51
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Wijaya A, Setiawan NA, Ahmad AH, Zakaria R, Othman Z. Electroencephalography and mild cognitive impairment research: A scoping review and bibliometric analysis (ScoRBA). AIMS Neurosci 2023; 10:154-171. [PMID: 37426780 PMCID: PMC10323261 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2023012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is often considered a precursor to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and early diagnosis may help improve treatment effectiveness. To identify accurate MCI biomarkers, researchers have utilized various neuroscience techniques, with electroencephalography (EEG) being a popular choice due to its low cost and better temporal resolution. In this scoping review, we analyzed 2310 peer-reviewed articles on EEG and MCI between 2012 and 2022 to track the research progress in this field. Our data analysis involved co-occurrence analysis using VOSviewer and a Patterns, Advances, Gaps, Evidence of Practice, and Research Recommendations (PAGER) framework. We found that event-related potentials (ERP), EEG, epilepsy, quantitative EEG (QEEG), and EEG-based machine learning were the primary research themes. The study showed that ERP/EEG, QEEG, and EEG-based machine learning frameworks provide high-accuracy detection of seizure and MCI. These findings identify the main research themes in EEG and MCI and suggest promising avenues for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Wijaya
- Department of Health Information Management, Universitas Indonesia Maju, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Noor Akhmad Setiawan
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Asma Hayati Ahmad
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Rahimah Zakaria
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Zahiruddin Othman
- School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kota Bharu, Malaysia
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52
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Kopčanová M, Tait L, Donoghue T, Stothart G, Smith L, Sandoval AAF, Davila-Perez P, Buss S, Shafi MM, Pascual-Leone A, Fried PJ, Benwell CS. Resting-state EEG signatures of Alzheimer's disease are driven by periodic but not aperiodic changes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.11.544491. [PMID: 37398162 PMCID: PMC10312609 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.11.544491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) has shown potential for identifying early-stage biomarkers of neurocognitive dysfunction associated with dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD). A large body of evidence shows that, compared to healthy controls (HC), AD is associated with power increases in lower EEG frequencies (delta and theta) and decreases in higher frequencies (alpha and beta), together with slowing of the peak alpha frequency. However, the pathophysiological processes underlying these changes remain unclear. For instance, recent studies have shown that apparent shifts in EEG power from high to low frequencies can be driven either by frequency specific periodic power changes or rather by non-oscillatory (aperiodic) changes in the underlying 1/f slope of the power spectrum. Hence, to clarify the mechanism(s) underlying the EEG alterations associated with AD, it is necessary to account for both periodic and aperiodic characteristics of the EEG signal. Across two independent datasets, we examined whether resting-state EEG changes linked to AD reflect true oscillatory (periodic) changes, changes in the aperiodic (non-oscillatory) signal, or a combination of both. We found strong evidence that the alterations are purely periodic in nature, with decreases in oscillatory power at alpha and beta frequencies (AD < HC) leading to lower (alpha + beta) / (delta + theta) power ratios in AD. Aperiodic EEG features did not differ between AD and HC. By replicating the findings in two cohorts, we provide robust evidence for purely oscillatory pathophysiology in AD and against aperiodic EEG changes. We therefore clarify the alterations underlying the neural dynamics in AD and emphasise the robustness of oscillatory AD signatures, which may further be used as potential prognostic or interventional targets in future clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kopčanová
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Luke Tait
- Centre for Systems Modelling and Quantitative Biomedicine, School of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff, UK
| | - Thomas Donoghue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | | | - Laura Smith
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Kent, UK
| | - Aimee Arely Flores Sandoval
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paula Davila-Perez
- Rey Juan Carlos University Hospital (HURJC), Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephanie Buss
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mouhsin M. Shafi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Deanna and Sidney Wolk Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston MA
| | - Peter J. Fried
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher S.Y. Benwell
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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53
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Tomasello L, Carlucci L, Laganà A, Galletta S, Marinelli CV, Raffaele M, Zoccolotti P. Neuropsychological Evaluation and Quantitative EEG in Patients with Frontotemporal Dementia, Alzheimer's Disease, and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Brain Sci 2023; 13:930. [PMID: 37371408 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the efficacy of EEG resting state and neuropsychological performances in discriminating patients with different forms of dementia, or mild cognitive impairment (MCI), compared with control subjects. Forty-four patients with dementia (nineteen patients with AD, and seven with FTD), eighteen with MCI, and nineteen healthy subjects, matched for age and gender, underwent an extensive neuropsychological test battery and an EEG resting state recording. Results showed greater theta activation in posterior areas in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Fronto-Temporal Dementia (FTD) groups compared with the MCI and control groups. AD patients also showed more delta band activity in the temporal-occipital areas than controls and MCI patients. By contrast, the alpha and beta bands did not discriminate among groups. A hierarchical clustering analysis based on neuropsychological and EEG data yielded a three-factor solution. The clusters differed for several neuropsychological measures, as well as for beta and theta bands. Neuropsychological tests were most sensitive in capturing an initial cognitive decline, while increased theta activity was uniquely associated with a substantial worsening of the clinical picture, representing a negative prognostic factor. In line with the Research Domains Framework (RDoC) perspective, the joint use of cognitive and neurophysiological data may provide converging evidence to document the evolution of cognitive skills in at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letteria Tomasello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Carlucci
- Learning Sciences Hub, Department of Humanities, Letters, Cultural Heritage and Educational Studies, Foggia University, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Angelina Laganà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Morphological and Functional Images, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Santi Galletta
- Réseau Hospitalier Neuchâtelois (RHNe), Service de Neurologie et Neuroréadaptation, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Valeria Marinelli
- Learning Sciences Hub, Department of Humanities, Letters, Cultural Heritage and Educational Studies, Foggia University, 71121 Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimo Raffaele
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Zoccolotti
- Tuscany Rehabilitation Clinic, 52025 Montevarchi, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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54
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Poikonen H, Zaluska T, Wang X, Magno M, Kapur M. Nonlinear and machine learning analyses on high-density EEG data of math experts and novices. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8012. [PMID: 37198273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Current trend in neurosciences is to use naturalistic stimuli, such as cinema, class-room biology or video gaming, aiming to understand the brain functions during ecologically valid conditions. Naturalistic stimuli recruit complex and overlapping cognitive, emotional and sensory brain processes. Brain oscillations form underlying mechanisms for such processes, and further, these processes can be modified by expertise. Human cortical functions are often analyzed with linear methods despite brain as a biological system is highly nonlinear. This study applies a relatively robust nonlinear method, Higuchi fractal dimension (HFD), to classify cortical functions of math experts and novices when they solve long and complex math demonstrations in an EEG laboratory. Brain imaging data, which is collected over a long time span during naturalistic stimuli, enables the application of data-driven analyses. Therefore, we also explore the neural signature of math expertise with machine learning algorithms. There is a need for novel methodologies in analyzing naturalistic data because formulation of theories of the brain functions in the real world based on reductionist and simplified study designs is both challenging and questionable. Data-driven intelligent approaches may be helpful in developing and testing new theories on complex brain functions. Our results clarify the different neural signature, analyzed by HFD, of math experts and novices during complex math and suggest machine learning as a promising data-driven approach to understand the brain processes in expertise and mathematical cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Poikonen
- Learning Sciences and Higher Education, ETH Zurich, Clausiusstrasse 59 RZ J2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Tomasz Zaluska
- Integrated Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xiaying Wang
- Integrated Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michele Magno
- Integrated Systems Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manu Kapur
- Learning Sciences and Higher Education, ETH Zurich, Clausiusstrasse 59 RZ J2, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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55
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Karamacoska D, Butt A, Leung IHK, Childs RL, Metri NJ, Uruthiran V, Tan T, Sabag A, Steiner-Lim GZ. Brain function effects of exercise interventions for cognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1127065. [PMID: 37260849 PMCID: PMC10228832 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1127065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exercise is recognized as a modifiable lifestyle factor that can mitigate cognitive decline and dementia risk. While the benefits of exercise on cognitive aging have been reported on extensively, neuronal effects in adults experiencing cognitive decline have not been systematically synthesized. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effects of exercise on cognition and brain function in people with cognitive decline associated with dementia risk. Method A systematic search was conducted for randomized controlled trials of ≥ 4 weeks exercise (aerobic, resistance, or mind-body) that assessed cognition and brain function using neuroimaging and neurophysiological measures in people with subjective or objective cognitive decline. Study characteristics and brain function effects were narratively synthesized, while domain-specific cognitive performance was subjected to meta-analysis. Study quality was also assessed. Results 5,204 records were identified and 12 unique trials met the eligibility criteria, representing 646 adults classified with cognitive frailty, mild or vascular cognitive impairment. Most interventions involved 40-minute sessions conducted 3 times/week. Exercise improved global cognition (g = -0.417, 95% CI, -0.694 to -0.140, p = 0.003, I2 = 43.56%), executive function (g = -0.391, 95% CI, -0.651 to -0.131, p = 0.003, I2 = 13.28%), but not processing speed or general short-term memory (both p >0.05). Across fMRI and ERP studies, significant neuronal adaptations were found with exercise cf. control throughout the brain and were linked with improved global cognition, memory, and executive function. Cerebral blood flow was also found to improve with 24 weeks of exercise, but was not linked with cognitive changes. Discussion The cognitive improvements associated with exercise are likely driven by increased metabolic activity, cerebrovascular mechanisms, and neuroplasticity throughout the brain. Our paper shows the promise in, and need for, high-quality trials integrating cognitive and brain function measures to elucidate the functional relationship between exercise and brain health in populations with a high risk of dementia. Systematic review registration PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42022291843.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Karamacoska
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Ali Butt
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Isabella H. K. Leung
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryan L. Childs
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Najwa-Joelle Metri
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Vithya Uruthiran
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Tiffany Tan
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Angelo Sabag
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Genevieve Z. Steiner-Lim
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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56
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Gallina J, Marsicano G, Romei V, Bertini C. Electrophysiological and Behavioral Effects of Alpha-Band Sensory Entrainment: Neural Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051399. [PMID: 37239069 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-band (7-13 Hz) activity has been linked to visuo-attentional performance in healthy participants and to impaired functionality of the visual system in a variety of clinical populations including patients with acquired posterior brain lesion and neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Crucially, several studies suggested that short uni- and multi-sensory rhythmic stimulation (i.e., visual, auditory and audio-visual) administered in the alpha-band effectively induces transient changes in alpha oscillatory activity and improvements in visuo-attentional performance by synchronizing the intrinsic brain oscillations to the external stimulation (neural entrainment). The present review aims to address the current state of the art on the alpha-band sensory entrainment, outlining its potential functional effects and current limitations. Indeed, the results of the alpha-band entrainment studies are currently mixed, possibly due to the different stimulation modalities, task features and behavioral and physiological measures employed in the various paradigms. Furthermore, it is still unknown whether prolonged alpha-band sensory entrainment might lead to long-lasting effects at a neural and behavioral level. Overall, despite the limitations emerging from the current literature, alpha-band sensory entrainment may represent a promising and valuable tool, inducing functionally relevant changes in oscillatory activity, with potential rehabilitative applications in individuals characterized by impaired alpha activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Gallina
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Via Rasi e Spinelli 176, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40121 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Marsicano
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Via Rasi e Spinelli 176, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40121 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Romei
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Via Rasi e Spinelli 176, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40121 Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Bertini
- Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Via Rasi e Spinelli 176, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 5, 40121 Bologna, Italy
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Lassi M, Fabbiani C, Mazzeo S, Burali R, Vergani AA, Giacomucci G, Moschini V, Morinelli C, Emiliani F, Scarpino M, Bagnoli S, Ingannato A, Nacmias B, Padiglioni S, Micera S, Sorbi S, Grippo A, Bessi V, Mazzoni A. Degradation of EEG microstates patterns in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment: Early biomarkers along the Alzheimer's Disease continuum? Neuroimage Clin 2023; 38:103407. [PMID: 37094437 PMCID: PMC10149415 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathological changes may begin up to decades earlier than the appearance of the first symptoms of cognitive decline. Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) could be the first pre-clinical sign of possible AD, which might be followed by mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the initial stage of clinical cognitive decline. However, the neural correlates of these prodromic stages are not completely clear yet. Recent studies suggest that EEG analysis tools characterizing the cortical activity as a whole, such as microstates and cortical regions connectivity, might support a characterization of SCD and MCI conditions. Here we test this approach by performing a broad set of analyses to identify the prominent EEG markers differentiating SCD (n = 57), MCI (n = 46) and healthy control subjects (HC, n = 19). We found that the salient differences were in the temporal structure of the microstates patterns, with MCI being associated with less complex sequences due to the altered transition probability, frequency and duration of canonic microstate C. Spectral content of EEG, network connectivity, and spatial arrangement of microstates were instead largely similar in the three groups. Interestingly, comparing properties of EEG microstates in different cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers profiles, we found that canonic microstate C displayed significant differences in topography in AD-like profile. These results show that the progression of dementia might be associated with a degradation of the cortical organization captured by microstates analysis, and that this leads to altered transitions between cortical states. Overall, our approach paves the way for the use of non-invasive EEG recordings in the identification of possible biomarkers of progression to AD from its prodromal states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lassi
- The BioRobotics Institute and Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Fabbiani
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via di Scandicci, 269, 50143 Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mazzeo
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via di Scandicci, 269, 50143 Florence, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Careggi University Hospital, viale Gaetano Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Rachele Burali
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via di Scandicci, 269, 50143 Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Arturo Vergani
- The BioRobotics Institute and Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Giacomucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Careggi University Hospital, viale Gaetano Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Moschini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Careggi University Hospital, viale Gaetano Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Carmen Morinelli
- Dipartimento Neuromuscolo-scheletrico e degli organi di senso, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Emiliani
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Careggi University Hospital, viale Gaetano Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Maenia Scarpino
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via di Scandicci, 269, 50143 Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Bagnoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Careggi University Hospital, viale Gaetano Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Assunta Ingannato
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Careggi University Hospital, viale Gaetano Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via di Scandicci, 269, 50143 Florence, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Careggi University Hospital, viale Gaetano Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Sonia Padiglioni
- Regional Referral Centre for Relational Criticalities - Tuscany Region, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The BioRobotics Institute and Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pisa, Italy; Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via di Scandicci, 269, 50143 Florence, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Careggi University Hospital, viale Gaetano Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Antonello Grippo
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via di Scandicci, 269, 50143 Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Bessi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Careggi University Hospital, viale Gaetano Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Alberto Mazzoni
- The BioRobotics Institute and Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pisa, Italy.
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Sibilano E, Brunetti A, Buongiorno D, Lassi M, Grippo A, Bessi V, Micera S, Mazzoni A, Bevilacqua V. An attention-based deep learning approach for the classification of subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment using resting-state EEG. J Neural Eng 2023; 20. [PMID: 36745929 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/acb96e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective. This study aims to design and implement the first deep learning (DL) model to classify subjects in the prodromic states of Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on resting-state electroencephalographic (EEG) signals.Approach. EEG recordings of 17 healthy controls (HCs), 56 subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and 45 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects were acquired at resting state. After preprocessing, we selected sections corresponding to eyes-closed condition. Five different datasets were created by extracting delta, theta, alpha, beta and delta-to-theta frequency bands using bandpass filters. To classify SCDvsMCI and HCvsSCDvsMCI, we propose a framework based on the transformer architecture, which uses multi-head attention to focus on the most relevant parts of the input signals. We trained and validated the model on each dataset with a leave-one-subject-out cross-validation approach, splitting the signals into 10 s epochs. Subjects were assigned to the same class as the majority of their epochs. Classification performances of the transformer were assessed for both epochs and subjects and compared with other DL models.Main results. Results showed that the delta dataset allowed our model to achieve the best performances for the discrimination of SCD and MCI, reaching an Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC) of 0.807, while the highest results for the HCvsSCDvsMCI classification were obtained on alpha and theta with a micro-AUC higher than 0.74.Significance. We demonstrated that DL approaches can support the adoption of non-invasive and economic techniques as EEG to stratify patients in the clinical population at risk for AD. This result was achieved since the attention mechanism was able to learn temporal dependencies of the signal, focusing on the most discriminative patterns, achieving state-of-the-art results by using a deep model of reduced complexity. Our results were consistent with clinical evidence that changes in brain activity are progressive when considering early stages of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sibilano
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Brunetti
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Buongiorno
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Michael Lassi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Bessi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliera Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025 Pisa, Italy.,Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Mazzoni
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56025 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vitoantonio Bevilacqua
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Naeser MA, Martin PI, Ho MD, Krengel MH, Bogdanova Y, Knight JA, Hamblin MR, Fedoruk AE, Poole LG, Cheng C, Koo B. Transcranial Photobiomodulation Treatment: Significant Improvements in Four Ex-Football Players with Possible Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2023; 7:77-105. [PMID: 36777329 PMCID: PMC9912826 DOI: 10.3233/adr-220022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, diagnosed postmortem (hyperphosphorylated tau), is preceded by traumatic encephalopathy syndrome with worsening cognition and behavior/mood disturbances, over years. Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) may promote improvements by increasing ATP in compromised/stressed cells and increasing local blood, lymphatic vessel vasodilation. Objective Aim 1: Examine cognition, behavior/mood changes Post-tPBM. Aim 2: MRI changes - resting-state functional-connectivity MRI: salience, central executive, default mode networks (SN, CEN, DMN); magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cingulate cortex. Methods Four ex-players with traumatic encephalopathy syndrome/possible chronic traumatic encephalopathy, playing 11- 16 years, received In-office, red/near-infrared tPBM to scalp, 3x/week for 6 weeks. Two had cavum septum pellucidum. Results The three younger cases (ages 55, 57, 65) improved 2 SD (p < 0.05) on three to six neuropsychological tests/subtests at 1 week or 1 month Post-tPBM, compared to Pre-Treatment, while the older case (age 74) improved by 1.5 SD on three tests. There was significant improvement at 1 month on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, pain, and sleep. One case discontinued narcotic pain medications and had reduced tinnitus. The possible placebo effect is unknown. At 2 months Post-tPBM, two cases regressed. Then, home tPBM was applied to only cortical nodes, DMN (12 weeks); again, significant improvements were seen. Significant correlations for increased SN functional connectivity (FC) over time, with executive function, attention, PTSD, pain, and sleep; and CEN FC, with verbal learning/memory, depression. Increased n-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) (oxygen consumption, mitochondria) was present in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), parallel to less pain and PTSD. Conclusion After tPBM, these ex-football players improved. Significant correlations of increased SN FC and CEN FC with specific cognitive tests and behavior/mood ratings, plus increased NAA in ACC support beneficial effects from tPBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Naeser
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain Campus, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,Correspondence to: Margaret A. Naeser, PhD, VA Boston Healthcare System (12A), Jamaica Plain Campus, 150 So. Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02130 USA. E-mail:
| | - Paula I. Martin
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain Campus, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael D. Ho
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain Campus, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maxine H. Krengel
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain Campus, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yelena Bogdanova
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain Campus, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Knight
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain Campus, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA,National Center for PTSD - Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa,Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Luke G. Poole
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain Campus, Boston, MA, USA
| | - ChiaHsin Cheng
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Bio-imaging Informatics Lab, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - BangBon Koo
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Bio-imaging Informatics Lab, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Jiao B, Li R, Zhou H, Qing K, Liu H, Pan H, Lei Y, Fu W, Wang X, Xiao X, Liu X, Yang Q, Liao X, Zhou Y, Fang L, Dong Y, Yang Y, Jiang H, Huang S, Shen L. Neural biomarker diagnosis and prediction to mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease using EEG technology. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:32. [PMID: 36765411 PMCID: PMC9912534 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroencephalogram (EEG) has emerged as a non-invasive tool to detect the aberrant neuronal activity related to different stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the effectiveness of EEG in the precise diagnosis and assessment of AD and its preclinical stage, amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to identify key EEG biomarkers that are effective in distinguishing patients at the early stage of AD and monitoring the progression of AD. METHODS A total of 890 participants, including 189 patients with MCI, 330 patients with AD, 125 patients with other dementias (frontotemporal dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and vascular cognitive impairment), and 246 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. Biomarkers were extracted from resting-state EEG recordings for a three-level classification of HC, MCI, and AD. The optimal EEG biomarkers were then identified based on the classification performance. Random forest regression was used to train a series of models by combining participants' EEG biomarkers, demographic information (i.e., sex, age), CSF biomarkers, and APOE phenotype for assessing the disease progression and individual's cognitive function. RESULTS The identified EEG biomarkers achieved over 70% accuracy in the three-level classification of HC, MCI, and AD. Among all six groups, the most prominent effects of AD-linked neurodegeneration on EEG metrics were localized at parieto-occipital regions. In the cross-validation predictive analyses, the optimal EEG features were more effective than the CSF + APOE biomarkers in predicting the age of onset and disease course, whereas the combination of EEG + CSF + APOE measures achieved the best performance for all targets of prediction. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that EEG can be used as a useful screening tool for the diagnosis and disease progression evaluation of MCI and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiao
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China ,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China ,grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rihui Li
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA ,Brainup Institute of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kunqiang Qing
- Brainup Institute of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hefu Pan
- Brainup Institute of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanqin Lei
- Brainup Institute of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjin Fu
- Brainup Institute of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoan Wang
- Brainup Institute of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuewen Xiao
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xixi Liu
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qijie Yang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxin Liao
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yafang Zhou
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangjuan Fang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanbin Dong
- Brainup Institute of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanhao Yang
- grid.1003.20000 0000 9320 7537Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102 Australia
| | - Haiyan Jiang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Sha Huang
- grid.216417.70000 0001 0379 7164Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Engineering Research Center of Hunan Province in Cognitive Impairment Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Neurodegenerative and Neurogenetic Diseases, Changsha, China. .,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
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Hadiyoso S, Zakaria H, Anam Ong P, Erawati Rajab TL. Multi Modal Feature Extraction for Classification of Vascular Dementia in Post-Stroke Patients Based on EEG Signal. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1900. [PMID: 36850499 PMCID: PMC9966260 DOI: 10.3390/s23041900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is a term that represents a set of symptoms that affect the ability of the brain's cognitive functions related to memory, thinking, behavior, and language. At worst, dementia is often called a major neurocognitive disorder or senile disease. One of the most common types of dementia after Alzheimer's is vascular dementia. Vascular dementia is closely related to cerebrovascular disease, one of which is stroke. Post-stroke patients with recurrent onset have the potential to develop dementia. An accurate diagnosis is needed for proper therapy management to ensure the patient's quality of life and prevent it from worsening. The gold standard diagnostic of vascular dementia is complex, includes psychological tests, complete memory tests, and is evidenced by medical imaging of brain lesions. However, brain imaging methods such as CT-Scan, PET-Scan, and MRI have high costs and cannot be routinely used in a short period. For more than two decades, electroencephalogram signal analysis has been an alternative in assisting the diagnosis of brain diseases associated with cognitive decline. Traditional EEG analysis performs visual observations of signals, including rhythm, power, and spikes. Of course, it requires a clinician expert, time consumption, and high costs. Therefore, a quantitative EEG method for identifying vascular dementia in post-stroke patients is discussed in this study. This study used 19 EEG channels recorded from normal elderly, post-stroke with mild cognitive impairment, and post-stroke with dementia. The QEEG method used for feature extraction includes relative power, coherence, and signal complexity; the evaluation performance of normal-mild cognitive impairment-dementia classification was conducted using Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest Neighbor. The results of the classification simulation showed the highest accuracy of 96% by Gaussian SVM with a sensitivity and specificity of 95.6% and 97.9%, respectively. This study is expected to be an additional criterion in the diagnosis of dementia, especially in post-stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugondo Hadiyoso
- School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40116, Indonesia
- School of Applied Science, Telkom University, Bandung 40257, Indonesia
| | - Hasballah Zakaria
- School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40116, Indonesia
| | - Paulus Anam Ong
- Department of Neurology, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung 40161, Indonesia
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Sex-Related Changes in the Clinical, Genetic, Electrophysiological, Connectivity, and Molecular Presentations of ASD: A Comparison between Human and Animal Models of ASD with Reference to Our Data. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043287. [PMID: 36834699 PMCID: PMC9965966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is genetic, environmental, and epigenetic. In addition to sex differences in the prevalence of ASD, which is 3-4 times more common in males, there are also distinct clinical, molecular, electrophysiological, and pathophysiological differences between sexes. In human, males with ASD have more externalizing problems (i.e., attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder), more severe communication and social problems, as well as repetitive movements. Females with ASD generally exhibit fewer severe communication problems, less repetitive and stereotyped behavior, but more internalizing problems, such as depression and anxiety. Females need a higher load of genetic changes related to ASD compared to males. There are also sex differences in brain structure, connectivity, and electrophysiology. Genetic or non-genetic experimental animal models of ASD-like behavior, when studied for sex differences, showed some neurobehavioral and electrophysiological differences between male and female animals depending on the specific model. We previously carried out studies on behavioral and molecular differences between male and female mice treated with valproic acid, either prenatally or early postnatally, that exhibited ASD-like behavior and found distinct differences between the sexes, the female mice performing better on tests measuring social interaction and undergoing changes in the expression of more genes in the brain compared to males. Interestingly, co-administration of S-adenosylmethionine alleviated the ASD-like behavioral symptoms and the gene-expression changes to the same extent in both sexes. The mechanisms underlying the sex differences are not yet fully understood.
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Jatupornpoonsub T, Thimachai P, Supasyndh O, Wongsawat Y. QEEG characteristics associated with malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:944988. [PMID: 36825130 PMCID: PMC9941172 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.944988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) has been linked to cerebral complications due to the comorbidity of malnutrition and inflammation, which is referred to as malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome (MICS). The severity of this condition is clinically assessed with the malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS), and a cutoff of five is used to optimally distinguish patients with and without MICS. However, this tool is still invasive and inconvenient, because it combines medical records, physical examination, and laboratory results. These steps require clinicians and limit MIS usage on a regular basis. Cerebral diseases in ESRD patients can be evaluated reliably and conveniently by using quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG), which possibly reflects the severity of MICS likewise. Given the links between kidney and brain abnormalities, we hypothesized that some QEEG patterns might be associated with the severity of MICS and could be used to distinguish ESRD patients with and without MICS. Hence, we recruited 62 ESRD participants and divided them into two subgroups: ESRD with MICS (17 women (59%), age 60.31 ± 7.79 years, MIS < 5) and ESRD without MICS (20 women (61%), age 62.03 ± 9.29 years, MIS ≥ 5). These participants willingly participated in MIS and QEEG assessments. We found that MICS-related factors may alter QEEG characteristics, including the absolute power of the delta, theta, and beta 1 bands, the relative power of the theta and beta 3 subbands, the coherence of the delta and theta bands, and the amplitude asymmetry of the beta 1 band, in certain brain regions. Although most of these QEEG patterns are significantly correlated with MIS, the delta absolute power, beta 1 amplitude asymmetry, and theta coherence are the optimal inputs for the logistic regression model, which can accurately classify ESRD patients with and without MICS (90.0 ± 5.7% area under the receiver operating characteristic curve). We suggest that these QEEG features can be used not only to evaluate the severity of cerebral disorders in ESRD patients but also to noninvasively monitor MICS in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirapoot Jatupornpoonsub
- Brain-Computer Interface Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Paramat Thimachai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ouppatham Supasyndh
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yodchanan Wongsawat
- Brain-Computer Interface Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand,*Correspondence: Yodchanan Wongsawat ✉
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Sadegh-Zadeh SA, Fakhri E, Bahrami M, Bagheri E, Khamsehashari R, Noroozian M, Hajiyavand AM. An Approach toward Artificial Intelligence Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis Using Brain Signals. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030477. [PMID: 36766582 PMCID: PMC9913919 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroencephalography (EEG) signal analysis is a rapid, low-cost, and practical method for diagnosing the early stages of dementia, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The extraction of appropriate biomarkers to assess a subject's cognitive impairment has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. The aberrant progression of AD leads to cortical detachment. Due to the interaction of several brain areas, these disconnections may show up as abnormalities in functional connectivity and complicated behaviors. METHODS This work suggests a novel method for differentiating between AD, MCI, and HC in two-class and three-class classifications based on EEG signals. To solve the class imbalance, we employ EEG data augmentation techniques, such as repeating minority classes using variational autoencoders (VAEs), as well as traditional noise-addition methods and hybrid approaches. The power spectrum density (PSD) and temporal data employed in this study's feature extraction from EEG signals were combined, and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier was used to distinguish between three categories of problems. RESULTS Insufficient data and unbalanced datasets are two common problems in AD datasets. This study has shown that it is possible to generate comparable data using noise addition and VAE, train the model using these data, and, to some extent, overcome the aforementioned issues with an increase in classification accuracy of 2 to 7%. CONCLUSION In this work, using EEG data, we were able to successfully detect three classes: AD, MCI, and HC. In comparison to the pre-augmentation stage, the accuracy gained in the classification of the three classes increased by 3% when the VAE model added additional data. As a result, it is clear how useful EEG data augmentation methods are for classes with smaller sample numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed-Ali Sadegh-Zadeh
- Department of Computing, School of Digital, Technologies and Arts, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, UK
- Correspondence: (S.-A.S.-Z.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Elham Fakhri
- Department of Computing, School of Digital, Technologies and Arts, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, UK
| | - Mahboobe Bahrami
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 8174533871, Iran
| | - Elnaz Bagheri
- Department of Computing, School of Digital, Technologies and Arts, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DE, UK
| | | | - Maryam Noroozian
- Cognitive Neurology and Neuropsychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran
| | - Amir M. Hajiyavand
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SQ, UK
- Correspondence: (S.-A.S.-Z.); (A.M.H.)
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Morrone CD, Tsang AA, Giorshev SM, Craig EE, Yu WH. Concurrent behavioral and electrophysiological longitudinal recordings for in vivo assessment of aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:952101. [PMID: 36742209 PMCID: PMC9891465 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.952101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrophysiological and behavioral alterations, including sleep and cognitive impairments, are critical components of age-related decline and neurodegenerative diseases. In preclinical investigation, many refined techniques are employed to probe these phenotypes, but they are often conducted separately. Herein, we provide a protocol for one-time surgical implantation of EMG wires in the nuchal muscle and a skull-surface EEG headcap in mice, capable of 9-to-12-month recording longevity. All data acquisitions are wireless, making them compatible with simultaneous EEG recording coupled to multiple behavioral tasks, as we demonstrate with locomotion/sleep staging during home-cage video assessments, cognitive testing in the Barnes maze, and sleep disruption. Time-course EEG and EMG data can be accurately mapped to the behavioral phenotype and synchronized with neuronal frequencies for movement and the location to target in the Barnes maze. We discuss critical steps for optimizing headcap surgery and alternative approaches, including increasing the number of EEG channels or utilizing depth electrodes with the system. Combining electrophysiological and behavioral measurements in preclinical models of aging and neurodegeneration has great potential for improving mechanistic and therapeutic assessments and determining early markers of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Daniel Morrone
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Christopher Daniel Morrone,
| | - Arielle A. Tsang
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah M. Giorshev
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily E. Craig
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wai Haung Yu
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Geriatric Mental Health Research Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Wai Haung Yu,
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Gao C, Scullin MK. Longitudinal trajectories of spectral power during sleep in middle-aged and older adults. AGING BRAIN 2023; 3:100058. [PMID: 36911257 PMCID: PMC9997163 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in sleep appear to contribute to cognitive aging and dementia. However, most of the current understanding of sleep across the lifespan is based on cross-sectional evidence. Using data from the Sleep Heart Health Study, we investigated longitudinal changes in sleep micro-architecture, focusing on whether such age-related changes are experienced uniformly across individuals. Participants were 2,202 adults (ageBaseline = 62.40 ± 10.38, 55.36 % female, 87.92 % White) who completed home polysomnography assessment at two study visits, which were 5.23 years apart (range: 4-7 years). We analyzed NREM and REM spectral power density for each 0.5 Hz frequency bin, including slow oscillation (0.5-1 Hz), delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), sigma (12-15 Hz), and beta-1 (15-20 Hz) bands. Longitudinal comparisons showed a 5-year decline in NREM delta (p <.001) and NREM sigma power density (p <.001) as well as a 5-year increase in theta power density during NREM (p =.001) and power density for all frequency bands during REM sleep (ps < 0.05). In contrast to the notion that sleep declines linearly with advancing age, longitudinal trajectories varied considerably across individuals. Within individuals, the 5-year changes in NREM and REM power density were strongly correlated (slow oscillation: r = 0.46; delta: r = 0.67; theta r = 0.78; alpha r = 0.66; sigma: r = 0.71; beta-1: r = 0.73; ps < 0.001). The convergence in the longitudinal trajectories of NREM and REM activity may reflect age-related neural de-differentiation and/or compensation processes. Future research should investigate the neurocognitive implications of longitudinal changes in sleep micro-architecture and test whether interventions for improving key sleep micro-architecture features (such as NREM delta and sigma activity) also benefit cognition over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Gao
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.,Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael K Scullin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
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Choi J, Ku B, Doan DNT, Park J, Cha W, Kim JU, Lee KH. Prefrontal EEG slowing, synchronization, and ERP peak latency in association with predementia stages of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1131857. [PMID: 37032818 PMCID: PMC10076640 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1131857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early screening of elderly individuals who are at risk of dementia allows timely medical interventions to prevent disease progression. The portable and low-cost electroencephalography (EEG) technique has the potential to serve it. Objective We examined prefrontal EEG and event-related potential (ERP) variables in association with the predementia stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods One hundred elderly individuals were recruited from the GARD cohort. The participants were classified into four groups according to their amyloid beta deposition (A+ or A-) and neurodegeneration status (N+ or N-): cognitively normal (CN; A-N-, n = 27), asymptomatic AD (aAD; A + N-, n = 15), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) with AD pathology (pAD; A+N+, n = 16), and MCI with non-AD pathology (MCI(-); A-N+, n = 42). Prefrontal resting-state eyes-closed EEG measurements were recorded for five minutes and auditory ERP measurements were recorded for 8 min. Three variables of median frequency (MDF), spectrum triangular index (STI), and positive-peak latency (PPL) were employed to reflect EEG slowing, temporal synchrony, and ERP latency, respectively. Results Decreasing prefrontal MDF and increasing PPL were observed in the MCI with AD pathology. Interestingly, after controlling for age, sex, and education, we found a significant negative association between MDF and the aAD and pAD stages with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.58. Similarly, PPL exhibited a significant positive association with these AD stages with an OR of 2.36. Additionally, compared with the MCI(-) group, significant negative associations were demonstrated by the aAD group with STI and those in the pAD group with MDF with ORs of 0.30 and 0.42, respectively. Conclusion Slow intrinsic EEG oscillation is associated with MCI due to AD, and a delayed ERP peak latency is likely associated with general cognitive impairment. MCI individuals without AD pathology exhibited better cortical temporal synchronization and faster EEG oscillations than those with aAD or pAD. Significance The EEG/ERP variables obtained from prefrontal EEG techniques are associated with early cognitive impairment due to AD and non-AD pathology. This result suggests that prefrontal EEG/ERP metrics may serve as useful indicators to screen elderly individuals' early stages on the AD continuum as well as overall cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmi Choi
- Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Uiryeong-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Boncho Ku
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dieu Ni Thi Doan
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- School of Korean Convergence Medical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junwoo Park
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Cha
- Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Uiryeong-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeuk U. Kim
- Digital Health Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- School of Korean Convergence Medical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Jaeuk U. Kim,
| | - Kun Ho Lee
- Gwangju Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias Cohort Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Kun Ho Lee,
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Azami H, Moguilner S, Penagos H, Sarkis RA, Arnold SE, Gomperts SN, Lam AD. EEG Entropy in REM Sleep as a Physiologic Biomarker in Early Clinical Stages of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:1557-1572. [PMID: 36641682 PMCID: PMC10039707 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with EEG changes across the sleep-wake cycle. As the brain is a non-linear system, non-linear EEG features across behavioral states may provide an informative physiologic biomarker of AD. Multiscale fluctuation dispersion entropy (MFDE) provides a sensitive non-linear measure of EEG information content across a range of biologically relevant time-scales. OBJECTIVE To evaluate MFDE in awake and sleep EEGs as a potential biomarker for AD. METHODS We analyzed overnight scalp EEGs from 35 cognitively normal healthy controls, 23 participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 19 participants with mild dementia due to AD. We examined measures of entropy in wake and sleep states, including a slow-to-fast-activity ratio of entropy (SFAR-entropy). We compared SFAR-entropy to linear EEG measures including a slow-to-fast-activity ratio of power spectral density (SFAR-PSD) and relative alpha power, as well as to cognitive function. RESULTS SFAR-entropy differentiated dementia from MCI and controls. This effect was greatest in REM sleep, a state associated with high cholinergic activity. Differentiation was evident in the whole brain EEG and was most prominent in temporal and occipital regions. Five minutes of REM sleep was sufficient to distinguish dementia from MCI and controls. Higher SFAR-entropy during REM sleep was associated with worse performance on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Classifiers based on REM sleep SFAR-entropy distinguished dementia from MCI and controls with high accuracy, and outperformed classifiers based on SFAR-PSD and relative alpha power. CONCLUSION SFAR-entropy measured in REM sleep robustly discriminates dementia in AD from MCI and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Azami
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Sebastian Moguilner
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Hector Penagos
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rani A. Sarkis
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven E. Arnold
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Stephen N. Gomperts
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Alice D. Lam
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
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69
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Hadiyoso S, Ong PA, Zakaria H, Rajab TLE. EEG-Based Spectral Dynamic in Characterization of Poststroke Patients with Cognitive Impairment for Early Detection of Vascular Dementia. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:5666229. [PMID: 36444210 PMCID: PMC9701122 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5666229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
One common type of vascular dementia (VaD) is poststroke dementia (PSD). Vascular dementia can occur in one-third of stroke patients. The worsening of cognitive function can occur quickly if not detected and treated early. One of the potential medical modalities for observing this disorder by considering costs and safety factors is electroencephalogram (EEG). It is thought that there are differences in the spectral dynamics of the EEG signal between the normal group and stroke patients with cognitive impairment so that it can be used in detection. Therefore, this study proposes an EEG signal characterization method using EEG spectral power complexity measurements to obtain features of poststroke patients with cognitive impairment and normal subjects. Working memory EEGs were collected and analyzed from forty-two participants, consisting of sixteen normal subjects, fifteen poststroke patients with mild cognitive impairment, and eleven poststroke patients with dementia. From the analysis results, it was found that there were differences in the dynamics of the power spectral in each group, where the spectral power of the cognitively impaired group was more regular than the normal group. Notably, (1) significant differences in spectral entropy (SpecEn) with a p value <0.05 were found for all electrodes, (2) there was a relationship between SpecEn values and the severity of dementia (SpecEnDem < SpecEnMCI < SpecEnNormal), and (3) a post hoc multiple comparison test showed significant differences between groups at the F7 electrode. This study shows that spectral complexity analysis can discriminate between normal and poststroke patients with cognitive impairment. For further studies, it is necessary to simulate performance validation so that the proposed approach can be used in the early detection of poststroke dementia and monitoring the development of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugondo Hadiyoso
- School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
- School of Applied Science, Telkom University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Paulus Anam Ong
- Departement of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Hasballah Zakaria
- School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Tati Latifah E. Rajab
- School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
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70
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Shahdadian S, Wang X, Wanniarachchi H, Chaudhari A, Truong NCD, Liu H. Neuromodulation of brain power topography and network topology by prefrontal transcranial photobiomodulation. J Neural Eng 2022; 19:10.1088/1741-2552/ac9ede. [PMID: 36317341 PMCID: PMC9795815 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac9ede] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) has shown promising benefits, including cognitive improvement, in healthy humans and in patients with Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we aimed to identify key cortical regions that present significant changes caused by tPBM in the electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillation powers and functional connectivity in the healthy human brain.Approach. A 64-channel EEG was recorded from 45 healthy participants during a 13 min period consisting of a 2 min baseline, 8 min tPBM/sham intervention, and 3 min recovery. After pre-processing and normalizing the EEG data at the five EEG rhythms, cluster-based permutation tests were performed for multiple comparisons of spectral power topographies, followed by graph-theory analysis as a topological approach for quantification of brain connectivity metrics at global and nodal/cluster levels.Main results. EEG power enhancement was observed in clusters of channels over the frontoparietal regions in the alpha band and the centroparietal regions in the beta band. The global measures of the network revealed a reduction in synchronization, global efficiency, and small-worldness of beta band connectivity, implying an enhancement of brain network complexity. In addition, in the beta band, nodal graphical analysis demonstrated significant increases in local information integration and centrality over the frontal clusters, accompanied by a decrease in segregation over the bilateral frontal, left parietal, and left occipital regions.Significance.Frontal tPBM increased EEG alpha and beta powers in the frontal-central-parietal regions, enhanced the complexity of the global beta-wave brain network, and augmented local information flow and integration of beta oscillations across prefrontal cortical regions. This study sheds light on the potential link between electrophysiological effects and human cognitive improvement induced by tPBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hanli Liu
- Authors to whom any correspondence should be addressed,
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71
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Jeong T, Park U, Kang SW. Novel quantitative electroencephalogram feature image adapted for deep learning: Verification through classification of Alzheimer’s disease dementia. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1033379. [PMID: 36408393 PMCID: PMC9670114 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1033379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) analysis is commonly adopted for the investigation of various neurological disorders, revealing electroencephalogram (EEG) features associated with specific dysfunctions. Conventionally, topographies are widely utilized for spatial representation of EEG characteristics at specific frequencies or frequency bands. However, multiple topographies at various frequency bands are required for a complete description of brain activity. In consequence, use of topographies for the training of deep learning algorithms is often challenging. The present study describes the development and application of a novel QEEG feature image that integrates all required spatial and spectral information within a single image, overcoming conventional obstacles. EEG powers recorded at 19 channels defined by the international 10–20 system were pre-processed using the EEG auto-analysis system iSyncBrain®, removing the artifact components selected through independent component analysis (ICA) and rejecting bad epochs. Hereafter, spectral powers computed through fast Fourier transform (FFT) were standardized into Z-scores through iMediSync, Inc.’s age- and sex-specific normative database. The standardized spectral powers for each channel were subsequently rearranged and concatenated into a rectangular feature matrix, in accordance with their spatial location on the scalp surface. Application of various feature engineering techniques on the established feature matrix yielded multiple types of feature images. Such feature images were utilized in the deep learning classification of Alzheimer’s disease dementia (ADD) and non-Alzheimer’s disease dementia (NADD) data, in order to validate the use of our novel feature images. The resulting classification accuracy was 97.4%. The Classification criteria were further inferred through an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) algorithm, which complied with the conventionally known EEG characteristics of AD. Such outstanding classification performance bolsters the potential of our novel QEEG feature images in broadening QEEG utility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seung Wan Kang
- iMediSync, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
- National Standard Reference Data Center for Korean EEG, College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Seung Wan Kang, ,
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72
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Jeong T, Park U, Kang SW. Novel quantitative electroencephalogram feature image adapted for deep learning: Verification through classification of Alzheimer's disease dementia. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1033379. [PMID: 36408393 PMCID: PMC9670114 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1033379;256,183-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) analysis is commonly adopted for the investigation of various neurological disorders, revealing electroencephalogram (EEG) features associated with specific dysfunctions. Conventionally, topographies are widely utilized for spatial representation of EEG characteristics at specific frequencies or frequency bands. However, multiple topographies at various frequency bands are required for a complete description of brain activity. In consequence, use of topographies for the training of deep learning algorithms is often challenging. The present study describes the development and application of a novel QEEG feature image that integrates all required spatial and spectral information within a single image, overcoming conventional obstacles. EEG powers recorded at 19 channels defined by the international 10-20 system were pre-processed using the EEG auto-analysis system iSyncBrain®, removing the artifact components selected through independent component analysis (ICA) and rejecting bad epochs. Hereafter, spectral powers computed through fast Fourier transform (FFT) were standardized into Z-scores through iMediSync, Inc.'s age- and sex-specific normative database. The standardized spectral powers for each channel were subsequently rearranged and concatenated into a rectangular feature matrix, in accordance with their spatial location on the scalp surface. Application of various feature engineering techniques on the established feature matrix yielded multiple types of feature images. Such feature images were utilized in the deep learning classification of Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) and non-Alzheimer's disease dementia (NADD) data, in order to validate the use of our novel feature images. The resulting classification accuracy was 97.4%. The Classification criteria were further inferred through an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) algorithm, which complied with the conventionally known EEG characteristics of AD. Such outstanding classification performance bolsters the potential of our novel QEEG feature images in broadening QEEG utility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seung Wan Kang
- iMediSync, Inc., Seoul, South Korea
- National Standard Reference Data Center for Korean EEG, College of Nursing, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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73
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Adaikkan C, Wang J, Abdelaal K, Middleton SJ, Bozzelli PL, Wickersham IR, McHugh TJ, Tsai LH. Alterations in a cross-hemispheric circuit associates with novelty discrimination deficits in mouse models of neurodegeneration. Neuron 2022; 110:3091-3105.e9. [PMID: 35987206 PMCID: PMC9547933 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A major pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, is a significant reduction in the white matter connecting the two cerebral hemispheres, as well as in the correlated activity between anatomically corresponding bilateral brain areas. However, the underlying circuit mechanisms and the cognitive relevance of cross-hemispheric (CH) communication remain poorly understood. Here, we show that novelty discrimination behavior activates CH neurons and enhances homotopic synchronized neural oscillations in the visual cortex. CH neurons provide excitatory drive required for synchronous neural oscillations between hemispheres, and unilateral inhibition of the CH circuit is sufficient to impair synchronous oscillations and novelty discrimination behavior. In the 5XFAD and Tau P301S mouse models, CH communication is altered, and novelty discrimination is impaired. These data reveal a hitherto uncharacterized CH circuit in the visual cortex, establishing a causal link between this circuit and novelty discrimination behavior and highlighting its impairment in mouse models of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnakkaruppan Adaikkan
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Jun Wang
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karim Abdelaal
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Steven J Middleton
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - P Lorenzo Bozzelli
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ian R Wickersham
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas J McHugh
- Laboratory for Circuit and Behavioral Physiology, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wakoshi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Vrankic M, Vlahinić S, Šverko Z, Markovinović I. EEG-Validated Photobiomodulation Treatment of Dementia-Case Study. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22197555. [PMID: 36236654 PMCID: PMC9573554 DOI: 10.3390/s22197555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we perform a case study of the impact of photobiomodulation (PBM) on brain power spectrum and connectivity in an elderly person with a Self Administered Gerocognitive Exam (SAGE) score indicating probable memory and thinking disorder. First, we designed and realized the prototype of a near-infrared (NIR) device for PBM. Analysing the alpha band of the power spectrum, we found a positive long-term effect in nine out of sixteen electrodes in the eyes-open condition (OE) and in twelve out of sixteen electrodes in the eyes-closed condition (CE), while in the theta band, a positive long-term effect was found in nine out of sixteen electrodes for OE and seven out of sixteen electrodes for CE. When considering the theta-alpha ratio (TAR), the positive long-term effect is found on thirteen of sixteen electrodes for OE and on fourteen of sixteen electrodes for CE. A connectivity analysis using the imaginary component of the complex Pearson correlation coefficient (imCPCC) was also performed, and a global efficiency measure based on connectivity matrices with thresholds was calculated. The global efficiency calculated for the long-term effect was higher than before stimulation by a factor of 5.24 for the OE condition and by a factor of 1.25 for the CE condition. This case study suggests that PBM could have positive effects on improving desired brain activity, measured as improvement in power spectrum and connectivity measures in theta and alpha bands, for elderly people with memory and thinking disorders.
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75
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Bourdès V, Dogterom P, Aleman A, Parmantier P, Colas D, Lemarchant S, Marie S, Chou T, Abd-Elaziz K, Godfrin Y. Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Initial Pharmacodynamics of a Subcommissural Organ-Spondin-Derived Peptide: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Single Ascending Dose First-in-Human Study. Neurol Ther 2022; 11:1353-1374. [PMID: 35779189 PMCID: PMC9338184 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-022-00380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy volunteers assessed the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single ascending doses of intravenously administered NX210-a linear peptide derived from subcommissural organ-spondin-and explored the effects on blood/urine biomarkers and cerebral activity. METHODS Participants in five cohorts (n = 8 each) were randomized to receive a single intravenous dose of NX210 (n = 6 each) (0.4, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) or placebo (n = 2 each); in total, 10 and 29 participants received placebo and NX210, respectively. Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetics within 180 min post dosing. Plasma and urine were collected from participants (cohorts: 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) for biomarker analysis and electroencephalography (EEG) recordings within 48 h post dosing. Safety/tolerability and pharmacokinetic data were assessed before ascending to the next dose. RESULTS The study included 39 participants. All dosages were safe and well tolerated. All treatment-emergent adverse events (n = 17) were of mild severity and resolved spontaneously (except one with unknown outcome). Twelve treatment-emergent adverse events (70.6%) were deemed drug related; seven of those (58.3%) concerned nervous system disorders (dizziness, headache, and somnolence). The pharmacokinetic analysis indicated a short half-life in plasma (6-20 min), high apparent volume of distribution (1870-4120 L), and rapid clearance (7440-16,400 L/h). In plasma, tryptophan and homocysteine showed dose-related increase and decrease, respectively. No drug dose effect was found for the glutamate or glutamine plasma biomarkers. Nevertheless, decreased blood glutamate and increased glutamine were observed in participants treated with NX210 versus placebo. EEG showed a statistically significant decrease in beta and gamma bands and a dose-dependent increasing trend in alpha bands. Pharmacodynamics effects were sustained for several hours (plasma) or 48 h (urine and EEG). CONCLUSION NX210 is safe and well tolerated and may exert beneficial effects on the central nervous system, particularly in terms of cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - André Aleman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yann Godfrin
- Axoltis Pharma, 60 Avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France
- Godfrin Life-Sciences, Caluire-et-Cuire, France
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76
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Kaczmarczyk L, Schleif M, Dittrich L, Williams RH, Koderman M, Bansal V, Rajput A, Schulte T, Jonson M, Krost C, Testaquadra FJ, Bonn S, Jackson WS. Distinct translatome changes in specific neural populations precede electroencephalographic changes in prion-infected mice. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010747. [PMID: 35960762 PMCID: PMC9401167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective vulnerability is an enigmatic feature of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), whereby a widely expressed protein causes lesions in specific cell types and brain regions. Using the RiboTag method in mice, translational responses of five neural subtypes to acquired prion disease (PrD) were measured. Pre-onset and disease onset timepoints were chosen based on longitudinal electroencephalography (EEG) that revealed a gradual increase in theta power between 10- and 18-weeks after prion injection, resembling a clinical feature of human PrD. At disease onset, marked by significantly increased theta power and histopathological lesions, mice had pronounced translatome changes in all five cell types despite appearing normal. Remarkably, at a pre-onset stage, prior to EEG and neuropathological changes, we found that 1) translatomes of astrocytes indicated reduced synthesis of ribosomal and mitochondrial components, 2) glutamatergic neurons showed increased expression of cytoskeletal genes, and 3) GABAergic neurons revealed reduced expression of circadian rhythm genes. These data demonstrate that early translatome responses to neurodegeneration emerge prior to conventional markers of disease and are cell type-specific. Therapeutic strategies may need to target multiple pathways in specific populations of cells, early in disease. Prions are infectious agents composed of a misfolded protein. When isolated from a mammalian brain and transferred to the same host species, prions will cause the same neurodegenerative disease affecting the same brain regions and cell types. This concept of selective vulnerability is also a feature of more common types of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s. To better understand the mechanisms behind selective vulnerability, we studied disease responses of five cell types with different vulnerabilities in prion-infected mice at two different disease stages. Responses were measured as changes to mRNAs undergoing translation, referred to as the translatome. Before prion-infected mice demonstrated typical disease signs, electroencephalography (a method used clinically to characterize neurodegeneration in humans) revealed brain changes resembling those in human prion diseases, and surprisingly, the translatomes of all cells were drastically changed. Furthermore, before electroencephalography changes emerged, three cell types made unique responses while the most vulnerable cell type did not. These results suggests that mechanisms causing selective vulnerability will be difficult to dissect and that therapies will likely need to be provided before clinical signs emerge and individually engage multiple cell types and their distinct molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lech Kaczmarczyk
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Melvin Schleif
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lars Dittrich
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Maruša Koderman
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Vikas Bansal
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Biomedical AI (bAIome), Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ashish Rajput
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Biomedical AI (bAIome), Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
- Maximon AG, Zug, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria Jonson
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Clemens Krost
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Bonn
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Biomedical AI (bAIome), Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Walker S. Jackson
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Alvi AM, Siuly S, Wang H, Wang K, Whittaker F. A deep learning based framework for diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. Knowl Based Syst 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.knosys.2022.108815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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78
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Perez-Valero E, Lopez-Gordo MÁ, Gutiérrez CM, Carrera-Muñoz I, Vílchez-Carrillo RM. A self-driven approach for multi-class discrimination in Alzheimer's disease based on wearable EEG. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 220:106841. [PMID: 35523023 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Early detection is critical to control Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression and postpone cognitive decline. Traditional medical procedures such as magnetic resonance imaging are costly, involve long waiting lists, and require complex analysis. Alternatively, for the past years, researchers have successfully evaluated AD detection approaches based on machine learning and electroencephalography (EEG). Nonetheless, these approaches frequently rely upon manual processing or involve non-portable EEG hardware. These aspects are suboptimal regarding automated diagnosis, since they require additional personnel and hinder portability. In this work, we report the preliminary evaluation of a self-driven AD multi-class discrimination approach based on a commercial EEG acquisition system using sixteen channels. For this purpose, we recorded the EEG of three groups of participants: mild AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) non-AD, and controls, and we implemented a self-driven analysis pipeline to discriminate the three groups. First, we applied automated artifact rejection algorithms to the EEG recordings. Then, we extracted power, entropy, and complexity features from the preprocessed epochs. Finally, we evaluated a multi-class classification problem using a multi-layer perceptron through leave-one-subject-out cross-validation. The preliminary results that we obtained are comparable to the best in literature (0.88 F1-score), what suggests that AD can potentially be detected through a self-driven approach based on commercial EEG and machine learning. We believe this work and further research could contribute to opening the door for the detection of AD in a single consultation session, therefore reducing the costs associated to AD screening and potentially advancing medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Perez-Valero
- Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, University of Granada, Spain; Brain-Computer Interfaces Laboratory, Research Centre for Information and Communications Technologies, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Lopez-Gordo
- Department of Signal Theory, Telematics and Communications, University of Granada, Spain; Brain-Computer Interfaces Laboratory, Research Centre for Information and Communications Technologies, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - Christian Morillas Gutiérrez
- Department of Computer Architecture and Technology, University of Granada, Spain; Brain-Computer Interfaces Laboratory, Research Centre for Information and Communications Technologies, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Ismael Carrera-Muñoz
- Cognitive Neurology Group, Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa M Vílchez-Carrillo
- Cognitive Neurology Group, Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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Molcho L, Maimon NB, Regev-Plotnik N, Rabinowicz S, Intrator N, Sasson A. Single-Channel EEG Features Reveal an Association With Cognitive Decline in Seniors Performing Auditory Cognitive Assessment. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:773692. [PMID: 35707705 PMCID: PMC9191625 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.773692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive decline remains highly underdiagnosed despite efforts to find novel cognitive biomarkers. Electroencephalography (EEG) features based on machine-learning (ML) may offer a non-invasive, low-cost approach for identifying cognitive decline. However, most studies use cumbersome multi-electrode systems. This study aims to evaluate the ability to assess cognitive states using machine learning (ML)-based EEG features extracted from a single-channel EEG with an auditory cognitive assessment. Methods This study included data collected from senior participants in different cognitive states (60) and healthy controls (22), performing an auditory cognitive assessment while being recorded with a single-channel EEG. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores were used to designate groups, with cutoff scores of 24 and 27. EEG data processing included wavelet-packet decomposition and ML to extract EEG features. Data analysis included Pearson correlations and generalized linear mixed-models on several EEG variables: Delta and Theta frequency-bands and three ML-based EEG features: VC9, ST4, and A0, previously extracted from a different dataset and showed association with cognitive load. Results MMSE scores significantly correlated with reaction times and EEG features A0 and ST4. The features also showed significant separation between study groups: A0 separated between the MMSE < 24 and MMSE ≥ 28 groups, in addition to separating between young participants and senior groups. ST4 differentiated between the MMSE < 24 group and all other groups (MMSE 24–27, MMSE ≥ 28 and healthy young groups), showing sensitivity to subtle changes in cognitive states. EEG features Theta, Delta, A0, and VC9 showed increased activity with higher cognitive load levels, present only in the healthy young group, indicating different activity patterns between young and senior participants in different cognitive states. Consisted with previous reports, this association was most prominent for VC9 which significantly separated between all level of cognitive load. Discussion This study successfully demonstrated the ability to assess cognitive states with an easy-to-use single-channel EEG using an auditory cognitive assessment. The short set-up time and novel ML features enable objective and easy assessment of cognitive states. Future studies should explore the potential usefulness of this tool for characterizing changes in EEG patterns of cognitive decline over time, for detection of cognitive decline on a large scale in every clinic to potentially allow early intervention. Trial Registration NIH Clinical Trials Registry [https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT04386902], identifier [NCT04386902]; Israeli Ministry of Health registry [https://my.health.gov.il/CliniTrials/Pages/MOH_2019-10-07_007352.aspx], identifier [007352].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Molcho
- Neurosteer Inc., New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Lior Molcho,
| | - Neta B. Maimon
- The School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | - Nathan Intrator
- Neurosteer Inc., New York, NY, United States
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ady Sasson
- Dorot Geriatric Medical Center, Netanya, Israel
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80
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Kim J, Jeong M, Stiles WR, Choi HS. Neuroimaging Modalities in Alzheimer's Disease: Diagnosis and Clinical Features. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6079. [PMID: 35682758 PMCID: PMC9181385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease causing progressive cognitive decline until eventual death. AD affects millions of individuals worldwide in the absence of effective treatment options, and its clinical causes are still uncertain. The onset of dementia symptoms indicates severe neurodegeneration has already taken place. Therefore, AD diagnosis at an early stage is essential as it results in more effective therapy to slow its progression. The current clinical diagnosis of AD relies on mental examinations and brain imaging to determine whether patients meet diagnostic criteria, and biomedical research focuses on finding associated biomarkers by using neuroimaging techniques. Multiple clinical brain imaging modalities emerged as potential techniques to study AD, showing a range of capacity in their preciseness to identify the disease. This review presents the advantages and limitations of brain imaging modalities for AD diagnosis and discusses their clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- JunHyun Kim
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (J.K.); (M.J.); (W.R.S.)
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Minhong Jeong
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (J.K.); (M.J.); (W.R.S.)
| | - Wesley R. Stiles
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (J.K.); (M.J.); (W.R.S.)
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (J.K.); (M.J.); (W.R.S.)
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81
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Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease in the Current State: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094962. [PMID: 35563350 PMCID: PMC9102515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become a problem, owing to its high prevalence in an aging society with no treatment available after onset. However, early diagnosis is essential for preventive intervention to delay disease onset due to its slow progression. The current AD diagnostic methods are typically invasive and expensive, limiting their potential for widespread use. Thus, the development of biomarkers in available biofluids, such as blood, urine, and saliva, which enables low or non-invasive, reasonable, and objective evaluation of AD status, is an urgent task. Here, we reviewed studies that examined biomarker candidates for the early detection of AD. Some of the candidates showed potential biomarkers, but further validation studies are needed. We also reviewed studies for non-invasive biomarkers of AD. Given the complexity of the AD continuum, multiple biomarkers with machine-learning-classification methods have been recently used to enhance diagnostic accuracy and characterize individual AD phenotypes. Artificial intelligence and new body fluid-based biomarkers, in combination with other risk factors, will provide a novel solution that may revolutionize the early diagnosis of AD.
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82
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Mitsukura Y, Sumali B, Watanabe H, Ikaga T, Nishimura T. Frontotemporal EEG as potential biomarker for early MCI: a case-control study. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:289. [PMID: 35459119 PMCID: PMC9027034 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03932-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies using EEG (electroencephalography) as biomarker for dementia have attempted to research, but results have been inconsistent. Most of the studies have extremely small number of samples (average N = 15) and studies with large number of data do not have control group. We identified EEG features that may be biomarkers for dementia with 120 subjects (dementia 10, MCI 33, against control 77). METHODS We recorded EEG from 120 patients with dementia as they stayed in relaxed state using a single-channel EEG device while conducting real-time noise reduction and compared them to healthy subjects. Differences in EEG between patients and controls, as well as differences in patients' severity, were examined using the ratio of power spectrum at each frequency. RESULTS In comparing healthy controls and dementia patients, significant power spectrum differences were observed at 3 Hz, 4 Hz, and 10 Hz and higher frequencies. In patient group, differences in the power spectrum were observed between asymptomatic patients and healthy individuals, and between patients of each respective severity level and healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS A study with a larger sample size should be conducted to gauge reproducibility, but the results implied the effectiveness of EEG in clinical practice as a biomarker of MCI (mild cognitive impairment) and/or dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasue Mitsukura
- Department of System Design Engineering, School of Integrated Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Brian Sumali
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Keio Global Institute(KGRI), Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of System Design Engineering, School of Integrated Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Toshiharu Ikaga
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of System Design Engineering, School of Integrated Design Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nishimura
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
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83
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Lee B, Lee T, Jeon H, Lee S, Kim K, Cho W, Hwang J, Chae YW, Jung JM, Kang HJ, Kim NH, Shin C, Jang J. Synergy through Integration of Wearable EEG and Virtual Reality for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Dementia Screening. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2022; 26:2909-2919. [PMID: 35104235 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2022.3147847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) technologies have shown promising potential in the early diagnosis of dementia by enabling accessible and regular assessment. However, previous VR studies were restricted to the analysis of behavioral responses, so information about degenerated brain dynamics could not be directly acquired. To address this issue, we provide a cognitive impairment (CI) screening tool based on a wearable EEG device integrated into a VR platform. Subjects were asked to use a hardware setup consisting of a frontal six-channel EEG device mounted on a VR device and to perform four cognitive tasks in VR. Behavioral response profiles and EEG features were extracted during the tasks, and classifiers were trained on extracted features to differentiate subjects with CI from healthy controls (HCs). Notably, the performance of the patient classification consistently improved when EEG characteristics measured during cognitive tasks were additionally included in feature attributes than when only the task scores or resting-state EEG features were used, suggesting that our protocol provides discriminative information for screening. These results propose that the integration of EEG devices into a VR framework could emerge as a powerful and synergistic strategy for constructing an easily accessible EEG-based dementia screening tool.
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84
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Effects of a High-Intensity Interval Physical Exercise Program on Cognition, Physical Performance, and Electroencephalogram Patterns in Korean Elderly People: A Pilot Study. Dement Neurocogn Disord 2022; 21:93-102. [PMID: 35949421 PMCID: PMC9340247 DOI: 10.12779/dnd.2022.21.3.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) interventions on functional brain changes in older adults remain unclear. This preliminary study aimed to explore the effect of physical exercise intervention (PEI), including HIIT, on cognitive function, physical performance, and electroencephalogram patterns in Korean elderly people. Methods We enrolled six non-dementia participants aged >65 years from a community health center. PEI was conducted at the community health center for 4 weeks, three times/week, and 50 min/day. PEI, including HIIT, involved aerobic exercise, resistance training (muscle strength), flexibility, and balance. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for data analysis. Results After the PEI, there was improvement in the 30-second sit-to-stand test result (16.2±7.0 times vs. 24.8±5.5 times, p=0.027), 2-minute stationary march result (98.3±27.2 times vs. 143.7±36.9 times, p=0.027), T-wall response time (104.2±55.8 seconds vs.71.0±19.4 seconds, p=0.028), memory score (89.6±21.6 vs. 111.0±19.1, p=0.028), executive function score (33.3±5.3 vs. 37.0±5.1, p=0.046), and total Literacy Independent Cognitive Assessment score (214.6±30.6 vs. 241.6±22.8, p=0.028). Electroencephalography demonstrated that the beta power in the frontal region was increased, while the theta power in the temporal region was decreased (all p<0.05). Conclusions Our HIIT PEI program effectively improved cognitive function, physical fitness, and electroencephalographic markers in elderly individuals; thus, it could be beneficial for improving functional brain activity in this population.
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85
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Jeremic D, Jiménez-Díaz L, Navarro-López JD. Past, present and future of therapeutic strategies against amyloid-β peptides in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101496. [PMID: 34687956 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in ageing, affecting around 46 million people worldwide but few treatments are currently available. The etiology of AD is still puzzling, and new drugs development and clinical trials have high failure rates. Urgent outline of an integral (multi-target) and effective treatment of AD is needed. Accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is considered one of the fundamental neuropathological pillars of the disease, and its dyshomeostasis has shown a crucial role in AD onset. Therefore, many amyloid-targeted therapies have been investigated. Here, we will systematically review recent (from 2014) investigational, follow-up and review studies focused on anti-amyloid strategies to summarize and analyze their current clinical potential. Combination of anti-Aβ therapies with new developing early detection biomarkers and other therapeutic agents acting on early functional AD changes will be highlighted in this review. Near-term approval seems likely for several drugs acting against Aβ, with recent FDA approval of a monoclonal anti-Aβ oligomers antibody -aducanumab- raising hopes and controversies. We conclude that, development of oligomer-epitope specific Aβ treatment and implementation of multiple improved biomarkers and risk prediction methods allowing early detection, together with therapies acting on other factors such as hyperexcitability in early AD, could be the key to slowing this global pandemic.
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86
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Javitt
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Columbia University Medical Center, N.Y
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87
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Su R, Li X, Li Z, Han Y, Cui W, Xie P, Liu Y. Constructing biomarker for early diagnosis of aMCI based on combination of multiscale fuzzy entropy and functional brain connectivity. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.103000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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88
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Panegyres PK. The Clinical Spectrum of Young Onset Dementia Points to Its Stochastic Origins. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2021; 5:663-679. [PMID: 34632303 PMCID: PMC8461730 DOI: 10.3233/adr-210309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia is a major global health problem and the search for improved therapies is ongoing. The study of young onset dementia (YOD)-with onset prior to 65 years-represents a challenge owing to the variety of clinical presentations, pathology, and gene mutations. The advantage of the investigation of YOD is the lack of comorbidities that complicate the clinical picture in older adults. Here we explore the origins of YOD. OBJECTIVE To define the clinical diversity of YOD in terms of its demography, range of presentations, neurological examination findings, comorbidities, medical history, cognitive findings, imaging abnormalities both structural and functional, electroencephagraphic (EEG) data, neuropathology, and genetics. METHODS A prospective 20-year study of 240 community-based patients referred to specialty neurology clinics established to elucidate the nature of YOD. RESULTS Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 139) and behavioral variant frontotemporal (bvFTD; n = 58) were the most common causes with a mean age of onset of 56.5 years for AD (±1 SD 5.45) and 57.1 years for bvFTD (±1 SD 5.66). Neuropathology showed a variety of diagnoses from multiple sclerosis, Lewy body disease, FTD-MND, TDP-43 proteinopathy, adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal steroids and pigmented glia, corticobasal degeneration, unexplained small vessel disease, and autoimmune T-cell encephalitis. Non-amnestic forms of AD and alternative forms of FTD were discovered. Mutations were only found in 11 subjects (11/240 = 4.6%). APOE genotyping was not divergent between the two populations. CONCLUSION There are multiple kinds of YOD, and most are sporadic. These observations point to their stochastic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Panegyres
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Pty Ltd, West Perth, Australia
- The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
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89
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Kim Y, Chae M, Yang H. Simultaneous cognitive-physical dual task training based on fairy tales in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study. Geriatr Nurs 2021; 42:1156-1163. [PMID: 34419868 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to develop a simultaneous cognitive-physical dual-task training program based on familiar cultural backgrounds using fairy tales and to explore its feasibility and preliminary effects, including effects on neurophysiological, cognitive, and physical functions. A single-group pretest-posttest design (n = 9) was employed to evaluate the effects of the cognitive-physical intervention performed for 60-90 min once a week for 12 weeks. The findings showed that perceived memory and physical self-efficacy, muscle strength, and cognitive function were significantly increased after the intervention. Although the relative beta band power measured using electroencephalography showed a tendency to increase in eight brain domains after the 12-week intervention, the changes were not significant. Findings suggested that the intervention was feasible and provided beneficial effects on cognitive and physical functions in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Future research on larger sample sizes using randomized controlled trials is needed to determine the effectiveness of such interventions on neurophysiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younkyoung Kim
- Chonnam National University, College of Nursing, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongjeong Chae
- Kwangju Women's University, Department of Nursing, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Yang
- Chonnam National University, College of Nursing, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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90
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Trinh TT, Tsai CF, Hsiao YT, Lee CY, Wu CT, Liu YH. Identifying Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Working Memory-Induced Intra-Subject Variability of Resting-State EEGs. Front Comput Neurosci 2021; 15:700467. [PMID: 34421565 PMCID: PMC8373435 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2021.700467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are at high risk of developing into dementia (e. g., Alzheimer's disease, AD). A reliable and effective approach for early detection of MCI has become a critical challenge. Although compared with other costly or risky lab tests, electroencephalogram (EEG) seems to be an ideal alternative measure for early detection of MCI, searching for valid EEG features for classification between healthy controls (HCs) and individuals with MCI remains to be largely unexplored. Here, we design a novel feature extraction framework and propose that the spectral-power-based task-induced intra-subject variability extracted by this framework can be an encouraging candidate EEG feature for the early detection of MCI. In this framework, we extracted the task-induced intra-subject spectral power variability of resting-state EEGs (as measured by a between-run similarity) before and after participants performing cognitively exhausted working memory tasks as the candidate feature. The results from 74 participants (23 individuals with AD, 24 individuals with MCI, 27 HC) showed that the between-run similarity over the frontal and central scalp regions in the HC group is higher than that in the AD or MCI group. Furthermore, using a feature selection scheme and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier, the between-run similarity showed encouraging leave-one-participant-out cross-validation (LOPO-CV) classification performance for the classification between the MCI and HC (80.39%) groups and between the AD vs. HC groups (78%), and its classification performance is superior to other widely-used features such as spectral powers, coherence, and the complexity estimated by Katz's method extracted from single-run resting-state EEGs (a common approach in previous studies). The results based on LOPO-CV, therefore, suggest that the spectral-power-based task-induced intra-subject EEG variability extracted by the proposed feature extraction framework has the potential to serve as a neurophysiological feature for the early detection of MCI in individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Tung Trinh
- Neural Engineering and Smart Systems Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Manufacturing Technology, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Fen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tsung Hsiao
- Neural Engineering and Smart Systems Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Mechatronic Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ying Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology (Taipei Tech), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Te Wu
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology (Taiwan Tech), Taipei, Taiwan
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91
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Cortical Circuitry and Synaptic Dysfunctions in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:9796576. [PMID: 34394342 PMCID: PMC8360713 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9796576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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92
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Kwag E, Stuckenschneider T, Schneider S, Abeln V. The effect of a psychomotor intervention on electroencephalography and neuropsychological performances in older adults with and without mild cognitive impairment. Psychogeriatrics 2021; 21:528-539. [PMID: 33960574 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this pilot study was to examine the acute effect of a psychomotor intervention (PMI) on auditory-verbal memory, emotional state, and electrocortical activity recorded by electroencephalography on subjectively healthy older adults (sHE) and older adults diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCIs). METHODS Eleven MCIs and 11 sHE underwent a single 45-min PMI. Resting state electroencephalography, the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, MoodMeter®, and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule were compared between groups and pre- and post-PMI. RESULTS Electroencephalography current source density and activity within the theta frequency band were higher in MCIs than in sHE at baseline, and brain frequency had a tendency to decrease in MCIs after training. Both groups showed improvement on the auditory-verbal memory test. Only among MCIs were there increases in perceived physical state and psychological strain and an improvement in negative affect. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that acute psychomotor activity may be more effective for MCIs than for sHE. It supports the notion that PMI does have functional influences on the central nervous level and therefore might prevent and treat cognitive, psychological, and psychiatric symptoms of people with mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Kwag
- Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Stuckenschneider
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Schneider
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Vera Abeln
- Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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93
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Lee B, Lee T, Jeon H, Lee S, Kim K, Cho W, Hwang J, Chae YW, Jung JM, Kang HJ, Kim NH, Shin C, Jang J. Synergy through Integration of Wearable EEG and Virtual Reality for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Dementia Screening: Protocol Design and Feasibility Study (Preprint). JMIR Form Res 2021. [DOI: 10.2196/30028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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94
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Doan DNT, Ku B, Choi J, Oh M, Kim K, Cha W, Kim JU. Predicting Dementia With Prefrontal Electroencephalography and Event-Related Potential. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:659817. [PMID: 33927610 PMCID: PMC8077968 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.659817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To examine whether prefrontal electroencephalography (EEG) can be used for screening dementia. Methods: We estimated the global cognitive decline using the results of Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE), measurements of brain activity from resting-state EEG, responses elicited by auditory stimulation [sensory event-related potential (ERP)], and selective attention tasks (selective-attention ERP) from 122 elderly participants (dementia, 35; control, 87). We investigated that the association between MMSE and each EEG/ERP variable by using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and performing univariate linear regression analysis. Kernel density estimation was used to examine the distribution of each EEG/ERP variable in the dementia and non-dementia groups. Both Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses with the estimated odds ratios were conducted to assess the associations between the EEG/ERP variables and dementia prevalence. To develop the predictive models, five-fold cross-validation was applied to multiple classification algorithms. Results: Most prefrontal EEG/ERP variables, previously known to be associated with cognitive decline, show correlations with the MMSE score (strongest correlation has |r| = 0.68). Although variables such as the frontal asymmetry of the resting-state EEG are not well correlated with the MMSE score, they indicate risk factors for dementia. The selective-attention ERP and resting-state EEG variables outperform the MMSE scores in dementia prediction (areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.891, 0.824, and 0.803, respectively). In addition, combining EEG/ERP variables and MMSE scores improves the model predictive performance, whereas adding demographic risk factors do not improve the prediction accuracy. Conclusion: Prefrontal EEG markers outperform MMSE scores in predicting dementia, and additional prediction accuracy is expected when combining them with MMSE scores. Significance: Prefrontal EEG is effective for screening dementia when used independently or in combination with MMSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieu Ni Thi Doan
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Boncho Ku
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jungmi Choi
- Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Uiryeong-gun, South Korea
| | - Miae Oh
- Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Kahye Kim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Wonseok Cha
- Human Anti-Aging Standards Research Institute, Uiryeong-gun, South Korea
| | - Jaeuk U Kim
- Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea.,Korean Convergence Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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