51
|
Papillomaviruses and Endocytic Trafficking. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092619. [PMID: 30181457 PMCID: PMC6163501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytic trafficking plays a major role in transport of incoming human papillomavirus (HPVs) from plasma membrane to the trans Golgi network (TGN) and ultimately into the nucleus. During this infectious entry, several cellular sorting factors are recruited by the viral capsid protein L2, which plays a critical role in ensuring successful transport of the L2/viral DNA complex to the nucleus. Later in the infection cycle, two viral oncoproteins, E5 and E6, have also been shown to modulate different aspects of endocytic transport pathways. In this review, we highlight how HPV makes use of and perturbs normal endocytic transport pathways, firstly to achieve infectious virus entry, secondly to produce productive infection and the completion of the viral life cycle and, finally, on rare occasions, to bring about the development of malignancy.
Collapse
|
52
|
Taylor JR, Fernandez DJ, Thornton SM, Skeate JG, Lühen KP, Da Silva DM, Langen R, Kast WM. Heterotetrameric annexin A2/S100A10 (A2t) is essential for oncogenic human papillomavirus trafficking and capsid disassembly, and protects virions from lysosomal degradation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11642. [PMID: 30076379 PMCID: PMC6076308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) entry into epithelial cells is independent of canonical endocytic pathways. Upon interaction with host cells, HPV establishes infection by traversing through an endocytic pathway that is clathrin- and caveolin-independent, but dependent on the annexin A2/S100A10 heterotetramer (A2t). We examined the contribution of monomeric annexin A2 (AnxA2) vs. A2t in HPV infection and endocytosis, and further characterized the role of these molecules in protein trafficking. We specifically show that cell surface A2t is not required for HPV attachment, and in the absence of A2t virion internalization remains clathrin-independent. Without A2t, viral progression from early endosomes to multivesicular endosomes is significantly inhibited, capsid uncoating is dramatically reduced, and lysosomal degradation of HPV is accelerated. Furthermore, we present evidence that AnxA2 forms a complex with CD63, a known mediator of HPV trafficking. Overall, the observed reduction in infection is less significant in the absence of S100A10 alone compared to full A2t, supporting an independent role for monomeric AnxA2. More broadly, we show that successful infection by multiple oncogenic HPV types is dependent on A2t. These findings suggest that A2t is a central mediator of high-risk HPV intracellular trafficking post-entry and pre-viral uncoating.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Taylor
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Fernandez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shantaé M Thornton
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph G Skeate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kim P Lühen
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diane M Da Silva
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ralf Langen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - W Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Inoue T, Zhang P, Zhang W, Goodner-Bingham K, Dupzyk A, DiMaio D, Tsai B. γ-Secretase promotes membrane insertion of the human papillomavirus L2 capsid protein during virus infection. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:3545-3559. [PMID: 30006461 PMCID: PMC6168257 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201804171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause many human cancers, the cellular basis of HPV infection remains mysterious. This manuscript reveals that the transmembrane protease γ-secretase harbors a novel chaperone activity, promoting insertion of the HPV L2 protein into endosomal membranes. L2 membrane insertion is required for further progression of infection. Despite their importance as human pathogens, entry of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) into cells is poorly understood. The transmembrane protease γ-secretase executes a crucial function during the early stages of HPV infection, but the role of γ-secretase in infection and the identity of its critical substrate are unknown. Here we demonstrate that γ-secretase harbors a previously uncharacterized chaperone function, promoting low pH–dependent insertion of the HPV L2 capsid protein into endosomal membranes. Upon membrane insertion, L2 recruits the cytosolic retromer, which enables the L2 viral genome complex to enter the retrograde transport pathway and traffic to the Golgi en route for infection. Although a small fraction of membrane-inserted L2 is also cleaved by γ-secretase, this proteolytic event appears dispensable for HPV infection. Our findings demonstrate that γ-secretase is endowed with an activity that can promote membrane insertion of L2, thereby targeting the virus to the productive infectious pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Inoue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Pengwei Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Allison Dupzyk
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT .,Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Billy Tsai
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Annexins in Translational Research: Hidden Treasures to Be Found. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061781. [PMID: 29914106 PMCID: PMC6032224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate annexin superfamily (AnxA) consists of 12 members of a calcium (Ca2+) and phospholipid binding protein family which share a high structural homology. In keeping with this hallmark feature, annexins have been implicated in the Ca2+-controlled regulation of a broad range of membrane events. In this review, we identify and discuss several themes of annexin actions that hold a potential therapeutic value, namely, the regulation of the immune response and the control of tissue homeostasis, and that repeatedly surface in the annexin activity profile. Our aim is to identify and discuss those annexin properties which might be exploited from a translational science and specifically, a clinical point of view.
Collapse
|
55
|
Florin L, Lang T. Tetraspanin Assemblies in Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1140. [PMID: 29887866 PMCID: PMC5981178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins (Tspans) are a family of four-span transmembrane proteins, known as plasma membrane “master organizers.” They form Tspan-enriched microdomains (TEMs or TERMs) through lateral association with one another and other membrane proteins. If multiple microdomains associate with each other, larger platforms can form. For infection, viruses interact with multiple cell surface components, including receptors, activating proteases, and signaling molecules. It appears that Tspans, such as CD151, CD82, CD81, CD63, CD9, Tspan9, and Tspan7, coordinate these associations by concentrating the interacting partners into Tspan platforms. In addition to mediating viral attachment and entry, these platforms may also be involved in intracellular trafficking of internalized viruses and assist in defining virus assembly and exit sites. In conclusion, Tspans play a role in viral infection at different stages of the virus replication cycle. The present review highlights recently published data on this topic, with a focus on events at the plasma membrane. In light of these findings, we propose a model for how Tspan interactions may organize cofactors for viral infection into distinct molecular platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luise Florin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lang
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Extracellular Conformational Changes in the Capsid of Human Papillomaviruses Contribute to Asynchronous Uptake into Host Cells. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02106-17. [PMID: 29593032 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02106-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) is the leading cause of cervical cancer. For initial infection, HPV16 utilizes a novel endocytic pathway for host cell entry. Unique among viruses, uptake occurs asynchronously over a protracted period of time, with half-times between 9 and 12 h. To trigger endocytic uptake, the virus particles need to undergo a series of structural modifications after initial binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). These changes involve proteolytic cleavage of the major capsid protein L1 by kallikrein-8 (KLK8), exposure of the N terminus of the minor capsid protein L2 by cyclophilins, and cleavage of this N terminus by furin. Overall, the structural changes are thought to facilitate the engagement of an elusive secondary receptor for internalization. Here, we addressed whether structural changes are the rate-limiting steps during infectious internalization of HPV16 by using structurally primed HPV16 particles. Our findings indicate that the structural modifications mediated by cyclophilins and furin, which lead to exposure and cleavage, respectively, of the L2 N terminus contribute to the slow and asynchronous internalization kinetics, whereas conformational changes elicited by HSPG binding and KLK8 cleavage did not. However, these structural modifications accounted for only 30 to 50% of the delay in internalization. Therefore, we propose that limited internalization receptor availability for engagement of HPV16 causes slow and asynchronous internalization in addition to rate-limiting structural changes in the viral capsid.IMPORTANCE HPVs are the main cause of anogenital cancers. Their unique biology is linked to the differentiation program of skin or mucosa. Here, we analyzed another unique aspect of HPV infections using the prototype HPV16. After initial cell binding, HPVs display an unusually protracted residence time on the plasma membrane prior to asynchronous uptake. As viruses typically do not expose themselves to host immune sensing, we analyzed the underlying reasons for this unusual behavior. This study provides evidence that both extracellular structural modifications and possibly a limited availability of the internalization receptor contribute to the slow internalization process of the virus. These findings indicate that perhaps a unique niche for initial infection that could allow for rapid infection exists. In addition, our results may help to develop novel, preventive antiviral measures.
Collapse
|
57
|
Superinfection Exclusion between Two High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Types during a Coinfection. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01993-17. [PMID: 29437958 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01993-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Superinfection exclusion is a common phenomenon whereby a single cell is unable to be infected by two types of the same pathogen. Superinfection exclusion has been described for various viruses, including vaccinia virus, measles virus, hepatitis C virus, influenza A virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. Additionally, the mechanism of exclusion has been observed at various steps of the viral life cycle, including attachment, entry, viral genomic replication, transcription, and exocytosis. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent of cervical cancer. Recent epidemiological studies indicate that up to 50% women who are HPV positive (HPV+) are infected with more than one HPV type. However, no mechanism of superinfection exclusion has ever been identified for HPV. Here, we show that superinfection exclusion exists during a HPV coinfection and that it occurs on the cell surface during the attachment/entry phase of the viral life cycle. Additionally, we are able to show that the minor capsid protein L2 plays a role in this exclusion. This study shows, for the first time, that superinfection exclusion occurs during HPV coinfections and describes a potential molecular mechanism through which it occurs.IMPORTANCE Superinfection exclusion is a phenomenon whereby one cell is unable to be infected by multiple related pathogens. This phenomenon has been described for many viruses and has been shown to occur at various points in the viral life cycle. HPV is the causative agent of cervical cancer and is involved in other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers. Recent epidemiological research has shown that up to 50% of HPV-positive individuals harbor more than one type of HPV. We investigated the interaction between two high-risk HPV types, HPV16 and HPV18, during a coinfection. We present data showing that HPV16 is able to block or exclude HPV18 on the cell surface during a coinfection. This exclusion is due in part to differences in the HPV minor capsid protein L2. This report provides, for the first time, evidence of superinfection exclusion for HPV and leads to a better understanding of the complex interactions between multiple HPV types during coinfections.
Collapse
|
58
|
Olmedo-Nieva L, Muñoz-Bello JO, Contreras-Paredes A, Lizano M. The Role of E6 Spliced Isoforms (E6*) in Human Papillomavirus-Induced Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2018; 10:v10010045. [PMID: 29346309 PMCID: PMC5795458 DOI: 10.3390/v10010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent infections with High Risk Human Papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) are the main cause of cervical cancer development. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins of HR-HPVs are derived from a polycistronic pre-mRNA transcribed from an HPV early promoter. Through alternative splicing, this pre-mRNA produces a variety of E6 spliced transcripts termed E6*. In pre-malignant lesions and HPV-related cancers, different E6/E6* transcriptional patterns have been found, although they have not been clearly associated to cancer development. Moreover, there is a controversy about the participation of E6* proteins in cancer progression. This review addresses the regulation of E6 splicing and the different functions that have been found for E6* proteins, as well as their possible role in HPV-induced carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Olmedo-Nieva
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - J Omar Muñoz-Bello
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Adriana Contreras-Paredes
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Lizano
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, México/Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. San Fernando No. 22, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Cao ZJ, Xu XH, Gao T, Zhang Y, Xia H, Zhao YQ, Wang JJ. siRNA directed against Annexin II receptor inhibits HeLa cell proliferation, migration and invasion and induces apoptosis via suppressing ERK1/2 and Akt signaling pathways. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:88-98. [PMID: 31938090 PMCID: PMC6957953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Annexin II receptor (AXIIR) was originally identified as a cell surface receptor for Annexin II and was shown to be involved in the development and progression of multiple cancers, but little was known about its role in cervical cancer. The aim of our study was to investigate the role and the plausible molecular mechanism of AXIIR in regulating apoptosis, invasion and migration of cervical cancer cells. siRNA targeting AXIIR was chemical synthesized and transfected into HeLa cells which with non-specific siRNA tranfection used as a negative control. Cell proliferation, cell migration, cell invasion and cell apoptosis assay were measured by CCK-8, wound healing assay, Transwell invasion assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Tumor-related protein and signaling pathway were also measured by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot assay to investigate the molecular mechanism of AXIIR involved in regulating HeLa cells. Our data showed that AXIIR siRNA significantly inhibited HeLa cell viability and induced cell apoptosis by increases in Caspase-3/-8/-9 mRNA and protein expression, and inhibit HeLa cell migration and invasion by decreased MMP-2/-9 mRNA and protein expression. AXIIR siRNA could also significantly down-regulate Akt, p-Akt, ERK1/2 and p-ERK1/2 expression. In conclusion, AXIIR is of great importance for regulatingcell viability, migration, invasion and apoptosis in vitro. The molecular mechanism of AXIIR might be the activation of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathway, indicating a critical regulator function of AXIIR in tumorigenic responses of cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Juan Cao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Tongji Hospital of Tongji UniversityShanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Hang Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Tongji Hospital of Tongji UniversityShanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Tian Gao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Tongji Hospital of Tongji UniversityShanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Tongji Hospital of Tongji UniversityShanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Hong Xia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Tongji Hospital of Tongji UniversityShanghai 200065, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 200090, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Affiliated Tongji Hospital of Tongji UniversityShanghai 200065, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Farsi NJ, Rousseau MC, Schlecht N, Castonguay G, Allison P, Nguyen-Tan PF, Souliéres D, Coutlée F, Hier M, Madathil S, Franco EL, Nicolau B. Aetiological heterogeneity of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: the role of human papillomavirus infections, smoking and alcohol. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:1188-1195. [PMID: 29029021 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco and alcohol consumption are the main risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In addition, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection plays a causal role in oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), a subset of HNSCC. We assessed the independent effects of tobacco, alcohol and HPV infection on OPC risk in the head and neck cancer (HeNCe) Life study, a hospital-based case-control study of HNSCC with frequency-matched controls by age and sex from four Montreal hospitals. Interviewers collected information on socio-demographic and behavioural factors. We tested exfoliated oral cells for HPV DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We included only OPC cases (n = 188) and controls (n = 427) without missing values for HPV, smoking or alcohol. We examined associations by estimating odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) using unconditional logistic regression. Smoking (OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.04-3.45) and alcohol (OR = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.45-5.15) were associated with an increased risk of OPC independent of HPV status. Positivity for HPV 16 among heavy smokers and heavy alcohol users was associated with a 30.4-fold (95% CI: 8.94-103.26) and 18.6-fold (95% CI: 5.75-60.13) elevation in risk of OPC relative to participants who were HPV negative, respectively. Moreover, the combined effect of heavy smoking and alcohol comsumption with HPV 16 infection substantially increased OPC risk (OR = 48.76, 95% CI: 15.83-150.17) and (OR = 50.60, 95% CI: 15.96-160.40), respectively. Our results support the independent roles of smoking, alcohol and HPV infection in OPC risk and a possible combined effect. Efforts should be made to tackle these major risk factors simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nada J Farsi
- Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.,Division of Oral Health and Society, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Canada.,Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Rousseau
- Division of Oral Health and Society, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Canada.,Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Canada
| | - Nicolas Schlecht
- Division of Oral Health and Society, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, USA
| | - Geneviève Castonguay
- Division of Oral Health and Society, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Canada
| | - Paul Allison
- Division of Oral Health and Society, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Canada
| | - Phuc Félix Nguyen-Tan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hôpital Notre-Dame du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Denis Souliéres
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, Hôpital Notre-Dame du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Francois Coutlée
- Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hôpital Notre-Dame du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Michael Hier
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Canada
| | - Sreenath Madathil
- Division of Oral Health and Society, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Canada.,Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Canada
| | - Eduardo L Franco
- Division of Oral Health and Society, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Canada
| | - Belinda Nicolau
- Division of Oral Health and Society, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Canada.,Department of Oncology, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, McGill University, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Campos SK. Subcellular Trafficking of the Papillomavirus Genome during Initial Infection: The Remarkable Abilities of Minor Capsid Protein L2. Viruses 2017; 9:v9120370. [PMID: 29207511 PMCID: PMC5744145 DOI: 10.3390/v9120370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2012, our understanding of human papillomavirus (HPV) subcellular trafficking has undergone a drastic paradigm shift. Work from multiple laboratories has revealed that HPV has evolved a unique means to deliver its viral genome (vDNA) to the cell nucleus, relying on myriad host cell proteins and processes. The major breakthrough finding from these recent endeavors has been the realization of L2-dependent utilization of cellular sorting factors for the retrograde transport of vDNA away from degradative endo/lysosomal compartments to the Golgi, prior to mitosis-dependent nuclear accumulation of L2/vDNA. An overview of current models of HPV entry, subcellular trafficking, and the role of L2 during initial infection is provided below, highlighting unresolved questions and gaps in knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K Campos
- The Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0240, USA.
- The Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0240, USA.
- The Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0240, USA.
- The BIO5 Institute, Tucson, AZ 85721-0240, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Christensen M, H�gdall C, Jochumsen K, H�gdall E. Annexin A2 and cancer: A systematic review. Int J Oncol 2017; 52:5-18. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Unit, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus H�gdall
- Department of Gynaecology, Juliane Maria Centre (JMC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Jochumsen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Estrid H�gdall
- Department of Pathology, Molecular Unit, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Schäfer G, Graham LM, Lang DM, Blumenthal MJ, Bergant Marušič M, Katz AA. Vimentin Modulates Infectious Internalization of Human Papillomavirus 16 Pseudovirions. J Virol 2017; 91:e00307-17. [PMID: 28566373 PMCID: PMC5533935 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00307-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common viral infection of the reproductive tract, with virtually all cases of cervical cancer being attributable to infection by oncogenic HPVs. However, the exact mechanism and receptors used by HPV to infect epithelial cells are controversial. The current entry model suggests that HPV initially attaches to heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) at the cell surface, followed by conformational changes, cleavage by furin convertase, and subsequent transfer of the virus to an as-yet-unidentified high-affinity receptor. In line with this model, we established an in vitro infection system using the HSPG-deficient cell line pgsD677 together with HPV16 pseudovirions (HPV16-PsVs). While pgsD677 cells were nonpermissive for untreated HPV16-PsVs, furin cleavage of the particles led to a substantial increase in infection. Biochemical pulldown assays followed by mass spectrometry analysis showed that furin-precleaved HPV16-PsVs specifically interacted with surface-expressed vimentin on pgsD677 cells. We further demonstrated that both furin-precleaved and uncleaved HPV16-PsVs colocalized with surface-expressed vimentin on pgsD677, HeLa, HaCaT, and NIKS cells, while binding of incoming viral particles to soluble vimentin protein before infection led to a substantial decrease in viral uptake. Interestingly, decreasing cell surface vimentin by small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown in HeLa and NIKS cells significantly increased HPV16-PsV infectious internalization, while overexpression of vimentin had the opposite effect. The identification of vimentin as an HPV restriction factor enhances our understanding of the initial steps of HPV-host interaction and may lay the basis for the design of novel antiviral drugs preventing HPV internalization into epithelial cells.IMPORTANCE Despite HPV being a highly prevalent sexually transmitted virus causing significant disease burden worldwide, particularly cancer of the cervix, cell surface events preceding oncogenic HPV internalization are poorly understood. We herein describe the identification of surface-expressed vimentin as a novel molecule not previously implicated in the infectious internalization of HPV16. Contrary to our expectations, vimentin was found to act not as a receptor but rather as a restriction factor dampening the initial steps of HPV16 infection. These results importantly contribute to our current understanding of the molecular events during the infectious internalization of HPV16 and open a new direction in the development of alternative drugs to prevent HPV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Schäfer
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- UCT Receptor Biology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SA-MRC Gynecology Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lisa M Graham
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- UCT Receptor Biology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SA-MRC Gynecology Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dirk M Lang
- Division of Physiological Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Melissa J Blumenthal
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- UCT Receptor Biology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SA-MRC Gynecology Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martina Bergant Marušič
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Arieh A Katz
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- UCT Receptor Biology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- SA-MRC Gynecology Cancer Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
The human papillomavirus replication cycle, and its links to cancer progression: a comprehensive review. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2201-2221. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HPVs (human papillomaviruses) infect epithelial cells and their replication cycle is intimately linked to epithelial differentiation. There are over 200 different HPV genotypes identified to date and each displays a strict tissue specificity for infection. HPV infection can result in a range of benign lesions, for example verrucas on the feet, common warts on the hands, or genital warts. HPV infects dividing basal epithelial cells where its dsDNA episomal genome enters the nuclei. Upon basal cell division, an infected daughter cell begins the process of keratinocyte differentiation that triggers a tightly orchestrated pattern of viral gene expression to accomplish a productive infection. A subset of mucosal-infective HPVs, the so-called ‘high risk’ (HR) HPVs, cause cervical disease, categorized as low or high grade. Most individuals will experience transient HR-HPV infection during their lifetime but these infections will not progress to clinically significant cervical disease or cancer because the immune system eventually recognizes and clears the virus. Cancer progression is due to persistent infection with an HR-HPV. HR-HPV infection is the cause of >99.7% cervical cancers in women, and a subset of oropharyngeal cancers, predominantly in men. HPV16 (HR-HPV genotype 16) is the most prevalent worldwide and the major cause of HPV-associated cancers. At the molecular level, cancer progression is due to increased expression of the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7, which activate the cell cycle, inhibit apoptosis, and allow accumulation of DNA damage. This review aims to describe the productive life cycle of HPV and discuss the roles of the viral proteins in HPV replication. Routes to viral persistence and cancer progression are also discussed.
Collapse
|
65
|
Quabius ES, Bögershausen B, Getzin L, Görögh T, Gebhard MP, Hoffmann AS, Hoffmann M. SLPI and AnxA2 expression in neoplasm-free palatine tonsils is associated with smoking habit of individuals. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 7:427-434. [PMID: 28811900 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to confirm the inverse correlation between secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) expression, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection previously observed in head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma, the present study retrospectively investigated the association between SLPI and Annexin A2 (AnxA2) expression, and HPV status in non-neoplastic chronic tonsillitis (n=118), and tonsillar hyperplasia (n=96) tissue. We hypothesised that smoking induces the upregulation of SLPI, resulting in reduced binding of HPV to AnxA2, a known modulator of HPV entry into the cell. SLPI and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (p16INK4A) protein expression was measured using immunohistochemistry in 214 specimens; SLPI and AnxA2 gene expression was measured using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in 213 cases; and DNA was isolated from all the specimens to determine HPV status. The association between the results of the aforementioned analyses and the smoking habits of patients was analysed. The samples were HPV-negative. p16INK4A expression demonstrated moderate and strong staining in 38, and 0 cases, respectively. SLPI expression presented negative, weak and moderate signals in 163, 45, and 6 cases, respectively. A positive correlation was identified between smoking and SLPI (P=0.0001). Gene expression analysis (n=213) revealed that smoking (n=48) resulted in a significant increase in SLPI and AnxA2 expression. A significant positive correlation between AnxA2 and SLPI, indicating a surplus of AnxA2 in relation to SLPI, was exclusively identified in non-smokers. The data demonstrated that smoking results in increased SLPI and AnxA2 expression also in non-neoplastic tonsillar tissue. The observed surplus of AnxA2 in relation to SLPI identified exclusively in the tonsillar tissue of non-smokers indicates a higher possibility of a successful HPV infection of the tonsillar tissue of non-smokers, given the properties of AnxA2 to function as an infection modulator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elgar S Quabius
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Christian-Albrechts University, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts University, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Berit Bögershausen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lukas Getzin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Christian-Albrechts University, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tibor Görögh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Christian-Albrechts University, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maximilian P Gebhard
- Department of Pathology, University of Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anna S Hoffmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Schleswig-Holstein, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Christian-Albrechts University, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
miRNA-expression in tonsillar squamous cell carcinomas in relation to HPV infection and expression of the antileukoproteinase SLPI. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH 2017; 4:26-34. [PMID: 29179866 PMCID: PMC5883217 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine if micro-(mi-)RNAs are involved in the previously reported inverse correlation between the antileukoproteinase SLPI, HPV, and smoking habit of head and neck squamous cells carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. HPV-status and SLPI-protein expression were determined in tonsillar SCC (TSCC; n=126). Differentially expressed miRNAs dependent on HPV-status and SLPI-expression were detected by microarray; possible binding-sites in SLPI- and HPVE6-mRNAs were determined in silico. Survival rates were estimated testing prognostic values of HPV-status, SLPI- and miRNA-expression. miRNA-array identified 24 up-regulated and 10 down-regulated miRNAs in HPV-positive versus HPV-negative TSCC (p<0.01; HPV-positivity: 42.1%). HPV-positivity resulted in two up-regulated miRNAs in SLPI-positive TSCC. Of 16 further miRNAs, eight miRNAs were up- and eight were down-regulated in SLPI-negative TSCC. RT-q-PCR-validation of the four most differentially expressed miRNAs showed that miR-363 is expressed strongest in SLPI-negative/HPV-positive TSSC. In silico-analysis of all differentially expressed miRNAs identified miR-363, miR-210, miR-130a, and miR-181a with possible binding sites in the HPV16-E6-mRNA, but none were predicted in the SLPI-mRNA. HPV-positivity, low SLPI-levels and high miR-363-levels are significantly associated with better survival rates. The data presented here show that miR-363 is associated with HPV-positive/SPLI-negative TSCC. The prognostic value of miR-363 suggests a role in the assumed inverse correlation of smoking and SPLI-expression in the mode of HPV-infections in tonsillar but possibly also other HNSCC.
Collapse
|
67
|
Kuehnl A, Musiol A, Raabe CA, Rescher U. Emerging functions as host cell factors - an encyclopedia of annexin-pathogen interactions. Biol Chem 2017; 397:949-59. [PMID: 27366904 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases and drug-resistant infectious agents call for the development of innovative antimicrobial strategies. With pathogenicity now considered to arise from the complex and bi-directional interplay between a microbe and the host, host cell factor targeting has emerged as a promising approach that might overcome the limitations of classical antimicrobial drug development and could open up novel and efficient therapeutic strategies. Interaction with and modulation of host cell membranes is a recurrent theme in the host-microbe relationship. In this review, we provide an overview of what is currently known about the role of the Ca2+ dependent, membrane-binding annexin protein family in pathogen-host interactions, and discuss their emerging functions as host cell derived auxiliary proteins in microbe-host interactions and host cell targets.
Collapse
|
68
|
Tetraspanins in infections by human cytomegalo- and papillomaviruses. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:489-497. [PMID: 28408489 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Members of the tetraspanin family have been identified as essential cellular membrane proteins in infectious diseases by nearly all types of pathogens. The present review highlights recently published data on the role of tetraspanin CD151, CD81, and CD63 and their interaction partners in host cell entry by human cytomegalo- and human papillomaviruses. Moreover, we discuss a model for tetraspanin assembly into trafficking platforms at the plasma membrane. These platforms might persist during intracellular viral trafficking.
Collapse
|
69
|
A central region in the minor capsid protein of papillomaviruses facilitates viral genome tethering and membrane penetration for mitotic nuclear entry. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006308. [PMID: 28464022 PMCID: PMC5412989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Incoming papillomaviruses (PVs) depend on mitotic nuclear envelope breakdown to gain initial access to the nucleus for viral transcription and replication. In our previous work, we hypothesized that the minor capsid protein L2 of PVs tethers the incoming vDNA to mitotic chromosomes to direct them into the nascent nuclei. To re-evaluate how dynamic L2 recruitment to cellular chromosomes occurs specifically during prometaphase, we developed a quantitative, microscopy-based assay for measuring the degree of chromosome recruitment of L2-EGFP. Analyzing various HPV16 L2 truncation-mutants revealed a central chromosome-binding region (CBR) of 147 amino acids that confers binding to mitotic chromosomes. Specific mutations of conserved motifs (IVAL286AAAA, RR302/5AA, and RTR313EEE) within the CBR interfered with chromosomal binding. Moreover, assembly-competent HPV16 containing the chromosome-binding deficient L2(RTR313EEE) or L2(IVAL286AAAA) were inhibited for infection despite their ability to be transported to intracellular compartments. Since vDNA and L2 were not associated with mitotic chromosomes either, the infectivity was likely impaired by a defect in tethering of the vDNA to mitotic chromosomes. However, L2 mutations that abrogated chromatin association also compromised translocation of L2 across membranes of intracellular organelles. Thus, chromatin recruitment of L2 may in itself be a requirement for successful penetration of the limiting membrane thereby linking both processes mechanistically. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the association of L2 with mitotic chromosomes is conserved among the alpha, beta, gamma, and iota genera of Papillomaviridae. However, different binding patterns point to a certain variance amongst the different genera. Overall, our data suggest a common strategy among various PVs, in which a central region of L2 mediates tethering of vDNA to mitotic chromosomes during cell division thereby coordinating membrane translocation and delivery to daughter nuclei. Papillomaviruses can cause carcinogenic malignancies such as cervical cancer. Like most DNA viruses, papillomaviruses must deliver their genome to the cell nucleus during initial infection, where it is expressed and replicated. However, papillomaviruses make use of unconventional mechanisms for genome delivery. They reside on the cell surface for protracted, hour-long times, before they are taken up by a novel endocytic mechanism. Moreover, they are delivered to the trans-Golgi-network by non-canonical endosomal trafficking prior to nuclear delivery. For entry into the nucleus, papillomaviruses access the nuclear space after nuclear envelope breakdown during mitosis unlike most other intranuclear viruses. The detailed mechanism how the viral genome is directed to nascent nuclei during mitosis remains elusive. Our previous work suggested that the minor capsid protein L2 may tether the incoming viral genome to mitotic chromosomes to direct it to the nascent nuclei. This work identifies a conserved central region in L2 protein to be necessary and sufficient for tethering. Moreover, it demonstrates that this mechanism is conserved across different papillomavirus genera. Importantly, this report also provides evidence that the processes of nuclear import by tethering and membrane penetration are mechanistically linked.
Collapse
|
70
|
Aksoy P, Gottschalk EY, Meneses PI. HPV entry into cells. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 772:13-22. [PMID: 28528686 PMCID: PMC5443120 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted virus responsible for the development of cervical cancer, anal cancer, head and throat cancers, as well as genital area warts. A major focus of current HPV research is on preventing the virus from entering a cell and transferring its genetic material to the nucleus, thus potentially preventing the development of cancer. Although the available HPV vaccines are extremely successful, approximately 15 additional cancer-causing HPVs have been identified that the vaccines do not protect against. Therefore, roughly 150,000 cancer cases will not be prevented annually with the current vaccines. Research efforts focused on the basic cell biology of HPV infection have a goal of identifying common infectious events that may lead to inexpensive vaccines or anti-virals to prevent infection by most, if not all, HPVs. In this review we attempt to summarize what is known regarding the process of HPV binding, entry, and intracellular trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Aksoy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Vidotto A, Morais ATS, Ribeiro MR, Pacca CC, Terzian ACB, Gil LHVG, Mohana-Borges R, Gallay P, Nogueira ML. Systems Biology Reveals NS4B-Cyclophilin A Interaction: A New Target to Inhibit YFV Replication. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1542-1555. [PMID: 28317380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) replication is highly dependent on host cell factors. YFV NS4B is reported to be involved in viral replication and immune evasion. Here interactions between NS4B and human proteins were determined using a GST pull-down assay and analyzed using 1-DE and LC-MS/MS. We present a total of 207 proteins confirmed using Scaffold 3 Software. Cyclophilin A (CypA), a protein that has been shown to be necessary for the positive regulation of flavivirus replication, was identified as a possible NS4B partner. 59 proteins were found to be significantly increased when compared with a negative control, and CypA exhibited the greatest difference, with a 22-fold change. Fisher's exact test was significant for 58 proteins, and the p value of CypA was the most significant (0.000000019). The Ingenuity Systems software identified 16 pathways, and this analysis indicated sirolimus, an mTOR pathway inhibitor, as a potential inhibitor of CypA. Immunofluorescence and viral plaque assays showed a significant reduction in YFV replication using sirolimus and cyclosporine A (CsA) as inhibitors. Furthermore, YFV replication was strongly inhibited in cells treated with both inhibitors using reporter BHK-21-rep-YFV17D-LucNeoIres cells. Taken together, these data suggest that CypA-NS4B interaction regulates YFV replication. Finally, we present the first evidence that YFV inhibition may depend on NS4B-CypA interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Vidotto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Ana T S Morais
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Milene R Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Carolina C Pacca
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Ana C B Terzian
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Laura H V G Gil
- Departamento de Virologia, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães , Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) - Recife, Pernambuco 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ , Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Philippe Gallay
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute - La Jolla , San Diego, California 92037, United States
| | - Mauricio L Nogueira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de José do Rio Preto , São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo 15090-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Westrich JA, Warren CJ, Pyeon D. Evasion of host immune defenses by human papillomavirus. Virus Res 2017; 231:21-33. [PMID: 27890631 PMCID: PMC5325784 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A majority of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are asymptomatic and self-resolving in the absence of medical interventions. Various innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as physical barriers, have been implicated in controlling early HPV infections. However, if HPV overcomes these host immune defenses and establishes persistence in basal keratinocytes, it becomes very difficult for the host to eliminate the infection. The HPV oncoproteins E5, E6, and E7 are important in regulating host immune responses. These oncoproteins dysregulate gene expression, protein-protein interactions, posttranslational modifications, and cellular trafficking of critical host immune modulators. In addition to the HPV oncoproteins, sequence variation and dinucleotide depletion in papillomavirus genomes has been suggested as an alternative strategy for evasion of host immune defenses. Since anti-HPV host immune responses are also considered to be important for antitumor immunity, immune dysregulation by HPV during virus persistence may contribute to immune suppression essential for HPV-associated cancer progression. Here, we discuss cellular pathways dysregulated by HPV that allow the virus to evade various host immune defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Westrich
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cody J Warren
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Current address: BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Dohun Pyeon
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Bienkowska-Haba M, Luszczek W, Keiffer TR, Guion LGM, DiGiuseppe S, Scott RS, Sapp M. Incoming human papillomavirus 16 genome is lost in PML protein-deficient HaCaT keratinocytes. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 27860076 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) target promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies (NBs) during infectious entry and PML protein is important for efficient transcription of incoming viral genome. However, the transcriptional down regulation was shown to be promoter-independent in that heterologous promoters delivered by papillomavirus particles were also affected. To further investigate the role of PML protein in HPV entry, we used small hairpin RNA to knockdown PML protein in HaCaT keratinocytes. Confirming previous findings, PML knockdown in HaCaT cells reduced HPV16 transcript levels significantly following infectious entry without impairing binding and trafficking. However, when we quantified steady-state levels of pseudogenomes in interphase cells, we found strongly reduced genome levels compared with parental HaCaT cells. Because nuclear delivery was comparable in both cell lines, we conclude that viral pseudogenome must be removed after successful nuclear delivery. Transcriptome analysis by gene array revealed that PML knockdown in clonal HaCaT cells was associated with a constitutive interferon response. Abrogation of JAK1/2 signaling prevented genome loss, however, did not restore viral transcription. In contrast, knockdown of PML protein in HeLa cells did not affect HPV genome delivery and transcription. HeLa cells are transformed by HPV18 oncogenes E6 and E7, which have been shown to interfere with the JAK/Stat signaling pathway. Our data imply that PML NBs protect incoming HPV genomes. Furthermore, they provide evidence that PML NBs are key regulators of the innate immune response in keratinocytes. IMPORTANCE Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) are important for antiviral defense. Many DNA viruses target these subnuclear structures and reorganize them. Reorganization of PML NBs by viral proteins is important for establishment of infection. In contrast, HPVs require the presence of PML protein for efficient transcription of incoming viral genome. Our finding that PML protein prevents the loss of HPV genome following infection implies that the host cell may be able to recognize chromatinized HPV genome or the associated capsid proteins. A constitutively active interferon response in absence of PML protein suggests that PML NBs are key regulators of the innate immune response in keratinocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Bienkowska-Haba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Wioleta Luszczek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Timothy R Keiffer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lucile G M Guion
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stephen DiGiuseppe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Rona S Scott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Martin Sapp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Wüstenhagen E, Hampe L, Boukhallouk F, Schneider MA, Spoden GA, Negwer I, Koynov K, Kast WM, Florin L. The Cytoskeletal Adaptor Obscurin-Like 1 Interacts with the Human Papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) Capsid Protein L2 and Is Required for HPV16 Endocytosis. J Virol 2016; 90:10629-10641. [PMID: 27654294 PMCID: PMC5110159 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01222-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid protein L2 is essential for viral entry. To gain a deeper understanding of the role of L2, we searched for novel cellular L2-interacting proteins. A yeast two-hybrid analysis uncovered the actin-depolymerizing factor gelsolin, the membrane glycoprotein dysadherin, the centrosomal protein 68 (Cep68), and the cytoskeletal adaptor protein obscurin-like 1 protein (OBSL1) as putative L2 binding molecules. Pseudovirus (PsV) infection assays identified OBSL1 as a host factor required for gene transduction by three oncogenic human papillomavirus types, HPV16, HPV18, and HPV31. In addition, we detected OBSL1 expression in cervical tissue sections and noted the involvement of OBSL1 during gene transduction of primary keratinocytes by HPV16 PsV. Complex formation of HPV16 L2 with OBSL1 was demonstrated in coimmunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation studies after overexpression of L2 or after PsV exposure. We observed a strong colocalization of OBSL1 with HPV16 PsV and tetraspanin CD151 at the plasma membrane, suggesting a role for OBSL1 in viral endocytosis. Indeed, viral entry assays exhibited a reduction of viral endocytosis in OBSL1-depleted cells. Our results suggest OBSL1 as a novel L2-interacting protein and endocytosis factor in HPV infection. IMPORTANCE Human papillomaviruses infect mucosal and cutaneous epithelia, and the high-risk HPV types account for 5% of cancer cases worldwide. As recently discovered, HPV entry occurs by a clathrin-, caveolin-, and dynamin-independent endocytosis via tetraspanin-enriched microdomains. At present, the cellular proteins involved in the underlying mechanism of this type of endocytosis are under investigation. In this study, the cytoskeletal adaptor OBSL1 was discovered as a previously unrecognized interaction partner of the minor capsid protein L2 and was identified as a proviral host factor required for HPV16 endocytosis into target cells. The findings of this study advance the understanding of a so far less well-characterized endocytic pathway that is used by oncogenic HPV subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Wüstenhagen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura Hampe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Fatima Boukhallouk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marc A Schneider
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Translational Research Unit, Thoraxklinik at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gilles A Spoden
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Inka Negwer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - W Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Luise Florin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Woodham AW, Sanna AM, Taylor JR, Skeate JG, Da Silva DM, Dekker LV, Kast WM. Annexin A2 antibodies but not inhibitors of the annexin A2 heterotetramer impair productive HIV-1 infection of macrophages in vitro. Virol J 2016; 13:187. [PMID: 27863502 PMCID: PMC5116172 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), macrophages are initial targets for HIV infection. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) has been shown to protect against HIV infection of macrophages through interactions with annexin A2 (A2), which is found on the macrophage cell surface as a heterotetramer (A2t) consisting of A2 and S100A10. Therefore, we investigated potential protein-protein interactions between A2 and HIV-1 gp120 through a series of co-immunoprecipitation assays and a single molecule pulldown (SiMPull) technique. Additionally, inhibitors of A2t (A2ti) that target the interaction between A2 and S100A10 were tested for their ability to impair productive HIV-1 infection of macrophages. Our data suggest that interactions between HIV-1 gp120 and A2 exist, though this interaction may be indirect. Furthermore, an anti-A2 antibody impaired HIV-1 particle production in macrophages in vitro, whereas A2ti did not indicating that annexin A2 may promote HIV-1 infection of macrophages in its monomeric rather than tetrameric form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Woodham
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Adriana M. Sanna
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Present Address: Division of Oncology and Pathology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Julia R. Taylor
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy St., NRT 7507, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Joseph G. Skeate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy St., NRT 7507, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Diane M. Da Silva
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Lodewijk V. Dekker
- School of Pharmacy, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - W. Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy St., NRT 7507, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
DiGiuseppe S, Bienkowska-Haba M, Guion LG, Sapp M. Cruising the cellular highways: How human papillomavirus travels from the surface to the nucleus. Virus Res 2016; 231:1-9. [PMID: 27984059 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The non-enveloped human papillomaviruses (HPVs) specifically target epithelial cells of the skin and mucosa. Successful infection requires a lesion in the stratified tissue for access to the basal cells. Herein, we discuss our recent progress in understanding binding, internalization, uncoating, and intracellular trafficking of HPV particles. Our focus will be on HPV type 16, which is the most common HPV type associated with various anogenital and oropharyngeal carcinomas. The study of HPV entry has revealed a number of novel cellular pathways utilized during infection. These include but are not restricted to the following: a previously uncharacterized form of endocytosis, membrane penetration by a capsid protein, the use of retromer complexes for trafficking to the trans-Golgi network, the requirement for nuclear envelope breakdown and microtubule-mediated transport during mitosis for nuclear entry, the existence of membrane-bound intranuclear vesicles harboring HPV genome, and the requirement of PML protein for efficient transcription of incoming viral genome. The continued study of these pathways may reveal new roles in basic biological cellular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen DiGiuseppe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Malgorzata Bienkowska-Haba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Lucile G Guion
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Martin Sapp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) represent a large collection of viral types associated with significant clinical disease of cutaneous and mucosal epithelium. HPV-associated cancers are found in anogenital and oral mucosa, and at various cutaneous sites. Papillomaviruses are highly species and tissue restricted, and these viruses display both mucosotropic, cutaneotropic or dual tropism for epithelial tissues. A subset of HPV types, predominantly mucosal, are also oncogenic and cancers with these HPV types account for more than 200,000 deaths world-wide. Host control of HPV infections requires both innate and adaptive immunity, but the viruses have developed strategies to escape immune detection. Viral proteins can disrupt both innate pathogen-sensing pathways and T-cell based recognition and subsequent destruction of infected tissues. Current treatments to manage HPV infections include mostly ablative strategies in which recurrences are common and only active disease is treated. Although much is known about the papillomavirus life cycle, viral protein functions, and immune responsiveness, we still lack knowledge in a number of key areas of PV biology including tissue tropism, site-specific cancer progression, codon usage profiles, and what are the best strategies to mount an effective immune response to the carcinogenic stages of PV disease. In this review, disease transmission, protection and control are discussed together with questions related to areas in PV biology that will continue to provide productive opportunities of discovery and to further our understanding of this diverse set of human viral pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Christensen
- The Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Nicol AF, Brunette LL, Nuovo GJ, Grinsztejn B, Friedman RK, Veloso VG, Cunha CB, Coutinho JR, Vianna-Andrade C, Oliveira NS, Woodham AW, DA Silva DM, Kast WM. Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor Expression and High-Risk HPV Infection in Anal Lesions of HIV-Positive Patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2016; 73:27-33. [PMID: 27149102 PMCID: PMC4981526 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) expression in anal biopsies from HIV-positive (HIV+) individuals, and compare that to anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) diagnoses and human papillomavirus (HPV) status. DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study of a cohort of 54 HIV+ (31 males and 23 females) from an AIDS clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS The study material consisted of anorectal tissue biopsies obtained from HIV+ subjects, which were used to construct tissue microarray paraffin blocks for immunohistochemical analysis of SLPI expression. Biopsies were evaluated by an expert pathologist and classified as low-grade AIN1, high-grade AIN2/3, or normal squamous epithelium. In addition, DNA from the biopsies was extracted and analyzed for the presence of low- or high-risk HPV DNA. RESULTS Histologically, normal squamous epithelium from the anorectal region showed strong positive SLPI staining in 17/20 (85%) samples. In comparison, 9/17 (53%) dysplastic squamous epithelial samples from AIN1 patients showed strong SLPI staining, and only 5/17 (29%) samples from AIN2/3 patients exhibited strong SPLI staining, which both were significantly fewer than those from normal tissue (P = 0.005). Furthermore, there was a significantly higher proportion of samples in which oncogenic high-risk HPV genotypes were detected in low SLPI-expressing tissues than that in tissues with high SLPI expression (P = 0.040). CONCLUSIONS Taken together these results suggest that low SLPI expression is associated with high-risk HPV infections in the development of AIN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alcina F Nicol
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Medical Research, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Laurie L Brunette
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Gerard J Nuovo
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Beatriz Grinsztejn
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Medical Research, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ruth K Friedman
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Medical Research, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valdiléa G Veloso
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Medical Research, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cynthia B Cunha
- LabClin DST/AIDS, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José R Coutinho
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Medical Research, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Vianna-Andrade
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Medical Research, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathalia S Oliveira
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Medical Research, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrew W Woodham
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Diane M DA Silva
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - W Martin Kast
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
The CD63-Syntenin-1 Complex Controls Post-Endocytic Trafficking of Oncogenic Human Papillomaviruses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32337. [PMID: 27578500 PMCID: PMC5006017 DOI: 10.1038/srep32337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses enter host cells via a clathrin-independent endocytic pathway involving tetraspanin proteins. However, post-endocytic trafficking required for virus capsid disassembly remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that the early trafficking pathway of internalised HPV particles involves tetraspanin CD63, syntenin-1 and ESCRT-associated adaptor protein ALIX. Following internalisation, viral particles are found in CD63-positive endosomes recruiting syntenin-1, a CD63-interacting adaptor protein. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescence experiments indicate that the CD63-syntenin-1 complex controls delivery of internalised viral particles to multivesicular endosomes. Accordingly, infectivity of high-risk HPV types 16, 18 and 31 as well as disassembly and post-uncoating processing of viral particles was markedly suppressed in CD63 or syntenin-1 depleted cells. Our analyses also present the syntenin-1 interacting protein ALIX as critical for HPV infection and CD63-syntenin-1-ALIX complex formation as a prerequisite for intracellular transport enabling viral capsid disassembly. Thus, our results identify the CD63-syntenin-1-ALIX complex as a key regulatory component in post-endocytic HPV trafficking.
Collapse
|
80
|
Rahman S, Pierce Campbell CM, Torres BN, O'Keefe MT, Ingles DJ, Villa LL, Carvalho da Silva RJ, Cintra RC, Lazcano-Ponce E, Salmeron J, Quiterio M, Giuliano AR. Distribution and factors associated with salivary secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor concentrations. Oral Dis 2016; 22:781-790. [PMID: 27470907 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional study examined the distribution and correlates of salivary secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) concentrations within a multinational cohort of men. METHODS Extracellular SLPI was measured in oral gargle cell supernatants of 378 men from three countries using an ELISA-based assay. Risk factor data were collected by a questionnaire. Factors associated with SLPI were assessed using linear and logistic regression for continuous and categorical SLPI, respectively. RESULTS Among men aged 18-73 years, the median SLPI concentration was 492.0 ng ml-1 (range: 2.3-1919.9). In multivariable modeling, men in Brazil and younger men (18-30 years) were more likely to have higher levels of SLPI [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.84; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.94-7.59, and aOR 3.84; 95% CI: 1.98-7.43, respectively]. Men with a self-reported sexually transmitted diseases diagnosis in the past 6 months were more likely to have higher SLPI levels (aOR 2.98; 95% CI: 1.1-7.83) and men reporting bleeding/swollen gums were less likely to have higher SLPI (aOR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.15-0.79). Similar results were observed for linear regression models. CONCLUSIONS Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor concentrations varied significantly by country and decreased with increasing age. The interaction between SLPI, modifiable factors, and oral infections that influence cancer risk warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Rahman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - C M Pierce Campbell
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - B N Torres
- Department of Biostatistics, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - M T O'Keefe
- Department of Performance Improvement, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - D J Ingles
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - L L Villa
- Department of Radiology & Oncology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - R C Cintra
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - J Salmeron
- Instituto Nacional de Salúd Publica, Cuernavaca, Mexico.,Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - M Quiterio
- Instituto Nacional de Salúd Publica, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - A R Giuliano
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Mallen-St Clair J, Alani M, Wang MB, Srivatsan ES. Human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal cancer: The changing face of a disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:141-150. [PMID: 27487173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has brought about an unexpected rise in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) primarily in white males from the ages of 40-55years, with limited exposure to alcohol and tobacco. This subset of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has been found to be associated with human papillomavirus infection (HPV). Other Head and Neck Squamous Cell carcinoma (HNSCC) subtypes include oral cavity, hypopharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, and laryngeal SCC which tend to be HPV negative. HPV associated oropharyngeal cancer has proven to differ from alcohol and tobacco associated oropharyngeal carcinoma in regards to the molecular pathophysiology, presentation, epidemiology, prognosis, and improved response to chemoradiation therapy. Given the improved survival of patients with HPV associated SCC, efforts to de-intensify treatment to decrease treatment related morbidity are at the forefront of clinical research. This review will focus on the important differences between HPV and tobacco related oropharyngeal cancer. We will review the molecular pathogenesis of HPV related oropharyngeal cancer with an emphasis on new paradigms for screening and treating this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Mallen-St Clair
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mustafa Alani
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marilene B Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System/David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Member of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Eri S Srivatsan
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System/David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Member of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Pierce Campbell CM, Giuliano AR, Torres BN, O'Keefe MT, Ingles DJ, Anderson RL, Teras LR, Gapstur SM. Salivary secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and head and neck cancer: The Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Oral Oncol 2016; 55:1-5. [PMID: 27016010 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is an innate-immunity protein displaying antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties that is found in high concentrations in saliva. The role of extracellular salivary SLPI in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the association between SLPI and HNSCC risk in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS Among 53,180 men and women with no history of cancer who provided an oral rinse between 2001 and 2002, 60 were subsequently diagnosed with incident HNSCC between specimen collection and June 2009. In this nested case-control study, archived oral supernatants were evaluated using the Human SLPI Quantikine ELISA Kit for all 60 cases and 180 controls individually matched on gender, race, date of birth, and date of oral rinse collection. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate HNSCC risk. RESULTS Overall, pre-diagnostic salivary SLPI was associated with a non-statistically significant higher risk of HNSCC (OR=1.6, 95% CI=0.9-3.0). Among never smokers, high SLPI was associated with a non-statistically significant lower risk (OR=0.5, 95% CI=0.1-1.9), whereas among ever smokers, high SLPI was associated with a statistically significant higher risk (OR=2.1, 95% CI=1.0-4.3) of HNSCC, compared to low SLPI. CONCLUSION While results from this study suggest that higher concentrations of salivary SLPI might increase the risk of HNSCC among ever smokers, more research is needed to verify these findings and define the mechanisms by which SLPI and smoking influence the etiology of HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Pierce Campbell
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - B Nelson Torres
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Michael T O'Keefe
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Donna J Ingles
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Rebecca L Anderson
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, National Home Office, 250 Williams Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Lauren R Teras
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, National Home Office, 250 Williams Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Susan M Gapstur
- Epidemiology Research Program, American Cancer Society, National Home Office, 250 Williams Street NW, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Majchrzak-Gorecka M, Majewski P, Grygier B, Murzyn K, Cichy J. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), a multifunctional protein in the host defense response. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 28:79-93. [PMID: 26718149 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), a ∼12kDa nonglycosylated cationic protein, is emerging as an important regulator of innate and adaptive immunity and as a component of tissue regenerative programs. First described as an inhibitor of serine proteases such as neutrophil elastase, this protein is increasingly recognized as a molecule that benefits the host via its anti-proteolytic, anti-microbial and immunomodulatory activities. Here, we discuss the diverse functions of SLPI. Moreover, we review several novel layers of SLPI-mediated control that protect the host from excessive/dysregulated inflammation typical of infectious, allergic and autoinflammatory diseases and that support healing responses through affecting cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Majchrzak-Gorecka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Pawel Majewski
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Grygier
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Murzyn
- Department of Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Cichy
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Cruz L, Biryukov J, Conway MJ, Meyers C. Cleavage of the HPV16 Minor Capsid Protein L2 during Virion Morphogenesis Ablates the Requirement for Cellular Furin during De Novo Infection. Viruses 2015; 7:5813-30. [PMID: 26569287 PMCID: PMC4664983 DOI: 10.3390/v7112910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections by high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents for the development of cervical cancer. As with other non-enveloped viruses, HPVs are taken up by the cell through endocytosis following primary attachment to the host cell. Through studies using recombinant pseudovirus particles (PsV), many host cellular proteins have been implicated in the process. The proprotein convertase furin has been demonstrated to cleave the minor capsid protein, L2, post-attachment to host cells and is required for infectious entry by HPV16 PsV. In contrast, using biochemical inhibition by a furin inhibitor and furin-negative cells, we show that tissue-derived HPV16 native virus (NV) initiates infection independent of cellular furin. We show that HPV16 L2 is cleaved during virion morphogenesis in differentiated tissue. In addition, HPV45 is also not dependent on cellular furin, but two other alpha papillomaviruses, HPV18 and HPV31, are dependent on the activity of cellular furin for infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Cruz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Jennifer Biryukov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Michael J Conway
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Craig Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Skeate JG, Porras TB, Woodham AW, Jang JK, Taylor JR, Brand HE, Kelly TJ, Jung JU, Da Silva DM, Yuan W, Martin Kast W. Herpes simplex virus downregulation of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor enhances human papillomavirus type 16 infection. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:422-434. [PMID: 26555393 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) was originally implicated in the aetiology of cervical cancer, and although high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is now the accepted causative agent, the epidemiological link between HSV and HPV-associated cancers persists. The annexin A2 heterotetramer (A2t) has been shown to mediate infectious HPV type 16 (HPV16) uptake by human keratinocytes, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), an endogenous A2t ligand, inhibits HPV16 uptake and infection. Interestingly, HSV infection induces a sustained downregulation of SLPI in epithelial cells, which we hypothesized promotes HPV16 infection through A2t. Here, we show that in vitro infection of human keratinocytes with HSV-1 or HSV-2, but not with an HSV-1 ICP4 deletion mutant that does not downregulate SLPI, leads to a >70% reduction of SLPI mRNA and a >60% decrease in secreted SLPI protein. Consequently, we observed a significant increase in the uptake of HPV16 virus-like particles and gene transduction by HPV16 pseudovirions (two- and 2.5-fold, respectively) in HSV-1- and HSV-2-infected human keratinocyte cell cultures compared with uninfected cells, whereas exogenously added SLPI reversed this effect. Using a SiMPull (single-molecule pulldown) assay, we demonstrated that endogenously secreted SLPI interacts with A2t on epithelial cells in an autocrine/paracrine manner. These results suggested that ongoing HSV infection and resultant downregulation of local levels of SLPI may impart a greater susceptibility for keratinocytes to HPV16 infection through the host cell receptor A2t, providing a mechanism that may, in part, provide an explanation for the aetiological link between HSV and HPV-associated cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Skeate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tania B Porras
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Andrew W Woodham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Julie K Jang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Julia R Taylor
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Heike E Brand
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Thomas J Kelly
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Diane M Da Silva
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - W Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Biryukov J, Meyers C. Papillomavirus Infectious Pathways: A Comparison of Systems. Viruses 2015; 7:4303-25. [PMID: 26247955 PMCID: PMC4576184 DOI: 10.3390/v7082823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The HPV viral lifecycle is tightly linked to the host cell differentiation, causing difficulty in growing virions in culture. A system that bypasses the need for differentiating epithelium has allowed for generation of recombinant particles, such as virus-like particles (VLPs), pseudovirions (PsV), and quasivirions (QV). Much of the research looking at the HPV life cycle, infectivity, and structure has been generated utilizing recombinant particles. While recombinant particles have proven to be invaluable, allowing for a rapid progression of the HPV field, there are some significant differences between recombinant particles and native virions and very few comparative studies using native virions to confirm results are done. This review serves to address the conflicting data in the HPV field regarding native virions and recombinant particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Biryukov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Craig Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Gerold G, Meissner F, Bruening J, Welsch K, Perin PM, Baumert TF, Vondran FW, Kaderali L, Marcotrigiano J, Khan AG, Mann M, Rice CM, Pietschmann T. Quantitative Proteomics Identifies Serum Response Factor Binding Protein 1 as a Host Factor for Hepatitis C Virus Entry. Cell Rep 2015. [PMID: 26212323 PMCID: PMC4836839 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) enters human hepatocytes through a multistep mechanism involving, among other host proteins, the virus receptor CD81. How CD81 governs HCV entry is poorly characterized, and CD81 protein interactions after virus binding remain elusive. We have developed a quantitative proteomics protocol to identify HCV-triggered CD81 interactions and found 26 dynamic binding partners. At least six of these proteins promote HCV infection, as indicated by RNAi. We further characterized serum response factor binding protein 1 (SRFBP1), which is recruited to CD81 during HCV uptake and supports HCV infection in hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes. SRFBP1 facilitates host cell penetration by all seven HCV genotypes, but not of vesicular stomatitis virus and human coronavirus. Thus, SRFBP1 is an HCV-specific, pan-genotypic host entry factor. These results demonstrate the use of quantitative proteomics to elucidate pathogen entry and underscore the importance of host protein-protein interactions during HCV invasion. Hepatitis C virus binding alters host protein interactions with the receptor CD81 Six out of 26 virus-dependent CD81-interacting proteins promote virus entry SRFBP1 binds CD81 and aids infection of all HCV, but not VSV, genotypes SRFBP1 is membrane-associated and required for HCV entry
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisa Gerold
- Insitute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30165 Hannover, Germany; Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Felix Meissner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Janina Bruening
- Insitute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30165 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Welsch
- Insitute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30165 Hannover, Germany
| | - Paula M Perin
- Insitute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30165 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm Unit 1110, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Florian W Vondran
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, 30165 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Kaderali
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry (IMB), Medical School, University of Technology Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joseph Marcotrigiano
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Abdul G Khan
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Charles M Rice
- Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, the Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- Insitute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30165 Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
A Dual Role for the Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase Pyk2 during the Intracellular Trafficking of Human Papillomavirus 16. J Virol 2015; 89:9103-14. [PMID: 26109718 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01183-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The infectious process of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) has been studied considerably, and many cellular components required for viral entry and trafficking continue to be revealed. In this study, we investigated the role of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Pyk2 during HPV16 pseudovirion infection of human keratinocytes. We found that Pyk2 is necessary for infection and appears to be involved in the intracellular trafficking of the virus. Small interfering RNA-mediated reduction of Pyk2 resulted in a significant decrease in infection but did not prevent viral entry at the plasma membrane. Pyk2 depletion resulted in altered endolysosomal trafficking of HPV16 and accelerated unfolding of the viral capsid. Furthermore, we observed retention of the HPV16 pseudogenome in the trans-Golgi network (TGN) in Pyk2-depleted cells, suggesting that the kinase could be required for the viral DNA to exit the TGN. While Pyk2 has previously been shown to function during the entry of enveloped viruses at the plasma membrane, the kinase has not yet been implicated in the intracellular trafficking of a nonenveloped virus such as HPV. Additionally, these data enrich the current literature on Pyk2's function in human keratinocytes. IMPORTANCE In this study, we investigated the role of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Pyk2 during human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of human skin cells. Infections with high-risk types of HPV such as HPV16 are the leading cause of cervical cancer and a major cause of genital and oropharyngeal cancer. As a nonenveloped virus, HPV enters cells by interacting with cellular receptors and established cellular trafficking routes to ensure that the viral DNA reaches the nucleus for productive infection. This study identified Pyk2 as a cellular component required for the intracellular trafficking of HPV16 during infection. Understanding the infectious pathways of HPVs is critical for developing additional preventive therapies. Furthermore, this study advances our knowledge of intracellular trafficking processes in keratinocytes.
Collapse
|
89
|
Interaction of human tumor viruses with host cell surface receptors and cell entry. Viruses 2015; 7:2592-617. [PMID: 26008702 PMCID: PMC4452921 DOI: 10.3390/v7052592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, seven viruses, namely Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), have been described to be consistently associated with different types of human cancer. These oncogenic viruses belong to distinct viral families, display diverse cell tropism and cause different malignancies. A key to their pathogenicity is attachment to the host cell and entry in order to replicate and complete their life cycle. Interaction with the host cell during viral entry is characterized by a sequence of events, involving viral envelope and/or capsid molecules as well as cellular entry factors that are critical in target cell recognition, thereby determining cell tropism. Most oncogenic viruses initially attach to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, followed by conformational change and transfer of the viral particle to secondary high-affinity cell- and virus-specific receptors. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the host cell surface factors and molecular mechanisms underlying oncogenic virus binding and uptake by their cognate host cell(s) with the aim to provide a concise overview of potential target molecules for prevention and/or treatment of oncogenic virus infection.
Collapse
|
90
|
The HPV16 and MusPV1 papillomaviruses initially interact with distinct host components on the basement membrane. Virology 2015; 481:79-94. [PMID: 25771496 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To understand and compare the mechanisms of murine and human PV infection, we examined pseudovirion binding and infection of the newly described MusPV1 using the murine cervicovaginal challenge model. These analyses revealed primary tissue interactions distinct from those previously described for HPV16. Unlike HPV16, MusPV1 bound basement membrane (BM) in an HSPG-independent manner. Nevertheless, subsequent HSPG interactions were critical. L2 antibodies or low doses of VLP antibodies, sufficient to prevent infection, did not lead to disassociation of the MusPV1 pseudovirions from the BM, in contrast to previous findings with HPV16. Similarly, furin inhibition did not lead to loss of MusPV1 from the BM. Therefore, phylogenetically distant PV types differ in their initial interactions with host attachment factors, but initiate their lifecycle on the acellular BM. Despite these differences, these distantly related PV types displayed similar intracellular trafficking patterns and susceptibilities to biochemical inhibition of infection.
Collapse
|
91
|
Woodham AW, Taylor JR, Jimenez AI, Skeate JG, Schmidt T, Brand HE, Da Silva DM, Kast WM. Small molecule inhibitors of the annexin A2 heterotetramer prevent human papillomavirus type 16 infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1686-90. [PMID: 25712315 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection leads to the development of several human cancers that cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. HPV type 16 (HPV16) is the most common of the cancer-causing genotypes and gains entry to the basal cells of the epithelium through a non-canonical endocytic pathway that involves the annexin A2/S100A10 heterotetramer (A2t). A2t is composed of two annexin A2 monomers bound to an S100A10 dimer and this interaction is a potential target to block HPV16 infection. Here, recently identified small molecule inhibitors of A2t (A2ti) were investigated for their ability to prevent HPV16 infection in vitro. METHODS A2ti were added to HeLa cells in increasing concentrations prior to the addition of HPV16. Cytotoxicity was evaluated via trypan blue exclusion. HPV16 pseudovirion infection and fluorescently labelled HPV16 capsid internalization was measured with flow cytometry. RESULTS A2ti blocked HPV16 infection by 100% without substantial cellular toxicity or reduction in cell growth. Furthermore, A2ti blocked HPV16 entry into epithelial cells by 65%, indicating that the observed inhibition of HPV16 infection is in part due to a block in entry and that non-infectious entry may occur in the absence of A2t binding. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that targeting A2t may be an effective strategy to prevent HPV16 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Woodham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 401, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Julia R Taylor
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 401, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew I Jimenez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 401, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph G Skeate
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Laboratories of Chemical Physics and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heike E Brand
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diane M Da Silva
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, 2020 Zonal Avenue Room 220, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - W Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, 2011 Zonal Avenue HMR 401, Los Angeles, CA, USA Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA, USA Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, 2020 Zonal Avenue Room 220, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Young DL, Moore MM, Halstead LA. The use of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (gardasil) as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of recurrent respiratory papilloma. J Voice 2015; 29:223-9. [PMID: 25619468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine, Gardasil, on the disease course of patients with recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP). METHODS A retrospective chart review of patients with RRP was conducted and 20 patients were selected who had received the Gardasil vaccine as part of their treatment. Efficacy was assessed by calculating the intersurgical interval (ISI) before and after receiving the vaccine, as well as number of complete and partial remissions. RESULTS Analysis of all patients found a significant increase in the ISI of 3.1 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-5.19, P=0.0061). Male patients experienced an increase in the ISI of 4.2 months (95% CI: 1.6-6.7, P=0.0048). Female patients had a nonsignificant increase in ISI of 1.2 months (95% CI: 3.1-5.4, P=0.51). Eight patients (40%; six male and two female) experienced complete remission. Five patients (25%) overall (three male and two female) experienced partial remission. In total, complete or partial remission was achieved in a total of 13 (65%) patients (nine male and four female). CONCLUSIONS The Gardasil vaccine can modulate the severity of RRP and induce remission in some patients. The effect was much greater in males and in females in low estrogen states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Young
- College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Michael M Moore
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Lucinda A Halstead
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, MUSC Evelyn Trammell Institute for Voice & Swallowing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Department of Pediatrics, MUSC Evelyn Trammell Institute for Voice & Swallowing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Pierce Campbell CM, Kreimer AR, Lin HY, Fulp W, O'Keefe MT, Ingles DJ, Abrahamsen M, Villa LL, Lazcano-Ponce E, Giuliano AR. Long-term persistence of oral human papillomavirus type 16: the HPV Infection in Men (HIM) study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:190-6. [PMID: 25575501 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection with oral HPV16 is believed to drive the development of most oropharyngeal cancers. However, patterns of oral HPV16 persistence remain understudied, particularly among HIV-negative individuals. Oral HPV16 persistence was evaluated among 1,626 participants of the HPV Infection in Men (HIM) Study. Twenty-three oral HPV16-positive men who provided an oral gargle sample on ≥2 study visits were included in the analysis. Archived oral samples from all follow-up visits were tested for HPV16 using Linear Array and INNO-LiPA detection methods. Persistence was evaluated using consecutive HPV16-positive visits held approximately 6 months apart and using the Kaplan-Meier method. Oral HPV16-positive men were aged 18 to 64 years [median, 36 years; interquartile range (IQR), 25-42] and were followed for a median of 44.4 months (IQR, 29.9-49.5). Of 13 incident infections, 4 (30.8%) persisted ≥12 months, 1 (10.0%) persisted ≥24 months, and none persisted ≥36 months [median infection duration, 7.3 months; 95% confidence interval (CI), 6.4-NA)]. Of 10 prevalent infections, 9 (90.0%) persisted ≥12 months, 8 (80.0%) persisted ≥24 months, 4 (57.1%) persisted ≥36 months, and 2 (40.0%) persisted ≥48 months (median infection duration, NA). Twelve-month persistence of incident infections increased significantly with age (Ptrend = 0.028). Prevalent oral HPV16 infections in men persisted longer than newly acquired infections, and persistence appeared to increase with age. These findings may explain the high prevalence of oral HPV observed at older ages. Understanding oral HPV16 persistence will aid in the identification of men at high-risk of developing HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Pierce Campbell
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Aimée R Kreimer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hui-Yi Lin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - William Fulp
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Michael T O'Keefe
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Donna J Ingles
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Martha Abrahamsen
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Luisa L Villa
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Center of Translational Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil. Department of Radiology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. HPV Institute, School of Medicine, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Lazcano-Ponce
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida. Center for Infection Research in Cancer, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Human Papillomavirus Vaccine. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2015; 101:231-322. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
95
|
Human papillomavirus species-specific interaction with the basement membrane-resident non-heparan sulfate receptor. Viruses 2014; 6:4856-79. [PMID: 25490765 PMCID: PMC4276933 DOI: 10.3390/v6124856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a cell culture model where virus is bound to the extracellular matrix (ECM) prior to cell surface binding, we determined that human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) utilizes ECM resident laminin (LN) 332 as an attachment receptor for infectious entry. In presence of LN332, soluble heparin can function as ligand activator rather than competitive inhibitor of HPV16 infection. We also show that the ability to use LN332 binding as a productive attachment step for infectious entry is not conserved amongst HPV types. In the alpha genus, species 9 members (HPV16) attach to ECM via LN332, while members of species 7 (HPV18) are completely inhibited by heparin pre-incubation due to an inability to use LN332. Since HPV species 7 and 9 are preferentially associated with adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, respectively, our data provide first evidence that pre-entry events may contribute to the anatomical-site preference of HPV species.
Collapse
|
96
|
The antileukoprotease secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and its role in the prevention of HPV-infections in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2014; 357:339-345. [PMID: 25462861 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we demonstrated a significant inverse correlation between HPV-infection and SLPI-expression suggesting that SLPI protects against HPV-infection of HNSCC. Here we analyzed in a single lab setting 307 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded HNSCC cases (tonsillar n = 135; non-tonsillar: n = 172) from eight health care centers. Samples were analyzed for SLPI gene- and protein-expression. Annexin A2, its heterotetramer A2t, putatively facilitating HPV- and SLPI-cell entry, was measured to study the correlation between SLPI and annexin A2. Data were correlated with tobacco consumption and HPV-status. Overall, HPV-DNA prevalence was 23.5% (72/307); attributed to: 43.7% (59/135) tonsillar and 7.6% (13/172) non-tonsillar cases. Smoking resulted in 6.44-fold increased and HPV-infection in 3.46-fold decreased SLPI-gene expression in all HNSCC with similar significant results obtained in tonsillar and non-tonsillar SCC separately. Correlating annexin A2- and SLPI-gene expression showed a significant surplus of annexin A2 in HPV-positive tumors (4.21× more annexin A2) and 6.72× more annexin A2 than SLPI in nonsmokers in all HNSCCs and similar significant results for both tumor entities separately. The surplus of annexin A2 in non-smokers and HPV-positive patients supports our hypothesis that decreased SLPI levels facilitate HPV-infection i.e., increased SLPI-expression may protect against HPV-infection of tonsillar and non-tonsillar SCC.
Collapse
|
97
|
Bilkova E, Forstova J, Abrahamyan L. Coat as a dagger: the use of capsid proteins to perforate membranes during non-enveloped DNA viruses trafficking. Viruses 2014; 6:2899-937. [PMID: 25055856 PMCID: PMC4113798 DOI: 10.3390/v6072899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To get access to the replication site, small non-enveloped DNA viruses have to cross the cell membrane using a limited number of capsid proteins, which also protect the viral genome in the extracellular environment. Most of DNA viruses have to reach the nucleus to replicate. The capsid proteins involved in transmembrane penetration are exposed or released during endosomal trafficking of the virus. Subsequently, the conserved domains of capsid proteins interact with cellular membranes and ensure their efficient permeabilization. This review summarizes our current knowledge concerning the role of capsid proteins of small non-enveloped DNA viruses in intracellular membrane perturbation in the early stages of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bilkova
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 5, 12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Forstova
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 5, 12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Levon Abrahamyan
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 5, 12844, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Ciechonska M, Key T, Duncan R. Efficient reovirus- and measles virus-mediated pore expansion during syncytium formation is dependent on annexin A1 and intracellular calcium. J Virol 2014; 88:6137-47. [PMID: 24648446 PMCID: PMC4093853 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00121-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Orthoreovirus fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins are dedicated cell-cell fusogens responsible for multinucleated syncytium formation and are virulence determinants of the fusogenic reoviruses. While numerous studies on the FAST proteins and enveloped-virus fusogens have delineated steps involved in membrane fusion and pore formation, little is known about the mechanics of pore expansion needed for syncytiogenesis. We now report that RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown of annexin A1 (AX1) expression dramatically reduced both reptilian reovirus p14 and measles virus F and H protein-mediated pore expansion during syncytiogenesis but had no effect on pore formation. A similar effect was obtained by chelating intracellular calcium, which dramatically decreased syncytiogenesis in the absence of detectable effects on p14-induced pore formation. Coimmunoprecipitation revealed calcium-dependent interaction between AX1 and p14 or measles virus F and H proteins, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) demonstrated calcium-dependent p14-AX1 interactions in cellulo. Furthermore, antibody inhibition of extracellular AX1 had no effect on p14-induced syncytium formation but did impair cell-cell fusion mediated by the endogenous muscle cell fusion machinery in C2C12 mouse myoblasts. AX1 can therefore exert diverse, fusogen-specific effects on cell-cell fusion, functioning as an extracellular mediator of differentiation-dependent membrane fusion or as an intracellular promoter of postfusion pore expansion and syncytium formation following virus-mediated cell-cell fusion. IMPORTANCE Numerous enveloped viruses and nonenveloped fusogenic orthoreoviruses encode membrane fusion proteins that induce syncytium formation, which has been linked to viral pathogenicity. Considerable insights into the mechanisms of membrane fusion have been obtained, but processes that drive postfusion expansion of fusion pores to generate syncytia are poorly understood. This study identifies intracellular calcium and annexin A1 (AX1) as key factors required for efficient pore expansion during syncytium formation mediated by the reptilian reovirus p14 and measles virus F and H fusion protein complexes. Involvement of intracellular AX1 in syncytiogenesis directly correlates with a requirement for intracellular calcium in p14-AX1 interactions and pore expansion but not membrane fusion and pore formation. This is the first demonstration that intracellular AX1 is involved in pore expansion, which suggests that the AX1 pathway may be a common host cell response needed to resolve virus-induced cell-cell fusion pores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ciechonska
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Tim Key
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Roy Duncan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Aydin I, Weber S, Snijder B, Samperio Ventayol P, Kühbacher A, Becker M, Day PM, Schiller JT, Kann M, Pelkmans L, Helenius A, Schelhaas M. Large scale RNAi reveals the requirement of nuclear envelope breakdown for nuclear import of human papillomaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004162. [PMID: 24874089 PMCID: PMC4038628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-step, high-throughput RNAi silencing screen was used to identify host cell factors required during human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) infection. Analysis of validated hits implicated a cluster of mitotic genes and revealed a previously undetermined mechanism for import of the viral DNA (vDNA) into the nucleus. In interphase cells, viruses were endocytosed, routed to the perinuclear area, and uncoated, but the vDNA failed to be imported into the nucleus. Upon nuclear envelope perforation in interphase cells HPV16 infection occured. During mitosis, the vDNA and L2 associated with host cell chromatin on the metaphase plate. Hence, we propose that HPV16 requires nuclear envelope breakdown during mitosis for access of the vDNA to the nucleoplasm. The results accentuate the value of genes found by RNAi screens for investigation of viral infections. The list of cell functions required during HPV16 infection will, moreover, provide a resource for future virus-host cell interaction studies. Certain human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the etiological cause of cervical cancers and other epithelial tumors. Recent advances in the development of anti-HPV vaccines and their increasing deployment provide hope for a significant decrease of these cancers in the future. However, many details of the transmission of HPV between infected and uninfected individuals are still not well understood. In particular, the multistep process of entry into host cells is only partially characterized. Here, we used a systematic RNAi silencing approach to identify host cell proteins required during HPV16 infection, the most prevalent cancer-causing HPV. Our results indicated that HPV entry requires cells to divide. Cell division is important, since it removes the barrier between the nucleoplasm and the cytosol, so that the virus can access the nucleus for transcription and replication. Our study provides new mechanistic insights into the entry process of an important pathogen, and explains why it can only infect the stem cells or transiently amplifying cells of human skin or mucosa. This work also highlights a novel nuclear import strategy for DNA viruses, which typically use the nuclear import machinery to access the nucleoplasm for infection, Thus, HPV entry displays another unique aspect uncommon to most other viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inci Aydin
- Emmy-Noether Group: Virus Endocytosis, Institutes of Molecular Virology and Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany
| | - Susanne Weber
- Emmy-Noether Group: Virus Endocytosis, Institutes of Molecular Virology and Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany
| | - Berend Snijder
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pilar Samperio Ventayol
- Emmy-Noether Group: Virus Endocytosis, Institutes of Molecular Virology and Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Miriam Becker
- Emmy-Noether Group: Virus Endocytosis, Institutes of Molecular Virology and Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany
| | - Patricia M Day
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John T Schiller
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Kann
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lucas Pelkmans
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ari Helenius
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario Schelhaas
- Emmy-Noether Group: Virus Endocytosis, Institutes of Molecular Virology and Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Cluster of Excellence EXC1003, Cells in Motion, Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Kwak K, Jiang R, Wang JW, Jagu S, Kirnbauer R, Roden RBS. Impact of inhibitors and L2 antibodies upon the infectivity of diverse alpha and beta human papillomavirus types. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97232. [PMID: 24816794 PMCID: PMC4016295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The licensed human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines elicit type-restricted immunity but do not target cutaneous HPV types of the beta genus that are associated with non-melanoma skin cancer in immune-compromised patients, and it is unclear if these diverse types share a common mechanism of infection. Residues 11-88 of minor capsid protein L2 contain cross-protective epitopes, and vaccination with concatamers of this region derived from as many as eight alpha HPV (L2 α11-88x8) is being developed as an alternative prophylactic vaccine with potentially broader efficacy. There is also interest in developing broadly protective topical microbicides, such as carrageenan or heparin that block HPV receptor interactions, or small molecule inhibitors of infection. Here we have examined several inhibitors of HPV infection and antisera to L2 α11-88x8 for their breadth of activity against infection by 34 HPV types from within both the alpha and beta families using pseudovirions (PsV) carrying a luciferase reporter as surrogates for native virus. We observed that both heparin and carrageenan prevented infection by mucosatropic HPV types, but surprisingly PsV of several epidermotropic alpha4 and beta HPV types exhibited increased infectivity especially at low inhibitor concentrations. Furin and γ-secretase inhibitors and L2 α11-88x8 antiserum blocked infection by all HPV PsV types tested. These findings suggest that the distinct tropism of mucosal and cutaneous HPV may reflect distinct cell surface receptor interactions, but a common uptake mechanism dependent upon furin and γ-secretase proteolytic activities. Carrageenan, which is being tested as a vaginal microbicide, broadly inhibited infection by the high-risk mucosatropic HPV PsV, but not most skin tropic alpha and beta HPV. Vaccination with an L2 multimer derived exclusively from alpha papillomavirus sequences induced antibodies that broadly neutralized PsV of all 34 HPVs from within both the alpha and beta families, suggesting each displays conserved L2 neutralizing epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kihyuck Kwak
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rosie Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua W. Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Subhashini Jagu
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Reinhard Kirnbauer
- Laboratory of Viral Oncology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna (MUW), Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard B. S. Roden
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|