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Cong Y, Dinesh Kumar N, Mauthe M, Verlhac P, Reggiori F. Manipulation of selective macroautophagy by pathogens at a glance. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/10/jcs240440. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a highly conserved catabolic pathway, which mediates the delivery of unwanted cytoplasmic structures and organelles to lysosomes for degradation. In numerous situations, autophagy is highly selective and exclusively targets specific intracellular components. Selective types of autophagy are a central element of our cell-autonomous innate immunity as they can mediate the turnover of viruses or bacteria, that gain access to the cytoplasm of the cell. Selective autophagy also modulates other aspects of our immunity by turning over specific immunoregulators. Throughout evolution, however, the continuous interaction between this fundamental cellular pathway and pathogens has led several pathogens to develop exquisite mechanisms to inhibit or subvert selective types of autophagy, to promote their intracellular multiplication. This Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster provides an overview of the selective autophagy of both pathogens, known as xenophagy, and of immunoregulators, and highlights a few archetypal examples that illustrate molecular strategies developed by viruses and bacteria to manipulate selective autophagy for their own benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Nilima Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Mauthe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline Verlhac
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen 9713 AV, The Netherlands
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Zhao M, Song K, Hao W, Wang L, Patil G, Li Q, Xu L, Hua F, Fu B, Schwamborn JC, Dorf ME, Li S. Non-proteolytic ubiquitination of OTULIN regulates NF-κB signaling pathway. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 12:163-175. [PMID: 31504727 PMCID: PMC7181720 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjz081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB signaling regulates diverse processes such as cell death, inflammation, immunity, and cancer. The activity of NF-κB is controlled by methionine 1-linked linear polyubiquitin, which is assembled by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2L3. Recent studies found that the deubiquitinase OTULIN breaks the linear ubiquitin chain, thus inhibiting NF-κB signaling. Despite the essential role of OTULIN in NF-κB signaling has been established, the regulatory mechanism for OTULIN is not well elucidated. To discover the potential regulators of OTULIN, we analyzed the OTULIN protein complex by proteomics and revealed several OTULIN-binding proteins, including LUBAC and tripartite motif-containing protein 32 (TRIM32). TRIM32 is known to activate NF-κB signaling, but the mechanism is not clear. Genetic complement experiments found that TRIM32 is upstream of OTULIN and TRIM32-mediated NF-κB activation is dependent on OTULIN. Mutagenesis of the E3 ligase domain showed that the E3 ligase activity is essential for TRIM32-mediated NF-κB activation. Further experiments found that TRIM32 conjugates polyubiquitin onto OTULIN and the polyubiquitin blocks the interaction between HOIP and OTULIN, thereby activating NF-κB signaling. Taken together, we report a novel regulatory mechanism by which TRIM32-mediated non-proteolytic ubiquitination of OTULIN impedes the access of OTULIN to the LUBAC and promotes NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Kun Song
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Wenzhuo Hao
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Lingyan Wang
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Girish Patil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Qingmei Li
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Fang Hua
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Bishi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jens C Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Martin E Dorf
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shitao Li
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Zhong X, Feng L, Zang R, Lei CQ, Yang Q, Shu HB. ZFYVE1 negatively regulates MDA5- but not RIG-I-mediated innate antiviral response. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008457. [PMID: 32251420 PMCID: PMC7162542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), including RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), sense cytoplasmic viral RNA and initiate innate antiviral responses. How RIG-I and MDA5 are differentially regulated remains enigmatic. In this study, we identified the guanylate-binding protein (GBP) and zinc-finger FYVE domain-containing protein ZFYVE1 as a negative regulator of MDA5- but not RIG-I-mediated innate antiviral responses. ZFYVE1-deficiency promoted MDA5- but not RIG-I-mediated transcription of downstream antiviral genes. Comparing to wild-type mice, Zfyve1-/- mice were significantly protected from lethality induced by encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) that is sensed by MDA5, whereas Zfyve1-/- and Zfyve1+/+ mice were comparable to death induced by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) that is sensed by RIG-I. Mechanistically, ZFYVE1 interacted with MDA5 but not RIG-I. ZFYVE1 bound to viral RNA and decreased the ligand binding and oligomerization of MDA5. These findings suggest that ZFYVE1 acts as a specific negative regulator of MDA5-mediated innate immune responses by inhibiting its ligand binding and oligomerization. RIG-I and MDA5 are the main cytosolic sensors for invaded viral RNA. How these sensors are differentially regulated is largely unknown. In this study, we identified ZFYVE1 as a specific regulator of MDA5- but not RIG-I-mediated antiviral responses. ZFYVE1-deficiency promotes antiviral immune responses and renders the mice less susceptible to EMCV-induced death. ZFYVE1 interacts with MDA5 and viral dsRNA, and inhibits the ligand binding and oligomerization of MDA5. Our study reveals a negative regulatory mechanism for keeping MDA5 inactive in un-infected cells, which contributes to our understanding on how innate antiviral responses are delicately regulated to avoid immune damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ru Zang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cao-Qi Lei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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TRIM32 Drives Pathogenesis in Streptococcal Toxic Shock-Like Syndrome and Streptococcus suis Meningitis by Regulating Innate Immune Responses. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00957-19. [PMID: 31988176 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00957-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic agent that causes streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) and meningitis in humans, with high mortality and morbidity. The pathogenesis of both STSLS and central nervous system (CNS) infections caused by S. suis is not well understood. TRIM32, a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) protein family, has been reported to regulate host inflammatory responses. In this study, we showed that TRIM32 deficiency significantly reduced the level of bacteremia and the production of proinflammatory cytokines following severe S. suis infection, protecting infected mice from STSLS. The influence of TRIM32 gene deletion on a range of processes known to be involved in S. suis meningitis was also examined. Both levels of bacterial loads and indications of brain hemorrhage were reduced in infected Trim32- / - mice compared with infected wild-type (WT) controls. We also found that TRIM32 deficiency increased the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes during the early course of S. suis infection, potentially limiting the development of S. suis meningitis. Our results suggest that TRIM32 sensitizes S. suis-induced infection via innate immune response regulation.
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Mandell MA, Saha B, Thompson TA. The Tripartite Nexus: Autophagy, Cancer, and Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein Family Members. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:308. [PMID: 32226386 PMCID: PMC7081753 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular degradative process that has multiple important actions in cancer. Autophagy modulation is under consideration as a promising new approach to cancer therapy. However, complete autophagy dysregulation is likely to have substantial undesirable side effects. Thus, more targeted approaches to autophagy modulation may prove clinically beneficial. One potential avenue to achieving this goal is to focus on the actions of tripartite motif-containing protein family members (TRIMs). TRIMs have key roles in an array of cellular processes, and their dysregulation has been extensively linked to cancer risk and prognosis. As detailed here, emerging data shows that TRIMs can play important yet context-dependent roles in controlling autophagy and in the selective targeting of autophagic substrates. This review covers how the autophagy-related actions of TRIM proteins contribute to cancer and the possibility of targeting TRIM-directed autophagy in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Mandell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Todd A Thompson
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico College of Pharmacy, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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56
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Di Rienzo M, Romagnoli A, Antonioli M, Piacentini M, Fimia GM. TRIM proteins in autophagy: selective sensors in cell damage and innate immune responses. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:887-902. [PMID: 31969691 PMCID: PMC7206068 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a main intracellular catabolic process, is induced in response to a variety of cellular stresses to promptly degrade harmful agents and to coordinate the activity of prosurvival and prodeath processes in order to determine the fate of the injured cells. While the main components of the autophagy machinery are well characterized, the molecular mechanisms that confer selectivity to this process both in terms of stress detection and cargo engulfment have only been partly elucidated. Here, we discuss the emerging role played by the E3 ubiquitin ligases of the TRIM family in regulating autophagy in physiological and pathological conditions, such as inflammation, infection, tumorigenesis, and muscle atrophy. TRIM proteins employ different strategies to regulate the activity of the core autophagy machinery, acting either as scaffold proteins or via ubiquitin-mediated mechanisms. Moreover, they confer high selectivity to the autophagy-mediated degradation as described for the innate immune response, where TRIM proteins mediate both the engulfment of pathogens within autophagosomes and modulate the immune response by controlling the stability of signaling regulators. Importantly, the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of autophagy by TRIMs is providing important insights into how selective types of autophagy are altered under pathological conditions, as recently shown in cancer and muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Di Rienzo
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research, and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Romagnoli
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research, and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Antonioli
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research, and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani' IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research, and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani' IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research, and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani' IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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57
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Zhang HY, Liao BW, Xu ZS, Ran Y, Wang DP, Yang Y, Luo WW, Wang YY. USP44 positively regulates innate immune response to DNA viruses through deubiquitinating MITA. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008178. [PMID: 31968013 PMCID: PMC6975528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediator of IRF3 activation (MITA, also known as stimulator of interferon genes, STING) senses the second messenger cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) which is synthesized upon DNA virus infection and activates innate antiviral immune response. It has been demonstrated that the activity of MITA is delicately regulated by various post-translational modifications including polyubiquitination. In this study, we identified the deubiquitinating enzyme USP44 as a positive regulator of MITA. USP44 is recruited to MITA following DNA virus infection and removes K48-linked polyubiquitin moieties from MITA at K236, therefore prevents MITA from proteasome mediated degradation. USP44-deficiency results in acceleration of HSV-1-induced degradation of MITA and reduced induction of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines. Consistently, Usp44-/- mice are more susceptible to HSV-1 infection as indicated by higher tissue viral titers, greater tissue damage and lower survival rate. These findings suggest that USP44 plays a specific and critical role in the regulation of innate immune response against DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-Wei Liao
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Ran
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong-Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Wei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (W-WL); (Y-YW)
| | - Yan-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (W-WL); (Y-YW)
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58
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Yang W, Gu Z, Zhang H, Hu H. To TRIM the Immunity: From Innate to Adaptive Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:02157. [PMID: 33117334 PMCID: PMC7578260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins have been intensively studied as essential modulators in various biological processes, especially in regulating a wide range of signaling pathways involved in immune responses. Most TRIM proteins have E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, mediating polyubiquitination of target proteins. Emerging evidence demonstrates that TRIM proteins play important roles in innate immunity by regulating pattern recognition receptors, vital adaptor proteins, kinases, and transcription factors in innate immune signaling pathways. Additionally, the critical roles of TRIM proteins in adaptive immunity, especially in T cell development and activation, are increasingly appreciated. In this review, we aim to summarize the studies on TRIMs in both innate and adaptive immunity, focusing on their E3 ubiquitin ligase functions in pattern recognition receptor signaling pathways and T cell functions, shedding light on the developing new strategies for modulating innate and adaptive immune responses against invading pathogens and avoiding autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hongbo Hu
- *Correspondence: Huiyuan Zhang, ; Hongbo Hu,
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Abstract
The antiviral innate immune and inflammatory responses are critical for host defense against viral infection. How these antiviral responses are initiated and regulated has been intensively investigated. Viral nucleic acids are sensed by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which trigger various signaling pathways by utilizing distinct adaptor proteins, kinases and regulatory proteins. These pathways lead to activation of the transcriptional factors NF-κB and IRF3 and ultimate induction of antiviral effector proteins including type I interferons (IFNs), TNF and IL-1β, which are critical mediators of antiviral innate immune and inflammatory responses. For the past 20 years, our groups at Peking University and Wuhan University have made restless efforts in deciphering the molecular mechanisms of antiviral innate immune and inflammatory responses. Here, we summarize the major discoveries from our groups, including the identifications of the critical adaptors VISA/MAVS and MITA/STING, regulatory mechanisms of these adapter-mediated signaling, and regulation of TNF- and IL1β-triggered inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Overå KS, Garcia-Garcia J, Bhujabal Z, Jain A, Øvervatn A, Larsen KB, Deretic V, Johansen T, Lamark T, Sjøttem E. TRIM32, but not its muscular dystrophy-associated mutant, positively regulates and is targeted to autophagic degradation by p62/SQSTM1. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.236596. [PMID: 31685529 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.236596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins constitute a family of ubiquitin E3 ligases involved in a multitude of cellular processes, including protein homeostasis and autophagy. TRIM32 is characterized by six protein-protein interaction domains termed NHL, various point mutations in which are associated with limb-girdle-muscular dystrophy 2H (LGMD2H). Here, we show that TRIM32 is an autophagy substrate. Lysosomal degradation of TRIM32 was dependent on ATG7 and blocked by knockout of the five autophagy receptors p62 (also known as SQSTM1), NBR1, NDP52 (also known as CALCOCO2), TAX1BP1 and OPTN, pointing towards degradation by selective autophagy. p62 directed TRIM32 to lysosomal degradation, while TRIM32 mono-ubiquitylated p62 on lysine residues involved in regulation of p62 activity. Loss of TRIM32 impaired p62 sequestration, while reintroduction of TRIM32 facilitated p62 dot formation and its autophagic degradation. A TRIM32LGMD2H disease mutant was unable to undergo autophagic degradation and to mono-ubiquitylate p62, and its reintroduction into the TRIM32-knockout cells did not affect p62 dot formation. In light of the important roles of autophagy and p62 in muscle cell proteostasis, our results point towards impaired TRIM32-mediated regulation of p62 activity as a pathological mechanisms in LGMD2H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Stange Overå
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Juncal Garcia-Garcia
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Zambarlal Bhujabal
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ashish Jain
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Aud Øvervatn
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kenneth Bowitz Larsen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Terje Johansen
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Trond Lamark
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eva Sjøttem
- Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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61
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Mehrbod P, Ande SR, Alizadeh J, Rahimizadeh S, Shariati A, Malek H, Hashemi M, Glover KKM, Sher AA, Coombs KM, Ghavami S. The roles of apoptosis, autophagy and unfolded protein response in arbovirus, influenza virus, and HIV infections. Virulence 2019; 10:376-413. [PMID: 30966844 PMCID: PMC6527025 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1605803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection induces different cellular responses in infected cells. These include cellular stress responses like autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR). Both autophagy and UPR are connected to programed cell death I (apoptosis) in chronic stress conditions to regulate cellular homeostasis via Bcl2 family proteins, CHOP and Beclin-1. In this review article we first briefly discuss arboviruses, influenza virus, and HIV and then describe the concepts of apoptosis, autophagy, and UPR. Finally, we focus upon how apoptosis, autophagy, and UPR are involved in the regulation of cellular responses to arboviruses, influenza virus and HIV infections. Abbreviation: AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; ATF6: Activating Transcription Factor 6; ATG6: Autophagy-specific Gene 6; BAG3: BCL Associated Athanogene 3; Bak: BCL-2-Anatagonist/Killer1; Bax; BCL-2: Associated X protein; Bcl-2: B cell Lymphoma 2x; BiP: Chaperon immunoglobulin heavy chain binding Protein; CARD: Caspase Recruitment Domain; cART: combination Antiretroviral Therapy; CCR5: C-C Chemokine Receptor type 5; CD4: Cluster of Differentiation 4; CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein; CXCR4: C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 4; Cyto c: Cytochrome C; DCs: Dendritic Cells; EDEM1: ER-degradation enhancing-a-mannosidase-like protein 1; ENV: Envelope; ER: Endoplasmic Reticulum; FasR: Fas Receptor;G2: Gap 2; G2/M: Gap2/Mitosis; GFAP: Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; GP120: Glycoprotein120; GP41: Glycoprotein41; HAND: HIV Associated Neurodegenerative Disease; HEK: Human Embryonic Kidney; HeLa: Human Cervical Epithelial Carcinoma; HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus; IPS-1: IFN-β promoter stimulator 1; IRE-1: Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1; IRGM: Immunity Related GTPase Family M protein; LAMP2A: Lysosome Associated Membrane Protein 2A; LC3: Microtubule Associated Light Chain 3; MDA5: Melanoma Differentiation Associated gene 5; MEF: Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast; MMP: Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization; Nef: Negative Regulatory Factor; OASIS: Old Astrocyte Specifically Induced Substrate; PAMP: Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern; PERK: Pancreatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase; PRR: Pattern Recognition Receptor; Puma: P53 Upregulated Modulator of Apoptosis; RIG-I: Retinoic acid-Inducible Gene-I; Tat: Transactivator Protein of HIV; TLR: Toll-like receptor; ULK1: Unc51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase 1; UPR: Unfolded Protein Response; Vpr: Viral Protein Regulatory; XBP1: X-Box Binding Protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Past eur Institute of IRAN, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sudharsana R. Ande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children‘s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Shahrzad Rahimizadeh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Assiniboine Community College, School of Health and Human Services and Continuing Education, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Aryana Shariati
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hadis Malek
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Kathleen K. M. Glover
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Affan A. Sher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Kevin M. Coombs
- Children‘s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Children‘s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Health Policy Research Centre, Shiraz Medical University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
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62
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Guo W, Wei J, Zhong X, Zang R, Lian H, Hu MM, Li S, Shu HB, Yang Q. SNX8 modulates the innate immune response to RNA viruses by regulating the aggregation of VISA. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:1126-1135. [PMID: 31511639 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial virus-induced signaling adaptor (VISA, also called mitochondrial antiviral signaling, MAVS) protein is a central adaptor in the innate immune response to cytosolic viral RNA. Viral infection causes the aggregation of VISA, which is important for its recruitment of downstream signaling components. How VISA aggregation is regulated remains unknown. Here, we found that sorting nexin 8 (SNX8) is a positive regulator of the RNA virus-triggered induction of downstream effector genes and innate immune response. The brains and lungs of Snx8-/- mice infected with RNA viruses exhibited lower serum cytokine levels and higher viral titers than those of wild-type mice, resulting in higher lethality. Mechanistically, viral infection induced the translocation of SNX8 from the cytosol to mitochondria and its increased association with VISA, leading to VISA aggregation, its recruitment of downstream signaling components and the induction of downstream antiviral genes. Our findings suggest that SNX8 is a critical component of the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)-mediated innate immune response by modulating VISA aggregation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ru Zang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Lian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming-Ming Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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63
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Wu X, Lei C, Xia T, Zhong X, Yang Q, Shu HB. Regulation of TRIF-mediated innate immune response by K27-linked polyubiquitination and deubiquitination. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4115. [PMID: 31511519 PMCID: PMC6739404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12145-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-β (TRIF) is an essential adaptor protein required for innate immune responses mediated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3- and TLR4. Here we identify USP19 as a negative regulator of TLR3/4-mediated signaling. USP19 deficiency increases the production of type I interferons (IFN) and proinflammatory cytokines induced by poly(I:C) or LPS in vitro and in vivo. Usp19-/- mice have more serious inflammation after poly(I:C) or LPS treatment, and are more susceptible to inflammatory damages and death following Salmonella typhimurium infection. Mechanistically, USP19 interacts with TRIF and catalyzes the removal of TRIF K27-linked polyubiquitin moieties, thereby impairing the recruitment of TRIF to TLR3/4. In addition, the RING E3 ubiquitin ligase complex Cullin-3-Rbx1-KCTD10 catalyzes K27-linked polyubiquitination of TRIF at K523, and deficiency of this complex inhibits TLR3/4-mediated innate immune signaling. Our findings thus reveal TRIF K27-linked polyubiquitination and deubiquitination as a critical regulatory mechanism of TLR3/4-mediated innate immune responses. TRIF is an important adaptor protein for mediating Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and TLR4 signaling. Here the authors show that the deubiquitinating enzymes USP19, as well as the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex Cullin-3-Rbx1-KCTD10, modulates TRIF K523 ubiquitination and thereby TRIF recruitment to TLR3/4 to control innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Caoqi Lei
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Zhong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.,Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China. .,Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.
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64
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The metabolic regulator Lamtor5 suppresses inflammatory signaling via regulating mTOR-mediated TLR4 degradation. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:1063-1076. [PMID: 31467416 PMCID: PMC7608472 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive immune responses are essential for eliminating pathogens but must be tightly controlled to avoid sustained immune activation and potential tissue damage. The engagement of TLR4, a canonical pattern recognition receptor, has been proposed to trigger inflammatory responses with different magnitudes and durations depending on TLR4 cellular compartmentalization. In the present study, we identify an unexpected role of Lamtor5, a newly identified component of the amino acid-sensing machinery, in modulating TLR4 signaling and controlling inflammation. Specifically, Lamtor5 associated with TLR4 via their LZ/TIR domains and facilitated their colocalization at autolysosomes, preventing lysosomal tethering and the activation of mTORC1 upon LPS stimulation and thereby derepressing TFEB to promote autophagic degradation of TLR4. The loss of Lamtor5 was unable to trigger the TFEB-driven autolysosomal pathway and delay degradation of TLR4, leading to sustained inflammation and hence increased mortality among Lamtor5 haploinsufficient mice during endotoxic shock. Intriguingly, nutrient deprivation, particularly leucine deprivation, blunted inflammatory signaling and conferred protection to endotoxic mice. This effect, however, was largely abrogated upon Lamtor5 deletion. We thus propose a homeostatic function of Lamtor5 that couples pathogenic insults and nutrient availability to optimize the inflammatory response; this function may have implications for TLR4-associated inflammatory and metabolic disorders.
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65
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Abstract
Autophagy is a powerful tool that host cells use to defend against viral infection. Double-membrane vesicles, termed autophagosomes, deliver trapped viral cargo to the lysosome for degradation. Specifically, autophagy initiates an innate immune response by cooperating with pattern recognition receptor signalling to induce interferon production. It also selectively degrades immune components associated with viral particles. Following degradation, autophagy coordinates adaptive immunity by delivering virus-derived antigens for presentation to T lymphocytes. However, in an ongoing evolutionary arms race, viruses have acquired the potent ability to hijack and subvert autophagy for their benefit. In this Review, we focus on the key regulatory steps during viral infection in which autophagy is involved and discuss the specific molecular mechanisms that diverse viruses use to repurpose autophagy for their life cycle and pathogenesis. Autophagy is crucial for innate and adaptive antiviral immunity; in turn, viruses evade and subvert autophagy to support their replication and pathogenesis. In this Review, Choi, Bowman and Jung discuss the molecular mechanisms that govern autophagy during host–virus interactions.
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66
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Zhong X, Feng L, Xu WH, Wu X, Ding YD, Zhou Y, Lei CQ, Shu HB. The zinc-finger protein ZFYVE1 modulates TLR3-mediated signaling by facilitating TLR3 ligand binding. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:741-752. [PMID: 31388100 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of viral dsRNA by Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) leads to the induction of downstream antiviral effectors and the innate antiviral immune response. Here, we identified the zinc-finger FYVE domain-containing protein ZFYVE1, a guanylate-binding protein (GBP), as a positive regulator of TLR3-mediated signaling. Overexpression of ZFYVE1 promoted the transcription of downstream antiviral genes upon stimulation with the synthetic TLR3 ligand poly(I:C). Conversely, ZFYVE1 deficiency had the opposite effect. Zfyve1-/- mice were less susceptible than wild-type mice to inflammatory death induced by poly(I:C) but not LPS. ZFYVE1 was associated with TLR3, and the FYVE domain of ZFYVE1 and the ectodomain of TLR3 were shown to be responsible for their interaction. ZFYVE1 was bound to poly(I:C) and increased the binding affinity of TLR3 to poly(I:C). These findings suggest that ZFYVE1 plays an important role in the TLR3-mediated innate immune and inflammatory responses by promoting the ligand binding of TLR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lu Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wen-Hua Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xin Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi-Di Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.,Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Cao-Qi Lei
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China. .,Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China. .,Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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67
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Lim J, Park H, Heisler J, Maculins T, Roose-Girma M, Xu M, Mckenzie B, van Lookeren Campagne M, Newton K, Murthy A. Autophagy regulates inflammatory programmed cell death via turnover of RHIM-domain proteins. eLife 2019; 8:44452. [PMID: 31287416 PMCID: PMC6615860 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RIPK1, RIPK3, ZBP1 and TRIF, the four mammalian proteins harboring RIP homotypic interaction motif (RHIM) domains, are key components of inflammatory signaling and programmed cell death. RHIM-domain protein activation is mediated by their oligomerization; however, mechanisms that promote a return to homeostasis remain unknown. Here we show that autophagy is critical for the turnover of all RHIM-domain proteins. Macrophages lacking the autophagy gene Atg16l1accumulated highly insoluble forms of RIPK1, RIPK3, TRIF and ZBP1. Defective autophagy enhanced necroptosis by Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. TNF-mediated necroptosis was mediated by RIPK1 kinase activity, whereas TLR3- or TLR4-mediated death was dependent on TRIF and RIPK3. Unexpectedly, combined deletion of Atg16l1 and Zbp1 accelerated LPS-mediated necroptosis and sepsis in mice. Thus, ZBP1 drives necroptosis in the absence of the RIPK1-RHIM, but suppresses this process when multiple RHIM-domain containing proteins accumulate. These findings identify autophagy as a central regulator of innate inflammation governed by RHIM-domain proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Lim
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Hyunjoo Park
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Jason Heisler
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Timurs Maculins
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Merone Roose-Girma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Brent Mckenzie
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, United States
| | | | - Kim Newton
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, United States
| | - Aditya Murthy
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, United States
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68
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Fu YZ, Guo Y, Zou HM, Su S, Wang SY, Yang Q, Luo MH, Wang YY. Human cytomegalovirus protein UL42 antagonizes cGAS/MITA-mediated innate antiviral response. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007691. [PMID: 31107917 PMCID: PMC6527189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) senses viral DNA in the cytosol and then catalyzes synthesis of the second messenger cGAMP, which activates the ER-localized adaptor protein Mediator of IRF3 Activator (MITA) to initiate innate antiviral response. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) proteins can antagonize host immune responses to promote latent infection. Here, we identified HCMV UL42 as a negative regulator of cGAS/MITA-dependent antiviral response. UL42-deficiency enhances HCMV-induced production of type I interferons (IFNs) and downstream antiviral genes. Consistently, wild-type HCMV replicates more efficiently than UL42-deficient HCMV. UL42 interacts with both cGAS and MITA. UL42 inhibits DNA binding, oligomerization and enzymatic activity of cGAS. UL42 also impairs translocation of MITA from the ER to perinuclear punctate structures, which is required for MITA activation, by facilitating p62/LC3B-mediated degradation of translocon-associated protein β (TRAPβ). These results suggest that UL42 can antagonize innate immune response to HCMV by targeting the core components of viral DNA-triggered signaling pathways. Recognition of viral DNA by the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS and subsequent induction of type I IFNs via the cGAS-MITA signaling axis are important for host antiviral innate immunity. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes complications in immunodeficient populations and is a major cause of birth defects. It is known that HCMV suppresses innate immunity, which is pivotal for establishing immune evasion and latent infection. In this study, we found that HCMV protein UL42 inhibits innate antiviral responses thus promotes HCMV replication. UL42 functions by targeting cGAS and MITA through distinct mechanisms. UL42 inhibits cGAS activation by interrupting its DNA binding and oligomerization, while it targets MITA by interfering trafficking of MITA from the ER to perinuclear punctate structures, a process required for MITA activation. These findings defined an important mechanism for HCMV immune evasion, which may provide a therapeutic target for the treatment of HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhi Fu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University,Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Mei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Su
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University,Wuhan, China
| | - Su-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University,Wuhan, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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69
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Human Cytomegalovirus DNA Polymerase Subunit UL44 Antagonizes Antiviral Immune Responses by Suppressing IRF3- and NF-κB-Mediated Transcription. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00181-19. [PMID: 30867312 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00181-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the first line of host defense against viral invasion. The induction of type I interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory cytokines is essential to host antiviral immune responses, which are also key targets of viral immune evasion. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can establish long-term latent infections, in which immune evasion is a pivotal step. In this study, we identified HCMV protein UL44, a DNA polymerase processivity factor, as an inhibitor of the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)- and NF-κB-dependent antiviral response. Ectopic expression of UL44 inhibited HCMV-triggered induction of downstream effector genes and enhanced viral replication. Conversely, knockdown of UL44 potentiated HCMV-triggered induction of downstream antiviral genes. UL44 interacted with IRF3 and p65, and it inhibited the binding of IRF3 and NF-κB to the promoters of their downstream antiviral genes. These findings reveal an important mechanism of immune evasion by HCMV at the transcriptional level.IMPORTANCE Induction of type I IFNs and inflammatory cytokines plays pivotal roles in host antiviral innate immune responses. Viruses have evolved various mechanisms to interfere with these processes. HCMV causes severe ailments in immunodeficient populations and is a major cause of birth defects. It has been shown that HCMV antagonizes host innate immune defenses, which is important for establishing immune evasion and latent infection. In this study, we identified the HCMV DNA polymerase subunit UL44 as a suppressor of antiviral innate immune responses. Overexpression of UL44 impaired HCMV-triggered induction of type I IFNs and other antiviral genes and thus potentiated viral replication, whereas UL44 deficiency showed opposite effects. Mechanistic studies indicated that UL44 acts by inhibiting the binding of IRF3 and NF-κB to the promoters of downstream antiviral genes. These findings defined an important mechanism of HCMV immune evasion at the transcriptional level, which may provide a therapeutic target for the treatment of HCMV infection.
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70
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Gentle IE. Supramolecular Complexes in Cell Death and Inflammation and Their Regulation by Autophagy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:73. [PMID: 31131275 PMCID: PMC6509160 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling activation is a tightly regulated process involving myriad posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, ubiquitylation/deubiquitylation, proteolytical cleavage events as well as translocation of proteins to new compartments within the cell. In addition to each of these events potentially regulating individual proteins, the assembly of very large supramolecular complexes has emerged as a common theme in signal transduction and is now known to regulate many signaling events. This is particularly evident in pathways regulating both inflammation and cell death/survival. Regulation of the assembly and silencing of these complexes plays important roles in immune signaling and inflammation and the fate of cells to either die or survive. Here we will give a summary of some of the better studied supramolecular complexes involved in inflammation and cell death, particularly with a focus on diseases caused by their autoactivation and the role autophagy either plays or may be playing in their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian E Gentle
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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71
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Di Rienzo M, Antonioli M, Fusco C, Liu Y, Mari M, Orhon I, Refolo G, Germani F, Corazzari M, Romagnoli A, Ciccosanti F, Mandriani B, Pellico MT, De La Torre R, Ding H, Dentice M, Neri M, Ferlini A, Reggiori F, Kulesz-Martin M, Piacentini M, Merla G, Fimia GM. Autophagy induction in atrophic muscle cells requires ULK1 activation by TRIM32 through unanchored K63-linked polyubiquitin chains. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaau8857. [PMID: 31123703 PMCID: PMC6527439 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau8857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Optimal autophagic activity is crucial to maintain muscle integrity, with either reduced or excessive levels leading to specific myopathies. LGMD2H is a muscle dystrophy caused by mutations in the ubiquitin ligase TRIM32, whose function in muscles remains not fully understood. Here, we show that TRIM32 is required for the induction of muscle autophagy in atrophic conditions using both in vitro and in vivo mouse models. Trim32 inhibition results in a defective autophagy response to muscle atrophy, associated with increased ROS and MuRF1 levels. The proautophagic function of TRIM32 relies on its ability to bind the autophagy proteins AMBRA1 and ULK1 and stimulate ULK1 activity via unanchored K63-linked polyubiquitin. LGMD2H-causative mutations impair TRIM32's ability to bind ULK1 and induce autophagy. Collectively, our study revealed a role for TRIM32 in the regulation of muscle autophagy in response to atrophic stimuli, uncovering a previously unidentified mechanism by which ubiquitin ligases activate autophagy regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Di Rienzo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Antonioli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - C. Fusco
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Y. Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - M. Mari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - I. Orhon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - G. Refolo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - F. Germani
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Corazzari
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Novara, Novara, Italy
| | - A. Romagnoli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - F. Ciccosanti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - B. Mandriani
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - M. T. Pellico
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - R. De La Torre
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - H. Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - M. Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - M. Neri
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - A. Ferlini
- Section of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - F. Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - M. Kulesz-Martin
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - M. Piacentini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - G. Merla
- Division of Medical Genetics, IRCCS, Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013 San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - G. M. Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, 00149 Rome, Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce 73100, Italy
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72
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Ye L, Zhang Q, Liuyu T, Xu Z, Zhang MX, Luo MH, Zeng WB, Zhu Q, Lin D, Zhong B. USP49 negatively regulates cellular antiviral responses via deconjugating K63-linked ubiquitination of MITA. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007680. [PMID: 30943264 PMCID: PMC6464240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mediator of IRF3 activation (MITA, also known as STING and ERIS) is an essential adaptor protein for cytoplasmic DNA-triggered signaling and involved in innate immune responses, autoimmunity and tumorigenesis. The activity of MITA is critically regulated by ubiquitination and deubiquitination. Here, we report that USP49 interacts with and deubiquitinates MITA after HSV-1 infection, thereby turning down cellular antiviral responses. Knockdown or knockout of USP49 potentiated HSV-1-, cytoplasmic DNA- or cGAMP-induced production of type I interferons (IFNs) and proinflammatory cytokines and impairs HSV-1 replication. Consistently, Usp49-/- mice exhibit resistance to lethal HSV-1 infection and attenuated HSV-1 replication compared to Usp49+/+ mice. Mechanistically, USP49 removes K63-linked ubiquitin chains from MITA after HSV-1 infection which inhibits the aggregation of MITA and the subsequent recruitment of TBK1 to the signaling complex. These findings suggest a critical role of USP49 in terminating innate antiviral responses and provide insights into the complex regulatory mechanisms of MITA activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Ye
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianzi Liuyu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhigao Xu
- Department of Pathology, Center for Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-Xin Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min-Hua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Bo Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiyun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dandan Lin
- Cancer Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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73
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Tian Y, Wang ML, Zhao J. Crosstalk between Autophagy and Type I Interferon Responses in Innate Antiviral Immunity. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020132. [PMID: 30717138 PMCID: PMC6409909 DOI: 10.3390/v11020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy exhibits dual effects during viral infections, promoting the clearance of viral components and activating the immune system to produce antiviral cytokines. However, some viruses impair immune defenses by collaborating with autophagy. Mounting evidence suggests that the interaction between autophagy and innate immunity is critical to understanding the contradictory roles of autophagy. Type I interferon (IFN-I) is a crucial antiviral factor, and studies have indicated that autophagy affects IFN-I responses by regulating IFN-I and its receptors expression. Similarly, IFN-I and interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) products can harness autophagy to regulate antiviral immunity. Crosstalk between autophagy and IFN-I responses could be a vital aspect of the molecular mechanisms involving autophagy in innate antiviral immunity. This review briefly summarizes the approaches by which autophagy regulates antiviral IFN-I responses and highlights the recent advances on the mechanisms by which IFN-I and ISG products employ autophagy against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Ming-Li Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
- Wuhu Interferon Bio-Products Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd., Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
- Wuhu Interferon Bio-Products Industry Research Institute Co., Ltd., Wuhu 241000, China.
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74
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Selective Autophagy Regulates Innate Immunity Through Cargo Receptor Network. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1209:145-166. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-0606-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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75
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Sharma V, Verma S, Seranova E, Sarkar S, Kumar D. Selective Autophagy and Xenophagy in Infection and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:147. [PMID: 30483501 PMCID: PMC6243101 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a cellular homeostatic process, which ensures cellular survival under various stress conditions, has catapulted to the forefront of innate defense mechanisms during intracellular infections. The ability of autophagy to tag and target intracellular pathogens toward lysosomal degradation is central to this key defense function. However, studies involving the role and regulation of autophagy during intracellular infections largely tend to ignore the housekeeping function of autophagy. A growing number of evidences now suggest that the housekeeping function of autophagy, rather than the direct pathogen degradation function, may play a decisive role to determine the outcome of infection and immunological balance. We discuss herein the studies that establish the homeostatic and anti-inflammatory function of autophagy, as well as role of bacterial effectors in modulating and coopting these functions. Given that the core autophagy machinery remains largely the same across diverse cargos, how selectivity plays out during intracellular infection remains intriguing. We explore here, the contrasting role of autophagy adaptors being both selective as well as pleotropic in functions and discuss whether E3 ligases could bring in the specificity to cargo selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Sharma
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Surbhi Verma
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Elena Seranova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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76
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Martin PK, Marchiando A, Xu R, Rudensky E, Yeung F, Schuster SL, Kernbauer E, Cadwell K. Autophagy proteins suppress protective type I interferon signalling in response to the murine gut microbiota. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:1131-1141. [PMID: 30202015 PMCID: PMC6179362 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As a conserved pathway that lies at the intersection between host defence and cellular homeostasis, autophagy serves as a rheostat for immune reactions. In particular, autophagy suppresses excess type I interferon (IFN-I) production in response to viral nucleic acids. It is unknown how this function of autophagy relates to the intestinal barrier where host-microbe interactions are pervasive and perpetual. Here, we demonstrate that mice deficient in autophagy proteins are protected from the intestinal bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium in a manner dependent on IFN-I signalling and nucleic acid sensing pathways. Enhanced IFN-stimulated gene expression in intestinal tissue of autophagy-deficient mice in the absence of infection was mediated by the gut microbiota. Additionally, monocytes infiltrating into the autophagy-deficient intestinal microenvironment displayed an enhanced inflammatory profile and were necessary for protection against C. rodentium. Finally, we demonstrate that the microbiota-dependent IFN-I production that occurs in the autophagy-deficient host also protects against chemical injury of the intestine. Thus, autophagy proteins prevent a spontaneous IFN-I response to microbiota that is beneficial in the presence of infectious and non-infectious intestinal hazards. These results identify a role for autophagy proteins in controlling the magnitude of IFN-I signalling at the intestinal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Martin
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Marchiando
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruliang Xu
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eugene Rudensky
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frank Yeung
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha L Schuster
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisabeth Kernbauer
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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77
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Lian H, Zang R, Wei J, Ye W, Hu MM, Chen YD, Zhang XN, Guo Y, Lei CQ, Yang Q, Luo WW, Li S, Shu HB. The Zinc-Finger Protein ZCCHC3 Binds RNA and Facilitates Viral RNA Sensing and Activation of the RIG-I-like Receptors. Immunity 2018; 49:438-448.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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78
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Abstract
Tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins are a versatile family of ubiquitin E3 ligases involved in a multitude of cellular processes. Studies in recent years have demonstrated that many TRIM proteins play central roles in the host defense against viral infection. While some TRIM proteins directly antagonize distinct steps in the viral life cycle, others regulate signal transduction pathways induced by innate immune sensors, thereby modulating antiviral cytokine responses. Furthermore, TRIM proteins have been implicated in virus-induced autophagy and autophagy-mediated viral clearance. Given the important role of TRIM proteins in antiviral restriction, it is not surprising that several viruses have evolved effective maneuvers to neutralize the antiviral action of specific TRIM proteins. Here, we describe the major antiviral mechanisms of TRIM proteins as well as viral strategies to escape TRIM-mediated host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel van Gent
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA; , ,
| | - Konstantin M J Sparrer
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA; , ,
| | - Michaela U Gack
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA; , ,
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79
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Lim
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Aditya Murthy
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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80
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Liu Y, Zhou Q, Zhong L, Lin H, Hu MM, Zhou Y, Shu HB, Li S. ZDHHC11 modulates innate immune response to DNA virus by mediating MITA-IRF3 association. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:907-916. [PMID: 29429998 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
MITA is a central adaptor in innate immune responses to DNA viruses. The mechanisms responsible for recruitment of downstream kinase TBK1 and the transcription factor IRF3 to MITA remains enigmatic. Here we identified ZDHHC11, a member of DHHC palmitoyl transferase family, as a positive regulator of DNA virus-triggered signaling. Overexpression of ZDHHC11 activated the IFN-β promoter, while ZDHHC11-deficiency specifically impaired DNA virus HSV-1-induced transcription of downstream antiviral genes. Zdhhc11-/- mice exhibited lower serum cytokine levels and higher lethality after HSV-1 infection. Mechanistically, ZDHHC11 facilitated the optimal recruitment of IRF3 to MITA. Our findings support an important role for ZDHHC11 in mediating MITA-dependent innate immune responses against DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China, Hubei
| | - Qian Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China, Hubei
| | - Li Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China, Hubei
| | - Heng Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China, Hubei
| | - Ming-Ming Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China, Hubei
| | - Yan Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China, Hubei.
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China, Hubei.
| | - Shu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China, Hubei.
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81
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Li K, Zhong B. Regulation of Cellular Antiviral Signaling by Modifications of Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like Molecules. Immune Netw 2018; 18:e4. [PMID: 29503737 PMCID: PMC5833123 DOI: 10.4110/in.2018.18.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation of cellular antiviral signaling depends on host pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs)-mediated recognition of viral nucleic acids that are known as classical pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PRRs recruit adaptor proteins and kinases to activate transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers to regulate transcription of hundreds of genes, the products of which collaborate to elicit antiviral responses. In addition, PRRs-triggered signaling induces activation of various inflammasomes which leads to the release of IL-1β and inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated that PRRs-triggered signaling is critically regulated by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules. In this review, we first summarize an updated understanding of cellular antiviral signaling and virus-induced activation of inflammasome and then focus on the regulation of key components by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.,Department of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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82
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Samie M, Lim J, Verschueren E, Baughman JM, Peng I, Wong A, Kwon Y, Senbabaoglu Y, Hackney JA, Keir M, Mckenzie B, Kirkpatrick DS, van Lookeren Campagne M, Murthy A. Selective autophagy of the adaptor TRIF regulates innate inflammatory signaling. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:246-254. [PMID: 29358708 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-017-0042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Defective autophagy is linked to diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the mechanisms by which autophagy limits inflammation remain poorly understood. Here we found that loss of the autophagy-related gene Atg16l1 promoted accumulation of the adaptor TRIF and downstream signaling in macrophages. Multiplex proteomic profiling identified SQSTM1 and Tax1BP1 as selective autophagy-related receptors that mediated the turnover of TRIF. Knockdown of Tax1bp1 increased production of the cytokines IFN-β and IL-1β. Mice lacking Atg16l1 in myeloid cells succumbed to lipopolysaccharide-mediated sepsis but enhanced their clearance of intestinal Salmonella typhimurium in an interferon receptor-dependent manner. Human macrophages with the Crohn's disease-associated Atg16l1 variant T300A exhibited more production of IFN-β and IL-1β. An elevated interferon-response gene signature was observed in patients with IBD who were resistant to treatment with an antibody to the cytokine TNF. These findings identify selective autophagy as a key regulator of signaling via the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samie
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Junghyun Lim
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erik Verschueren
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joshua M Baughman
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ivan Peng
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron Wong
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Youngsu Kwon
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yasin Senbabaoglu
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jason A Hackney
- Department of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mary Keir
- Biomarker Discovery OMNI, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brent Mckenzie
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Donald S Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microchemistry, Proteomics & Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Aditya Murthy
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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