangi G, Scaldaferri F, Gasbarrini A. Origin of celiac disease: How old are predisposing haplotypes? World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:5300-4. [PMID: 23066327 PMCID: PMC3468865 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i37.5300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently presented the case of a first century AD young woman, found in the archaeological site of Cosa, showing clinical signs of malnutrition, such as short height, osteoporosis, dental enamel hypoplasia and cribra orbitalia, indirect sign of anemia, all strongly suggestive for celiac disease (CD). However, whether these findings were actually associated to CD was not shown based on genetic parameters. To investigate her human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II polymorphism, we extracted DNA from a bone sample and a tooth and genotyped HLA using three HLA-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms for DQ8, DQ2.2 and DQ2.5, specifically associated to CD. She displayed HLA DQ 2.5, the haplotype associated to the highest risk of CD. This is the first report showing the presence of a HLA haplotype compatible for CD in archaeological specimens.
Collapse
|
90
|
de Bakker PIW, Raychaudhuri S. Interrogating the major histocompatibility complex with high-throughput genomics. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:R29-36. [PMID: 22976473 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on the short arm of chromosome 6 harbors the largest number of replicated associations across the human genome for a wide range of diseases, but the functional basis for these associations is still poorly understood. One fundamental challenge in fine-mapping associations to functional alleles is the enormous sequence diversity and broad linkage disequilibrium of the MHC, both of which hamper the cost-effective interrogation in large patient samples and the identification of causal variants. In this review, we argue that there is now a valuable opportunity to leverage existing genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets for in-depth investigation to identify independent effects in the MHC. Application of imputation to GWAS data facilitates comprehensive interrogation of the classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci. These datasets are, in many cases, sufficiently large to give investigators the ability to disentangle effects at different loci. We also explain how querying variation at individual amino acid positions for association can be powerful and expand traditional analyses that focus only on the classical HLA types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul I W de Bakker
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Simons MJ. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma as a paradigm of cancer genetics. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 30:79-84. [PMID: 21272439 PMCID: PMC4013336 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.010.10609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The unusual incidence patterns for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in China, Northeast India, Arctic Inuit, Peninsular and island Southeast Asia, Polynesian Islanders, and North Africans indicate a role for NPC risk genes in Chinese, Chinese-related, and not-obviously Chinese-related populations. Renewed interest in NPC genetic risk has been stimulated by a hypothesis that NPC population patterns originated in Bai-Yue / pre-Austronesian–speaking aborigines and were dispersed during the last glacial maximum by Sundaland submersion. Five articles in this issue of the Chinese Journal of Cancer, first presented at a meeting on genetic aspects of NPC [National Cancer Center of Singapore (NCCS), February 20–21, 2010], are directed towards incidence patterns, to early detection of affected individuals within risk populations, and to the application of genetic technology advances to understanding the nature of high risk. Turnbull presents a general framework for understanding population migrations that underlie NPC and similar complex diseases, including other viral cancers. Trejaut et al. apply genetic markers to detail migration from East Asia through Taiwan to the populating of Island Polynesia. Migration dispersal in a westward direction took mongoloid peoples to modern day Northeast India adjacent to Western China (Xinjiang). NPC incidence in mongoloid Nagas ranks amongst the highest in the world, whereas elsewhere in India NPC is uncommon. Cao et al. detail incidence patterns in Southeast China that have occurred over recent decades. Finally, Ji et al. describe the utility of Epstein-Barr virus serostatus in early NPC detection. While genetic risk factors still remain largely unknown, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes have been a focus of attention since the discovery of an HLA association with NPC in 1973 and, two years later, that NPC susceptibility in highest-risk Cantonese involved the co-occurrence of multi-HLA locus combinations of HLA genes as chromosome combinations, or haplotypes (e.g. HLA-A2–B46), whereas in relatively lower-risk non-Cantonese Chinese (Hokkiens, Teochews) they appeared to act independently, a strength of association reflecting the 30–50-fold difference in incidence between highest risk Cantonese and lowest-risk Indians. The prototypic haplotype HLA-A2–B46 extends over megabases. An upstream DNA segment (near HLA-DPA1), has close similarity to Gorilla, with no obvious homology to Chimpanzee in current databases, suggesting that a reticulate model of primate evolution may be more appropriate than simple phylogeny. The DNA variation level in this segment is high enough for it to be a hominin remnant. HLA-B46 arose in mongoloids and remains largely limited to Chinese so the question arises as to whether the hominin candidate segment indicates an eastward trek of Homo neanderthalensis or the survival of much earlier Homo erectus? In 2011 sequencing technologies have finally caught up with the requirement to separate parental haplotypes. Recently achieved chromosome separation for whole genome di-haploid genetic and epigenetic analysis of parental inheritance in single individuals will reveal interacting patterns of multi-locus haplotypes as humans move in and through successive environments, thus providing definitive information on the genetic affinities between extant populations, and of the migrations that have led to the global distribution of modern Homo. The challenge can now be met of seeking HLA-associated locations both within and outside the HLA complex on each of the pair of chromosomes. More broadly, for every disease, genetic risk detection will require resolution of the diploid genome as a di-haplome. In the context of NPC, HLA genetic risk complete autosomal di-haplomic sequencing will enable testing of the Wee unitary origin hypothesis of NPC risk even among populations with no apparent mongoloid affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm J Simons
- Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guandong 510060, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Andersen MK, Lundgren V, Isomaa B, Groop L, Tuomi T. Association of variants in HLA-DQA1-DQB1, PTPN22, INS, and CTLA4 with GAD autoantibodies and insulin secretion in nondiabetic adults of the Botnia Prospective Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167:27-33. [PMID: 22511809 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previously, we observed an association between family history of type 1 diabetes and development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The aims of this study were to assess whether type 1 diabetes susceptibility gene variants explain this association and investigate the effect of the variants on insulin secretion and presence of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA) in nondiabetic adults. DESIGN AND METHODS Polymorphisms in INS (rs689), PTPN22 (rs2476601), CTLA4 (rs3087243), and the HLA-DQA1-DQB1 regions (rs2187668 and rs7454108 tagging HLA-DQ2.5 and HLA-DQ8 respectively) were genotyped in the Botnia Prospective Study (n=2764), in which initially nondiabetic participants were followed for a mean of 8.1 years. RESULTS The variants did not explain the association between family history of type 1 diabetes and development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. In these nondiabetic adults, HLA-DQ AND PTPN22 risk genotypes were associated with GADA (HLA-DQ2.5/HLA-DQ8 or HLA-DQ8: OR (95% CI): 1.7 (1.3-2.3), P=0.0004; PTPN22 CT/TT: OR: 1.6 (1.2-2.2), P=0.003; P values were adjusted for sex, age, BMI, and follow-up time). A higher genetic risk score was associated with lower insulin secretion (insulinogenic index: 13.27 (16.27) vs 12.69 (15.27) vs 10.98 (13.06), P=0.02) and better insulin sensitivity index (risk score of 0-1 vs 2-3 vs 4-6: 142 (111) vs 144 (118) vs 157 (127), P=0.01) at baseline and a poorer capacity to compensate for the increased insulin demand after follow-up. CONCLUSIONS In nondiabetic adults, HLA-DQ2.5/HLA-DQ8 and PTPN22 CT/TT genotypes were associated with GADA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mette K Andersen
- Research Program for Molecular Medicine, Helsinki University and Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Catamo E, Segat L, Lenarduzzi S, Petix V, Morgutti M, Crovella S. CD14 polymorphisms correlate with an augmented risk for celiac disease in Italian patients. Genes Immun 2012; 13:489-95. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2012.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
94
|
Ahn R, Ding YC, Murray J, Fasano A, Green PHR, Neuhausen SL, Garner C. Association analysis of the extended MHC region in celiac disease implicates multiple independent susceptibility loci. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36926. [PMID: 22615847 PMCID: PMC3355177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease is a common autoimmune disease caused by sensitivity to the dietary protein gluten. Forty loci have been implicated in the disease. All disease loci have been characterized as low-penetrance, with the exception of the high-risk genotypes in the HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genes, which are necessary but not sufficient to cause the disease. The very strong effects from the known HLA loci and the genetically complex nature of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have precluded a thorough investigation of the region. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that additional celiac disease loci exist within the extended MHC (xMHC). A set of 1898 SNPs was analyzed for association across the 7.6 Mb xMHC region in 1668 confirmed celiac disease cases and 517 unaffected controls. Conditional recursive partitioning was used to create an informative indicator of the known HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 high-risk genotypes that was included in the association analysis to account for their effects. A linkage disequilibrium-based grouping procedure was utilized to estimate the number of independent celiac disease loci present in the xMHC after accounting for the known effects. There was significant statistical evidence for four new independent celiac disease loci within the classic MHC region. This study is the first comprehensive association analysis of the xMHC in celiac disease that specifically accounts for the known HLA disease genotypes and the genetic complexity of the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ahn
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Yuan Chun Ding
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Murray
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, The Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Center for Celiac Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter H. R. Green
- Celiac Disease Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Neuhausen
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Chad Garner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Demonstration of small-bowel mucosal damage has been the basis of celiac disease diagnosis, but the diagnostic approach is undergoing changes. The European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition recently stated that in a subgroup of children, high positive transglutaminase 2 antibody (TG2ab) values may be sufficient for the diagnosis. The utility of these new criteria was evaluated by applying the human red blood cell TG2 antibody test (RBC-TG2ab) to a large cohort of children and adults belonging to at-risk groups. METHODS RBC-TG2ab and endomysial antibodies (EmA) were measured in 3031 family members or other relatives of patients with celiac disease. The RBC-TG2ab values were classified as weak (20-29 U), moderate (30-99 U), and strong (≥100 U) positive. Seropositive subjects were further tested by human recombinant TG2ab (Hr-TG2ab) and for the presence of celiac disease-associated human leukocyte antigen-DQ alleles. Gastroscopy was recommended for all with positive RBC-TG2ab, EmA, or Hr-TG2ab, or weak positive RBC-TG2ab and symptoms. RESULTS Strong positive RBC-TG2ab has good correlation with EmA and Hr-TG2ab and positivity of DQ2/8, and the diagnosis was established in 94% of both children and adults. In contrast, moderately positive (≥30 U) RBC-TG2ab showed poor correlation with the other tests, and celiac disease was diagnosed in 69% of children and 86% of adults. Most participants with weak positive RBC-TG2ab were negative for EmA and Hr-TG2ab. CONCLUSIONS In accordance with the new European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition criteria, strong positive RBC-TG2ab showed good accuracy and excellent correlation with the other antibodies and celiac-type human leukocyte antigen. In contrast, low or moderately positive RBC-TG2ab values were of unsatisfactory prognostic value for a subsequent diagnosis.
Collapse
|
96
|
Martín JE, Bossini-Castillo L, Martín J. Unraveling the genetic component of systemic sclerosis. Hum Genet 2012; 131:1023-37. [PMID: 22218928 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a severe connective tissue disorder characterized by extensive fibrosis, vascular damage, and autoimmune events. During the last years, the number of genetic markers convincingly associated with SSc has exponentially increased. In this report, we aim to offer an updated review of the classical and novel genetic associations with SSc, analyzing the firmest and replicated signals within HLA and non-HLA genes, identified by both candidate gene and genome-wide association (GWA) studies. We will also provide an insight into the future perspectives and approaches that might shed more light into the complex genetic background underlying SSc. In spite of the remarkable advance in the field of SSc genetics during the last decade, the use of the new genetic technologies such as next generation sequencing (NGS), as well as the deep phenotyping of the study cohorts, to fully characterize the genetic component of this disease is imperative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Ezequiel Martín
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, IPBLN-CSIC, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parque Tecnológico Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento, 18100-Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Varney MD, Castley ASL, Haimila K, Saavalainen P. Methods for diagnostic HLA typing in disease association and drug hypersensitivity. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 882:27-46. [PMID: 22665227 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-842-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the application of diagnostic HLA typing for disease association and five methods used for specific HLA genotypes. The methods utilise a combination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification to detect sequence polymorphism by the presence or absence of amplification, nucleotide sequencing of the PCR product, and hybridisation of the PCR product with labelled probes. The probes are specific for sequence polymorphism associated with the genotype and are attached to either a Micro Bead or a Solid Phase. In addition, the detection of single nucleotide polymorphism(s) which "tag" for the genotype using a real-time PCR is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Varney
- Victorian Transplantation and Immunogenetics Service, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó IR, Mearin ML, Phillips A, Shamir R, Troncone R, Giersiepen K, Branski D, Catassi C, Lelgeman M, Mäki M, Ribes-Koninckx C, Ventura A, Zimmer KP. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012; 54:136-60. [PMID: 22197856 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e31821a23d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1721] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diagnostic criteria for coeliac disease (CD) from the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) were published in 1990. Since then, the autoantigen in CD, tissue transglutaminase, has been identified; the perception of CD has changed from that of a rather uncommon enteropathy to a common multiorgan disease strongly dependent on the haplotypes human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8; and CD-specific antibody tests have improved. METHODS A panel of 17 experts defined CD and developed new diagnostic criteria based on the Delphi process. Two groups of patients were defined with different diagnostic approaches to diagnose CD: children with symptoms suggestive of CD (group 1) and asymptomatic children at increased risk for CD (group 2). The 2004 National Institutes of Health/Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality report and a systematic literature search on antibody tests for CD in paediatric patients covering the years 2004 to 2009 was the basis for the evidence-based recommendations on CD-specific antibody testing. RESULTS In group 1, the diagnosis of CD is based on symptoms, positive serology, and histology that is consistent with CD. If immunoglobulin A anti-tissue transglutaminase type 2 antibody titers are high (>10 times the upper limit of normal), then the option is to diagnose CD without duodenal biopsies by applying a strict protocol with further laboratory tests. In group 2, the diagnosis of CD is based on positive serology and histology. HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 testing is valuable because CD is unlikely if both haplotypes are negative. CONCLUSIONS The aim of the new guidelines was to achieve a high diagnostic accuracy and to reduce the burden for patients and their families. The performance of these guidelines in clinical practice should be evaluated prospectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Husby
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital at Odense University Hospital.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Beni V, Zewdu T, Joda H, Katakis I, O'Sullivan CK. Gold nanoparticle fluorescent molecular beacon for low-resolution DQ2 gene HLA typing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:1001-9. [PMID: 22086396 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5493-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Coeliac disease is an inflammation of the small intestine triggered by gluten ingestion. We present a fluorescent genosensor, exploiting molecular-beacon-functionalized gold nanoparticles, for the identification of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2 gene, a key genetic factor in coeliac disease. Optimization of sensor performance was achieved by tuning the composition of the oligonucleotide monolayer immobilized on the gold nanoparticle and the molecular beacon design. Co-immobilization of the molecular beacon with a spacing oligonucleotide (thiolated ten-thymine oligonucleotide) in the presence of ten-adenine oligonucleotides resulted in a significant increase of the sensor response owing to improved spacing of the molecular beacons and extension of the distance from the nanoparticle surface, which renders them more available for recognition. Further increase in the response (approximately 40%) was shown to be achievable when the recognition sequence of the molecular beacon was incorporated in the stem. Improvement of the specificity of the molecular beacons was also achieved by the incorporation within their recognition sequence of a one-base mismatch. Finally, gold nanoparticles functionalized with two molecular beacons targeting the DQA1*05* and DQB1*02* alleles allowed the low-resolution typing of the DQ2 gene at the nanomolar level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Beni
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioanalysis Group, Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pasos Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Martins RDCA, Gandolfi L, Modelli IC, Almeida RCD, Castro LC, Pratesi R. Serologic screening and genetic testing among brazilian patients with celiac disease and their first degree relatives. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2011; 47:257-62. [PMID: 21140086 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-28032010000300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Celiac disease susceptibility has been shown to be associated with the HLA alleles DQA1*0501 and DQB1*0201 (together encoding the DQ2 heterodimer) that are present in practically all celiac disease patients. The DQ8 heterodimer (coded by DQA1*03-DQB1*0302), which is carried on a DRB1*04 (DR4) haplotype, is commonly encoded for by the few celiacs who do not carry the DQ2 heterodimer. Only a few celiac disease patients have been reported without these known risk alleles. OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of celiac disease in a group of first degree relatives of celiac patients, and the frequency of HLA predisposing alleles both in the group of celiac patients and in their first degree relatives, identifying those first degree relatives who would need further screening for celiac disease. METHODS Ninety celiac disease patients and 207 first degree relatives underwent serologic screening for celiac disease (endomysial and transglutaminase antibodies) followed by intestinal biopsy in positive patients. The HLA-DQA1*0501, DQB1*0201 and DRB1*04 frequencies of celiac patients and their first degree relatives were determined utilizing the PCR method. RESULTS All the celiac disease patients (n = 90) with the exception of one (1.1%) carried at least one of the alleles investigated. Altogether 11 (5.3%) of the investigated first degree relatives did not carry any of the alleles studied. Fourteen (6.7%) new cases of celiac disease were found among the 207 celiac disease patients first degree relatives. CONCLUSIONS Considering the cost-benefit of the HLA typing of all the first degree relatives of celiac patients, their HLA status should be decided on an individual basis, taking account of their profile and preferences, and the existence of other medical conditions.
Collapse
|