51
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Almiron Bonnin DA, Ran C, Havrda MC, Liu H, Hitoshi Y, Zhang Z, Cheng C, Ung M, Israel MA. Insulin-Mediated Signaling Facilitates Resistance to PDGFR Inhibition in Proneural hPDGFB-Driven Gliomas. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:705-716. [PMID: 28138037 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite abundant evidence implicating receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), including the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma (GBM), the clinical use of RTK inhibitors in this disease has been greatly compromised by the rapid emergence of therapeutic resistance. To study the resistance of proneural gliomas that are driven by a PDGFR-regulated pathway to targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors, we utilized a mouse model of proneural glioma in which mice develop tumors that become resistant to PDGFR inhibition. We found that tumors resistant to PDGFR inhibition required the expression and activation of the insulin receptor (IR)/insulin growth-like factor receptor (IGF1R) for tumor cell proliferation and survival. Cotargeting IR/IGF1R and PDGFR decreased the emergence of resistant clones in vitro Our findings characterize a novel model of glioma recurrence that implicates the IR/IGF1R signaling axis in mediating the development of resistance to PDGFR inhibition and provide evidence that IR/IGF1R signaling is important in the recurrence of the proneural subtype of glioma in which PDGF/PDGFR is most commonly expressed at a high level. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(4); 705-16. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian A Almiron Bonnin
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Cong Ran
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Matthew C Havrda
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Yasuyuki Hitoshi
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Department of Neurosurgery, Rosai Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Zhonghua Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Matthew Ung
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire.,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Mark A Israel
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire; .,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire.,Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
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52
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Phillips LM, Zhou X, Cogdell DE, Chua CY, Huisinga A, R Hess K, Fuller GN, Zhang W. Glioma progression is mediated by an addiction to aberrant IGFBP2 expression and can be blocked using anti-IGFBP2 strategies. J Pathol 2016; 239:355-64. [PMID: 27125842 DOI: 10.1002/path.4734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) overexpression is common in high-grade glioma and is both a strong biomarker of aggressive behaviour and a well-documented prognostic factor. IGFBP2 is a member of the secreted IGFBP family that functions by interacting with circulating IGFs to modulate IGF-mediated signalling. This traditional view of IGFBP2 activities has been challenged by the recognition of the diverse functions and cellular locations of members of the IGFBP family. IGFBP2 has been previously established as a driver of glioma progression to a higher grade. In this study, we sought to determine whether IGFBP2-overexpressing tumours are dependent on continued oncogene expression and whether IGFBP2 is a viable therapeutic target in glioma. We took advantage of the well-characterized RCAS/Ntv-a mouse model to create a doxycycline-inducible IGFBP2 model of glioma and demonstrated that the temporal expression of IGFBP2 has dramatic impacts on tumour progression and survival. Further, we demonstrated that IGFBP2-driven tumours are dependent on the continued expression of IGFBP2, as withdrawal of this oncogenic signal led to a significant decrease in tumour progression and prolonged survival. Inhibition of IGFBP2 also impaired tumour cell spread. To assess a therapeutically relevant inhibition strategy, we evaluated a neutralizing antibody against IGFBP2 and demonstrated that it impaired downstream IGFBP2-mediated oncogenic signalling pathways. The studies presented here indicate that IGFBP2 not only is a driver of glioma progression and a prognostic factor but is also required for tumour maintenance and thus represents a viable therapeutic target in the treatment of glioma. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette M Phillips
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xinhui Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David E Cogdell
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Corrine Yingxuan Chua
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anouk Huisinga
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth R Hess
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gregory N Fuller
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA.,ISB-MDA Genome Data Analysis Center, The Cancer Genome Atlas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA.,ISB-MDA Genome Data Analysis Center, The Cancer Genome Atlas, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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53
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Lescarbeau RS, Lei L, Bakken KK, Sims PA, Sarkaria JN, Canoll P, White FM. Quantitative Phosphoproteomics Reveals Wee1 Kinase as a Therapeutic Target in a Model of Proneural Glioblastoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1332-43. [PMID: 27196784 PMCID: PMC4893926 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain cancer. With a median survival of about a year, new approaches to treating this disease are necessary. To identify signaling molecules regulating GBM progression in a genetically engineered murine model of proneural GBM, we quantified phosphotyrosine-mediated signaling using mass spectrometry. Oncogenic signals, including phosphorylated ERK MAPK, PI3K, and PDGFR, were found to be increased in the murine tumors relative to brain. Phosphorylation of CDK1 pY15, associated with the G2 arrest checkpoint, was identified as the most differentially phosphorylated site, with a 14-fold increase in phosphorylation in the tumors. To assess the role of this checkpoint as a potential therapeutic target, syngeneic primary cell lines derived from these tumors were treated with MK-1775, an inhibitor of Wee1, the kinase responsible for CDK1 Y15 phosphorylation. MK-1775 treatment led to mitotic catastrophe, as defined by increased DNA damage and cell death by apoptosis. To assess the extensibility of targeting Wee1/CDK1 in GBM, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cell lines were also treated with MK-1775. Although the response was more heterogeneous, on-target Wee1 inhibition led to decreased CDK1 Y15 phosphorylation and increased DNA damage and apoptosis in each line. These results were also validated in vivo, where single-agent MK-1775 demonstrated an antitumor effect on a flank PDX tumor model, increasing mouse survival by 1.74-fold. This study highlights the ability of unbiased quantitative phosphoproteomics to reveal therapeutic targets in tumor models, and the potential for Wee1 inhibition as a treatment approach in preclinical models of GBM. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(6); 1332-43. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Lescarbeau
- Department of Biological Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Liang Lei
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Katrina K Bakken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Forest M White
- Department of Biological Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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54
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Lescarbeau RS, Lei L, Bakken KK, Sims PA, Sarkaria JN, Canoll P, White FM. Quantitative Phosphoproteomics Reveals Wee1 Kinase as a Therapeutic Target in a Model of Proneural Glioblastoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2016. [PMID: 27196784 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0692-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain cancer. With a median survival of about a year, new approaches to treating this disease are necessary. To identify signaling molecules regulating GBM progression in a genetically engineered murine model of proneural GBM, we quantified phosphotyrosine-mediated signaling using mass spectrometry. Oncogenic signals, including phosphorylated ERK MAPK, PI3K, and PDGFR, were found to be increased in the murine tumors relative to brain. Phosphorylation of CDK1 pY15, associated with the G2 arrest checkpoint, was identified as the most differentially phosphorylated site, with a 14-fold increase in phosphorylation in the tumors. To assess the role of this checkpoint as a potential therapeutic target, syngeneic primary cell lines derived from these tumors were treated with MK-1775, an inhibitor of Wee1, the kinase responsible for CDK1 Y15 phosphorylation. MK-1775 treatment led to mitotic catastrophe, as defined by increased DNA damage and cell death by apoptosis. To assess the extensibility of targeting Wee1/CDK1 in GBM, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cell lines were also treated with MK-1775. Although the response was more heterogeneous, on-target Wee1 inhibition led to decreased CDK1 Y15 phosphorylation and increased DNA damage and apoptosis in each line. These results were also validated in vivo, where single-agent MK-1775 demonstrated an antitumor effect on a flank PDX tumor model, increasing mouse survival by 1.74-fold. This study highlights the ability of unbiased quantitative phosphoproteomics to reveal therapeutic targets in tumor models, and the potential for Wee1 inhibition as a treatment approach in preclinical models of GBM. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(6); 1332-43. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Lescarbeau
- Department of Biological Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Liang Lei
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Katrina K Bakken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Forest M White
- Department of Biological Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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55
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Lu F, Chen Y, Zhao C, Wang H, He D, Xu L, Wang J, He X, Deng Y, Lu EE, Liu X, Verma R, Bu H, Drissi R, Fouladi M, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, Burns D, Xin M, Rubin JB, Bahassi EM, Canoll P, Holland EC, Lu QR. Olig2-Dependent Reciprocal Shift in PDGF and EGF Receptor Signaling Regulates Tumor Phenotype and Mitotic Growth in Malignant Glioma. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:669-683. [PMID: 27165742 PMCID: PMC4946168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas exhibit extensive heterogeneity and poor prognosis. Here we identify mitotic Olig2-expressing cells as tumor-propagating cells in proneural gliomas, elimination of which blocks tumor initiation and progression. Intriguingly, deletion of Olig2 resulted in tumors that grow, albeit at a decelerated rate. Genome occupancy and expression profiling analyses reveal that Olig2 directly activates cell-proliferation machinery to promote tumorigenesis. Olig2 deletion causes a tumor phenotypic shift from an oligodendrocyte precursor-correlated proneural toward an astroglia-associated gene expression pattern, manifest in downregulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α and reciprocal upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Olig2 deletion further sensitizes glioma cells to EGFR inhibitors and extends the lifespan of animals. Thus, Olig2-orchestrated receptor signaling drives mitotic growth and regulates glioma phenotypic plasticity. Targeting Olig2 may circumvent resistance to EGFR-targeted drugs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/genetics
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glioma/genetics
- Glioma/metabolism
- Glioma/pathology
- Humans
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Oligodendroglia/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Spheroids, Cellular/metabolism
- Survival Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghui Lu
- Laboratory of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 25229, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Chuntao Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 25229, USA
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 25229, USA
| | - Danyang He
- Department of Pathology & Integrative Biology Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lingli Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 25229, USA
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 25229, USA
| | - Xuelian He
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 25229, USA
| | - Yaqi Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 25229, USA
| | - Ellen E Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 25229, USA
| | - Xue Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Ravinder Verma
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 25229, USA
| | - Hong Bu
- Laboratory of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rachid Drissi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 25229, USA
| | - Maryam Fouladi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 25229, USA
| | - Anat O Stemmer-Rachamimov
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dennis Burns
- Department of Pathology & Integrative Biology Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mei Xin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 25229, USA
| | - Joshua B Rubin
- Departments of Pediatrics and Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - El Mustapha Bahassi
- Department of Internal Medicine, UC Brain Tumor Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology & Cellular Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eric C Holland
- Division of Human Biology and Solid Tumor Translational Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Alvord Brain Tumor Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 25229, USA; Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China.
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56
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CD95 maintains stem cell-like and non-classical EMT programs in primary human glioblastoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2209. [PMID: 27124583 PMCID: PMC4855647 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive types of cancer with limited therapeutic options and unfavorable prognosis. Stemness and non-classical epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (ncEMT) features underlie the switch from normal to neoplastic states as well as resistance of tumor clones to current therapies. Therefore, identification of ligand/receptor systems maintaining this privileged state is needed to devise efficient cancer therapies. In this study, we show that the expression of CD95 associates with stemness and EMT features in GBM tumors and cells and serves as a prognostic biomarker. CD95 expression increases in tumors and with tumor relapse as compared with non-tumor tissue. Recruitment of the activating PI3K subunit, p85, to CD95 death domain is required for maintenance of EMT-related transcripts. A combination of the current GBM therapy, temozolomide, with a CD95 inhibitor dramatically abrogates tumor sphere formation. This study molecularly dissects the role of CD95 in GBM cells and contributes the rational for CD95 inhibition as a GBM therapy.
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57
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Irvin DM, McNeill RS, Bash RE, Miller CR. Intrinsic Astrocyte Heterogeneity Influences Tumor Growth in Glioma Mouse Models. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:36-50. [PMID: 26762242 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of cellular origin on glioma pathogenesis remains elusive. We previously showed that mutations inactivating Rb and Pten and activating Kras transform astrocytes and induce tumorigenesis throughout the adult mouse brain. However, it remained unclear whether astrocyte subpopulations were susceptible to these mutations. We therefore used genetic lineage tracing and fate mapping in adult conditional, inducible genetically engineered mice to monitor transformation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) astrocytes and immunofluorescence to monitor cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment over time. Because considerable regional heterogeneity exists among astrocytes, we also examined the influence of brain region on tumor growth. GFAP astrocyte transformation induced uniformly rapid, regionally independent tumor growth, but transformation of GLAST astrocytes induced slowly growing tumors with significant regional bias. Transformed GLAST astrocytes had reduced proliferative response in culture and in vivo and malignant progression was delayed in these tumors. Recruited glial cells, including proliferating astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitors and microglia, were the majority of GLAST, but not GFAP astrocyte-derived tumors and their abundance dynamically changed over time. These results suggest that intrinsic astrocyte heterogeneity, and perhaps regional brain microenvironment, significantly contributes to glioma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Irvin
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Robert S McNeill
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ryan E Bash
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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58
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Chen F, Becker A, LoTurco J. Overview of Transgenic Glioblastoma and Oligoastrocytoma CNS Models and Their Utility in Drug Discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 72:14.37.1-14.37.12. [PMID: 26995546 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph1437s72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many animal models have been developed to investigate the sources of central nervous system (CNS) tumor heterogeneity. Reviewed in this unit is a recently developed CNS tumor model using the piggyBac transposon system delivered by in utero electroporation, in which sources of tumor heterogeneity can be conveniently studied. Their applications for studying CNS tumors and drug discovery are also reviewed. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyi Chen
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.,Current address: Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn
| | - Albert Becker
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joseph LoTurco
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn
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59
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Rahme GJ, Zhang Z, Young AL, Cheng C, Bivona EJ, Fiering SN, Hitoshi Y, Israel MA. PDGF Engages an E2F-USP1 Signaling Pathway to Support ID2-Mediated Survival of Proneural Glioma Cells. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2964-76. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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60
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Baker SJ, Ellison DW, Gutmann DH. Pediatric gliomas as neurodevelopmental disorders. Glia 2015; 64:879-95. [PMID: 26638183 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumors represent the most common solid tumor of childhood, with gliomas comprising the largest fraction of these cancers. Several features distinguish them from their adult counterparts, including their natural history, causative genetic mutations, and brain locations. These unique properties suggest that the cellular and molecular etiologies that underlie their development and maintenance might be different from those that govern adult gliomagenesis and growth. In this review, we discuss the genetic basis for pediatric low-grade and high-grade glioma in the context of developmental neurobiology, and highlight the differences between histologically-similar tumors arising in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J Baker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - David W Ellison
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude's Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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61
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Kusne Y, Sanai N. The SVZ and Its Relationship to Stem Cell Based Neuro-oncogenesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 853:23-32. [PMID: 25895705 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16537-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are primary cancers of the brain and the most lethal cancers known to man. In recent years the discovery of germinal regions in the postnatal brain containing neuronal stem and progenitor cell populations has led to the hypothesis that these cells may themselves serve as an origin of brain tumors. Stem cells that reside within the glioma tumor have been shown to display nonneoplastic stem-like characteristics, including expression of various stem cell markers, as well as capacity for self-renewal and multipotency. Furthermore, glioma tumors display marked similarities to the germinal regions of the brain. Investigations of human neural stem cells and their potential for malignancy may finally identify a cell-of-origin for human gliomas. This, in turn, may facilitate better therapeutic targeting leading to improved prognosis for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Kusne
- Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, 350 W. Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
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62
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Breunig JJ, Levy R, Antonuk CD, Molina J, Dutra-Clarke M, Park H, Akhtar AA, Kim GB, Hu X, Bannykh SI, Verhaak RGW, Danielpour M. Ets Factors Regulate Neural Stem Cell Depletion and Gliogenesis in Ras Pathway Glioma. Cell Rep 2015; 12:258-71. [PMID: 26146073 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As the list of putative driver mutations in glioma grows, we are just beginning to elucidate the effects of dysregulated developmental signaling pathways on the transformation of neural cells. We have employed a postnatal, mosaic, autochthonous glioma model that captures the first hours and days of gliomagenesis in more resolution than conventional genetically engineered mouse models of cancer. We provide evidence that disruption of the Nf1-Ras pathway in the ventricular zone at multiple signaling nodes uniformly results in rapid neural stem cell depletion, progenitor hyperproliferation, and gliogenic lineage restriction. Abolishing Ets subfamily activity, which is upregulated downstream of Ras, rescues these phenotypes and blocks glioma initiation. Thus, the Nf1-Ras-Ets axis might be one of the select molecular pathways that are perturbed for initiation and maintenance in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Breunig
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Rachelle Levy
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - C Danielle Antonuk
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jessica Molina
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Marina Dutra-Clarke
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Hannah Park
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Aslam Abbasi Akhtar
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Gi Bum Kim
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Serguei I Bannykh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Roel G W Verhaak
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Moise Danielpour
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Kegelman TP, Hu B, Emdad L, Das SK, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. In vivo modeling of malignant glioma: the road to effective therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:261-330. [PMID: 24889534 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite an increased emphasis on developing new therapies for malignant gliomas, they remain among the most intractable tumors faced today as they demonstrate a remarkable ability to evade current treatment strategies. Numerous candidate treatments fail at late stages, often after showing promising preclinical results. This disconnect highlights the continued need for improved animal models of glioma, which can be used to both screen potential targets and authentically recapitulate the human condition. This review examines recent developments in the animal modeling of glioma, from more established rat models to intriguing new systems using Drosophila and zebrafish that set the stage for higher throughput studies of potentially useful targets. It also addresses the versatility of mouse modeling using newly developed techniques recreating human protocols and sophisticated genetically engineered approaches that aim to characterize the biology of gliomagenesis. The use of these and future models will elucidate both new targets and effective combination therapies that will impact on disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Kegelman
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA; VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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64
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Ilkhanizadeh S, Lau J, Huang M, Foster DJ, Wong R, Frantz A, Wang S, Weiss WA, Persson AI. Glial progenitors as targets for transformation in glioma. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:1-65. [PMID: 24889528 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor and arises throughout the central nervous system. Recent focus on stem-like glioma cells has implicated neural stem cells (NSCs), a minor precursor population restricted to germinal zones, as a potential source of gliomas. In this review, we focus on the relationship between oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), the largest population of cycling glial progenitors in the postnatal brain, and gliomagenesis. OPCs can give rise to gliomas, with signaling pathways associated with NSCs also playing key roles during OPC lineage development. Gliomas can also undergo a switch from progenitor- to stem-like phenotype after therapy, consistent with an OPC-origin even for stem-like gliomas. Future in-depth studies of OPC biology may shed light on the etiology of OPC-derived gliomas and reveal new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Ilkhanizadeh
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jasmine Lau
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miller Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Foster
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robyn Wong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aaron Frantz
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anders I Persson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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65
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Biomarkers for glioma immunotherapy: the next generation. J Neurooncol 2015; 123:359-72. [PMID: 25724916 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term "biomarker" historically refers to a single parameter, such as the expression level of a gene or a radiographic pattern, used to indicate a broader biological state. Molecular indicators have been applied to several aspects of cancer therapy: to describe the genotypic and phenotypic state of neoplastic tissue for prognosis, to predict susceptibility to anti-proliferative agents, to validate the presence of specific drug targets, and to evaluate responsiveness to therapy. For glioblastoma (GBM), immunohistochemical and radiographic biomarkers accessible to the clinical lab have informed traditional regimens, but while immunotherapies have emerged as potentially disruptive weapons against this diffusely infiltrating, heterogeneous tumor, biomarkers with strong predictive power have not been fully established. The cancer immunotherapy field, through the recently accelerated expansion of trials, is currently leveraging this wealth of clinical and biological data to define and revise the use of biomarkers for improving prognostic accuracy, personalization of therapy, and evaluation of responses across the wide variety of tumors. Technological advancements in DNA sequencing, cytometry, and microscopy have facilitated the exploration of more integrated, high-dimensional profiling of the disease system-incorporating both immune and tumor parameters-rather than single metrics, as biomarkers for therapeutic sensitivity. Here we discuss the utility of traditional GBM biomarkers in immunotherapy and how the impending transformation of the biomarker paradigm-from single markers to integrated profiles-may offer the key to bringing predictive, personalized immunotherapy to GBM patients.
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66
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Extracellular vesicles in the biology of brain tumour stem cells--Implications for inter-cellular communication, therapy and biomarker development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 40:17-26. [PMID: 25721810 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as carriers of molecular and oncogenic signatures present in subsets of tumour cells and tumour-associated stroma, and as mediators of intercellular communication. These processes likely involve cancer stem cells (CSCs). EVs represent a unique pathway of cellular export and cell-to-cell transfer of insoluble molecular regulators such as membrane receptors, signalling proteins and metabolites, thereby influencing the functional integration of cancer cell populations. While mechanisms that control biogenesis, cargo and uptake of different classes of EVs (exosomes, microvesicles, ectosomes, large oncosomes) are poorly understood, they likely remain under the influence of stress-responses, microenvironment and oncogenic processes that define the biology and heterogeneity of human cancers. In glioblastoma (GBM), recent molecular profiling approaches distinguished several disease subtypes driven by distinct molecular, epigenetic and mutational mechanisms, leading to formation of proneural, neural, classical and mesenchymal tumours. Moreover, molecularly distinct clonal cellular lineages co-exist within individual GBM lesions, where they differentiate according to distinct stem cell hierarchies resulting in several facets of tumour heterogeneity and the related potential for intercellular interactions. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) may carry signatures of either proneural or mesenchymal GBM subtypes and differ in several biological characteristics that are, at least in part, represented by the output and repertoire of EV production (vesiculome). We report that vesiculomes differ between known GBM subtypes. EVs may also reflect and influence the equilibrium of the stem cell hierarchy, contain oncogenic drivers and modulate the microenvironment (vascular niche). The GBM/GSC subtype-specific differentials in EV cargo of proteins, transcripts, microRNA and DNA may enable detection of the dynamics of the stem cell compartment and result in biological effects that remain to be fully characterized.
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67
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Zong H, Parada LF, Baker SJ. Cell of origin for malignant gliomas and its implication in therapeutic development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 7:cshperspect.a020610. [PMID: 25635044 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a020610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Malignant glioma remains incurable despite tremendous advancement in basic research and clinical practice. The identification of the cell(s) of origin should provide deep insights into leverage points for one to halt disease progression. Here we summarize recent studies that support the notion that neural stem cell (NSC), astrocyte, and oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) can all serve as the cell of origin. We also lay out important considerations on technical rigor for further exploring this subject. Finally, we share perspectives on how one could apply the knowledge of cell of origin to develop effective treatment methods. Although it will be a difficult battle, victory should be within reach as along as we continue to assimilate new information and facilitate the collaboration among basic scientists, translational researchers, and clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Luis F Parada
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Suzanne J Baker
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105
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El Meskini R, Iacovelli AJ, Kulaga A, Gumprecht M, Martin PL, Baran M, Householder DB, Van Dyke T, Weaver Ohler Z. A preclinical orthotopic model for glioblastoma recapitulates key features of human tumors and demonstrates sensitivity to a combination of MEK and PI3K pathway inhibitors. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:45-56. [PMID: 25431423 PMCID: PMC4283649 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.018168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the highest grade malignant brain tumor, are mostly ineffective, and better preclinical model systems are needed to increase the successful translation of drug discovery efforts into the clinic. Previous work describes a genetically engineered mouse (GEM) model that contains perturbations in the most frequently dysregulated networks in GBM (driven by RB, KRAS and/or PI3K signaling and PTEN) that induce development of Grade IV astrocytoma with properties of the human disease. Here, we developed and characterized an orthotopic mouse model derived from the GEM that retains the features of the GEM model in an immunocompetent background; however, this model is also tractable and efficient for preclinical evaluation of candidate therapeutic regimens. Orthotopic brain tumors are highly proliferative, invasive and vascular, and express histology markers characteristic of human GBM. Primary tumor cells were examined for sensitivity to chemotherapeutics and targeted drugs. PI3K and MAPK pathway inhibitors, when used as single agents, inhibited cell proliferation but did not result in significant apoptosis. However, in combination, these inhibitors resulted in a substantial increase in cell death. Moreover, these findings translated into the in vivo orthotopic model: PI3K or MAPK inhibitor treatment regimens resulted in incomplete pathway suppression and feedback loops, whereas dual treatment delayed tumor growth through increased apoptosis and decreased tumor cell proliferation. Analysis of downstream pathway components revealed a cooperative effect on target downregulation. These concordant results, together with the morphologic similarities to the human GBM disease characteristics of the model, validate it as a new platform for the evaluation of GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaa El Meskini
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Anthony J Iacovelli
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alan Kulaga
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michelle Gumprecht
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Philip L Martin
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Maureen Baran
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Deborah B Householder
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Terry Van Dyke
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Zoë Weaver Ohler
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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69
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Hayes J, Thygesen H, Droop A, Hughes TA, Westhead D, Lawler SE, Wurdak H, Short SC. Prognostic microRNAs in high-grade glioma reveal a link to oligodendrocyte precursor differentiation. Oncoscience 2014; 2:252-62. [PMID: 25897422 PMCID: PMC4394131 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA expression can be exploited to define tumor prognosis and stratification for precision medicine. It remains unclear whether prognostic microRNA signatures are exclusively tumor grade and/or molecular subtype-specific, or whether common signatures of aggressive clinical behavior can be identified. Here, we defined microRNAs that are associated with good and poor prognosis in grade III and IV gliomas using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Pathway analysis of microRNA targets that are differentially expressed in good and poor prognosis glioma identified a link to oligodendrocyte development. Notably, a microRNA expression profile that is characteristic of a specific oligodendrocyte precursor cell type (OP1) correlates with microRNA expression from 597 of these tumors and is consistently associated with poor patient outcome in grade III and IV gliomas. Our study reveals grade-independent and subtype-independent prognostic molecular signatures in high-grade glioma and provides a framework for investigating the mechanisms of brain tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie Hayes
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Helene Thygesen
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Alastair Droop
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Thomas A Hughes
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - David Westhead
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sean E Lawler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heiko Wurdak
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Susan C Short
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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70
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Abstract
Glioma growth is driven by signaling that ultimately regulates protein synthesis. Gliomas are also complex at the cellular level and involve multiple cell types, including transformed and reactive cells in the brain tumor microenvironment. The distinct functions of the various cell types likely lead to different requirements and regulatory paradigms for protein synthesis. Proneural gliomas can arise from transformation of glial progenitors that are driven to proliferate via mitogenic signaling that affects translation. To investigate translational regulation in this system, we developed a RiboTag glioma mouse model that enables cell-type-specific, genome-wide ribosome profiling of tumor tissue. Infecting glial progenitors with Cre-recombinant retrovirus simultaneously activates expression of tagged ribosomes and delivers a tumor-initiating mutation. Remarkably, we find that although genes specific to transformed cells are highly translated, their translation efficiencies are low compared with normal brain. Ribosome positioning reveals sequence-dependent regulation of ribosomal activity in 5'-leaders upstream of annotated start codons, leading to differential translation in glioma compared with normal brain. Additionally, although transformed cells express a proneural signature, untransformed tumor-associated cells, including reactive astrocytes and microglia, express a mesenchymal signature. Finally, we observe the same phenomena in human disease by combining ribosome profiling of human proneural tumor and non-neoplastic brain tissue with computational deconvolution to assess cell-type-specific translational regulation.
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71
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Starke RM, Komotar RJ, Connolly ES. The regulatory network of proneural glioma in tumor progression. Neurosurgery 2014; 75:N15-6. [PMID: 25406622 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000457195.86910.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Starke
- University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia University of Miami, School of Medicine, Miami, Florida Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
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72
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Gressot LV, Doucette TA, Yang Y, Fuller GN, Heimberger AB, Bögler O, Rao A, Latha K, Rao G. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b drives malignant progression in a PDGFB-dependent proneural glioma model by suppressing apoptosis. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2047-54. [PMID: 25302990 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b (STAT5b) is likely the relevant STAT5 isoform with respect to the process of malignant progression in gliomas. STAT5b is a latent cytoplasmic protein involved in cell signaling through the modulation of growth factors, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Previous in vitro studies have shown increased STAT5b expression in glioblastomas relative to low-grade tumors and normal brain. We recently demonstrated that phosphorylated STAT5b associates with delta epidermal growth factor receptor in the nucleus and subsequently binds the promoters of downstream effector molecules, including aurora kinase A. Analysis of TCGA dataset reveals that STAT5b is predominantly expressed in proneural (PN) gliomas relative to mesenchymal and neural gliomas. Here, we modeled ectopic expression of STAT5b in vivo using a platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGFB)-dependent mouse model of PN glioma to determine its effect on tumor formation and progression. We showed that coexpression of STAT5b and PDGFB in mice yielded a significantly higher rate of high-grade gliomas than PDGFB expression alone. We also observed shorter survival in the combined expression set. High-grade tumors from the STAT5b + PDGFB expression set were found to have a lower rate of apoptosis than those from PDGFB alone. Furthermore, we showed that increased expression of STAT5b + PDGFB led to increased expression of downstream STAT5b targets, including Bcl-xL, cyclin D1 and aurora kinase A in high-grade tumors when compared to tumors derived from PDGFB alone. Our findings show that STAT5b promotes the malignant transformation of gliomas, particularly the PN subtype, and is a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loyola V Gressot
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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73
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Transformation of quiescent adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells into malignant glioma through a multistep reactivation process. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4214-23. [PMID: 25246577 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414389111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
How malignant gliomas arise in a mature brain remains a mystery, hindering the development of preventive and therapeutic interventions. We previously showed that oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) can be transformed into glioma when mutations are introduced perinatally. However, adult OPCs rarely proliferate compared with their perinatal counterparts. Whether these relatively quiescent cells have the potential to transform is unknown, which is a critical question considering the late onset of human glioma. Additionally, the premalignant events taking place between initial mutation and a fully developed tumor mass are particularly poorly understood in glioma. Here we used a temporally controllable Cre transgene to delete p53 and NF1 specifically in adult OPCs and demonstrated that these cells consistently give rise to malignant gliomas. To investigate the transforming process of quiescent adult OPCs, we then tracked these cells throughout the premalignant phase, which revealed a dynamic multistep transformation, starting with rapid but transient hyperproliferative reactivation, followed by a long period of dormancy, and then final malignant transformation. Using pharmacological approaches, we discovered that mammalian target of rapamycin signaling is critical for both the initial OPC reactivation step and late-stage tumor cell proliferation and thus might be a potential target for both glioma prevention and treatment. In summary, our results firmly establish the transforming potential of adult OPCs and reveal an actionable multiphasic reactivation process that turns slowly dividing OPCs into malignant gliomas.
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74
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Palmer CJ, Galan-Caridad JM, Weisberg SP, Lei L, Esquilin JM, Croft GF, Wainwright B, Canoll P, Owens DM, Reizis B. Zfx facilitates tumorigenesis caused by activation of the Hedgehog pathway. Cancer Res 2014; 74:5914-24. [PMID: 25164012 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway regulates normal development and cell proliferation in metazoan organisms, but its aberrant activation can promote tumorigenesis. Hh-induced tumors arise from various tissues and they may be indolent or aggressive, as is the case with skin basal cell carcinoma (BCC) or cerebellar medulloblastoma, respectively. Little is known about common cell-intrinsic factors that control the development of such diverse Hh-dependent tumors. Transcription factor Zfx is required for the self-renewal of hematopoietic and embryonic stem cells, as well as for the propagation of acute myeloid and T-lymphoblastic leukemias. We report here that Zfx facilitates the development of experimental BCC and medulloblastoma in mice initiated by deletion of the Hh inhibitory receptor Ptch1. Simultaneous deletion of Zfx along with Ptch1 prevented BCC formation and delayed medulloblastoma development. In contrast, Zfx was dispensable for tumorigenesis in a mouse model of glioblastoma. We used genome-wide expression and chromatin-binding analysis in a human medulloblastoma cell line to characterize direct, evolutionarily conserved targets of Zfx, identifying Dis3L and Ube2j1 as two targets required for the growth of the human medulloblastoma cells. Our results establish Zfx as a common cell-intrinsic regulator of diverse Hh-induced tumors, with implications for the definition of new therapeutic targets in these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Palmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jose M Galan-Caridad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Stuart P Weisberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Liang Lei
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jose M Esquilin
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Gist F Croft
- Departments of Pathology, Neurology and Neuroscience, and Project A.L.S./Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Brandon Wainwright
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter Canoll
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - David M Owens
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York. Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
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75
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MRI-localized biopsies reveal subtype-specific differences in molecular and cellular composition at the margins of glioblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12550-5. [PMID: 25114226 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405839111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) diffusely infiltrate the brain, making complete removal by surgical resection impossible. The mixture of neoplastic and nonneoplastic cells that remain after surgery form the biological context for adjuvant therapeutic intervention and recurrence. We performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and histological analysis on radiographically guided biopsies taken from different regions of GBM and showed that the tissue contained within the contrast-enhancing (CE) core of tumors have different cellular and molecular compositions compared with tissue from the nonenhancing (NE) margins of tumors. Comparisons with the The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset showed that the samples from CE regions resembled the proneural, classical, or mesenchymal subtypes of GBM, whereas the samples from the NE regions predominantly resembled the neural subtype. Computational deconvolution of the RNA-seq data revealed that contributions from nonneoplastic brain cells significantly influence the expression pattern in the NE samples. Gene ontology analysis showed that the cell type-specific expression patterns were functionally distinct and highly enriched in genes associated with the corresponding cell phenotypes. Comparing the RNA-seq data from the GBM samples to that of nonneoplastic brain revealed that the differentially expressed genes are distributed across multiple cell types. Notably, the patterns of cell type-specific alterations varied between the different GBM subtypes: the NE regions of proneural tumors were enriched in oligodendrocyte progenitor genes, whereas the NE regions of mesenchymal GBM were enriched in astrocytic and microglial genes. These subtype-specific patterns provide new insights into molecular and cellular composition of the infiltrative margins of GBM.
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Simeonova I, Huillard E. In vivo models of brain tumors: roles of genetically engineered mouse models in understanding tumor biology and use in preclinical studies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4007-26. [PMID: 25008045 PMCID: PMC4175043 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although our knowledge of the biology of brain tumors has increased tremendously over the past decade, progress in treatment of these deadly diseases remains modest. Developing in vivo models that faithfully mirror human diseases is essential for the validation of new therapeutic approaches. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) provide elaborate temporally and genetically controlled systems to investigate the cellular origins of brain tumors and gene function in tumorigenesis. Furthermore, they can prove to be valuable tools for testing targeted therapies. In this review, we discuss GEMMs of brain tumors, focusing on gliomas and medulloblastomas. We describe how they provide critical insights into the molecular and cellular events involved in the initiation and maintenance of brain tumors, and illustrate their use in preclinical drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Simeonova
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) UMR-S975, Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epiniere, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
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Lynes J, Wibowo M, Koschmann C, Baker GJ, Saxena V, Muhammad AKMG, Bondale N, Klein J, Assi H, Lieberman AP, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR. Lentiviral-induced high-grade gliomas in rats: the effects of PDGFB, HRAS-G12V, AKT, and IDH1-R132H. Neurotherapeutics 2014; 11:623-35. [PMID: 24752661 PMCID: PMC4121445 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0269-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In human gliomas, the RTK/RAS/PI(3)K signaling pathway is nearly always altered. We present a model of experimental gliomagenesis that elucidates the contributions of genes involved in this pathway (PDGF-B ligand, HRAS-G12V, and AKT). We also examine the effect on gliomagenesis by the potential modifier gene, IDH1-R132H. Injections of lentiviral-encoded oncogenes induce de novo gliomas of varying penetrance, tumor progression, and histological grade depending on the specific oncogenes used. Our model mimics hallmark histological structures of high-grade glioma, such as pseudopalisades, glomeruloid microvascular proliferation, and diffuse tumor invasion. We use our model of gliomagenesis to test the efficacy of an experimental brain tumor gene therapy. Our model allowed us to test the contributions of oncogenes in the RTK/RAS/PI(3)K pathway, and their potential modification by over-expression of mutated IDH1, in glioma development and progression in rats. Our model constitutes a clinically relevant system to study gliomagenesis, the effects of modifier genes, and the efficacy of experimental therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lynes
- />Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, 4570 MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Mia Wibowo
- />Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, 4570 MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Carl Koschmann
- />Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, 4570 MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Gregory J. Baker
- />Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, 4570 MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Vandana Saxena
- />Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, 4570 MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - A. K. M. G. Muhammad
- />Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, 4570 MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Niyati Bondale
- />Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, 4570 MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Julia Klein
- />Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, 4570 MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Hikmat Assi
- />Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, 4570 MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Andrew P. Lieberman
- />Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Maria G. Castro
- />Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, 4570 MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Pedro R. Lowenstein
- />Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, 4570 MSRB II, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
- />Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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A cadherin switch underlies malignancy in high-grade gliomas. Oncogene 2014; 34:1991-2002. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sonabend AM, Carminucci AS, Amendolara B, Bansal M, Leung R, Lei L, Realubit R, Li H, Karan C, Yun J, Showers C, Rothcock R, O J, Califano A, Canoll P, Bruce JN. Convection-enhanced delivery of etoposide is effective against murine proneural glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:1210-9. [PMID: 24637229 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma subtypes have been defined based on transcriptional profiling, yet personalized care based on molecular classification remains unexploited. Topoisomerase II (TOP2) contributes to the transcriptional signature of the proneural glioma subtype. Thus, we targeted TOP2 pharmacologically with etoposide in proneural glioma models. METHODS TOP2 gene expression was evaluated in mouse platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)(+)phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)(-/-)p53(-/-) and PDGF(+)PTEN(-/-) proneural gliomas and cell lines, as well as human glioblastoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Correlation between TOP2 transcript levels and etoposide susceptibility was investigated in 139 human cancer cell lines from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia public dataset and in mouse proneural glioma cell lines. Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of etoposide was tested on cell-based PDGF(+)PTEN(-/-)p53(-/-) and retroviral-based PDGF(+)PTEN(-/-) mouse proneural glioma models. RESULTS TOP2 expression was significantly higher in human proneural glioblastoma and in mouse proneural tumors at early as well as late stages of development compared with normal brain. TOP2B transcript correlated with susceptibility to etoposide in mouse proneural cell lines and in 139 human cancer cell lines from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia. Intracranial etoposide CED treatment (680 μM) was well tolerated by mice and led to a significant survival benefit in the PDGF(+)PTEN(-/-)p53(-/-) glioma model. Moreover, etoposide CED treatment at 80 μM but not 4 μM led to a significant survival advantage in the PDGF(+)PTEN(-/-) glioma model. CONCLUSIONS TOP2 is highly expressed in proneural gliomas, rendering its pharmacological targeting by intratumoral administration of etoposide by CED effective on murine proneural gliomas. We provide evidence supporting clinical testing of CED of etoposide with a molecular-based patient selection approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Sonabend
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.M.S., A.S.C., B.A., R.L., J.Y., C.S., R.R., J.O, P.C., J.N.B.); Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (L.L.); High Throughput Screening Center, Columbia University Medical Center Judith P. Sulzberger Genome Center, New York, New York (R.R., H.L., C.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.)
| | - Arthur S Carminucci
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.M.S., A.S.C., B.A., R.L., J.Y., C.S., R.R., J.O, P.C., J.N.B.); Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (L.L.); High Throughput Screening Center, Columbia University Medical Center Judith P. Sulzberger Genome Center, New York, New York (R.R., H.L., C.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.)
| | - Benjamin Amendolara
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.M.S., A.S.C., B.A., R.L., J.Y., C.S., R.R., J.O, P.C., J.N.B.); Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (L.L.); High Throughput Screening Center, Columbia University Medical Center Judith P. Sulzberger Genome Center, New York, New York (R.R., H.L., C.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.)
| | - Mukesh Bansal
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.M.S., A.S.C., B.A., R.L., J.Y., C.S., R.R., J.O, P.C., J.N.B.); Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (L.L.); High Throughput Screening Center, Columbia University Medical Center Judith P. Sulzberger Genome Center, New York, New York (R.R., H.L., C.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.)
| | - Richard Leung
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.M.S., A.S.C., B.A., R.L., J.Y., C.S., R.R., J.O, P.C., J.N.B.); Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (L.L.); High Throughput Screening Center, Columbia University Medical Center Judith P. Sulzberger Genome Center, New York, New York (R.R., H.L., C.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.)
| | - Liang Lei
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.M.S., A.S.C., B.A., R.L., J.Y., C.S., R.R., J.O, P.C., J.N.B.); Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (L.L.); High Throughput Screening Center, Columbia University Medical Center Judith P. Sulzberger Genome Center, New York, New York (R.R., H.L., C.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.)
| | - Ronald Realubit
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.M.S., A.S.C., B.A., R.L., J.Y., C.S., R.R., J.O, P.C., J.N.B.); Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (L.L.); High Throughput Screening Center, Columbia University Medical Center Judith P. Sulzberger Genome Center, New York, New York (R.R., H.L., C.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.)
| | - Hai Li
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.M.S., A.S.C., B.A., R.L., J.Y., C.S., R.R., J.O, P.C., J.N.B.); Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (L.L.); High Throughput Screening Center, Columbia University Medical Center Judith P. Sulzberger Genome Center, New York, New York (R.R., H.L., C.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.)
| | - Charles Karan
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.M.S., A.S.C., B.A., R.L., J.Y., C.S., R.R., J.O, P.C., J.N.B.); Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (L.L.); High Throughput Screening Center, Columbia University Medical Center Judith P. Sulzberger Genome Center, New York, New York (R.R., H.L., C.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.)
| | - Jonathan Yun
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.M.S., A.S.C., B.A., R.L., J.Y., C.S., R.R., J.O, P.C., J.N.B.); Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (L.L.); High Throughput Screening Center, Columbia University Medical Center Judith P. Sulzberger Genome Center, New York, New York (R.R., H.L., C.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.)
| | - Christopher Showers
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.M.S., A.S.C., B.A., R.L., J.Y., C.S., R.R., J.O, P.C., J.N.B.); Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (L.L.); High Throughput Screening Center, Columbia University Medical Center Judith P. Sulzberger Genome Center, New York, New York (R.R., H.L., C.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.)
| | - Robert Rothcock
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.M.S., A.S.C., B.A., R.L., J.Y., C.S., R.R., J.O, P.C., J.N.B.); Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (L.L.); High Throughput Screening Center, Columbia University Medical Center Judith P. Sulzberger Genome Center, New York, New York (R.R., H.L., C.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.)
| | - Jane O
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.M.S., A.S.C., B.A., R.L., J.Y., C.S., R.R., J.O, P.C., J.N.B.); Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (L.L.); High Throughput Screening Center, Columbia University Medical Center Judith P. Sulzberger Genome Center, New York, New York (R.R., H.L., C.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Califano
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.M.S., A.S.C., B.A., R.L., J.Y., C.S., R.R., J.O, P.C., J.N.B.); Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (L.L.); High Throughput Screening Center, Columbia University Medical Center Judith P. Sulzberger Genome Center, New York, New York (R.R., H.L., C.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.)
| | - Peter Canoll
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.M.S., A.S.C., B.A., R.L., J.Y., C.S., R.R., J.O, P.C., J.N.B.); Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (L.L.); High Throughput Screening Center, Columbia University Medical Center Judith P. Sulzberger Genome Center, New York, New York (R.R., H.L., C.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.)
| | - Jeffrey N Bruce
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.M.S., A.S.C., B.A., R.L., J.Y., C.S., R.R., J.O, P.C., J.N.B.); Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (M.B., A.C.); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (L.L.); High Throughput Screening Center, Columbia University Medical Center Judith P. Sulzberger Genome Center, New York, New York (R.R., H.L., C.K.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York (A.C.); Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.); Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York (A.C.)
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E2F1 coregulates cell cycle genes and chromatin components during the transition of oligodendrocyte progenitors from proliferation to differentiation. J Neurosci 2014; 34:1481-93. [PMID: 24453336 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2840-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle exit is an obligatory step for the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into myelinating cells. A key regulator of the transition from proliferation to quiescence is the E2F/Rb pathway, whose activity is highly regulated in physiological conditions and deregulated in tumors. In this paper we report a lineage-specific decline of nuclear E2F1 during differentiation of rodent OPC into oligodendrocytes (OLs) in developing white matter tracts and in cultured cells. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and deep-sequencing in mouse and rat OPCs, we identified cell cycle genes (i.e., Cdc2) and chromatin components (i.e., Hmgn1, Hmgn2), including those modulating DNA methylation (i.e., Uhrf1), as E2F1 targets. Binding of E2F1 to chromatin on the gene targets was validated and their expression assessed in developing white matter tracts and cultured OPCs. Increased expression of E2F1 gene targets was also detected in mouse gliomas (that were induced by retroviral transformation of OPCs) compared with normal brain. Together, these data identify E2F1 as a key transcription factor modulating the expression of chromatin components in OPC during the transition from proliferation to differentiation.
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81
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Janbazian L, Karamchandani J, Das S. Mouse models of glioblastoma: lessons learned and questions to be answered. J Neurooncol 2014; 118:1-8. [PMID: 24522719 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumour in adults. While many patients achieve disease remission following treatment with surgical resection, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, this remission is brief and invariably followed by tumour recurrence and progression. Recent work using mouse models of the disease, coupled with data generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas, have given us new insights into the mechanisms that underlie gliomagenesis and result in glioblastoma heterogeneity. These findings suggest that the treatment of glioblastoma will require a more nuanced understanding of their biology and the employment of targeted therapeutic approaches. In this review, we will summarize the current state of mouse modeling in glioma, with a focus on how these models may inform our understanding of this disease and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loury Janbazian
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for SickKids, University of Toronto, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Roesler
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Basic Health Sciences, Cancer Research Laboratory, University Hospital Research Center (CPE-HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Chen F, Becker AJ, LoTurco JJ. Contribution of tumor heterogeneity in a new animal model of CNS tumors. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:742-53. [PMID: 24501428 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The etiology of central nervous system (CNS) tumor heterogeneity is unclear. To clarify this issue, a novel animal model was developed of glioma and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid-like tumor (ATRT) produced in rats by nonviral cellular transgenesis initiated in utero. This model system affords the opportunity for directed oncogene expression, clonal labeling, and addition of tumor-modifying transgenes. By directing HRasV12 and AKT transgene expression in different cell populations with promoters that are active ubiquitously (CAG promoter), astrocyte-selective (glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter), or oligodendrocyte-selective (myelin basic protein promoter) we generated glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma, respectively. Importantly, the glioblastoma multiforme and anaplastic oligoastrocytoma tumors were distinguishable at both the cellular and molecular level. Furthermore, proneural basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, Ngn2 (NEUROG2) or NeuroD1, were expressed along with HRasV12 and AKT in neocortical radial glia, leading to the formation of highly lethal ATRT like tumors. This study establishes a unique model in which determinants of CNS tumor diversity can be parsed out and reveals that both mutation and expression of neurogenic bHLH transcription factors contribute to CNS tumor diversity. IMPLICATIONS A novel CNS tumor model reveals that oncogenic events occurring in disparate cell types and/or molecular contexts lead to different tumor types; these findings shed light on the sources of brain tumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyi Chen
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and 2Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
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84
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Magri L, Gacias M, Wu M, Swiss VA, Janssen WG, Casaccia P. c-Myc-dependent transcriptional regulation of cell cycle and nucleosomal histones during oligodendrocyte differentiation. Neuroscience 2014; 276:72-86. [PMID: 24502923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) have the ability to divide or to growth arrest and differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes in the developing brain. Due to their high number and the persistence of their proliferative capacity in the adult brain, OPCs are being studied as potential targets for myelin repair and also as a potential source of brain tumors. This study addresses the molecular mechanisms regulating the transcriptional changes occurring at the critical transition between proliferation and cell cycle exit in cultured OPCs. Using bioinformatic analysis of existing datasets, we identified c-Myc as a key transcriptional regulator of this transition and confirmed direct binding of this transcription factor to identified target genes using chromatin immunoprecipitation. The expression of c-Myc was elevated in proliferating OPCs, where it also bound to the promoter of genes involved in cell cycle regulation (i.e. Cdc2) or chromosome organization (i.e. H2afz). Silencing of c-Myc was associated with decreased histone acetylation at target gene promoters and consequent decrease of gene transcripts. c-Myc silencing also induced a global increase of repressive histone methylation and premature peripheral nuclear chromatin compaction while promoting the progression towards differentiation. We conclude that c-Myc is an important modulator of the transition between proliferation and differentiation of OPCs, although its decrease is not sufficient to induce progression into a myelinating phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Magri
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, United States
| | - M Gacias
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, United States
| | - M Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, United States
| | - V A Swiss
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, United States
| | - W G Janssen
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, United States
| | - P Casaccia
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, United States; Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, United States.
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85
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Sturm D, Bender S, Jones DT, Lichter P, Grill J, Becher O, Hawkins C, Majewski J, Jones C, Costello JF, Iavarone A, Aldape K, Brennan CW, Jabado N, Pfister SM. Paediatric and adult glioblastoma: multiform (epi)genomic culprits emerge. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:92-107. [PMID: 24457416 PMCID: PMC4003223 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have extended our understanding of the molecular biology that underlies adult glioblastoma over many years. By contrast, high-grade gliomas in children and adolescents have remained a relatively under-investigated disease. The latest large-scale genomic and epigenomic profiling studies have yielded an unprecedented abundance of novel data and provided deeper insights into gliomagenesis across all age groups, which has highlighted key distinctions but also some commonalities. As we are on the verge of dissecting glioblastomas into meaningful biological subgroups, this Review summarizes the hallmark genetic alterations that are associated with distinct epigenetic features and patient characteristics in both paediatric and adult disease, and examines the complex interplay between the glioblastoma genome and epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Sturm
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bender
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T.W. Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacques Grill
- Brain Tumor Program, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, Universite Paris Sud, 114 Rue Eduoard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Oren Becher
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC 91001, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, Montreal, QC, H3H 2R9, Canada
| | - Chris Jones
- Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Joseph F. Costello
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, 2340 Sutter St., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Antonio Iavarone
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 1130 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Unit 0085, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cameron W. Brennan
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program and Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nada Jabado
- Division of Experimental Medicine and Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy Street, Montreal, QC, H3H 2R9, Canada
| | - Stefan M. Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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86
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Sonabend AM, Bansal M, Guarnieri P, Lei L, Amendolara B, Soderquist C, Leung R, Yun J, Kennedy B, Sisti J, Bruce S, Bruce R, Shakya R, Ludwig T, Rosenfeld S, Sims PA, Bruce JN, Califano A, Canoll P. The transcriptional regulatory network of proneural glioma determines the genetic alterations selected during tumor progression. Cancer Res 2014; 74:1440-1451. [PMID: 24390738 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proneural glioblastoma is defined by an expression pattern resembling that of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and carries a distinctive set of genetic alterations. Whether there is a functional relationship between the proneural phenotype and the associated genetic alterations is unknown. To evaluate this possible relationship, we performed a longitudinal molecular characterization of tumor progression in a mouse model of proneural glioma. In this setting, the tumors acquired remarkably consistent genetic deletions at late stages of progression, similar to those deleted in human proneural glioblastoma. Further investigations revealed that p53 is a master regulator of the transcriptional network underlying the proneural phenotype. This p53-centric transcriptional network and its associated phenotype were observed at both the early and late stages of progression, and preceded the proneural-specific deletions. Remarkably, deletion of p53 at the time of tumor initiation obviated the acquisition of later deletions, establishing a link between the proneural transcriptional network and the subtype-specific deletions selected during glioma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Sonabend
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Mukesh Bansal
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Paolo Guarnieri
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Liang Lei
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Benjamin Amendolara
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Craig Soderquist
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Richard Leung
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jonathan Yun
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Benjamin Kennedy
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Julia Sisti
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Samuel Bruce
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Rachel Bruce
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Reena Shakya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Thomas Ludwig
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Steven Rosenfeld
- Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Peter A Sims
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jeffrey N Bruce
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Peter Canoll
- Gabriele Bartoli Brain Tumor Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Irving Research Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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87
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Paugh BS, Zhu X, Qu C, Endersby R, Diaz AK, Zhang J, Bax DA, Carvalho D, Reis RM, Onar-Thomas A, Broniscer A, Wetmore C, Zhang J, Jones C, Ellison DW, Baker SJ. Novel oncogenic PDGFRA mutations in pediatric high-grade gliomas. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6219-29. [PMID: 23970477 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The outcome for children with high-grade gliomas (HGG) remains dismal, with a 2-year survival rate of only 10% to 30%. Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) comprise a subset of HGG that arise in the brainstem almost exclusively in children. Genome-wide analyses of copy number imbalances previously showed that platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) is the most frequent target of focal amplification in pediatric HGGs, including DIPGs. To determine whether PDGFRA is also targeted by more subtle mutations missed by copy number analysis, we sequenced all PDGFRA coding exons from a cohort of pediatric HGGs. Somatic-activating mutations were identified in 14.4% (13 of 90) of nonbrainstem pediatric HGGs and 4.7% (2 of 43) of DIPGs, including missense mutations and in-frame deletions and insertions not previously described. Forty percent of tumors with mutation showed concurrent amplification, whereas 60% carried heterozygous mutations. Six different mutations impacting different domains all resulted in ligand-independent receptor activation that was blocked by small molecule inhibitors of PDGFR. Expression of mutants in p53-null primary mouse astrocytes conferred a proliferative advantage in vitro and generated HGGs in vivo with complete penetrance when implanted into brain. The gene expression signatures of these murine HGGs reflected the spectrum of human diffuse HGGs. PDGFRA intragenic deletion of exons 8 and 9 were previously shown in adult HGG, but were not detected in 83 nonbrainstem pediatric HGG and 57 DIPGs. Thus, a distinct spectrum of mutations confers constitutive receptor activation and oncogenic activity to PDGFRα in childhood HGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara S Paugh
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Developmental Neurobiology, Computational Biology, Biostatistics, Oncology, and Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital; Interdisciplinary Biomedical Science Program, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee; Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom; and Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, São Paulo, Brazil
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88
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Vitucci M, Karpinich NO, Bash RE, Werneke AM, Schmid RS, White KK, McNeill RS, Huff B, Wang S, Van Dyke T, Miller CR. Cooperativity between MAPK and PI3K signaling activation is required for glioblastoma pathogenesis. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1317-29. [PMID: 23814263 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) genomes feature recurrent genetic alterations that dysregulate core intracellular signaling pathways, including the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint and the MAPK and PI3K effector arms of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling. Elucidation of the phenotypic consequences of activated RTK effectors is required for the design of effective therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. METHODS Genetically defined, G1/S checkpoint-defective cortical murine astrocytes with constitutively active Kras and/or Pten deletion mutations were used to systematically investigate the individual and combined roles of these 2 RTK signaling effectors in phenotypic hallmarks of glioblastoma pathogenesis, including growth, migration, and invasion in vitro. A novel syngeneic orthotopic allograft model system was used to examine in vivo tumorigenesis. RESULTS Constitutively active Kras and/or Pten deletion mutations activated both MAPK and PI3K signaling. Their combination led to maximal growth, migration, and invasion of G1/S-defective astrocytes in vitro and produced progenitor-like transcriptomal profiles that mimic human proneural GBM. Activation of both RTK effector arms was required for in vivo tumorigenesis and produced highly invasive, proneural-like GBM. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cortical astrocytes can be transformed into GBM and that combined dysregulation of MAPK and PI3K signaling revert G1/S-defective astrocytes to a primitive gene expression state. This genetically-defined, immunocompetent model of proneural GBM will be useful for preclinical development of MAPK/PI3K-targeted, subtype-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Vitucci
- Corresponding Author: C. Ryan Miller, MD, PhD, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 6109B Neurosciences Research Building, Campus Box 7250, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7250.
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89
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Patil SA, Hosni-Ahmed A, Jones TS, Patil R, Pfeffer LM, Miller DD. Novel approaches to glioma drug design and drug screening. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1135-51. [PMID: 23738794 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.807248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gliomas are considered the most malignant form of brain tumors, and ranked among the most aggressive human cancers. Despite advance standard therapy the prognosis for patients with gliomas remains poor. Chemotherapy has played an important role as an adjuvant in treating gliomas. The efficacy of the chemotherapeutic drug is limited due to poor drug delivery and the inherent chemo- and radio-resistance. Challenges of the brain cancer therapy in clinical settings are; i) to overcome the chemo- and radio-resistance, ii) to improve drug delivery to tumors and iii) the development of effective drug screening procedures. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss clinically important chemotherapeutic agents used for treating malignant gliomas along with novel drug design approaches. The authors, furthermore, discuss the in vitro and in vivo drug screening procedures for the development of novel drug candidates. EXPERT OPINION The development of novel and highly potent chemotherapeutic agents for both glioma and glioma stem cells (GSCs) is highly important for future brain cancer research. Thus, research efforts should be directed towards developing innovative molecularly targeted antiglioma agents in order to reduce the toxicity and drug resistance which are associated with current forms of therapy. Development of novel pre-clinical drug screening procedures is also very critical for the overall success of brain cancer therapies in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaputra A Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 847 Monroe Avenue, Room 327, 881 Madison, Room 435, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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90
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Hopkins BD, Fine B, Steinbach N, Dendy M, Rapp Z, Shaw J, Pappas K, Yu JS, Hodakoski C, Mense S, Klein J, Pegno S, Sulis ML, Goldstein H, Amendolara B, Lei L, Maurer M, Bruce J, Canoll P, Hibshoosh H, Parsons R. A secreted PTEN phosphatase that enters cells to alter signaling and survival. Science 2013; 341:399-402. [PMID: 23744781 DOI: 10.1126/science.1234907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome ten (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor and an antagonist of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway. We identified a 576-amino acid translational variant of PTEN, termed PTEN-Long, that arises from an alternative translation start site 519 base pairs upstream of the ATG initiation sequence, adding 173 N-terminal amino acids to the normal PTEN open reading frame. PTEN-Long is a membrane-permeable lipid phosphatase that is secreted from cells and can enter other cells. As an exogenous agent, PTEN-Long antagonized PI3K signaling and induced tumor cell death in vitro and in vivo. By providing a means to restore a functional tumor-suppressor protein to tumor cells, PTEN-Long may have therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Hopkins
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1470 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
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91
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Abstract
Glioma and medulloblastoma represent the most commonly occurring malignant brain tumors in adults and in children, respectively. Recent genomic and transcriptional approaches present a complex group of diseases and delineate a number of molecular subgroups within tumors that share a common histopathology. Differences in cells of origin, regional niches, developmental timing, and genetic events all contribute to this heterogeneity. In an attempt to recapitulate the diversity of brain tumors, an increasing array of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) has been developed. These models often utilize promoters and genetic drivers from normal brain development and can provide insight into specific cells from which these tumors originate. GEMMs show promise in both developmental biology and developmental therapeutics. This review describes numerous murine brain tumor models in the context of normal brain development and the potential for these animals to impact brain tumor research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik J. Swartling
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Sanna-Maria Hede
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75185, Sweden
| | - William A. Weiss
- University of California, Depts. of Neurology, Pathology, Pediatrics, Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center and Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco CA 94158, USA
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92
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Murine cell line model of proneural glioma for evaluation of anti-tumor therapies. J Neurooncol 2013; 112:375-82. [PMID: 23504257 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-013-1082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular subtypes of glioblastoma (GBM) with distinct alterations have been identified. There is need for reproducible, versatile preclinical models that resemble specific GBM phenotypes to facilitate preclinical testing of novel therapies. We present a cell line-based murine proneural GBM model and characterize its response to radiation therapy. Proneural gliomas were generated by injecting PDGF-IRES-Cre retrovirus into the subcortical white matter of adult mice that harbor floxed tumor suppressors (Pten and p53) and stop-floxed reporters. Primary cell cultures were generated from the retrovirus induced tumors and maintained in vitro for multiple passages. RNA sequencing-based expression profiling of the resulting cell lines was performed. The tumorigenic potential of the cells was assessed by intracranial injection into adult naïve mice from different strains. Tumor growth was assessed by bioluminescence imaging (BLI). BLI for tumor cells and brain slices were obtained and compared to in vivo BLI. Response to whole-brain radiation was assessed in glioma-bearing animals. Intracranial injection of Pdgf(+)Pten(-/-)p53(-/-)luciferase(+) glioma cells led to formation of GBM-like tumors with 100 % efficiency (n = 48) and tumorigenesis was retained for more than 3 generations. The cell lines specifically resembled proneural GBM based on expression profiling by RNA-Seq. Pdgf(+)Pten(-/-)p53(-/-)luciferase(+) cell number correlated with BLI signal. Serial BLI measured tumor growth and correlated with size and location by ex vivo imaging. Moreover, BLI predicted tumor-related mortality with a 93 % risk of death within 5 days following a BLI signal between 1 × 10(8) and 5 × 10(8) photons/s cm(2). BLI signal had transient but significant response following radiotherapy, which corresponded to a modest survival benefit for radiated mice (p < 0.05). Intracranial injection of Pdgf(+)Pten(-/-)p53(-/-)luciferase(+) cells constitutes a novel and highly reproducible model, recapitulating key features of human proneural GBM, and can be used to evaluate tumor-growth and response to therapy.
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93
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Convection-enhanced delivery for targeted delivery of antiglioma agents: the translational experience. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2013; 2013:107573. [PMID: 23476784 PMCID: PMC3586495 DOI: 10.1155/2013/107573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent improvements in the understanding of glioblastoma (GBM) have allowed for increased ability to develop specific, targeted therapies. In parallel, however, there is a need for effective methods of delivery to circumvent the therapeutic obstacles presented by the blood-brain barrier and systemic side effects. The ideal delivery system should allow for adequate targeting of the tumor while minimizing systemic exposure, applicability across a wide range of potential therapies, and have existing safe and efficacious systems that allow for widespread application. Though many alternatives to systemic delivery have been developed, this paper will focus on our experience with convection-enhanced delivery (CED) and our focus on translating this technology from pre-clinical studies to the treatment of human GBM.
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94
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Intricate interplay between astrocytes and motor neurons in ALS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E756-65. [PMID: 23388633 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222361110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ALS results from the selective and progressive degeneration of motor neurons. Although the underlying disease mechanisms remain unknown, glial cells have been implicated in ALS disease progression. Here, we examine the effects of glial cell/motor neuron interactions on gene expression using the hSOD1(G93A) (the G93A allele of the human superoxide dismutase gene) mouse model of ALS. We detect striking cell autonomous and nonautonomous changes in gene expression in cocultured motor neurons and glia, revealing that the two cell types profoundly affect each other. In addition, we found a remarkable concordance between the cell culture data and expression profiles of whole spinal cords and acutely isolated spinal cord cells during disease progression in the G93A mouse model, providing validation of the cell culture approach. Bioinformatics analyses identified changes in the expression of specific genes and signaling pathways that may contribute to motor neuron degeneration in ALS, among which are TGF-β signaling pathways.
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95
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Abstract
Glioma is a heterogeneous disease process with differential histology and treatment response. It was previously thought that the histological features of glial tumors indicated their cell of origin. However, the discovery of continuous neuro-gliogenesis in the normal adult brain and the identification of brain tumor stem cells within glioma have led to the hypothesis that these brain tumors originate from multipotent neural stem or progenitor cells, which primarily divide asymmetrically during the postnatal period. Asymmetric cell division allows these cell types to concurrently self-renew whilst also producing cells for the differentiation pathway. It has recently been shown that increased symmetrical cell division, favoring the self-renewal pathway, leads to oligodendroglioma formation from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In contrast, there is some evidence that asymmetric cell division maintenance in tumor stem-like cells within astrocytoma may lead to acquisition of treatment resistance. Therefore cell division mode in normal brain stem and progenitor cells may play a role in setting tumorigenic potential and the type of tumor formed. Moreover, heterogeneous tumor cell populations and their respective cell division mode may confer differential sensitivity to therapy. This review aims to shed light on the controllers of cell division mode which may be therapeutically targeted to prevent glioma formation and improve treatment response.
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96
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Krivtsov AV, Figueroa ME, Sinha AU, Stubbs MC, Feng Z, Valk PJM, Delwel R, Döhner K, Bullinger L, Kung AL, Melnick AM, Armstrong SA. Cell of origin determines clinically relevant subtypes of MLL-rearranged AML. Leukemia 2012; 27:852-60. [PMID: 23235717 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2012.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mixed lineage leukemia (MLL)-fusion proteins can induce acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) from either hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) or granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (GMPs), but it remains unclear whether the cell of origin influences the biology of the resultant leukemia. MLL-AF9-transduced single HSCs or GMPs could be continuously replated, but HSC-derived clones were more likely than GMP-derived clones to initiate AML in mice. Leukemia stem cells derived from either HSCs or GMPs had a similar immunophenotype consistent with a maturing myeloid cell (LGMP). Gene expression analyses demonstrated that LGMP inherited gene expression programs from the cell of origin including high-level Evi-1 expression in HSC-derived LGMP. The gene expression signature of LGMP derived from HSCs was enriched in poor prognosis human MLL-rearranged AML in three independent data sets. Moreover, global 5'-mC levels were elevated in HSC-derived leukemias as compared with GMP-derived leukemias. This mirrored a difference seen in 5'-mC between MLL-rearranged human leukemias that are either EVI1 positive or EVI1 negative. Finally, HSC-derived leukemias were more resistant to chemotherapy than GMP-derived leukemias. These data demonstrate that the cell of origin influences the gene expression profile, the epigenetic state and the drug response in AML, and that these differences can account for clinical heterogeneity within a molecularly defined group of leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Krivtsov
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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97
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Krivtsov
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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98
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Costa PM, Cardoso AL, Nóbrega C, Pereira de Almeida LF, Bruce JN, Canoll P, Pedroso de Lima MC. MicroRNA-21 silencing enhances the cytotoxic effect of the antiangiogenic drug sunitinib in glioblastoma. Hum Mol Genet 2012. [PMID: 23201752 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly malignant glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by high genetic heterogeneity and infiltrative brain invasion patterns, and aberrant miRNA expression has been associated with hallmark malignant properties of GBM. The lack of effective GBM treatment options prompted us to investigate whether miRNAs would constitute promising therapeutic targets toward the generation of a gene therapy approach with clinical significance for this disease. Here, we show that microRNA-21 (miR-21) is upregulated and microRNA-128 (miR-128) is downregulated in mouse and human GBM samples, a finding that is corroborated by analysis of a large set of human GBM data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Moreover, we demonstrate that oligonucleotide-mediated miR-21 silencing in U87 human GBM cells resulted in increased levels of the tumor suppressors PTEN and PDCD4, caspase 3/7 activation and decreased tumor cell proliferation. Cell exposure to pifithrin, an inhibitor of p53 transcriptional activity, reduced the caspase activity associated with decreased miR-21 expression. Finally, we demonstrate for the first time that miR-21 silencing enhances the antitumoral effect of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib, whereas no therapeutic benefit is observed when coupling miR-21 silencing with the first-line drug temozolomide. Overall, our results provide evidence that miR-21 is uniformly overexpressed in GBM and constitutes a highly promising target for multimodal therapeutic approaches toward GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Costa
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
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99
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Friedmann-Morvinski D, Bushong EA, Ke E, Soda Y, Marumoto T, Singer O, Ellisman MH, Verma IM. Dedifferentiation of neurons and astrocytes by oncogenes can induce gliomas in mice. Science 2012; 338:1080-4. [PMID: 23087000 DOI: 10.1126/science.1226929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in humans. Here we show that gliomas can originate from differentiated cells in the central nervous system (CNS), including cortical neurons. Transduction by oncogenic lentiviral vectors of neural stem cells (NSCs), astrocytes, or even mature neurons in the brains of mice can give rise to malignant gliomas. All the tumors, irrespective of the site of lentiviral vector injection (the initiating population), shared common features of high expression of stem or progenitor markers and low expression of differentiation markers. Microarray analysis revealed that tumors of astrocytic and neuronal origin match the mesenchymal GBM subtype. We propose that most differentiated cells in the CNS upon defined genetic alterations undergo dedifferentiation to generate a NSC or progenitor state to initiate and maintain the tumor progression, as well as to give rise to the heterogeneous populations observed in malignant gliomas.
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100
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Helmy K, Halliday J, Fomchenko E, Setty M, Pitter K, Hafemeister C, Holland EC. Identification of global alteration of translational regulation in glioma in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46965. [PMID: 23056544 PMCID: PMC3463531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression contributes to the protein output of a cell, however, methods for measuring translational regulation in complex in vivo systems are lacking. Here, we describe a sensitive method for measuring translational regulation in defined cell populations from heterogeneous tissue in vivo. We adapted the translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) methodology to measure the relative occupancy of individual mRNA transcripts in translating ribosomes in the Olig2-positive tumor cell population in a genetically engineered mouse model (GEM) of glioma. Global measurement of paired ribosome-bound and total cellular mRNA populations from tumor cells in vivo identified a broad distribution of relative ribosome occupancies amongst mRNA species that was highly reproducible across biological samples. Comparison of the translation state of glioma cells to non-transformed oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in normal brain identified global alteration of translation in tumor, and specifically of genes involved in cell division and synthetic metabolism. Furthermore, investigation of alteration in steady state translational efficiencies upon loss of PTEN, one of the most frequently mutated and deleted tumor suppressors in glioma, identified differential translation of proteins involved in cellular respiration, canonically regulated by PI3K/Akt signaling, and cellular glycosylation profiles, deregulation of which is known to be associated with tumor progression. Application of the translation efficiency profiling method described here to other biological contexts and conditions would extend our knowledge of the scope and impact of this important mode of gene regulation in complex in vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Helmy
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - John Halliday
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Gerstner Sloan-Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elena Fomchenko
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Manu Setty
- Computational Biology Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ken Pitter
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Christoph Hafemeister
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Holland
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Brain Tumor Center, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology and Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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