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Zolotarev KV, Belyaeva NF, Mikhailov AN, Mikhailova MV. Dependence between LD50 for Rodents and LC50 for Adult Fish and Fish Embryos. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 162:445-450. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3636-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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52
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Podechard N, Chevanne M, Fernier M, Tête A, Collin A, Cassio D, Kah O, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Sergent O. Zebrafish larva as a reliable model for in vivo assessment of membrane remodeling involvement in the hepatotoxicity of chemical agents. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:732-746. [PMID: 27896850 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The easy-to-use in vivo model, zebrafish larva, is being increasingly used to screen chemical-induced hepatotoxicity, with a good predictivity for various mechanisms of liver injury. However, nothing is known about its applicability in exploring the mechanism called membrane remodeling, depicted as changes in membrane fluidity or lipid raft properties. The aim of this study was, therefore, to substantiate the zebrafish larva as a suitable in vivo model in this context. Ethanol was chosen as a prototype toxicant because it is largely described, both in hepatocyte cultures and in rodents, as capable of inducing a membrane remodeling leading to hepatocyte death and liver injury. The zebrafish larva model was demonstrated to be fully relevant as membrane remodeling was maintained even after a 1-week exposure without any adaptation as usually reported in rodents and hepatocyte cultures. It was also proven to exhibit a high sensitivity as it discriminated various levels of cytotoxicity depending on the extent of changes in membrane remodeling. In this context, its sensitivity appeared higher than that of WIF-B9 hepatic cells, which is suited for analyzing this kind of hepatotoxicity. Finally, the protection afforded by a membrane stabilizer, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), or by a lipid raft disrupter, pravastatin, definitely validated zebrafish larva as a reliable model to quickly assess membrane remodeling involvement in chemical-induced hepatotoxicity. In conclusion, this model, compatible with a high throughput screening, might be adapted to seek hepatotoxicants via membrane remodeling, and also drugs targeting membrane features to propose new preventive or therapeutic strategies in chemical-induced liver diseases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Normand Podechard
- UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, bâtiment 5, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France.,Biosit UMS3480, Université de Rennes 1, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Martine Chevanne
- UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, bâtiment 5, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France.,Biosit UMS3480, Université de Rennes 1, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Morgane Fernier
- UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, bâtiment 5, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France.,Biosit UMS3480, Université de Rennes 1, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Arnaud Tête
- UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, bâtiment 5, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France.,Biosit UMS3480, Université de Rennes 1, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Aurore Collin
- UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, bâtiment 5, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France.,Biosit UMS3480, Université de Rennes 1, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Doris Cassio
- Inserm, UMR-S 757; Orsay, France; Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Kah
- Biosit UMS3480, Université de Rennes 1, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France.,UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, bâtiment 9, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, bâtiment 5, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France.,Biosit UMS3480, Université de Rennes 1, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France
| | - Odile Sergent
- UMR Inserm 1085, IRSET, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, bâtiment 5, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France.,Biosit UMS3480, Université de Rennes 1, 35043, Rennes Cédex, France
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Chen Q, Jia A, Snyder SA, Gong Z, Lam SH. Glucocorticoid activity detected by in vivo zebrafish assay and in vitro glucocorticoid receptor bioassay at environmental relevant concentrations. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:1162-9. [PMID: 26461441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are pharmaceutical contaminants of emerging concern due to their incomplete removal during wastewater treatment, increased presence in aquatic environment and their biological potency. The zebrafish is a popular model for aquatic toxicology and environmental risk assessment. This study aimed to determine if glucocorticoids at environmental concentrations would perturb expression of selected glucocorticoid-responsive genes in zebrafish and to investigate their potentials as an in vivo zebrafish assay in complementing in vitro glucocorticoid receptor bioassay. The relative expression of eleven glucocorticoid-responsive genes in zebrafish larvae and liver of adult male zebrafish exposed to three representative glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, prednisolone and triamcinolone) was determined. The expression of pepck, baiap2 and pxr was up-regulated in zebrafish larvae and the expression of baiap2, pxr and mmp-2 was up-regulated in adult zebrafish exposed to glucocorticoids at concentrations equivalent to total glucocorticoids reported in environmental samples. The responsiveness of the specific genes were sufficiently robust in zebrafish larvae exposed to a complex environmental sample detected with in vitro glucocorticoid activity equivalent to 478 pM dexamethasone (DEX-EQ) and confirmed to contain low concentration (0.2 ng/L or less) of the targeted glucocorticoids, and possibly other glucocorticoid-active compounds. The findings provided in vivo relevance to the in vitro glucocorticoid activity and suggested that the environmental sample can perturb glucocorticoid-responsive genes in its original, or half the diluted, concentration as may be found in the environment. The study demonstrated the important complementary roles of in vivo zebrafish and in vitro bioassays coupled with analytical chemistry in monitoring environmental glucocorticoid contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Chen
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Ai Jia
- University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| | - Shane A Snyder
- University of Arizona, 1133 E. James E. Rogers Way, Harshbarger 108, Tucson, AZ 85721-0011, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore
| | - Siew Hong Lam
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore; Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore.
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54
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Shen W, Wei Y, Tang D, Jia X, Chen B. Metabolite profiles of ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 in zebrafish using ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight MS. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:78-84. [PMID: 28123325 PMCID: PMC5223078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, metabolite profiles of ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 from red ginseng or red notoginseng in zebrafish were qualitatively analyzed with ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight MS, and the possible metabolic were pathways proposed. METHODS After exposing to zebrafish for 24 h, we determined the metabolites of ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5. The chromatography was accomplished on UPLC BEH C18 column using a binary gradient elution of 0.1% formic acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid water. The quasimolecular ions of compounds were analyzed in the negative mode. With reference to quasimolecular ions and MS2 spectra, by comparing with reference standards and matching the empirical molecular formula with that of known published compounds, and then the potential structures of metabolites of ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5 were acquired. RESULTS Four and seven metabolites of ginsenoside Rk1 and ginsenoside Rg5, respectively, were identified in zebrafish. The mechanisms involved were further deduced to be desugarization, glucuronidation, sulfation, and dehydroxymethylation pathways. Dehydroxylation and loss of C-17 residue were also metabolic pathways of ginsenoside Rg5 in zebrafish. CONCLUSION Loss of glucose at position C-3 and glucuronidation at position C-12 in zebrafish were regarded as the primary physiological processes of ginsenosides Rk1 and Rg5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Delivery System of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingjie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Delivery System of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Daoquan Tang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Application, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Delivery System of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Delivery System of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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55
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Huyer LD, Montgomery M, Zhao Y, Xiao Y, Conant G, Korolj A, Radisic M. Biomaterial based cardiac tissue engineering and its applications. Biomed Mater 2015; 10:034004. [PMID: 25989939 PMCID: PMC4464787 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/3/034004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, necessitating the development of effective treatment strategies. A myocardial infarction involves the blockage of a coronary artery leading to depletion of nutrient and oxygen supply to cardiomyocytes and massive cell death in a region of the myocardium. Cardiac tissue engineering is the growth of functional cardiac tissue in vitro on biomaterial scaffolds for regenerative medicine application. This strategy relies on the optimization of the complex relationship between cell networks and biomaterial properties. In this review, we discuss important biomaterial properties for cardiac tissue engineering applications, such as elasticity, degradation, and induced host response, and their relationship to engineered cardiac cell environments. With these properties in mind, we also emphasize in vitro use of cardiac tissues for high-throughput drug screening and disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Locke Davenport Huyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Miles Montgomery
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yun Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Genevieve Conant
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anastasia Korolj
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network and IBBME, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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56
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Gallardo VE, Varshney GK, Lee M, Bupp S, Xu L, Shinn P, Crawford NP, Inglese J, Burgess SM. Phenotype-driven chemical screening in zebrafish for compounds that inhibit collective cell migration identifies multiple pathways potentially involved in metastatic invasion. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:565-76. [PMID: 25810455 PMCID: PMC4457032 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.018689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, high-throughput chemical screening has become the dominant approach for discovering novel compounds with therapeutic properties. Automated screening using in vitro or cultured cell assays have yielded thousands of candidate drugs for a variety of biological targets, but these approaches have not resulted in an increase in drug discovery despite major increases in expenditures. In contrast, phenotype-driven screens have shown a much stronger success rate, which is why we developed an in vivo assay using transgenic zebrafish with a GFP-marked migrating posterior lateral line primordium (PLLp) to identify compounds that influence collective cell migration. We then conducted a high-throughput screen using a compound library of 2160 annotated bioactive synthetic compounds and 800 natural products to identify molecules that block normal PLLp migration. We identified 165 compounds that interfere with primordium migration without overt toxicity in vivo. Selected compounds were confirmed in their migration-blocking activity by using additional assays for cell migration. We then proved the screen to be successful in identifying anti-metastatic compounds active in vivo by performing orthotopic tumor implantation assays in mice. We demonstrated that the Src inhibitor SU6656, identified in our screen, can be used to suppress the metastatic capacity of a highly aggressive mammary tumor cell line. Finally, we used CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis in zebrafish to genetically validate predicted targets of compounds. This approach demonstrates that the migrating PLLp in zebrafish can be used for large-scale, high-throughput screening for compounds that inhibit collective cell migration and, potentially, anti-metastatic compounds. Summary: We have developed a phenotype-driven screen for identifying new inhibitors of collective cell migration and demonstrated the screen can successfully identify compounds active in vivo and potentially new pathways for targeting cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana E Gallardo
- Developmental Genomics Section, Genome Technology Branch National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gaurav K Varshney
- Developmental Genomics Section, Genome Technology Branch National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Minnkyong Lee
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sujata Bupp
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lisha Xu
- Developmental Genomics Section, Genome Technology Branch National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paul Shinn
- Department of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Nigel P Crawford
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James Inglese
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA Department of Pre-Clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Shawn M Burgess
- Developmental Genomics Section, Genome Technology Branch National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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57
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Mesens N, Crawford AD, Menke A, Hung PD, Van Goethem F, Nuyts R, Hansen E, Wolterbeek A, Van Gompel J, De Witte P, Esguerra CV. Are zebrafish larvae suitable for assessing the hepatotoxicity potential of drug candidates? J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:1017-29. [PMID: 25663337 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is poorly predicted by single-cell-based assays, probably because of the lack of physiological interactions with other cells within the liver. An intact whole liver system such as one present in zebrafish larvae could provide added value in a screening strategy for DILI; however, the possible occurrence of other organ toxicities and the immature larval stage of the zebrafish might complicate accurate and fast analysis. We investigated whether expression analysis of liver-specific fatty acid binding protein 10a (lfabp10a) was an appropriate endpoint for assessing hepatotoxic effects in zebrafish larvae. It was found that expression analysis of lfabp10a was a valid marker, as after treatment with hepatotoxicants, dose-response curves could be obtained and statistically significant abnormal lfabp10 expression levels correlated with hepatocellular histopathological changes in the liver. However, toxicity in other vital organs such as the heart could impact liver outgrowth and thus had to be assessed concurrently. Whether zebrafish larvae were suitable for assessing human relevant drug-induced hepatotoxicity was assessed with hepatotoxicants and non-hepatotoxicants that have been marketed for human use and classified according to their mechanism of toxicity. The zebrafish larva showed promising predictivity towards a number of mechanisms and was capable of distinguishing between hepatotoxic and non-hepatotoxic chemical analogues, thus implying its applicability as a potential screening model for DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Mesens
- Discovery Support and Investigative Toxicology group EU, Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Alexander D Crawford
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N 2, 08.4226 Herestraat 49, PB 824, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aswin Menke
- TNO, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704HE, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Pham Duc Hung
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N 2, 08.4226 Herestraat 49, PB 824, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Freddy Van Goethem
- Discovery Support and Investigative Toxicology group EU, Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Rik Nuyts
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N 2, 08.4226 Herestraat 49, PB 824, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Hansen
- Discovery Support and Investigative Toxicology group EU, Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Jacky Van Gompel
- Discovery Support and Investigative Toxicology group EU, Preclinical Development and Safety, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Peter De Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N 2, 08.4226 Herestraat 49, PB 824, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Camila V Esguerra
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N 2, 08.4226 Herestraat 49, PB 824, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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58
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Liu T, Jiang LL, He MF, Zhu Z, Wang DB, Song TS, Tan WM, Ouyang P, Xie J. Green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide by a GRAS strain Bacillus subtilis 168 with high biocompatibility to zebrafish embryos. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra12304f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A low toxic and highly biocompatible bacterially reduced graphene oxide was prepared by a “Generally Recognized As Safe” strain Bacillus subtilis 168 mediated with Vitamin K3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - Ling-Ling Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Ming-Fang He
- College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Zhengang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - De-bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - Tian-Shun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - Wei-min Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- National Engineering Research Center for Coatings
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
| | - Jingjing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering
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Abstract
Nonclinical safety pharmacology and toxicology testing of drug candidates assess the potential adverse effects caused by the drug in relation to its intended use in humans. Hazards related to a drug have to be identified and the potential risks at the intended exposure have to be evaluated in comparison to the potential benefit of the drug. Preclinical safety is thus an integral part of drug discovery and drug development. It still causes significant attrition during drug development.Therefore, there is a need for smart selection of drug candidates in drug discovery including screening of important safety endpoints. In the recent years,there was significant progress in computational and in vitro technology allowing in silico assessment as well as high-throughput screening of some endpoints at very early stages of discovery. Despite all this progress, in vivo evaluation of drug candidates is still an important part to safety testing. The chapter provides an overview on the most important areas of nonclinical safety screening during drug discovery of small molecules.
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Metabolism of ginsenosides Rk3 and Rh4 from steamed notoginseng in zebrafish by ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 38:1468-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-014-0538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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61
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A transcriptomics-based hepatotoxicity comparison between the zebrafish embryo and established human and rodent in vitro and in vivo models using cyclosporine A, amiodarone and acetaminophen. Toxicol Lett 2014; 232:403-12. [PMID: 25448281 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish embryo (ZFE) is a promising alternative, non-rodent model in toxicology, which has an advantage over the traditionally used models as it contains complete biological complexity and provides a medium to high-throughput setting. Here, we assess how the ZFE compares to the traditionally used models for liver toxicity testing, i.e., in vivo mouse and rat liver, in vitro mouse and rat hepatocytes, and primary human hepatocytes. For this comparison, we analyzed gene expression changes induced by three model compounds for cholestasis, steatosis, and necrosis. The three compounds, cyclosporine A, amiodarone, and acetaminophen, were chosen because of their relevance to human toxicity and these compounds displayed hepatotoxic-specific changes in the mouse in vivo data. Compound induced expression changes in the ZFE model shared similarity with both in vivo and in vitro. Comparison on single gene level revealed the presence of model specific changes and no clear concordance across models. However, concordance was identified on the pathway level. Specifically, the pathway "regulation of metabolism - bile acids regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism via FXR" was affected across all models and compounds. In conclusion, our study with three hepatotoxic model compounds shows that the ZFE model is at least as comparable to traditional models in identifying hepatotoxic activity and has the potential for use as a pre-screen to determine the hepatotoxic potential of compounds.
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Beker van Woudenberg A, Snel C, Rijkmans E, de Groot D, Bouma M, Hermsen S, Piersma A, Menke A, Wolterbeek A. Zebrafish embryotoxicity test for developmental (neuro)toxicity: Demo case of an integrated screening approach system using anti-epileptic drugs. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 49:101-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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63
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Driessen M, Kienhuis AS, Vitins AP, Pennings JLA, Pronk TE, van den Brandhof EJ, Roodbergen M, van de Water B, van der Ven LTM. Gene expression markers in the zebrafish embryo reflect a hepatotoxic response in animal models and humans. Toxicol Lett 2014; 230:48-56. [PMID: 25064622 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish embryo (ZFE) is a promising non-rodent model in toxicology, and initial studies suggested its applicability in detecting hepatotoxic responses. Here, we hypothesize that the detailed analysis of underlying mechanisms of hepatotoxicity in ZFE contributes to the improved identification of hepatotoxic properties of new compounds and to the reduction of rodents used for screening. ZFEs were exposed to nine reference hepatotoxicants, targeted at induction of cholestasis, steatosis and necrosis, and two non-hepatotoxic controls. Histopathology revealed various specific morphological changes in the ZFE hepatocytes indicative of cell injury. Gene expression profiles of the individual compounds were generated using microarrays. Regulation of single genes and of pathways could be linked to hepatotoxic responses in general, but phenotype-specific responses could not be distinguished. Hepatotoxicity-associated pathways included xenobiotic metabolism and oxidoreduction related pathways. Overall analysis of gene expression identified a limited set of potential biomarkers specific for a common hepatotoxicity response. This set included several cytochrome P450 genes (cyp2k19, cyp4v7, cyp2aa3), genes related to liver development (pklr) and genes important in oxidoreduction processes (zgc:163022, zgc:158614, zgc:101858 and sqrdl). In conclusion, the ZFE model allows for identification of hepatotoxicants, without discrimination into specific phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Driessen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anne S Kienhuis
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alexa P Vitins
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa E Pronk
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Evert-Jan van den Brandhof
- Centre for Environmental Quality, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O.Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne Roodbergen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leo T M van der Ven
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Han Y, Zhang JP, Qian JQ, Hu CQ. Cardiotoxicity evaluation of anthracyclines in zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:241-52. [PMID: 24853142 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced cardiotoxicity is a leading factor for drug withdrawals, and limits drug efficacy and clinical use. Therefore, new alternative animal models and methods for drug safety evaluation have been given great attention. Anthracyclines (ANTs) are widely prescribed anticancer agents that have a cumulative dose relationship with cardiotoxicity. We performed experiments to study the toxicity of ANTs in early developing zebrafish embryos, especially their effects on the heart. LC50 values for daunorubicin, pirarubicin, doxorubicin (DOX), epirubicin and DOX-liposome at 72 h post-fertilization were 122.7 μM, 111.9 μM, 31.2 μM, 108.3 μM and 55.8 μM, respectively. At the same time, zebrafish embryos were exposed to ANTs in three exposure stages and induced incomplete looping of the heart tube, pericardia edema and bradycardia in a dose-dependent manner, eventually leading to death. DOX caused the greatest heart defects in the treatment stages and its liposome reduced the effects on the heart, while daunorubicin produced the least toxicity. Genes and proteins related to heart development were also identified to be sensitive to ANT exposure and downregulated by ANTs. It revealed ANTs could disturb the heart formation and development. ANTs induced cardiotoxicity in zebrafish has similar effects in mammalian models, indicating that zebrafish may have a potential value for assessment of drug-induced developmental cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
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65
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Yuan G, Wang Y, Yuan X, Zhang T, Zhao J, Huang L, Peng S. T-2 toxin induces developmental toxicity and apoptosis in zebrafish embryos. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:917-25. [PMID: 25079423 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is one of the most important trichothecene mycotoxins occurring in various agriculture products. The developmental toxicity of T-2 toxin and the exact mechanism of action at early life stages are not understood precisely. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different concentrations of the toxin at 4-6 hours post fertilization (hpf) stage of development, and were observed for different developmental toxic effects at 24, 48, 72, and 144 hpf. Exposure to 0.20 μmol/L or higher concentrations of T-2 toxin significantly increased the mortality and malformation rate such as tail deformities, cardiovascular defects and behavioral changes in early developmental stages of zebrafish. T-2 toxin exposure resulted in significant increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell apoptosis, mainly in the tail areas, as revealed by Acridine Orange staining at 24 hpf. In addition, T-2 toxin-induced severe tail deformities could be attenuated by co-exposure to reduced glutathione (GSH). T-2 toxin and GSH co-exposure induced a significant decrease of ROS production in the embryos. The overall results demonstrate that T-2 toxin is able to produce oxidative stress and induce apoptosis, which are involved in the developmental toxicity of T-2 toxin in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guogang Yuan
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Yimei Wang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Yuan
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Tingfen Zhang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Liuyu Huang
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shuangqing Peng
- Evaluation and Research Center for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China.
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66
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Zhang X, Li C, Gong Z. Development of a convenient in vivo hepatotoxin assay using a transgenic zebrafish line with liver-specific DsRed expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91874. [PMID: 24626481 PMCID: PMC3953600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we have developed a transgenic zebrafish line (LiPan) with liver-specific red fluorescent protein (DsRed) expression under the fabp10a promoter. Since red fluorescence in the liver greatly facilitates the observation of liver in live LiPan fry, we envision that the LiPan zebrafish may provide a useful tool in analyses of hepatotoxicity based on changes of liver red fluorescence intensity and size. In this study, we first tested four well-established hepatotoxins (acetaminophen, aspirin, isoniazid and phenylbutazone) in LiPan fry and demonstrated that these hepatotoxins could significantly reduce both liver red fluorescence and liver size in a dosage-dependent manner, thus the two measurable parameters could be used as indicators of hepatotoxicity. We then tested the LiPan fry with nine other chemicals including environmental toxicants and human drugs. Three (mefenamic acid, lindane, and arsenate) behave like hepatotoxins in reduction of liver red fluorescence, while three others (17β-estradiol, TCDD [2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin] and NDMA [N-nitrosodimethylamine]) caused increase of liver red fluorescence and the liver size. Ethanol and two other chemicals, amoxicillin (antibiotics) and chlorphenamine (pain killer) did not resulted in significant changes of liver red fluorescence and liver size. By quantitative RT-PCR analysis, we found that the changes of red fluorescence intensity caused by different chemicals correlated to the changes of endogenous fabp10a RNA expression, indicating that the measured hepatotoxicity was related to fatty acid transportation and metabolism. Finally we tested a mixture of four hepatotoxins and observed a significant reduction of red fluorescence in the liver at concentrations below the lowest effective concentrations of individual hepatotoxins, suggesting that the transgenic zebrafish assay is capable of reporting compound hepatotoxicity effect from chemical mixtures. Thus, the LiPan transgenic fry provide a rapid and convenient in vivo hepatotoxicity assay that should be applicable to high-throughput hepatotoxicity test in drug screening as well as in biomonitoring environmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Caixia Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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67
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Gao XP, Feng F, Zhang XQ, Liu XX, Wang YB, She JX, He ZH, He MF. Toxicity assessment of 7 anticancer compounds in zebrafish. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:98-105. [PMID: 24563414 DOI: 10.1177/1091581814523142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity is one of the major reasons for failure in drug development. Zebrafish, as an ideal vertebrate model, could also be used to evaluate drug toxicity. In this study, we aimed to show the predictability and highlight novel findings of toxicity in zebrafish model. Seven anticancer compounds, including triptolide (TP), gambogic acid (GA), mycophenolic acid (MPA), curcumin, auranofin, thalidomide, and taxol, were assessed in zebrafish for their toxicity. Three compounds (GA, TP, and taxol) showed highest acute lethality, with 50% lethal concentration ≈ 1 μmol/L. Missing tails, severe pericardial edema, and enlarged yolk sacs were observed in MPA-treated embryos. The development of pectoral fins was severely disturbed in thalidomide-, GA-, and TP-treated embryos. Bradycardia was observed in MPA- and thalidomide-treated groups. Our findings suggested that the zebrafish are a good model for toxicity assessment of anticancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Gao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210009, China.
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68
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Robertson JK, Danzmann K, Charles S, Blake K, Olivares A, Bamikole S, Olson M, Raay TJV. Targeting the Wnt pathway in zebrafish as a screening method to identify novel therapeutic compounds. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:169-76. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370213514322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in the Wnt signaling pathway account for the initiation of greater than 90% of all colorectal cancers and this pathway has been implicated in numerous other diseases. Therefore, identifying small molecule inhibitors of this pathway is of critical importance towards identifying clinically relevant drugs. Numerous screens have been employed to identify therapeutic reagents, but none have made it to advanced clinical trials, suggesting that traditional screening methods are ineffective at identifying clinically relevant targets. Here, we describe a novel in vivo screen to identify small molecule inhibitors of the Wnt pathway. Specifically, treatment of zebrafish embryos with LiCl inhibits GSK3 kinase function, resulting in hyperactivation of the signaling pathway and an eyeless phenotype at 1 day post fertilization. Using the small molecule XAV939, a known inhibitor of Wnt signaling, we rescued the LiCl induced eyeless phenotype, confirming efficacy of the screen. We next tested our assay with 400 known small molecule kinase inhibitors, none of which should inhibit Wnt signaling below the level of GSK3 based on their known targets. Accordingly, none of these small molecules rescued the eyeless phenotype, which demonstrates the stringency of the assay. However, several of these small molecule kinase inhibitors did generate a non-Wnt phenotype in accordance with the kinase they targeted. Therefore, combining the efficacy, sensitivity, and stringency of this preliminary screen, this model will provide an alternative to the traditional in vitro screen, generating potentially clinical relevant drugs in a rapid and cost-effective way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Robertson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada N1L 1A3
| | - Kestral Danzmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada N1L 1A3
| | - Sherise Charles
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada N1L 1A3
| | - Katherine Blake
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada N1L 1A3
| | - Annia Olivares
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada N1L 1A3
| | - Solape Bamikole
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada N1L 1A3
| | - Meghan Olson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada N1L 1A3
| | - Terence J Van Raay
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada N1L 1A3
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Yamashita A, Inada H, Chihara K, Yamada T, Deguchi J, Funabashi H. Improvement of the evaluation method for teratogenicity using zebrafish embryos. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39:453-64. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Yamashita
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Hiroshi Inada
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Kazuhiro Chihara
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Toru Yamada
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Jiro Deguchi
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd
| | - Hitoshi Funabashi
- Preclinical Research Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd
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70
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Drabsch Y, He S, Zhang L, Snaar-Jagalska BE, ten Dijke P. Transforming growth factor-β signalling controls human breast cancer metastasis in a zebrafish xenograft model. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R106. [PMID: 24196484 PMCID: PMC3978640 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signalling pathway is known to control human breast cancer invasion and metastasis. We demonstrate that the zebrafish xenograft assay is a robust and dependable animal model for examining the role of pharmacological modulators and genetic perturbation of TGF-β signalling in human breast tumour cells. METHODS We injected cancer cells into the embryonic circulation (duct of cuvier) and examined their invasion and metastasis into the avascular collagenous tail. Various aspects of the TGF-β signalling pathway were blocked by chemical inhibition, small interfering RNA (siRNA), or small hairpin RNA (shRNA). Analysis was conducted using fluorescent microscopy. RESULTS Breast cancer cells with different levels of malignancy, according to in vitro and in vivo mouse studies, demonstrated invasive and metastatic properties within the embryonic zebrafish model that nicely correlated with their differential tumourigenicity in mouse models. Interestingly, MCF10A M2 and M4 cells invaded into the caudal hematopoietic tissue and were visible as a cluster of cells, whereas MDA MB 231 cells invaded into the tail fin and were visible as individual cells. Pharmacological inhibition with TGF-β receptor kinase inhibitors or tumour specific Smad4 knockdown disturbed invasion and metastasis in the zebrafish xenograft model and closely mimicked the results we obtained with these cells in a mouse metastasis model. Inhibition of matrix metallo proteinases, which are induced by TGF-β in breast cancer cells, blocked invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS The zebrafish-embryonic breast cancer xenograft model is applicable for the mechanistic understanding, screening and development of anti-TGF-β drugs for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in a timely and cost-effective manner.
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71
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Ahuja V, Sharma S. Drug safety testing paradigm, current progress and future challenges: an overview. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 34:576-94. [PMID: 24777877 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early assessment of the toxicity potential of new molecules in pharmaceutical industry is a multi-dimensional task involving predictive systems and screening approaches to aid in the optimization of lead compounds prior to their entry into development phase. Due to the high attrition rate in the pharma industry in last few years, it has become imperative for the nonclinical toxicologist to focus on novel approaches which could be helpful for early screening of drug candidates. The need is that the toxicologists should change their classical approach to a more investigative approach. This review discusses the developments that allow toxicologists to anticipate safety problems and plan ways to address them earlier than ever before. This includes progress in the field of in vitro models, surrogate models, molecular toxicology, 'omics' technologies, translational safety biomarkers, stem-cell based assays and preclinical imaging. The traditional boundaries between teams focusing on efficacy/ safety and preclinical/ clinical aspects in the pharma industry are disappearing, and translational research-centric organizations with a focused vision of bringing drugs forward safely and rapidly are emerging. Today's toxicologist should collaborate with medicinal chemists, pharmacologists, and clinicians and these value-adding contributions will change traditional toxicologists from side-effect identifiers to drug development enablers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Ahuja
- Drug Safety Assessment, Novel Drug Discovery and Development, Lupin Limited (Research Park), 46A/47A, Nande Village, MulshiTaluka, Pune, 412 115, India
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72
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Nadanaciva S, Aleo MD, Strock CJ, Stedman DB, Wang H, Will Y. Toxicity assessments of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in isolated mitochondria, rat hepatocytes, and zebrafish show good concordance across chemical classes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 272:272-80. [PMID: 23811329 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To reduce costly late-stage compound attrition, there has been an increased focus on assessing compounds in in vitro assays that predict attributes of human safety liabilities, before preclinical in vivo studies are done. Relevant questions when choosing a panel of assays for predicting toxicity are (a) whether there is general concordance in the data among the assays, and (b) whether, in a retrospective analysis, the rank order of toxicity of compounds in the assays correlates with the known safety profile of the drugs in humans. The aim of our study was to answer these questions using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as a test set since NSAIDs are generally associated with gastrointestinal injury, hepatotoxicity, and/or cardiovascular risk, with mitochondrial impairment and endoplasmic reticulum stress being possible contributing factors. Eleven NSAIDs, flufenamic acid, tolfenamic acid, mefenamic acid, diclofenac, meloxicam, sudoxicam, piroxicam, diflunisal, acetylsalicylic acid, nimesulide, and sulindac (and its two metabolites, sulindac sulfide and sulindac sulfone), were tested for their effects on (a) the respiration of rat liver mitochondria, (b) a panel of mechanistic endpoints in rat hepatocytes, and (c) the viability and organ morphology of zebrafish. We show good concordance for distinguishing among/between NSAID chemical classes in the observations among the three approaches. Furthermore, the assays were complementary and able to correctly identify "toxic" and "non-toxic" drugs in accordance with their human safety profile, with emphasis on hepatic and gastrointestinal safety. We recommend implementing our multi-assay approach in the drug discovery process to reduce compound attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashi Nadanaciva
- Compound Safety Prediction, Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
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73
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Beker van Woudenberg A, Wolterbeek A, Te Brake L, Snel C, Menke A, Rubingh C, de Groot D, Kroese D. A category approach to predicting the developmental (neuro) toxicity of organotin compounds: the value of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryotoxicity test (ZET). Reprod Toxicol 2013; 41:35-44. [PMID: 23796951 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different organotin compounds during very early development (<100h post fertilization). Morphology, histopathology and swimming activity (in a motor activity test) were the endpoints analyzed. DBTC was, by far, the most embryotoxic compound at all time points and endpoints studied. In fact, we observed a clear concordance between the effects observed in our zebrafish embryo model, and those observed with these compounds in full rodent in vivo studies. All organotin compounds classified as developmental (neuro) toxicants in vivo, were correctly classified in the present assay. Together, our results support the ZET model as a valuable tool for providing biological verification for a grouping and a read-across approach to developmental (neuro) toxicity.
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74
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Peterson RT, Macrae CA. Changing the Scale and Efficiency of Chemical Warfare Countermeasure Discovery Using the Zebrafish. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 10. [PMID: 24273586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As the scope of potential chemical warfare agents grows rapidly and as the diversity of potential threat scenarios expands with non-state actors, so a need for innovative approaches to countermeasure development has emerged. In the last few years, the utility of the zebrafish as a model organism that is amenable to high-throughput screening has become apparent and this system has been applied to the unbiased discovery of chemical warfare countermeasures. This review summarizes the in vivo screening approach that has been pioneered in the countermeasure discovery arena, and highlights the successes to date as well as the potential challenges in moving the field forward. Importantly, the establishment of a zebrafish platform for countermeasure discovery would offer a rapid response system for the development of antidotes to the continuous stream of new potential chemical warfare agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall T Peterson
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital
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Zhang X, Gong Z. Fluorescent transgenic zebrafish Tg(nkx2.2a:mEGFP) provides a highly sensitive monitoring tool for neurotoxins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55474. [PMID: 23383332 PMCID: PMC3562320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously a standard toxicological test termed as DarT (Danio rerio Teratogenic assay) using wild type zebrafish embryos has been established and it is widely applied in toxicological and chemical screenings. As an increasing number of fluorescent transgenic zebrafish lines with specific fluorescent protein expression specifically expressed in different organs and tissues, we envision that the fluorescent markers may provide more sensitive endpoints for monitoring chemical induced phenotypical changes. Here we employed Tg(nkx2.2a:mEGFP) transgenic zebrafish which have GFP expression in the central nervous system to investigate its potential for screening neurotoxic chemicals. Five potential neurotoxins (acetaminophen, atenolol, atrazine, ethanol and lindane) and one neuroprotectant (mefenamic acid) were tested. We found that the GFP-labeled ventral axons from trunk motoneurons, which were easily observed in live fry and measured for quantification, were a highly sensitive to all of the five neurotoxins and the length of axons was significantly reduced in fry which looked normal based on DarT endpoints at low concentrations of neurotoxins. Compared to the most sensitive endpoints of DarT, ventral axon marker could improve the detection limit of these neurotoxins by about 10 fold. In contrast, there was no improvement for detection of the mefenamic acid compared to all DarT endpoints. Thus, ventral axon lengths provide a convenient and measureable marker specifically for neurotoxins. Our study may open a new avenue to use other fluorescent transgenic zebrafish embryos/fry to develop sensitive and specific toxicological tests for different categories of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Selderslaghs IWT, Hooyberghs J, Blust R, Witters HE. Assessment of the developmental neurotoxicity of compounds by measuring locomotor activity in zebrafish embryos and larvae. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2013; 37:44-56. [PMID: 23357511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The developmental neurotoxic potential of the majority of environmental chemicals and drugs is currently undetermined. Specific in vivo studies provide useful data for hazard assessment but are not amenable to screen thousands of untested compounds. In this study, methods which use zebrafish embryos, eleutheroembryos and larvae as model organisms, were proposed as alternatives for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) testing. The evaluation of spontaneous tail coilings in zebrafish embryos aged 24-26 hours post fertilization (hpf) and the swimming activity of eleutheroembryos at 120 and larvae at 144 hpf, i.e. parameters for locomotor activity, were investigated as potential endpoints for DNT testing, according to available standard protocols. The overall performance and predictive value of these methods was then examined by testing a training set of 10 compounds, including known developmental neurotoxicants and compounds not considered to be neurotoxic. The classification of the selected compounds as either neurotoxic or non-neurotoxic, based on the effects observed in zebrafish embryos and larvae, was compared to available mammalian data and an overall concordance of 90% was achieved. Furthermore, the specificity of the selected endpoints for DNT was evaluated as well as the potential similarities between zebrafish and mammals with regard to mechanisms of action for the selected compounds. Although further studies, including the screening of a large testing set of compounds are required, we suggest that the proposed methods with zebrafish embryos and larvae might be valuable alternatives for animal testing for the screening and prioritization of compounds for DNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid W T Selderslaghs
- VITO NV, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Environmental Risk and Health, Boeretang 200, Mol, Belgium.
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He JH, Guo SY, Zhu F, Zhu JJ, Chen YX, Huang CJ, Gao JM, Dong QX, Xuan YX, Li CQ. A zebrafish phenotypic assay for assessing drug-induced hepatotoxicity. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2012; 67:25-32. [PMID: 23128142 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous studies have confirmed that zebrafish and mammalian toxicity profiles are strikingly similar and the transparency of larval zebrafish permits direct in vivo assessment of drug toxicity including hepatotoxicity in zebrafish. METHODS Hepatotoxicity of 6 known mammalian hepatotoxic drugs (acetaminophen [APAP], aspirin, tetracycline HCl, sodium valproate, cyclophosphamide and erythromycin) and 2 non-hepatotoxic compounds (sucrose and biotin) were quantitatively assessed in larval zebrafish using three specific phenotypic endpoints of hepatotoxicity: liver degeneration, changes in liver size and yolk sac retention. Zebrafish liver degeneration was originally screened visually, quantified using an image-based morphometric analysis and confirmed by histopathology. RESULTS All the tested mammalian hepatotoxic drugs induced liver degeneration, reduced liver size and delayed yolk sac absorption in larval zebrafish, whereas the non-hepatotoxic compounds did not have observable adverse effect on zebrafish liver. The overall prediction success rate for hepatotoxic drugs and non-hepatotoxic compounds in zebrafish was 100% (8/8) as compared with mammalian results, suggesting that hepatotoxic drugs in mammals also caused similar hepatotoxicity in zebrafish. DISCUSSION Larval zebrafish phenotypic assay is a highly predictive animal model for rapidly in vivo assessment of compound hepatotoxicity. This convenient, reproducible animal model saves time and money for drug discovery and can serve as an intermediate step between cell-based evaluation and conventional animal testing of hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hui He
- Hunter Biotechnology, Inc., Transfarland, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311231, PR China
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Mandrell D, Truong L, Jephson C, Sarker MR, Moore A, Lang C, Simonich MT, Tanguay RL. Automated zebrafish chorion removal and single embryo placement: optimizing throughput of zebrafish developmental toxicity screens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 17:66-74. [PMID: 22357610 DOI: 10.1177/2211068211432197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The potential of the developing zebrafish model for toxicology and drug discovery is limited by inefficient approaches to manipulating and chemically exposing zebrafish embryos-namely, manual placement of embryos into 96- or 384-well plates and exposure of embryos while still in the chorion, a barrier of poorly characterized permeability enclosing the developing embryo. We report the automated dechorionation of 1600 embryos at once at 4 h postfertilization (hpf) and placement of the dechorionated embryos into 96-well plates for exposure by 6 hpf. The process removed ≥95% of the embryos from their chorions with 2% embryo mortality by 24 hpf, and 2% of the embryos malformed at 120 hpf. The robotic embryo placement allocated 6-hpf embryos to 94.7% ± 4.2% of the wells in multiple 96-well trials. The rate of embryo mortality was 2.8% (43 of 1536) from robotic handling, the rate of missed wells was 1.2% (18 of 1536), and the frequency of multipicks was <0.1%. Embryo malformations observed at 24 hpf occurred nearly twice as frequently from robotic handling (16 of 864; 1.9%) as from manual pipetting (9 of 864; 1%). There was no statistical difference between the success of performing the embryo placement robotically or manually.
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79
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Littleton RM, Miller M, Hove JR. Whole plant based treatment of hypercholesterolemia with Crataegus laevigata in a zebrafish model. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 12:105. [PMID: 22824306 PMCID: PMC3479075 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Consumers are increasingly turning to plant-based complementary and alternative medicines to treat hypercholesterolemia. Many of these treatments are untested and their efficacy is unknown. This multitude of potential remedies necessitates a model system amenable to testing large numbers of organisms that maintains similarity to humans in both mode of drug administration and overall physiology. Here we develop the larval zebrafish (4–30 days post fertilization) as a vertebrate model of dietary plant-based treatment of hypercholesterolemia and test the effects of Crataegus laevigata in this model. Methods Larval zebrafish were fed high cholesterol diets infused with fluorescent sterols and phytomedicines. Plants were ground with mortar and pestle into a fine powder before addition to food. Fluorescent sterols were utilized to optically quantify relative difference in intravascular cholesterol levels between groups of fish. We utilized the Zeiss 7-Live Duo high-speed confocal platform in order to both quantify intravascular sterol fluorescence and to capture video of the heart beat for determination of cardiac output. Results In this investigation we developed and utilized a larval zebrafish model to investigate dietary plant-based intervention of the pathophysiology of hypercholesterolemia. We found BODIPY-cholesterol effectively labels diet-introduced intravascular cholesterol levels (P < 0.05, Student’s t-test). We also established that zebrafish cardiac output declines as cholesterol dose increases (difference between 0.1% and 8% (w/w) high cholesterol diet-treated cardiac output significant at P < 0.05, 1-way ANOVA). Using this model, we found hawthorn leaves and flowers significantly reduce intravascular cholesterol levels (P < 0.05, 1-way ANOVA) and interact with cholesterol to impact cardiac output in hypercholesterolemic fish (2-way ANOVA, P < 0.05 for interaction effect). Conclusions The results of this study demonstrate that the larval zebrafish has the potential to become a powerful model to test plant based dietary intervention of hypercholesterolemia. Using this model we have shown that hawthorn leaves and flowers have the potential to affect cardiac output as well as intravascular cholesterol levels. Further, our observation that hawthorn leaves and flowers interact with cholesterol to impact cardiac output indicates that the physiological effects of hawthorn may depend on diet.
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80
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Zolotarev KV, Kashirtseva VN, Mishin AV, Belyaeva NF, Medvedeva NV, Ipatova OM. Assessment of Toxicity of Cdse/Cds/Zns/S,S-Dihydrolipoic Acid/Polyacrylic Acid Quantum Dots at Danio rerio Embryos and Larvae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5402/2012/914636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are nanosized semiconductor crystals. They are currently applied in different science fields such as medicine, namely, cancer diagnostics and treatment. QD toxicity is caused by the toxicity of their components. In vivo application of QDs requires their toxicity assessment, so the purpose of this work has been the estimation of acute and chronic toxicity of the QDs at Danio rerio embryos and larvae, QDs being composed of CdSe/CdS/ZnS/S,S-dihydrolipoic acid/polyacrylic acid. We have found no QD acute toxicity during 48 hours of QDs action at the embryo up to the concentration of 185 μM Cd. QDs have been found to be toxic only at 5–7 days of action, it shows that QDs act accumulatively. Beside lethality, we have observed different larval development defects, that is, differently localized edemas, lag of development, tail curvature, and swimming bladder malformation. Our experimental data as well as literature data show that toxicity of the quantum dots at Danio rerio embryos and larvae is primarily caused by toxic action of Cd2+ ion which arises from partial dissociation of CdSe and CdS molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V. Zolotarev
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (IBMC RAMS), 10 Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Valentina N. Kashirtseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (IBMC RAMS), 10 Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Mishin
- EcoBioPharm LLC., 11-1 Bolshoy Kozlovsky Lane, Moscow 107078, Russia
| | - Natalya F. Belyaeva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (IBMC RAMS), 10 Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Natalya V. Medvedeva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (IBMC RAMS), 10 Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Olga M. Ipatova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (IBMC RAMS), 10 Pogodinskaya Street, Moscow 119121, Russia
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81
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Huang X, Zhou L, Gong Z. Liver tumor models in transgenic zebrafish: an alternative in vivo approach to study hepatocarcinogenes. Future Oncol 2012; 8:21-8. [PMID: 22149032 DOI: 10.2217/fon.11.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The small vertebrate, zebrafish, has generated a big wave in current biomedical research. In the early experiments of carcinogen treatment, it has been found that the induced tumors in the zebrafish share many similar features with those of humans. With the recent development in transgenic technology, we are able to control the expression of a specific oncogene in targeted organs for generation of different tissue tumor models in zebrafish. In particular, the fusion of an oncogene and a color reporter, such as the green fluorescent protein, allows us to conveniently monitor transgenic tumors for their initiation, progression, metastasis and transplantation in the transparent zebrafish embryos, as demonstrated in this article with our newly established liver cancer models. What does the future hold in this rapidly growing model organism? Other than understanding the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis, one obvious area will be the potential of these models for rapid and high-throughput screening for anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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82
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Toxicogenomic and phenotypic analyses of bisphenol-A early-life exposure toxicity in zebrafish. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28273. [PMID: 22194820 PMCID: PMC3237442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol-A is an important environmental contaminant due to the increased early-life exposure that may pose significant health-risks to various organisms including humans. This study aimed to use zebrafish as a toxicogenomic model to capture transcriptomic and phenotypic changes for inference of signaling pathways, biological processes, physiological systems and identify potential biomarker genes that are affected by early-life exposure to bisphenol-A. Phenotypic analysis using wild-type zebrafish larvae revealed BPA early-life exposure toxicity caused cardiac edema, cranio-facial abnormality, failure of swimbladder inflation and poor tactile response. Fluorescent imaging analysis using three transgenic lines revealed suppressed neuron branching from the spinal cord, abnormal development of neuromast cells, and suppressed vascularization in the abdominal region. Using knowledge-based data mining algorithms, transcriptome analysis suggests that several signaling pathways involving ephrin receptor, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, synaptic long-term potentiation, axonal guidance, vascular endothelial growth factor, integrin and tight junction were deregulated. Physiological systems with related disorders associated with the nervous, cardiovascular, skeletal-muscular, blood and reproductive systems were implicated, hence corroborated with the phenotypic analysis. Further analysis identified a common set of BPA-targeted genes and revealed a plausible mechanism involving disruption of endocrine-regulated genes and processes in known susceptible tissue-organs. The expression of 28 genes were validated in a separate experiment using quantitative real-time PCR and 6 genes, ncl1, apoeb, mdm1, mycl1b, sp4, U1SNRNPBP homolog, were found to be sensitive and robust biomarkers for BPA early-life exposure toxicity. The susceptibility of sp4 to BPA perturbation suggests its role in altering brain development, function and subsequently behavior observed in laboratory animals exposed to BPA during early life, which is a health-risk concern of early life exposure in humans. The present study further established zebrafish as a model for toxicogenomic inference of early-life chemical exposure toxicity.
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Sukardi H, Zhang X, Lui EY, Ung CY, Mathavan S, Gong Z, Lam SH. Liver X receptor agonist T0901317 induced liver perturbation in zebrafish: histological, gene set enrichment and expression analyses. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:33-43. [PMID: 22047996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver X receptor (LXR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, regulates important biological processes. It has been associated with pathology and proposed as a therapeutic target. The zebrafish is a new vertebrate model for disease modeling, drug and toxicity screening and will be interesting to test for its potential for LXR-related studies. METHODS Adult male fish were exposed to LXR agonist T0901317 at 20, 200 and 2000nM for 96h and the livers were sampled for histological, microarray and qRT-PCR analyses. RESULTS Histological analysis suggests dose-dependent perturbation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms by T0901317 in the liver, which lead to hepatocyte swelling and cell death. Microarray data revealed several conserved effects of T0901317 with mammalian models, including up-regulation of LXR-targeted genes, modulation of biological pathways associated with proteasome, cell death, extracellular matrix and adhesions, maturity onset diabetes of the young and lipid beta oxidation. Interestingly, this study identified the complement and coagulation systems as down-regulated by T0901317 for the first time, potentially via transcriptional repression by LXR activation. qRT-PCR validated the expression of 16 representative genes, confirming activation of LXR signaling and down-regulation of these biological pathways by T0901317 which could be linked to the anti-thrombogenic, anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory actions, as well as metabolic disruptions via LXR activation. CONCLUSION AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our study underscores the potential of using zebrafish model coupled with transcriptomic analysis to capture pharmacological and toxicological or pathological events induced by LXR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrian Sukardi
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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84
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Hu G, Siu SO, Li S, Chu IK, Kwan YW, Chan SW, Leung GPH, Yan R, Lee SMY. Metabolism of calycosin, an isoflavone from Astragali Radix, in zebrafish larvae. Xenobiotica 2011; 42:294-303. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.617015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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85
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Wei Y, Li P, Fan H, Peng Y, Liu W, Wang C, Shu L, Jia X. Metabolism study of notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1 and ginsenoside Rb1 of radix Panax notoginseng in zebrafish. Molecules 2011; 16:6621-33. [PMID: 25134766 PMCID: PMC6264432 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16086621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish, a common model organism for studies of vertebrate development and gene function, has been used in pharmaceutical research as a new and powerful tool in recent years. In the present study, we applied zebrafish for the first time in a metabolic study of notoginsenoside (R1), ginsenoside (Rg1) and ginsenoside (Rb1), which are saponins isolated from Panax notoginseng. Metabolites of these three saponin compounds in zebrafish after exposure for 24 h were identified by high performance liquid chromatography - electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) with a Zorbax C-18 column for separation using a binary gradient elution of 0.05% formic acid acetonitrile - 0.05% formic acid water. The quasi-molecular ions of compounds were detected in negative mode. Step-wise deglycosylation metabolites and hydroxylation metabolites of the three saponins were found, which were coincide with regular methods for metabolic analysis. Our study demonstrated that the zebrafish model can successfully imitate the current metabolic model with advantages of lower cost, far less amount of compound needed, easy set up and high performance. Our data suggests that the zebrafish metabolic model has the potential for developing a novel method for quickly predicting the metabolism of Chinese herb components, including those of trace compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wei
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Street, Nanjing 210028, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines and Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hongwei Fan
- Nanjing Medical University, Affiliated Nanjing First Hospital, Lab of Clinical Pharmacology, 68 Changle Road, Nanjing 210006, China.
| | - Yunru Peng
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Street, Nanjing 210028, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Street, Nanjing 210028, China.
| | - Changmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Street, Nanjing 210028, China.
| | - Luan Shu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Street, Nanjing 210028, China.
| | - Xiaobin Jia
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Street, Nanjing 210028, China.
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Strähle U, Scholz S, Geisler R, Greiner P, Hollert H, Rastegar S, Schumacher A, Selderslaghs I, Weiss C, Witters H, Braunbeck T. Zebrafish embryos as an alternative to animal experiments--a commentary on the definition of the onset of protected life stages in animal welfare regulations. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 33:128-32. [PMID: 21726626 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.06.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the zebrafish has become a popular model for biomedical research and (eco)toxicology. Particularly the use of embryos is receiving increasing attention, since they are considered as replacement method for animal experiments. Zebrafish embryos allow the analysis of multiple endpoints ranging from acute and developmental toxicity determination to complex functional genetic and physiological analysis. Particularly the more complex endpoints require the use of post-hatched eleutheroembryo stages. According to the new EU Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, the earliest life-stages of animals are not defined as protected and, therefore, do not fall into the regulatory frameworks dealing with animal experimentation. Independent feeding is considered as the stage from which free-living larvae are subject to regulations for animal experimentation. However, despite this seemingly clear definition, large variations exist in the interpretation of this criterion by national and regional authorities. Since some assays require the use of post-hatched stages up to 120 h post fertilization, the literature and available data are reviewed in order to evaluate if this stage could still be considered as non-protected according to the regulatory criterion of independent feeding. Based on our analysis and by including criteria such as yolk consumption, feeding and swimming behavior, we conclude that zebrafish larvae can indeed be regarded as independently feeding from 120 h after fertilization. Experiments with zebrafish should thus be subject to regulations for animal experiments from 120 h after fertilization onwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Strähle
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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