51
|
Van Braeckel-Budimir N, Harty JT. Influenza-induced lung T rm: not all memories last forever. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:651-655. [PMID: 28405016 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the light of new findings that lung tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells (Trm) represent major mediators of heterosubtypic immunity against influenza virus, it is of utmost importance to understand the basic biological mechanisms behind induction, formation and maintenance of this cell population. Addressing these important knowledge gaps will potentially inform development of superior, broadly protective influenza vaccines and new immunization strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Influenza A Virus Infection in Pigs Attracts Multifunctional and Cross-Reactive T Cells to the Lung. J Virol 2016; 90:9364-82. [PMID: 27512056 PMCID: PMC5044846 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01211-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pigs are natural hosts for influenza A viruses and play a critical role in influenza epidemiology. However, little is known about their influenza-evoked T-cell response. We performed a thorough analysis of both the local and systemic T-cell response in influenza virus-infected pigs, addressing kinetics and phenotype as well as multifunctionality (gamma interferon [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and interleukin-2 [IL-2]) and cross-reactivity. A total of 31 pigs were intratracheally infected with an H1N2 swine influenza A virus (FLUAVsw) and consecutively euthanized. Lungs, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and blood were sampled during the first 15 days postinfection (p.i.) and at 6 weeks p.i. Ex vivo flow cytometry of lung lymphocytes revealed an increase in proliferating (Ki-67(+)) CD8(+) T cells with an early effector phenotype (perforin(+) CD27(+)) at day 6 p.i. Low frequencies of influenza virus-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells could be detected in the lung as early as 4 days p.i. On consecutive days, influenza virus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells produced mainly IFN-γ and/or TNF-α, reaching peak frequencies around day 9 p.i., which were up to 30-fold higher in the lung than in tracheobronchial lymph nodes or blood. At 6 weeks p.i., CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory T cells had accumulated in lung tissue. These cells showed diverse cytokine profiles and in vitro reactivity against heterologous influenza virus strains, all of which supports their potential to combat heterologous influenza virus infections in pigs. IMPORTANCE Pigs not only are a suitable large-animal model for human influenza virus infection and vaccine development but also play a central role in the emergence of new pandemic strains. Although promising candidate universal vaccines are tested in pigs and local T cells are the major correlate of heterologous control, detailed and targeted analyses of T-cell responses at the site of infection are scarce. With the present study, we provide the first detailed characterization of magnitude, kinetics, and phenotype of specific T cells recruited to the lungs of influenza virus-infected pigs, and we could demonstrate multifunctionality, cross-reactivity, and memory formation of these cells. This, and ensuing work in the pig, will strengthen the position of this species as a large-animal model for human influenza virus infection and will immediately benefit vaccine development for improved control of influenza virus infections in pigs.
Collapse
|
53
|
Arnold N, Girke T, Sureshchandra S, Nguyen C, Rais M, Messaoudi I. Genomic and functional analysis of the host response to acute simian varicella infection in the lung. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34164. [PMID: 27677639 PMCID: PMC5039758 DOI: 10.1038/srep34164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) is the causative agent of varicella and herpes zoster. Although it is well established that VZV is transmitted via the respiratory route, the host-pathogen interactions during acute VZV infection in the lungs remain poorly understood due to limited access to clinical samples. To address these gaps in our knowledge, we leveraged a nonhuman primate model of VZV infection where rhesus macaques are intrabronchially challenged with the closely related Simian Varicella Virus (SVV). Acute infection is characterized by immune infiltration of the lung airways, a significant up-regulation of genes involved in antiviral-immunity, and a down-regulation of genes involved in lung development. This is followed by a decrease in viral loads and increased expression of genes associated with cell cycle and tissue repair. These data provide the first characterization of the host response required to control varicella virus replication in the lung and provide insight into mechanisms by which VZV infection can cause lung injury in an immune competent host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Arnold
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, University of California-Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Girke
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Suhas Sureshchandra
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California-Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Christina Nguyen
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Maham Rais
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, University of California-Riverside, CA, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California-Riverside, CA, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Long-term adaptation of the influenza A virus by escaping cytotoxic T-cell recognition. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33334. [PMID: 27629812 PMCID: PMC5024124 DOI: 10.1038/srep33334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary adaptation of the influenza A virus (IAV) to human antibodies is well characterised. Much less is known about the long-term evolution of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, which are important antigens for clearance of infection. We construct an antigenic map of IAVs of all human subtypes using a compendium of 142 confirmed CTL epitopes, and show that IAV evolved gradually in the period 1932–2015, with infrequent antigenic jumps in the H3N2 subtype. Intriguingly, the number of CTL epitopes per virus decreases with more than one epitope per three years in the H3N2 subtype (from 84 epitopes per virus in 1968 to 64 in 2015), mostly attributed to the loss of HLA-B epitopes. We confirm these observations with epitope predictions. Our findings indicate that selection pressures imposed by CTL immunity shape the long-term evolution of IAV.
Collapse
|
55
|
Uchtenhagen H, Rims C, Blahnik G, Chow IT, Kwok WW, Buckner JH, James EA. Efficient ex vivo analysis of CD4+ T-cell responses using combinatorial HLA class II tetramer staining. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12614. [PMID: 27571776 PMCID: PMC5013714 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
MHC tetramers are an essential tool for characterizing antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. However, their ex vivo analysis is limited by the large sample requirements. Here we demonstrate a combinatorial staining approach that allows simultaneous characterization of multiple specificities to address this challenge. As proof of principle, we analyse CD4+ T-cell responses to the seasonal influenza vaccine, establishing a frequency hierarchy and examining differences in memory and activation status, lineage commitment and cytokine expression. We also observe cross-reactivity between an established epitope and recent variant and provide a means for probing T-cell receptor cross-reactivity. Using cord blood samples, we correlate the adult frequency hierarchy with the naive precursor frequencies. Last, we use our combinatorial staining approach to demonstrate that rheumatoid arthritis patients on therapy can mount effective responses to influenza vaccination. Together, these results demonstrate the utility of combinatorial tetramer staining and suggest that this approach may have broad applicability in human health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Uchtenhagen
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Translational Research Program, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cliff Rims
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Translational Research Program, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Gabriele Blahnik
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Diabetes Program, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - I-Ting Chow
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Diabetes Program, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - William W. Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Diabetes Program, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Jane H. Buckner
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Translational Research Program, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| | - Eddie A. James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Diabetes Program and Tetramer Core Laboratory, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Marriott AC, Dennis M, Kane JA, Gooch KE, Hatch G, Sharpe S, Prevosto C, Leeming G, Zekeng EG, Staples KJ, Hall G, Ryan KA, Bate S, Moyo N, Whittaker CJ, Hallis B, Silman NJ, Lalvani A, Wilkinson TM, Hiscox JA, Stewart JP, Carroll MW. Influenza A Virus Challenge Models in Cynomolgus Macaques Using the Authentic Inhaled Aerosol and Intra-Nasal Routes of Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157887. [PMID: 27311020 PMCID: PMC4911124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates are the animals closest to humans for use in influenza A virus challenge studies, in terms of their phylogenetic relatedness, physiology and immune systems. Previous studies have shown that cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are permissive for infection with H1N1pdm influenza virus. These studies have typically used combined challenge routes, with the majority being intra-tracheal delivery, and high doses of virus (> 107 infectious units). This paper describes the outcome of novel challenge routes (inhaled aerosol, intra-nasal instillation) and low to moderate doses (103 to 106 plaque forming units) of H1N1pdm virus in cynomolgus macaques. Evidence of virus replication and sero-conversion were detected in all four challenge groups, although the disease was sub-clinical. Intra-nasal challenge led to an infection confined to the nasal cavity. A low dose (103 plaque forming units) did not lead to detectable infectious virus shedding, but a 1000-fold higher dose led to virus shedding in all intra-nasal challenged animals. In contrast, aerosol and intra-tracheal challenge routes led to infections throughout the respiratory tract, although shedding from the nasal cavity was less reproducible between animals compared to the high-dose intra-nasal challenge group. Intra-tracheal and aerosol challenges induced a transient lymphopaenia, similar to that observed in influenza-infected humans, and greater virus-specific cellular immune responses in the blood were observed in these groups in comparison to the intra-nasal challenge groups. Activation of lung macrophages and innate immune response genes was detected at days 5 to 7 post-challenge. The kinetics of infection, both virological and immunological, were broadly in line with human influenza A virus infections. These more authentic infection models will be valuable in the determination of anti-influenza efficacy of novel entities against less severe (and thus more common) influenza infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C. Marriott
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mike Dennis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A. Kane
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E. Gooch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Hatch
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Sharpe
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Prevosto
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Leeming
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elsa-Gayle Zekeng
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J. Staples
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Hall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn A. Ryan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Bate
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nathifa Moyo
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J. Whittaker
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Bassam Hallis
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J. Silman
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ajit Lalvani
- Department of Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom M. Wilkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Julian A. Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - James P. Stewart
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Sridhar S. Heterosubtypic T-Cell Immunity to Influenza in Humans: Challenges for Universal T-Cell Influenza Vaccines. Front Immunol 2016; 7:195. [PMID: 27242800 PMCID: PMC4871858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) remains a significant global health issue causing annual epidemics, pandemics, and sporadic human infections with highly pathogenic avian or swine influenza viruses. Current inactivated and live vaccines are the mainstay of the public health response to influenza, although vaccine efficacy is lower against antigenically distinct viral strains. The first pandemic of the twenty-first century underlined the urgent need to develop new vaccines capable of protecting against a broad range of influenza strains. Such “universal” influenza vaccines are based on the idea of heterosubtypic immunity, wherein immune responses to epitopes conserved across IAV strains can confer protection against subsequent infection and disease. T-cells recognizing conserved antigens are a key contributor in reducing viral load and limiting disease severity during heterosubtypic infection in animal models. Recent studies undertaken during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic provided key insights into the role of cross-reactive T-cells in mediating heterosubtypic protection in humans. This review focuses on human influenza to discuss the epidemiological observations that underpin cross-protective immunity, the role of T-cells as key players in mediating heterosubtypic immunity including recent data from natural history cohort studies and the ongoing clinical development of T-cell-inducing universal influenza vaccines. The challenges and knowledge gaps for developing vaccines to generate long-lived protective T-cell responses is discussed.
Collapse
|
58
|
Zarnitsyna VI, Handel A, McMaster SR, Hayward SL, Kohlmeier JE, Antia R. Mathematical Model Reveals the Role of Memory CD8 T Cell Populations in Recall Responses to Influenza. Front Immunol 2016; 7:165. [PMID: 27242779 PMCID: PMC4861172 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The current influenza vaccine provides narrow protection against the strains included in the vaccine, and needs to be reformulated every few years in response to the constantly evolving new strains. Novel approaches are directed toward developing vaccines that provide broader protection by targeting B and T cell epitopes that are conserved between different strains of the virus. In this paper, we focus on developing mathematical models to explore the CD8 T cell responses to influenza, how they can be boosted, and the conditions under which they contribute to protection. Our models suggest that the interplay between spatial heterogeneity (with the virus infecting the respiratory tract and the immune response being generated in the secondary lymphoid organs) and T cell differentiation (with proliferation occurring in the lymphoid organs giving rise to a subpopulation of resident T cells in the respiratory tract) is the key to understand the dynamics of protection afforded by the CD8 T cell response to influenza. Our results suggest that the time lag for the generation of resident T cells in the respiratory tract and their rate of decay following infection are the key factors that limit the efficacy of CD8 T cell responses. The models predict that an increase in the level of central memory T cells leads to a gradual decrease in the viral load, and, in contrast, there is a sharper protection threshold for the relationship between the size of the population of resident T cells and protection. The models also suggest that repeated natural influenza infections cause the number of central memory CD8 T cells and the peak number of resident memory CD8 T cells to reach their plateaus, and while the former is maintained, the latter decays with time since the most recent infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika I Zarnitsyna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Andreas Handel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens, GA , USA
| | - Sean R McMaster
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Sarah L Hayward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Jacob E Kohlmeier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA , USA
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA , USA
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Universal influenza vaccines: a realistic option? Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22 Suppl 5:S120-S124. [PMID: 27130671 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The extensive antigenic drift displayed by seasonal influenza viruses and the risk of pandemics caused by newly emerging antigenically distinct influenza A viruses of novel subtypes has raised considerable interest in the development of so-called universal influenza vaccines. We review options for the development of universal flu vaccines and discuss progress that has been made recently.
Collapse
|
60
|
Schotsaert M, Ysenbaert T, Smet A, Schepens B, Vanderschaeghe D, Stegalkina S, Vogel TU, Callewaert N, Fiers W, Saelens X. Long-Lasting Cross-Protection Against Influenza A by Neuraminidase and M2e-based immunization strategies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24402. [PMID: 27072615 PMCID: PMC4829898 DOI: 10.1038/srep24402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence that in the absence of neutralizing antibodies cross-reactive T cells provide protection against pandemic influenza viruses. Here, we compared protection and CD8+ T cell responses following challenge with H1N1 2009 pandemic and H3N2 viruses of mice that had been immunized with hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and the extracellular domain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) fused to a virus-like particle (VLP). Mice were challenged a first time with a sublethal dose of H1N1 2009 pandemic virus and, four weeks later, challenged again with an H3N2 virus. Mice that had been vaccinated with HA, NA, NA + M2e-VLP and HA + NA + M2e-VLP were protected against homologous H1N1 virus challenge. Challenged NA and NA + M2e-VLP vaccinated mice mounted CD8+ T cell responses that correlated with protection against secondary H3N2 challenge. HA-vaccinated mice were fully protected against challenge with homologous H1N1 2009 virus, failed to mount cross-reactive CD8+ T cells and succumbed to the second challenge with heterologous H3N2 virus. In summary, NA- and M2e-based immunity can protect against challenge with (homologous) virus without compromising the induction of robust cross-reactive CD8+ T cell responses upon exposure to virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schotsaert
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Tine Ysenbaert
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Anouk Smet
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Bert Schepens
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Dieter Vanderschaeghe
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | | | - Thorsten U Vogel
- Sanofi Pasteur, Research North America, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nico Callewaert
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Walter Fiers
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Xiang K, Ying G, Yan Z, Shanshan Y, Lei Z, Hongjun L, Maosheng S. Progress on adenovirus-vectored universal influenza vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1209-22. [PMID: 25876176 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1016674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus (IFV) infection causes serious health problems and heavy financial burdens each year worldwide. The classical inactivated influenza virus vaccine (IIVV) and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) must be updated regularly to match the new strains that evolve due to antigenic drift and antigenic shift. However, with the discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies that recognize conserved antigens, and the CD8(+) T cell responses targeting viral internal proteins nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein 1 (M1) and polymerase basic 1 (PB1), it is possible to develop a universal influenza vaccine based on the conserved hemagglutinin (HA) stem, NP, and matrix proteins. Recombinant adenovirus (rAd) is an ideal influenza vaccine vector because it has an ideal stability and safety profile, induces balanced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses due to activation of innate immunity, provides 'self-adjuvanting' activity, can mimic natural IFV infection, and confers seamless protection against mucosal pathogens. Moreover, this vector can be developed as a low-cost, rapid-response vaccine that can be quickly manufactured. Therefore, an adenovirus vector encoding conserved influenza antigens holds promise in the development of a universal influenza vaccine. This review will summarize the progress in adenovirus-vectored universal flu vaccines and discuss future novel approaches.
Collapse
Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- Ad: adenovirus
- CAR, Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- DC, lung dendritic cells
- DVD, drug–vaccine duo
- FcγRs, Fc receptors for IgG
- HA, hemagglutinin
- HDAd, helper-dependent adenoviral
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney 293 cell
- HI, hemagglutination inhibition
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IF-γ, interferon-γ
- IFV, Influenza virus
- IIVV, inactivated influenza virus vaccine
- IL-2, interleukin-2
- ITRs, inverted terminal repeats
- LAIV, live attenuated influenza vaccine
- M1, matrix protein 1
- M2, matrix protein 2
- MHC-I, major histocompatibility complex class I
- NA, neuraminidase
- NP, nucleoprotein
- RCA, replication competent adenovirus
- VAERD, vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease
- adenovirus vector
- broadly neutralizing antibodies
- cellular immunity
- flu, influenza
- hemagglutinin
- humoral immunity
- influenza
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
- mucosal immunity
- rAd, recombinant adenovirus
- universal vaccine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xiang
- a Department of Molecular Biology; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College ; Kunming , Yunnan , PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Duan S, Thomas PG. Balancing Immune Protection and Immune Pathology by CD8(+) T-Cell Responses to Influenza Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:25. [PMID: 26904022 PMCID: PMC4742794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a significant human pathogen causing annual epidemics and periodic pandemics. CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immunity contributes to the clearance of virus-infected cells, and CTL immunity targeting the conserved internal proteins of IAVs is a key protection mechanism when neutralizing antibodies are absent during heterosubtypic IAV infection. However, CTL infiltration into the airways, its cytotoxicity, and the effects of produced proinflammatory cytokines can cause severe lung tissue injury, thereby contributing to immunopathology. Studies have discovered complicated and exquisite stimulatory and inhibitory mechanisms that regulate CTL magnitude and effector activities during IAV infection. Here, we review the state of knowledge on the roles of IAV-specific CTLs in immune protection and immunopathology during IAV infection in animal models, highlighting the key findings of various requirements and constraints regulating the balance of immune protection and pathology involved in CTL immunity. We also discuss the evidence of cross-reactive CTL immunity as a positive correlate of cross-subtype protection during secondary IAV infection in both animal and human studies. We argue that the effects of CTL immunity on protection and immunopathology depend on multiple layers of host and viral factors, including complex host mechanisms to regulate CTL magnitude and effector activity, the pathogenic nature of the IAV, the innate response milieu, and the host historical immune context of influenza infection. Future efforts are needed to further understand these key host and viral factors, especially to differentiate those that constrain optimally effective CTL antiviral immunity from those necessary to restrain CTL-mediated non-specific immunopathology in the various contexts of IAV infection, in order to develop better vaccination and therapeutic strategies for modifying protective CTL immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susu Duan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN , USA
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Savic M, Dembinski JL, Kim Y, Tunheim G, Cox RJ, Oftung F, Peters B, Mjaaland S. Epitope specific T-cell responses against influenza A in a healthy population. Immunology 2015; 147:165-77. [PMID: 26489873 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing human CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell-mediated immunity may be a useful correlate of protection against severe influenza disease. Identification and evaluation of common epitopes recognized by T cells with broad cross-reactivity is therefore important to guide universal influenza vaccine development, and to monitor immunological preparedness against pandemics. We have retrieved an optimal combination of MHC class I and class II restricted epitopes from the Immune Epitope Database (www.iedb.org), by defining a fitness score function depending on prevalence, sequence conservancy and HLA super-type coverage. Optimized libraries of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell epitopes were selected from influenza antigens commonly present in seasonal and pandemic influenza strains from 1934 to 2009. These epitope pools were used to characterize human T-cell responses in healthy donors using interferon-γ ELISPOT assays. Upon stimulation, significant CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses were induced, primarily recognizing epitopes from the conserved viral core proteins. Furthermore, the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were phenotypically characterized regarding functionality, cytotoxic potential and memory phenotype using flow cytometry. Optimized sets of T-cell peptide epitopes may be a useful tool to monitor the efficacy of clinical trials, the immune status of a population to predict immunological preparedness against pandemics, as well as being candidates for universal influenza vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miloje Savic
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jennifer L Dembinski
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yohan Kim
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gro Tunheim
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Fredrik Oftung
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Siri Mjaaland
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Correlation between Virus Replication and Antibody Responses in Macaques following Infection with Pandemic Influenza A Virus. J Virol 2015; 90:1023-33. [PMID: 26537681 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02757-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza virus infection of nonhuman primates is a well-established animal model for studying pathogenesis and for evaluating prophylactic and therapeutic intervention strategies. However, usually a standard dose is used for the infection, and there is no information on the relation between challenge dose and virus replication or the induction of immune responses. Such information is also very scarce for humans and largely confined to evaluation of attenuated virus strains. Here, we have compared the effect of a commonly used dose (4 × 10(6) 50% tissue culture infective doses) versus a 100-fold-higher dose, administered by intrabronchial installation, to two groups of 6 cynomolgus macaques. Animals infected with the high virus dose showed more fever and had higher peak levels of gamma interferon in the blood. However, virus replication in the trachea was not significantly different between the groups, although in 2 out of 6 animals from the high-dose group it was present at higher levels and for a longer duration. The virus-specific antibody response was not significantly different between the groups. However, antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, virus neutralization, and hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers correlated with cumulative virus production in the trachea. In conclusion, using influenza virus infection in cynomolgus macaques as a model, we demonstrated a relationship between the level of virus production upon infection and induction of functional antibody responses against the virus. IMPORTANCE There is only very limited information on the effect of virus inoculation dose on the level of virus production and the induction of adaptive immune responses in humans or nonhuman primates. We found only a marginal and variable effect of virus dose on virus production in the trachea but a significant effect on body temperature. The induction of functional antibody responses, including virus neutralization titer, hemagglutination inhibition titer, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, correlated with the level of virus replication measured in the trachea. The study reveals a relationship between virus production and functional antibody formation, which could be relevant in defining appropriate criteria for new influenza virus vaccine candidates.
Collapse
|
65
|
Pichyangkul S, Yongvanitchit K, Limsalakpetch A, Kum-Arb U, Im-Erbsin R, Boonnak K, Thitithayanont A, Jongkaewwattana A, Wiboon-ut S, Mongkolsirichaikul D, Mahanonda R, Spring M, Chuang I, Mason CJ, Saunders DL. Tissue Distribution of Memory T and B Cells in Rhesus Monkeys following Influenza A Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4378-86. [PMID: 26408671 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies of influenza-specific immune responses in humans have largely assessed systemic responses involving serum Ab and peripheral blood T cell responses. However, recent evidence indicates that tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells play an important role in local murine intrapulmonary immunity. Rhesus monkeys were pulmonary exposed to 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus at days 0 and 28 and immune responses in different tissue compartments were measured. All animals were asymptomatic postinfection. Although only minimal memory immune responses were detected in peripheral blood, a high frequency of influenza nucleoprotein-specific memory T cells was detected in the lung at the "contraction phase," 49-58 d after second virus inoculation. A substantial proportion of lung nucleoprotein-specific memory CD8(+) T cells expressed CD103 and CD69, phenotypic markers of TRM cells. Lung CD103(+) and CD103(-) memory CD8(+) T cells expressed similar levels of IFN-γ and IL-2. Unlike memory T cells, spontaneous Ab secreting cells and memory B cells specific to influenza hemagglutinin were primarily observed in the mediastinal lymph nodes. Little difference in systemic and local immune responses against influenza was observed between young adult (6-8 y) and old animals (18-28 y). Using a nonhuman primate model, we revealed substantial induction of local T and B cell responses following 2009 pandemic H1N1 infection. Our study identified a subset of influenza-specific lung memory T cells characterized as TRM cells in rhesus monkeys. The rhesus monkey model may be useful to explore the role of TRM cells in local tissue protective immunity after rechallenge and vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sathit Pichyangkul
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand;
| | - Kosol Yongvanitchit
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Utaiwan Kum-Arb
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Im-Erbsin
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kobporn Boonnak
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Arunee Thitithayanont
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Anan Jongkaewwattana
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; and
| | - Suwimon Wiboon-ut
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | - Michele Spring
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Ilin Chuang
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Carl J Mason
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - David L Saunders
- Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Baranowska M, Hauge AG, Hoornaert C, Bogen B, Grødeland G. Targeting of nucleoprotein to chemokine receptors by DNA vaccination results in increased CD8(+)-mediated cross protection against influenza. Vaccine 2015; 33:6988-96. [PMID: 26387432 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is at present the most efficient way of preventing influenza infections. Currently used inactivated influenza vaccines can induce virus-neutralizing antibodies that are protective against a particular influenza strain, but hamper the induction of cross-protective T-cell responses to later infections. Thus, influenza vaccines need to be updated annually in order to confer protection against circulating influenza strains. This study aims at developing an efficient vaccine that can induce broader protection against influenza. For this purpose, we have used the highly conserved nucleoprotein (NP) from an influenza A virus subtype H7N7 strain, and inserted it into a vaccine format that targets an antigen directly to relevant antigen presenting cells (APCs). The vaccine format consists of bivalent antigenic and targeting units, linked via an Ig-based dimerization unit. In this study, NP was linked to MIP-1α, a chemokine that targets the linked antigen to chemokine receptors 1, 3 and 5 expressed on various APCs. The vaccine protein was indirectly delivered by DNA. Mice were vaccinated intradermally with plasmids, in combination with electroporation to enhance cellular uptake of DNA. We found that a single DNA vaccination was sufficient for induction of both antibody and T cell responses in BALB/c mice. Targeting of nucleoprotein to chemokine receptors enhanced T cell responses but not antibody responses. Moreover, a single dose of MIP1α-NP conferred protection in BALB/c mice against a lethal challenge with an H1N1 influenza virus. The observed cross-protection was mediated by CD8(+) T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Baranowska
- K.G Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna G Hauge
- Department of Laboratory Services, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway; Division of Infectious Disease Control, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chloé Hoornaert
- K.G Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- K.G Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnveig Grødeland
- K.G Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
van de Sandt CE, Bodewes R, Rimmelzwaan GF, de Vries RD. Influenza B viruses: not to be discounted. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1447-65. [PMID: 26357957 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to influenza A viruses, which have been investigated extensively, influenza B viruses have attracted relatively little attention. However, influenza B viruses are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the human population and full understanding of their biological and epidemiological properties is imperative to better control this important pathogen. However, some of its characteristics are still elusive and warrant investigation. Here, we review evolution, epidemiology, pathogenesis and immunity and identify gaps in our knowledge of influenza B viruses. The divergence of two antigenically distinct influenza B viruses is highlighted. The co-circulation of viruses of these two lineages necessitated the development of quadrivalent influenza vaccines, which is discussed in addition to possibilities to develop universal vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Bodewes
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam Science Tower, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Heterosubtypic immunity to H7N9 influenza virus in isogenic guinea pigs after infection with pandemic H1N1 virus. Vaccine 2015; 33:6977-82. [PMID: 26319067 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterosubtypic immunity is defined as immune-mediated (partial) protection against an influenza virus induced by an influenza virus of another subtype to which the host has not previously been exposed. This cross-protective effect has not yet been demonstrated to the newly emerging avian influenza A viruses of the H7N9 subtype. Here, we assessed the induction of protective immunity to these viruses by infection with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in a newly developed guinea pig model. To this end, ten female 12-16 week old strain 2 guinea pigs were inoculated intratracheally with either A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus or PBS (unprimed controls) followed 4 weeks later with an A/H7N9 influenza virus challenge. Nasal swabs were taken daily and animals from both groups were sacrificed on days 2 and 7 post inoculation (p.i.) with A/H7N9 virus and full necropsies were performed. Nasal virus excretion persisted until day 7 in unprimed control animals, whereas only two out of seven H1N1pdm09-primed animals excreted virus via the nose. Infectious virus was recovered from nasal turbinates, trachea and lung of all animals at day 2 p.i., but titers were lower for H1N1pdm09-primed animals, especially in the nasal turbinates. By day 7 p.i., relatively high virus titers were found in the nasal turbinates of all unprimed control animals but infectious virus was isolated from the nose of only one of four H1N1pdm09-primed animals. Animals of both groups developed inflammation of variable severity in the entire respiratory tract. Viral antigen positive cells were demonstrated in the nasal epithelium of both groups at day 2. The bronchi(oli) and alveoli of unprimed animals showed a moderate to strong positive signal at day 2, whereas H1N1pdm09-primed animals showed only minimal positivity. By day 7, only viral antigen positive cells were found after H7N9 virus infection in the nasal turbinates and the lungs of unprimed controls. Thus infection with H1N1pdm09 virus induced partially protective heterosubtypic immunity to H7N9 virus in (isogenic) guinea pigs that could not be attributed to cross-reactive virus neutralizing antibodies.
Collapse
|
69
|
Grødeland G, Fossum E, Bogen B. Polarizing T and B Cell Responses by APC-Targeted Subunit Vaccines. Front Immunol 2015; 6:367. [PMID: 26257735 PMCID: PMC4507452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines mostly aim at the induction of specific neutralizing antibodies. While antibodies are important for protection against a particular virus strain, T cells can recognize epitopes that will offer broader protection against influenza. We have previously developed a DNA vaccine format by which protein antigens can be targeted specifically to receptors on antigen presenting cells (APCs). The DNA-encoded vaccine proteins are homodimers, each chain consisting of a targeting unit, a dimerization unit, and an antigen. The strategy of targeting antigen to APCs greatly enhances immune responses as compared to non-targeted controls. Furthermore, targeting of antigen to different receptors on APCs can polarize the immune response to different arms of immunity. Here, we discuss how targeting of hemagglutinin to MHC class II molecules increases Th2 and IgG1 antibody responses, whereas targeting to chemokine receptors XCR1 or CCR1/3/5 increases Th1 and IgG2a responses, in addition to CD8(+) T cell responses. We also discuss these results in relation to work published by others on APC-targeting. Differential targeting of APC surface molecules may allow the induction of tailor-made phenotypes of adaptive immune responses that are optimal for protection against various infectious agents, including influenza virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gunnveig Grødeland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research (JIV), Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Even Fossum
- Department of Clinical Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research (JIV), Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research (JIV), Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Wheatley AK, Kent SJ. Prospects for antibody-based universal influenza vaccines in the context of widespread pre-existing immunity. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1227-39. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1068125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kenneth Wheatley
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- 2 The University of Melbourne, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen John Kent
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- 2 The University of Melbourne, ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- 3 Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Talker SC, Koinig HC, Stadler M, Graage R, Klingler E, Ladinig A, Mair KH, Hammer SE, Weissenböck H, Dürrwald R, Ritzmann M, Saalmüller A, Gerner W. Magnitude and kinetics of multifunctional CD4+ and CD8β+ T cells in pigs infected with swine influenza A virus. Vet Res 2015; 46:52. [PMID: 25971313 PMCID: PMC4429459 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0182-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although swine are natural hosts for influenza A viruses, the porcine T-cell response to swine influenza A virus (FLUAVsw) infection has been poorly characterized so far. We have studied Ki-67 expression and FLUAVsw-specific production of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 in CD4+ and CD8β+ T cells isolated from piglets that had been intratracheally infected with a H1N2 FLUAVsw isolate. IFN-γ+TNF-α+IL-2+ multifunctional CD4+ T cells were present in the blood of all infected animals at one or two weeks after primary infection and their frequency increased in four out of six animals after homologous secondary infection. These cells produced higher amounts of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2 than did CD4+ T cells that only produced a single cytokine. The vast majority of cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells expressed CD8α, a marker associated with activation and memory formation in porcine CD4+ T cells. Analysis of CD27 expression suggested that FLUAVsw-specific CD4+ T cells included both central memory and effector memory populations. Three out of six animals showed a strong increase of Ki-67+perforin+ CD8β+ T cells in blood one week post infection. Blood-derived FLUAVsw-specific CD8β+ T cells could be identified after an in vitro expansion phase and were multifunctional in terms of CD107a expression and co-production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. These data show that multifunctional T cells are generated in response to FLUAVsw infection of pigs, supporting the idea that T cells contribute to the efficient control of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Talker
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hanna C Koinig
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. .,University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Robert Graage
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. .,Present address: Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Eva Klingler
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Kerstin H Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sabine E Hammer
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ralf Dürrwald
- Viral Vaccines, Business Unit Animal Health, IDT Biologika GmbH, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany.
| | - Mathias Ritzmann
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria. .,Present address: Clinic for Swine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Mooij P, Koopman G, Mortier D, van Heteren M, Oostermeijer H, Fagrouch Z, de Laat R, Kobinger G, Li Y, Remarque EJ, Kondova I, Verschoor EJ, Bogers WMJM. Pandemic Swine-Origin H1N1 Influenza Virus Replicates to Higher Levels and Induces More Fever and Acute Inflammatory Cytokines in Cynomolgus versus Rhesus Monkeys and Can Replicate in Common Marmosets. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126132. [PMID: 25946071 PMCID: PMC4422689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The close immunological and physiological resemblance with humans makes non-human primates a valuable model for studying influenza virus pathogenesis and immunity and vaccine efficacy against infection. Although both cynomolgus and rhesus macaques are frequently used in influenza virus research, a direct comparison of susceptibility to infection and disease has not yet been performed. In the current study a head-to-head comparison was made between these species, by using a recently described swine-origin pandemic H1N1 strain, A/Mexico/InDRE4487/2009. In comparison to rhesus macaques, cynomolgus macaques developed significantly higher levels of virus replication in the upper airways and in the lungs, involving both peak level and duration of virus production, as well as higher increases in body temperature. In contrast, clinical symptoms, including respiratory distress, were more easily observed in rhesus macaques. Expression of sialyl-α-2,6-Gal saccharides, the main receptor for human influenza A viruses, was 50 to 73 times more abundant in trachea and bronchus of cynomolgus macaques relative to rhesus macaques. The study also shows that common marmosets, a New World non-human primate species, are susceptible to infection with pandemic H1N1. The study results favor the cynomolgus macaque as model for pandemic H1N1 influenza virus research because of the more uniform and high levels of virus replication, as well as temperature increases, which may be due to a more abundant expression of the main human influenza virus receptor in the trachea and bronchi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlla Mortier
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie van Heteren
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Oostermeijer
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Rudy de Laat
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Gary Kobinger
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yan Li
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Edmond J Remarque
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ivanela Kondova
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Willy M J M Bogers
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Sridhar S, Brokstad KA, Cox RJ. Influenza Vaccination Strategies: Comparing Inactivated and Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:373-89. [PMID: 26343192 PMCID: PMC4494344 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a major respiratory pathogen causing annual outbreaks and occasional pandemics. Influenza vaccination is the major method of prophylaxis. Currently annual influenza vaccination is recommended for groups at high risk of complications from influenza infection such as pregnant women, young children, people with underlying disease and the elderly, along with occupational groups such a healthcare workers and farm workers. There are two main types of vaccines available: the parenteral inactivated influenza vaccine and the intranasal live attenuated influenza vaccine. The inactivated vaccines are licensed from 6 months of age and have been used for more than 50 years with a good safety profile. Inactivated vaccines are standardized according to the presence of the viral major surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin and protection is mediated by the induction of vaccine strain specific antibody responses. In contrast, the live attenuated vaccines are licensed in Europe for children from 2-17 years of age and provide a multifaceted immune response with local and systemic antibody and T cell responses but with no clear correlate of protection. Here we discuss the immunological immune responses elicited by the two vaccines and discuss future work to better define correlates of protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl A Brokstad
- Broeglemann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Research and Development, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
- Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
van de Sandt CE, Dou Y, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, Westgeest KB, Pronk MR, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Hillaire MLB. Influenza B virus-specific CD8+ T-lymphocytes strongly cross-react with viruses of the opposing influenza B lineage. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2061-2073. [PMID: 25900135 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza B viruses fall in two antigenically distinct lineages (B/Victoria/2/1987 and B/Yamagata/16/1988 lineage) that co-circulate with influenza A viruses of the H3N2 and H1N1 subtypes during seasonal epidemics. Infections with influenza B viruses contribute considerably to morbidity and mortality in the human population. Influenza B virus neutralizing antibodies, elicited by natural infections or vaccination, poorly cross-react with viruses of the opposing influenza B lineage. Therefore, there is an increased interest in identifying other correlates of protection which could aid the development of broadly protective vaccines. blast analysis revealed high sequence identity of all viral proteins. With two online epitope prediction algorithms, putative conserved epitopes relevant for study subjects used in the present study were predicted. The cross-reactivity of influenza B virus-specific polyclonal CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) populations obtained from HLA-typed healthy study subjects, with intra-lineage drift variants and viruses of the opposing lineage, was determined by assessing their in vitro IFN-γ response and lytic activity. Here, we show for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, that CTLs directed to viruses of the B/Victoria/2/1987 lineage cross-react with viruses of the B/Yamagata/16/1988 lineage and vice versa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - YingYing Dou
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kim B Westgeest
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark R Pronk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Measuring Cellular Immunity to Influenza: Methods of Detection, Applications and Challenges. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:293-319. [PMID: 26343189 PMCID: PMC4494351 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus is a respiratory pathogen which causes both seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics; infection continues to be a significant cause of mortality worldwide. Current influenza vaccines principally stimulate humoral immune responses that are largely directed towards the variant surface antigens of influenza. Vaccination can result in an effective, albeit strain-specific antibody response and there is a need for vaccines that can provide superior, long-lasting immunity to influenza. Vaccination approaches targeting conserved viral antigens have the potential to provide broadly cross-reactive, heterosubtypic immunity to diverse influenza viruses. However, the field lacks consensus on the correlates of protection for cellular immunity in reducing severe influenza infection, transmission or disease outcome. Furthermore, unlike serological methods such as the standardized haemagglutination inhibition assay, there remains a large degree of variation in both the types of assays and method of reporting cellular outputs. T-cell directed immunity has long been known to play a role in ameliorating the severity and/or duration of influenza infection, but the precise phenotype, magnitude and longevity of the requisite protective response is unclear. In order to progress the development of universal influenza vaccines, it is critical to standardize assays across sites to facilitate direct comparisons between clinical trials.
Collapse
|
76
|
Bolton KJ, McCaw JM, Brown L, Jackson D, Kedzierska K, McVernon J. Prior population immunity reduces the expected impact of CTL-inducing vaccines for pandemic influenza control. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120138. [PMID: 25811654 PMCID: PMC4374977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines that trigger an influenza-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response may aid pandemic control by limiting the transmission of novel influenza A viruses (IAV). We consider interventions with hypothetical CTL-inducing vaccines in a range of epidemiologically plausible pandemic scenarios. We estimate the achievable reduction in the attack rate, and, by adopting a model linking epidemic progression to the emergence of IAV variants, the opportunity for antigenic drift. We demonstrate that CTL-inducing vaccines have limited utility for modifying population-level outcomes if influenza-specific T cells found widely in adults already suppress transmission and prove difficult to enhance. Administration of CTL-inducing vaccines that are efficacious in "influenza-experienced" and "influenza-naive" hosts can likely slow transmission sufficiently to mitigate a moderate IAV pandemic. However if neutralising cross-reactive antibody to an emerging IAV are common in influenza-experienced hosts, as for the swine-variant H3N2v, boosting CTL immunity may be ineffective at reducing population spread, indicating that CTL-inducing vaccines are best used against novel subtypes such as H7N9. Unless vaccines cannot readily suppress transmission from infected hosts with naive T cell pools, targeting influenza-naive hosts is preferable. Such strategies are of enhanced benefit if naive hosts are typically intensively mixing children and when a subset of experienced hosts have pre-existing neutralising cross-reactive antibody. We show that CTL-inducing vaccination campaigns may have greater power to suppress antigenic drift than previously suggested, and targeting adults may be the optimal strategy to achieve this when the vaccination campaign does not have the power to curtail the attack rate. Our results highlight the need to design interventions based on pre-existing cellular immunity and knowledge of the host determinants of vaccine efficacy, and provide a framework for assessing the performance requirements of high-impact CTL-inducing vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty J. Bolton
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - James M. McCaw
- Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lorena Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jodie McVernon
- Vaccine and Immunisation Research Group, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
The use of nonhuman primates in research on seasonal, pandemic and avian influenza, 1893-2014. Antiviral Res 2015; 117:75-98. [PMID: 25746173 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to reproduce the features of human influenza in laboratory animals date from the early 1890s, when Richard Pfeiffer inoculated apes with bacteria recovered from influenza patients and produced a mild respiratory illness. Numerous studies employing nonhuman primates (NHPs) were performed during the 1918 pandemic and the following decade. Most used bacterial preparations to infect animals, but some sought a filterable agent for the disease. Since the viral etiology of influenza was established in the early 1930s, studies in NHPs have been supplemented by a much larger number of experiments in mice, ferrets and human volunteers. However, the emergence of a novel swine-origin H1N1 influenza virus in 1976 and the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in 1997 stimulated an increase in NHP research, because these agents are difficult to study in naturally infected patients and cannot be administered to human volunteers. In this paper, we review the published literature on the use of NHPs in influenza research from 1893 through the end of 2014. The first section summarizes observational studies of naturally occurring influenza-like syndromes in wild and captive primates, including serologic investigations. The second provides a chronological account of experimental infections of NHPs, beginning with Pfeiffer's study and covering all published research on seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses, including vaccine and antiviral drug testing. The third section reviews experimental infections of NHPs with avian influenza viruses that have caused disease in humans since 1997. The paper concludes with suggestions for further studies to more clearly define and optimize the role of NHPs as experimental animals for influenza research.
Collapse
|
78
|
Duan S, Meliopoulos VA, McClaren JL, Guo XZJ, Sanders CJ, Smallwood HS, Webby RJ, Schultz-Cherry SL, Doherty PC, Thomas PG. Diverse heterologous primary infections radically alter immunodominance hierarchies and clinical outcomes following H7N9 influenza challenge in mice. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004642. [PMID: 25668410 PMCID: PMC4335497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of a novel H7N9 influenza A virus (IAV) causing severe human infections in China raises concerns about a possible pandemic. The lack of pre-existing neutralizing antibodies in the broader population highlights the potential protective role of IAV-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) memory specific for epitopes conserved between H7N9 and previously encountered IAVs. In the present study, the heterosubtypic immunity generated by prior H9N2 or H1N1 infections significantly, but variably, reduced morbidity and mortality, pulmonary virus load and time to clearance in mice challenged with the H7N9 virus. In all cases, the recall of established CTL memory was characterized by earlier, greater airway infiltration of effectors targeting the conserved or cross-reactive H7N9 IAV peptides; though, depending on the priming IAV, each case was accompanied by distinct CTL epitope immunodominance hierarchies for the prominent KbPB1703, DbPA224, and DbNP366 epitopes. While the presence of conserved, variable, or cross-reactive epitopes between the priming H9N2 and H1N1 and the challenge H7N9 IAVs clearly influenced any change in the immunodominance hierarchy, the changing patterns were not tied solely to epitope conservation. Furthermore, the total size of the IAV-specific memory CTL pool after priming was a better predictor of favorable outcomes than the extent of epitope conservation or secondary CTL expansion. Modifying the size of the memory CTL pool significantly altered its subsequent protective efficacy on disease severity or virus clearance, confirming the important role of heterologous priming. These findings establish that both the protective efficacy of heterosubtypic immunity and CTL immunodominance hierarchies are reflective of the immunological history of the host, a finding that has implications for understanding human CTL responses and the rational design of CTL-mediated vaccines. The emergence of human infections with a novel strain of avian-origin H7N9 virus in China raises a pandemic concern. The introduction of a new subtype in humans makes people at all ages susceptible due to the lack of population-wide neutralizing antibodies. However, cross-subtype protection from existing host immunity might provide important protection that can limit severe disease. Our study found that previous infection with non-H7N9 subtype viruses such as H9N2 viruses or H1N1 viruses could provide protection against lethal H7N9 challenge to varying degrees in mice. The virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells generated by the previous infection but targeting conserved or related portions of the internal proteins (epitopes) of the H7N9 viruses were selectively expanded and recruited at very early time points after H7N9 challenge, contributing to protective efficacy. The magnitude of the priming virus-generated memory CD8+ T cells was the best predictor of the protective efficacy of the heterosubtypic immunity against subsequent H7N9 challenge in these animals, when compared to the magnitude of the challenge response or the degree of epitope conservation between the priming and challenge strains. These results demonstrate the complexity of cross-reactive CD8+ T cell dynamics and suggest that significant protective immunity can be present even when few epitopes are conserved during heterosubtypic influenza infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susu Duan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Victoria A. Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. McClaren
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Xi-Zhi J. Guo
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Catherine J. Sanders
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Heather S. Smallwood
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stacey L. Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Altenburg AF, Rimmelzwaan GF, de Vries RD. Virus-specific T cells as correlate of (cross-)protective immunity against influenza. Vaccine 2015; 33:500-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
80
|
Guo H, Baker SF, Martínez-Sobrido L, Topham DJ. Induction of CD8 T cell heterologous protection by a single dose of single-cycle infectious influenza virus. J Virol 2014; 88:12006-16. [PMID: 25100831 PMCID: PMC4178714 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01847-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effector functions of specific CD8 T cells are crucial in mediating influenza heterologous protection. However, new approaches for influenza vaccines that can trigger effective CD8 T cell responses have not been extensively explored. We report here the generation of single-cycle infectious influenza virus that lacks a functional hemagglutinin (HA) gene on an X31 genetic background and demonstrate its potential for triggering protective CD8 T cell immunity against heterologous influenza virus challenge. In vitro, X31-sciIV can infect MDCK cells, but infectious virions are not produced unless HA is transcomplemented. In vivo, intranasal immunization with X31-sciIV does not cause any clinical symptoms in mice but generates influenza-specific CD8 T cells in lymphoid (mediastinal lymph nodes and spleen) and nonlymphoid tissues, including lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, as measured by H2-Db NP366 and PA224 tetramer staining. In addition, a significant proportion of X31-sciIV-induced antigen-specific respiratory CD8 T cells expressed VLA-1, a marker that is associated with heterologous influenza protection. Further, these influenza-specific CD8 T cells produce antiviral cytokines when stimulated with NP366 and PA224 peptides, indicating that CD8 T cells triggered by X31-sciIV are functional. When challenged with a lethal dose of heterologous PR8 virus, X31-sciIV-primed mice were fully protected from death. However, when CD8 T cells were depleted after priming or before priming, mice could not effectively control virus replication or survive the lethal challenge, indicating that X31-sciIV-induced memory CD8 T cells mediate the heterologous protection. Thus, our results demonstrate the potential for sciIV as a CD8 T cell-inducing vaccine. Importance: One of the challenges for influenza prevention is the existence of multiple influenza virus subtypes and variants and the fact that new strains can emerge yearly. Numerous studies have indicated that the effector functions of specific CD8 T cells are crucial in mediating influenza heterologous protection. However, influenza vaccines that can trigger effective CD8 T cell responses for heterologous protection have not been developed. We report here the generation of an X31 (H3N2) virus-derived single-cycle infectious influenza virus, X31-sciIV. A one-dose immunization with X31-sciIV is capable of inducing functional influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells that can be recruited into respiratory tissues and provide protection against lethal heterologous challenge. Without these cells, protection against lethal challenge was essentially lost. Our data indicate that an influenza vaccine that primarily relies on CD8 T cells for protection could be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Guo
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Steven F Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David J Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Landry N, Pillet S, Favre D, Poulin JF, Trépanier S, Yassine-Diab B, Ward BJ. Influenza virus-like particle vaccines made in Nicotiana benthamiana elicit durable, poly-functional and cross-reactive T cell responses to influenza HA antigens. Clin Immunol 2014; 154:164-77. [PMID: 25128897 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity plays a major role in long-lived, cross-reactive protection against influenza virus. We measured long-term poly-functional and cross-reactive T cell responses to influenza hemagglutinin (HA) elicited by a new plant-made Virus-Like Particle (VLP) vaccine targeting either H1N1 A/California/7/09 (H1) or H5N1 A/Indonesia/5/05 (H5). In two independent clinical trials, we characterized the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell homotypic and heterotypic responses 6 months after different vaccination regimens. Responses of VLP-vaccinated subjects were compared with placebo and/or a commercial trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV:Fluzone™) recipients. Both H1 and H5 VLP vaccines elicited significantly greater poly-functional CD4(+) T cell responses than placebo and TIV. Poly-functional CD8(+) T cell responses were also observed after H1 VLP vaccination. Our results show that plant-made HA VLP vaccines elicit both strong antibody responses and poly-functional, cross-reactive memory T cells that persist for at least 6 months after vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Landry
- Medicago inc., 1020 Route de l'Église, Bureau 600, Québec, Qc G1V 3V9, Canada.
| | - Stéphane Pillet
- Medicago inc., 1020 Route de l'Église, Bureau 600, Québec, Qc G1V 3V9, Canada; Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Qc H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - David Favre
- ImmuneCarta, 201 President-Kennedy, Suite PK-3900, Montreal, Qc H2X 3Y7, Canada.
| | - Jean-François Poulin
- ImmuneCarta, 201 President-Kennedy, Suite PK-3900, Montreal, Qc H2X 3Y7, Canada.
| | - Sonia Trépanier
- Medicago inc., 1020 Route de l'Église, Bureau 600, Québec, Qc G1V 3V9, Canada.
| | - Bader Yassine-Diab
- ImmuneCarta, 201 President-Kennedy, Suite PK-3900, Montreal, Qc H2X 3Y7, Canada.
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Qc H3G 1A4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Jegaskanda S, Reading PC, Kent SJ. Influenza-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: toward a universal influenza vaccine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:469-75. [PMID: 24994909 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for universal influenza vaccines that can control emerging pandemic influenza virus threats without the need to generate new vaccines for each strain. Neutralizing Abs to the influenza virus hemagglutinin glycoprotein are effective at controlling influenza infection but generally target highly variable regions. Abs that can mediate other functions, such as killing influenza-infected cells and activating innate immune responses (termed "Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity [ADCC]-mediating Abs"), may assist in protective immunity to influenza. ADCC-mediating Abs can target more conserved regions of influenza virus proteins and recognize a broader array of influenza strains. We review recent research on influenza-specific ADCC Abs and their potential role in improved influenza-vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinthujan Jegaskanda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - Patrick C Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara encoding influenza virus hemagglutinin induces heterosubtypic immunity in macaques. J Virol 2014; 88:13418-28. [PMID: 25210172 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01219-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Current influenza virus vaccines primarily aim to induce neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a safe and well-characterized vector for inducing both antibody and cellular immunity. We evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of MVA encoding influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and/or nucleoprotein (NP) in cynomolgus macaques. Animals were given 2 doses of MVA-based vaccines 4 weeks apart and were challenged with a 2009 pandemic H1N1 isolate (H1N1pdm) 8 weeks after the last vaccination. MVA-based vaccines encoding HA induced potent serum antibody responses against homologous H1 or H5 HAs but did not stimulate strong T cell responses prior to challenge. However, animals that received MVA encoding influenza virus HA and/or NP had high frequencies of virus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses within the first 7 days of H1N1pdm infection, while animals vaccinated with MVA encoding irrelevant antigens did not. We detected little or no H1N1pdm replication in animals that received vaccines encoding H1 (homologous) HA, while a vaccine encoding NP from an H5N1 isolate afforded no protection. Surprisingly, H1N1pdm viral shedding was reduced in animals vaccinated with MVA encoding HA and NP from an H5N1 isolate. This reduced shedding was associated with cross-reactive antibodies capable of mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) effector functions. Our results suggest that ADCC plays a role in cross-protective immunity against influenza. Vaccines optimized to stimulate cross-reactive antibodies with ADCC function may provide an important measure of protection against emerging influenza viruses when NAbs are ineffective. IMPORTANCE Current influenza vaccines are designed to elicit neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Vaccine-induced NAbs typically are effective but highly specific for particular virus strains. Consequently, current vaccines are poorly suited for preventing the spread of newly emerging pandemic viruses. Therefore, we evaluated a vaccine strategy designed to induce both antibody and T cell responses, which may provide more broadly cross-protective immunity against influenza. Here, we show in a translational primate model that vaccination with a modified vaccinia virus Ankara encoding hemagglutinin from a heterosubtypic H5N1 virus was associated with reduced shedding of a pandemic H1N1 virus challenge, while vaccination with MVA encoding nucleoprotein, an internal viral protein, was not. Unexpectedly, this reduced shedding was associated with nonneutralizing antibodies that bound H1 hemagglutinin and activated natural killer cells. Therefore, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) may play a role in cross-protective immunity to influenza virus. Vaccines that stimulate ADCC antibodies may enhance protection against pandemic influenza virus.
Collapse
|
84
|
Cellular and humoral cross-immunity against two H3N2v influenza strains in presumably unexposed healthy and HIV-infected subjects. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105651. [PMID: 25162670 PMCID: PMC4146513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cases of infection due to a novel swine-origin variant of influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (H3N2v) have recently been identified in the United States. Pre-existing humoral and cellular immunity has been recognized as one of the key factors in limiting the infection burden of an emerging influenza virus strain, contributing to restrict its circulation and to mitigate clinical presentation. Aim of this study was to assess humoral and cell-mediated cross immune responses to H3N2v in immuno-competent (healthy donors, n = 45) and immuno-compromised hosts (HIV-infected subjects, n = 46) never exposed to H3N2v influenza strain. Humoral response against i) H3N2v (A/H3N2/Ind/08/11), ii) animal vaccine H3N2 strain (A/H3N2/Min/11/10), and iii) pandemic H1N1 virus (A/H1N1/Cal/07/09) was analysed by hemagglutination inhibition assay; cell-mediated response against the same influenza strains was analysed by ELISpot assay. A large proportion of healthy and HIV subjects displayed cross-reacting humoral and cellular immune responses against two H3N2v strains, suggesting the presence of B- and T-cell clones able to recognize epitopes from emerging viral strains in both groups. Specifically, humoral response was lower in HIV subjects than in HD, and a specific age-related pattern of antibody response against different influenza strains was observed both in HD and in HIV. Cellular immune response was similar between HD and HIV groups and no relationship with age was reported. Finally, no correlation between humoral and cellular immune response was observed. Overall, a high prevalence of HD and HIV patients showing cross reactive immunity against two H3N2v strains was observed, with a slightly lower proportion in HIV persons. Other studies focused on HIV subjects at different stages of diseases are needed in order to define how cross immunity can be affected by advanced immunosuppression.
Collapse
|
85
|
Li J, Arévalo MT, Chen Y, Chen S, Zeng M. T-cell-mediated cross-strain protective immunity elicited by prime-boost vaccination with a live attenuated influenza vaccine. Int J Infect Dis 2014; 27:37-43. [PMID: 25172265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigenic drift and shift of influenza viruses require frequent reformulation of influenza vaccines. In addition, seasonal influenza vaccines are often mismatched to the epidemic influenza strains. This stresses the need for a universal influenza vaccine. METHODS BALB/c mice were vaccinated with the trivalent live attenuated (LAIV; FluMist) or inactivated (TIV; FluZone) influenza vaccines and challenged with PR8 (H1N1), FM/47 (H1N1), or HK/68 (H3N2) influenza virus. Cytokines and antibody responses were tested by ELISA. Furthermore, different LAIV dosages were applied in BALB/c mice. LAIV vaccinated mice were also depleted of T-cells and challenged with PR8 virus. RESULTS LAIV induced significant protection against challenge with the non-vaccine strain PR8 influenza virus. Furthermore, protective immunity against PR8 was dose-dependent. Of note, interleukin 2 and interferon gamma cytokine secretion in the lung alveolar fluid were significantly elevated in mice vaccinated with LAIV. Moreover, T-cell depletion of LAIV vaccinated mice compromised protection, indicating that T-cell-mediated immunity is required. In contrast, passive transfer of sera from mice vaccinated with LAIV into naïve mice failed to protect against PR8 challenge. Neutralization assays in vitro confirmed that LAIV did not induce cross-strain neutralizing antibodies against PR8 virus. Finally, we showed that three doses of LAIV also provided protection against challenge with two additional heterologous viruses, FM/47 and HK/68. CONCLUSIONS These results support the potential use of the LAIV as a universal influenza vaccine under a prime-boost vaccination regimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Li
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Maria T Arévalo
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Yanping Chen
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Shan Chen
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Mingtao Zeng
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
van de Sandt CE, Kreijtz JHCM, Geelhoed-Mieras MM, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, Nieuwkoop NJ, van de Vijver DAMC, Fouchier RAM, Osterhaus ADME, Morein B, Rimmelzwaan GF. Novel G3/DT adjuvant promotes the induction of protective T cells responses after vaccination with a seasonal trivalent inactivated split-virion influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 32:5614-23. [PMID: 25140929 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines used against seasonal influenza are poorly effective against influenza A viruses of novel subtypes that may have pandemic potential. Furthermore, pre(pandemic) influenza vaccines are poorly immunogenic, which can be overcome by the use of adjuvants. A limited number of adjuvants has been approved for use in humans, however there is a need for alternative safe and effective adjuvants that can enhance the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines and that promote the induction of broad-protective T cell responses. Here we evaluated a novel nanoparticle, G3, as an adjuvant for a seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in a mouse model. The G3 adjuvant was formulated with or without steviol glycosides (DT, for diterpenoid). The use of both formulations enhanced the virus-specific antibody response to all three vaccine strains considerably. The adjuvants were well tolerated without any signs of discomfort. To assess the protective potential of the vaccine-induced immune responses, an antigenically distinct influenza virus strain, A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (A/PR/8/34), was used for challenge infection. The vaccine-induced antibodies did not cross-react with strain A/PR/8/34 in HI and VN assays. However, mice immunized with the G3/DT-adjuvanted vaccine were partially protected against A/PR/8/34 infection, which correlated with the induction of anamnestic virus-specific CD8(+) T cell responses that were not observed with the use of G3 without DT. Both formulations induced maturation of human dendritic cells and promoted antigen presentation to a similar extent. In conclusion, G3/DT is a promising adjuvant formulation that not only potentiates the antibody response induced by influenza vaccines, but also induces T cell immunity which could afford broader protection against antigenically distinct influenza viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joost H C M Kreijtz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nella J Nieuwkoop
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bror Morein
- Infectious Diseases Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, MoreinX, Dag Hammarskjöldsväg 34 A, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Clay CC, Reader JR, Gerriets JE, Wang TT, Harrod KS, Miller LA. Enhanced viral replication and modulated innate immune responses in infant airway epithelium following H1N1 infection. J Virol 2014; 88:7412-25. [PMID: 24741104 PMCID: PMC4054429 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00188-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza is the cause of significant morbidity and mortality in pediatric populations. The contribution of pulmonary host defense mechanisms to viral respiratory infection susceptibility in very young children is poorly understood. As a surrogate to compare mucosal immune responses of infant and adult lungs, rhesus monkey primary airway epithelial cell cultures were infected with pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus in vitro. Virus replication, cytokine secretion, cell viability, and type I interferon (IFN) pathway PCR array profiles were evaluated for both infant and adult cultures. In comparison with adult cultures, infant cultures showed significantly increased levels of H1N1 replication, reduced alpha interferon (IFN-α) protein synthesis, and no difference in cell death following infection. Age-dependent differences in expression levels of multiple genes associated with the type I IFN pathway were observed in H1N1-infected cultures. To investigate the pulmonary and systemic responses to H1N1 infection in early life, infant monkeys were inoculated with H1N1 by upper airway administration. Animals were monitored for virus and parameters of inflammation over a 14-day period. High H1N1 titers were recovered from airways at day 1, with viral RNA remaining detectable until day 9 postinfection. Despite viral clearance, bronchiolitis and alveolitis persisted at day 14 postinfection; histopathological analysis revealed alveolar septal thickening and intermittent type II pneumocyte hyperplasia. Our overall findings are consistent with the known susceptibility of pediatric populations to respiratory virus infection and suggest that intrinsic developmental differences in airway epithelial cell immune function may contribute to the limited efficacy of host defense during early childhood. IMPORTANCE To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first report of intrinsic developmental differences in infant airway epithelial cells that may contribute to the increased susceptibility of the host to respiratory virus infections. Despite the global burden of influenza, there are currently no vaccine formulations approved for children <6 months of age. Given the challenges of conducting experimental studies involving pediatric patients, rhesus monkeys are an ideal laboratory animal model to investigate the maturation of pulmonary mucosal immune mechanisms during early life because they are most similar to those of humans with regard to postnatal maturation of the lung structure and the immune system. Thus, our findings are highly relevant to translational medicine, and these data may ultimately lead to novel approaches that enhance airway immunity in very young children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candice C Clay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - J Rachel Reader
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Joan E Gerriets
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Theodore T Wang
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Kevin S Harrod
- Infectious Disease Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Lisa A Miller
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Intranasal adenovirus-vectored vaccine for induction of long-lasting humoral immunity-mediated broad protection against influenza in mice. J Virol 2014; 88:9693-703. [PMID: 24920793 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00823-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza vaccines aimed at inducing antibody (Ab) responses against viral surface hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) provide sterile immunity to infection with the same subtypes. Vaccines targeting viral conserved determinants shared by the influenza A viruses (IAV) offer heterosubtypic immunity (HSI), a broad protection against different subtypes. We proposed that vaccines targeting both HA and the conserved ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) would provide protection against infection with the same subtype and also HSI against other subtypes. We report here that single intranasal immunization with a recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vector encoding both HA of H5 virus and M2e (rAdH5/M2e) induced significant HA- and M2e-specific Ab responses, along with protection against heterosubtypic challenge in mice. The protection is superior compared to that induced by rAd vector encoding either HA (rAdH5), or M2e (rAdM2e). While protection against homotypic H5 virus is primarily mediated by virus-neutralizing Abs, the cross-protection is associated with Abs directed to conserved stalk HA and M2e that seem to have an additive effect. Consistently, adoptive transfer of antisera induced by rAdH5/M2e provided the best protection against heterosubtypic challenge compared to that provided by antisera derived from mice immunized with rAdH5 or rAdM2e. These results support the development of rAd-vectored vaccines encoding both H5 and M2e as universal vaccines against different IAV subtypes. IMPORTANCE Current licensed influenza vaccines provide protection limited to the infection with same virus strains; therefore, the composition of influenza vaccines has to be revised every year. We have developed a new universal influenza vaccine that is highly efficient in induction of long-lasting cross-protection against different influenza virus strains. The cross-protection is associated with a high level of vaccine-induced antibodies against the conserved stalk domain of influenza virus hemagglutinin and the ectodomain of matrix protein. The vaccine could be used to stimulate cross-protective antibodies for the prevention and treatment of influenza with immediate effect for individuals who fail to respond to or receive the vaccine in due time. The vaccine offers a new tool to control influenza outbreaks, including pandemics.
Collapse
|
89
|
Asthma increases susceptibility to heterologous but not homologous secondary influenza. J Virol 2014; 88:9166-81. [PMID: 24899197 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00265-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Asthma was the most common comorbidity observed among patients hospitalized with influenza A virus during the 2009 pandemic. However, little remains known about how the asthmatic phenotype influences protective immune responses against respiratory viral pathogens. Using the ovalbumin-induced allergic lung inflammation model, we found that asthmatic mice, unlike nonasthmatic mice, were highly susceptible to secondary heterologous virus challenge. While primary virus infection generated protective memory immune responses against homologous secondary virus challenge in both asthmatic and nonasthmatic mice, full protection against heterologous A/California/04/2009 (CA04) viral infection was observed only in nonasthmatic mice. Significant reductions in CA04-specific IgA, IgG, and IgM levels and in CA04-neutralizing activity of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was observed following secondary CA04 challenge of PR8-immunized asthmatic mice. Furthermore, transfer of immune BALF obtained from nonasthmatic, but not asthmatic, donors following secondary viral infection generated protection against CA04 in naive recipients. Nonspecific B-cell activation by CpG inoculation restored protection in PR8-immunized, CA04-challenged asthmatic mice. These results demonstrate a causal link between defective mucosal antibody responses and the heightened susceptibility of asthmatic mice to influenza infection and provide a mechanistic explanation for the observation that asthma was a major risk factor during the 2009 influenza pandemic. IMPORTANCE The prevalence of asthma worldwide is increasing each year. Unfortunately, there is no cure for asthma. Asthmatic individuals not only suffer from consistent wheezing and coughing but are also believed to be more prone to serious lung infections that result in bronchitis and pneumonia. However, little is known about the influence of asthma on host mucosal immunity. Here we show that antibody responses during secondary heterologous influenza infections are suboptimal and that this is responsible for the increased mortality in asthmatic mice from viral infections. Understanding the mechanism of increased susceptibility will aid in developing new antiviral therapies for asthmatic patients.
Collapse
|
90
|
Iwasaki J, Smith WA, Khoo SK, Bizzintino J, Zhang G, Cox DW, Laing IA, Le Souëf PN, Thomas WR, Hales BJ. Comparison of rhinovirus antibody titers in children with asthma exacerbations and species-specific rhinovirus infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:25-32. [PMID: 24767874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma exacerbations are associated with human rhinovirus (HRV) infections, and more severe exacerbations are associated with HRV-C. We have previously shown that the HRV-C-specific antibody response is low in healthy adult sera and that most of the antibody to HRV-C is cross-reactive with HRV-A. OBJECTIVES To compare the antibody response to each HRV species in asthmatic and nonasthmatic children in whom the type of HRV infection was known. METHODS Total and specific IgG₁ binding to HRV viral capsid protein antigens of HRV-A, -B, and -C were tested in the plasma from nonasthmatic children (n = 47) and children presenting to the emergency department with asthma exacerbations (n = 96). HRV, found in most of the children at the time of their exacerbation (72%), was analyzed using molecular typing. RESULTS Asthmatic children had higher antibody responses to HRV. The titers specific to HRV-A, and to a lesser extent HRV-B, were higher than in nonasthmatic controls. The species-specific responses to HRV-C were markedly lower than titers to HRV-A and HRV-B in both asthmatic and nonasthmatic children (P < .001). The titers both at presentation and after convalescence were not associated with the HRV genotype detected during the exacerbation. CONCLUSIONS The higher total anti-HRV antibody titers of asthmatic children and their higher anti-HRV-A and -B titers show their development of a heightened antiviral immune response. The low species-specific HRV-C titers found in all groups, even when the virus was found, point to a different and possibly less efficacious immune response to this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jua Iwasaki
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Wendy-Anne Smith
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Siew-Kim Khoo
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Joelene Bizzintino
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Guicheng Zhang
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Des W Cox
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Ingrid A Laing
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter N Le Souëf
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Wayne R Thomas
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Belinda J Hales
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia; School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Duvvuri VR, Duvvuri B, Alice C, Wu GE, Gubbay JB, Wu J. Preexisting CD4+ T-cell immunity in human population to avian influenza H7N9 virus: whole proteome-wide immunoinformatics analyses. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91273. [PMID: 24609014 PMCID: PMC3946744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2013, a novel avian influenza H7N9 virus was identified in human in China. The antigenically distinct H7N9 surface glycoproteins raised concerns about lack of cross-protective neutralizing antibodies. Epitope-specific preexisting T-cell immunity was one of the protective mechanisms in pandemic 2009 H1N1 even in the absence of cross-protective antibodies. Hence, the assessment of preexisting CD4+ T-cell immunity to conserved epitopes shared between H7N9 and human influenza A viruses (IAV) is critical. A comparative whole proteome-wide immunoinformatics analysis was performed to predict the CD4+ T-cell epitopes that are commonly conserved within the proteome of H7N9 in reference to IAV subtypes (H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2). The CD4+ T-cell epitopes that are commonly conserved (∼556) were further screened against the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) to validate their immunogenic potential. This analysis revealed that 45.5% (253 of 556) epitopes are experimentally proven to induce CD4+ T-cell memory responses. In addition, we also found that 23.3% of CD4+ T-cell epitopes have ≥90% of sequence homology with experimentally defined CD8+ T-cell epitopes. We also conducted the population coverage analysis across different ethnicities using commonly conserved CD4+ T-cell epitopes and corresponding HLA-DRB1 alleles. Interestingly, the indigenous populations from Canada, United States, Mexico and Australia exhibited low coverage (28.65% to 45.62%) when compared with other ethnicities (57.77% to 94.84%). In summary, the present analysis demonstrate an evidence on the likely presence of preexisting T-cell immunity in human population and also shed light to understand the potential risk of H7N9 virus among indigenous populations, given their high susceptibility during previous pandemic influenza events. This information is crucial for public health policy, in targeting priority groups for immunization programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkata R. Duvvuri
- Centre for Disease Modelling, York Institute of Health Research, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Bhargavi Duvvuri
- Centre for Disease Modelling, York Institute of Health Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christilda Alice
- Centre for Disease Modelling, York Institute of Health Research, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan B. Gubbay
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada
- University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jianhong Wu
- Centre for Disease Modelling, York Institute of Health Research, Toronto, Canada
- York University, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
van de Sandt CE, Kreijtz JHCM, de Mutsert G, Geelhoed-Mieras MM, Hillaire MLB, Vogelzang-van Trierum SE, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM, Rimmelzwaan GF. Human cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed to seasonal influenza A viruses cross-react with the newly emerging H7N9 virus. J Virol 2014; 88:1684-93. [PMID: 24257602 PMCID: PMC3911609 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02843-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In February 2013, zoonotic transmission of a novel influenza A virus of the H7N9 subtype was reported in China. Although at present no sustained human-to-human transmission has been reported, a pandemic outbreak of this H7N9 virus is feared. Since neutralizing antibodies to the hemagglutinin (HA) globular head domain of the virus are virtually absent in the human population, there is interest in identifying other correlates of protection, such as cross-reactive CD8(+) T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes [CTLs]) elicited during seasonal influenza A virus infections. These virus-specific CD8(+) T cells are known to recognize conserved internal proteins of influenza A viruses predominantly, but it is unknown to what extent they cross-react with the newly emerging H7N9 virus. Here, we assessed the cross-reactivity of seasonal H3N2 and H1N1 and pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus-specific polyclonal CD8(+) T cells, obtained from HLA-typed study subjects, with the novel H7N9 virus. The cross-reactivity of CD8(+) T cells to H7N9 variants of known influenza A virus epitopes and H7N9 virus-infected cells was determined by their gamma interferon (IFN-γ) response and lytic activity. It was concluded that, apart from recognition of individual H7N9 variant epitopes, CD8(+) T cells to seasonal influenza viruses display considerable cross-reactivity with the novel H7N9 virus. The presence of these cross-reactive CD8(+) T cells may afford some protection against infection with the new virus.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- China/epidemiology
- Cross Protection
- Cross Reactions
- Disease Outbreaks
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Seasons
- Sequence Alignment
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus F. Rimmelzwaan
- Viroscience Laboratory, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- ViroClinics Biosciences BV, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Kent SJ. Toward Improved Influenza Vaccines. J Infect Dis 2014; 209:4-5. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
94
|
Moncla LH, Ross TM, Dinis JM, Weinfurter JT, Mortimer TD, Schultz-Darken N, Brunner K, Capuano SV, Boettcher C, Post J, Johnson M, Bloom CE, Weiler AM, Friedrich TC. A novel nonhuman primate model for influenza transmission. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78750. [PMID: 24244352 PMCID: PMC3828296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of influenza transmission are necessary to predict the pandemic potential of emerging influenza viruses. Currently, both ferrets and guinea pigs are used in such studies, but these species are distantly related to humans. Nonhuman primates (NHP) share a close phylogenetic relationship with humans and may provide an enhanced means to model the virological and immunological events in influenza virus transmission. Here, for the first time, it was demonstrated that a human influenza virus isolate can productively infect and be transmitted between common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a New World monkey species. We inoculated four marmosets with the 2009 pandemic virus A/California/07/2009 (H1N1pdm) and housed each together with a naïve cage mate. We collected bronchoalveolar lavage and nasal wash samples from all animals at regular intervals for three weeks post-inoculation to track virus replication and sequence evolution. The unadapted 2009 H1N1pdm virus replicated to high titers in all four index animals by 1 day post-infection. Infected animals seroconverted and presented human-like symptoms including sneezing, nasal discharge, labored breathing, and lung damage. Transmission occurred in one cohabitating pair. Deep sequencing detected relatively few genetic changes in H1N1pdm viruses replicating in any infected animal. Together our data suggest that human H1N1pdm viruses require little adaptation to replicate and cause disease in marmosets, and that these viruses can be transmitted between animals. Marmosets may therefore be a viable model for studying influenza virus transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise H. Moncla
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccine Research, Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jorge M. Dinis
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jason T. Weinfurter
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tatum D. Mortimer
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nancy Schultz-Darken
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kevin Brunner
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Saverio V. Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Carissa Boettcher
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Post
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael Johnson
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chalise E. Bloom
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, Port St. Lucie, Florida, United States of America
| | - Andrea M. Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- University of Wisconsin Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Yao Y, Bao L, Deng W, Xu L, Li F, Lv Q, Yu P, Chen T, Xu Y, Zhu H, Yuan J, Gu S, Wei Q, Chen H, Yuen KY, Qin C. An animal model of MERS produced by infection of rhesus macaques with MERS coronavirus. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:236-42. [PMID: 24218506 PMCID: PMC7107340 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, a novel coronavirus (CoV) associated with severe respiratory disease, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV; previously known as human coronavirus-Erasmus Medical Center or hCoV-EMC), emerged in the Arabian Peninsula. To date, 114 human cases of MERS-CoV have been reported, with 54 fatalities. Animal models for MERS-CoV infection of humans are needed to elucidate MERS pathogenesis and to develop vaccines and antivirals. In this study, we developed rhesus macaques as a model for MERS-CoV using intratracheal inoculation. The infected monkeys showed clinical signs of disease, virus replication, histological lesions, and neutralizing antibody production, indicating that this monkey model is suitable for studies of MERS-CoV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
- Correspondence: Chuan Qin, MD, PhD, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 5, Panjiayuan Nanli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China ()
| | - Linlin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Wei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Lili Xu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Fengdi Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Qi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Pin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Ting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Hua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Jing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Songzhi Gu
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Qiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| | - Honglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and the Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology and the Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
CD4 T cell help is limiting and selective during the primary B cell response to influenza virus infection. J Virol 2013; 88:314-24. [PMID: 24155379 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02077-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus vaccination strategies are focused upon the elicitation of protective antibody responses through administration of viral protein through either inactivated virions or live attenuated virus. Often overlooked in this strategy is the CD4 T cell response: how it develops into memory, and how it may support future primary B cell responses to heterologous infection. Through the utilization of a peptide-priming regimen, this study describes a strategy for developing CD4 T cell memory with the capacity to robustly expand in the lung-draining lymph node after live influenza virus infection. Not only were frequencies of antigen-specific CD4 T cells enhanced, but these cells also supported an accelerated primary B cell response to influenza virus-derived protein, evidenced by high anti-nucleoprotein (NP) serum antibody titers early, while there is still active viral replication ongoing in the lung. NP-specific antibody-secreting cells and heightened frequencies of germinal center B cells and follicular T helper cells were also readily detectable in the draining lymph node. Surprisingly, a boosted memory CD4 T cell response was not sufficient to provide intermolecular help for antibody responses. Our study demonstrates that CD4 T cell help is selective and limiting to the primary antibody response to influenza virus infection and that preemptive priming of CD4 T cell help can promote effective and rapid conversion of naive B cells to mature antibody-secreting cells.
Collapse
|
97
|
Standard trivalent influenza virus protein vaccination does not prime antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in macaques. J Virol 2013; 87:13706-18. [PMID: 24109221 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01666-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Yearly vaccination with the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) is recommended, since current vaccines induce little cross neutralization to divergent influenza strains. Whether the TIV can induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) responses that can cross-recognize divergent influenza virus strains is unknown. We immunized 6 influenza-naive pigtail macaques twice with the 2011-2012 season TIV and then challenged the macaques, along with 12 control macaques, serially with H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. We measured ADCC responses in plasma to a panel of H1 and H3 hemagglutinin (HA) proteins and influenza virus-specific CD8 T cell (CTL) responses using a sensitive major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramer reagent. The TIV was weakly immunogenic and, although binding antibodies were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), did not induce detectable influenza virus-specific ADCC or CTL responses. The H1N1 challenge elicited robust ADCC to both homologous and heterologous H1 HA proteins, but not influenza virus HA proteins from different subtypes (H2 to H7). There was no anamnestic influenza virus-specific ADCC or CTL response in vaccinated animals. The subsequent H3N2 challenge did not induce or boost ADCC either to H1 HA proteins or to divergent H3 proteins but did boost CTL responses. ADCC or CTL responses were not induced by TIV vaccination in influenza-naive macaques. There was a marked difference in the ability of infection compared to that of vaccination to induce cross-reactive ADCC and CTL responses. Improved vaccination strategies are needed to induce broad-based ADCC immunity to influenza.
Collapse
|
98
|
Cellular immune correlates of protection against symptomatic pandemic influenza. Nat Med 2013; 19:1305-12. [PMID: 24056771 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 653] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of T cells in mediating heterosubtypic protection against natural influenza illness in humans is uncertain. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic (pH1N1) provided a unique natural experiment to determine whether crossreactive cellular immunity limits symptomatic illness in antibody-naive individuals. We followed 342 healthy adults through the UK pandemic waves and correlated the responses of pre-existing T cells to the pH1N1 virus and conserved core protein epitopes with clinical outcomes after incident pH1N1 infection. Higher frequencies of pre-existing T cells to conserved CD8 epitopes were found in individuals who developed less severe illness, with total symptom score having the strongest inverse correlation with the frequency of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)(+) interleukin-2 (IL-2)(-) CD8(+) T cells (r = -0.6, P = 0.004). Within this functional CD8(+)IFN-γ(+)IL-2(-) population, cells with the CD45RA(+) chemokine (C-C) receptor 7 (CCR7)(-) phenotype inversely correlated with symptom score and had lung-homing and cytotoxic potential. In the absence of crossreactive neutralizing antibodies, CD8(+) T cells specific to conserved viral epitopes correlated with crossprotection against symptomatic influenza. This protective immune correlate could guide universal influenza vaccine development.
Collapse
|
99
|
Budimir N, de Haan A, Meijerhof T, Gostick E, Price DA, Huckriede A, Wilschut J. Heterosubtypic cross-protection induced by whole inactivated influenza virus vaccine in mice: influence of the route of vaccine administration. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:1202-9. [PMID: 24102979 PMCID: PMC4112805 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Development of influenza vaccines capable of inducing broad protection against different virus subtypes is necessary given the ever‐changing viral genetic landscape. Previously, we showed that vaccination with whole inactivated virus (WIV) induces heterosubtypic protection against lethal virus infection in mice. Whole inactivated virus‐induced cross‐protection was found to be mediated primarily by flu‐specific CD8+ T cells. Objectives As it has been demonstrated that the route of vaccine administration strongly influences both the quantity and quality of vaccine‐induced immunity, in this study, we determined which route of WIV administration induces optimal heterosubtypic cross‐protection. Methods We compared the magnitude of the immune response and heterosubtypic protection against lethal A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) infection after subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), and intranasal (IN) vaccination with A/NIBRG‐14 (H5N1) WIV. Results Subcutaneous and IM administration was superior to IN administration of influenza WIV in terms of flu‐specific CD8+ T‐cell induction and protection of mice against lethal heterosubtypic challenge. Surprisingly, despite the very low flu‐specific CD8+ T‐cell responses detected in IN‐vaccinated mice, these animals were partially protected, most likely due to cross‐reactive IgA antibodies. Conclusion The results of this study show that the magnitude of WIV‐induced flu‐specific CD8+ T‐cell activity depends on the applied vaccination route. We conclude that parenteral administration of WIV vaccine, in particular IM injection, is superior to IN vaccine delivery for the induction of heterosubtypic cross‐protection and generally appears to elicit stronger immune responses than mucosal vaccination with WIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Budimir
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Stab V, Nitsche S, Niezold T, Storcksdieck genannt Bonsmann M, Wiechers A, Tippler B, Hannaman D, Ehrhardt C, Überla K, Grunwald T, Tenbusch M. Protective efficacy and immunogenicity of a combinatory DNA vaccine against Influenza A Virus and the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72217. [PMID: 23967287 PMCID: PMC3743785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Influenza A Virus (IAV) are both two major causative agents of severe respiratory tract infections in humans leading to hospitalization and thousands of deaths each year. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of a combinatory DNA vaccine in comparison to the single component vaccines against both diseases in a mouse model. Intramuscular electroporation with plasmids expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) of IAV and the F protein of RSV induced strong humoral immune responses regardless if they were delivered in combination or alone. In consequence, high neutralizing antibody titers were detected, which conferred protection against a lethal challenge with IAV. Furthermore, the viral load in the lungs after a RSV infection could be dramatically reduced in vaccinated mice. Concurrently, substantial amounts of antigen-specific, polyfunctional CD8⁺ T-cells were measured after vaccination. Interestingly, the cellular response to the hemagglutinin was significantly reduced in the presence of the RSV-F encoding plasmid, but not vice versa. Although these results indicate a suppressive effect of the RSV-F protein, the protective efficacy of the combinatory vaccine was comparable to the efficacy of both single-component vaccines. In conclusion, the novel combinatory vaccine against RSV and IAV may have great potential to reduce the rate of severe respiratory tract infections in humans without increasing the number of necessary vaccinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Stab
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sandra Nitsche
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Niezold
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Wiechers
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bettina Tippler
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Drew Hannaman
- Ichor Medical Systems, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre of Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Westfaelische Wilhelms University, Muenster, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Grunwald
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|