51
|
Humphries BA, Wang Z, Yang C. MicroRNA Regulation of the Small Rho GTPase Regulators-Complexities and Opportunities in Targeting Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1092. [PMID: 32353968 PMCID: PMC7281527 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The small Rho GTPases regulate important cellular processes that affect cancer metastasis, such as cell survival and proliferation, actin dynamics, adhesion, migration, invasion and transcriptional activation. The Rho GTPases function as molecular switches cycling between an active GTP-bound and inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound conformation. It is known that Rho GTPase activities are mainly regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs), GDP dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) and guanine nucleotide exchange modifiers (GEMs). These Rho GTPase regulators are often dysregulated in cancer; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a large family of small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate protein-coding gene expression, have been shown to play important roles in cancer metastasis. Recent studies showed that miRNAs are capable of directly targeting RhoGAPs, RhoGEFs, and RhoGDIs, and regulate the activities of Rho GTPases. This not only provides new evidence for the critical role of miRNA dysregulation in cancer metastasis, it also reveals novel mechanisms for Rho GTPase regulation. This review summarizes recent exciting findings showing that miRNAs play important roles in regulating Rho GTPase regulators (RhoGEFs, RhoGAPs, RhoGDIs), thus affecting Rho GTPase activities and cancer metastasis. The potential opportunities and challenges for targeting miRNAs and Rho GTPase regulators in treating cancer metastasis are also discussed. A comprehensive list of the currently validated miRNA-targeting of small Rho GTPase regulators is presented as a reference resource.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brock A. Humphries
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhishan Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 1095 V A Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Chengfeng Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 1095 V A Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Zhang B, Zhong X, Sauane M, Zhao Y, Zheng ZL. Modulation of the Pol II CTD Phosphorylation Code by Rac1 and Cdc42 Small GTPases in Cultured Human Cancer Cells and Its Implication for Developing a Synthetic-Lethal Cancer Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030621. [PMID: 32143485 PMCID: PMC7140432 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases, including Rho, Cdc42, Rac and ROP subfamilies, are key signaling molecules in RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcriptional control. Our prior work has shown that plant ROP and yeast Cdc42 GTPases similarly modulate Ser2 and Ser5 phosphorylation status of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the Pol II largest subunit by regulating CTD phosphatase degradation. Here, we present genetic and pharmacological evidence showing that Cdc42 and Rac1 GTPase signaling modulates a similar CTD Ser2 and Ser5 phosphorylation code in cultured human cancer cells. While siRNA knockdown of Cdc42 and Rac1, respectively, in HeLa cells increased the level of CTD Ser phosphatases RPAP2 and FCP1, they both decreased the level of CTD kinases CDK7 and CDK13. In addition, the protein degradation inhibitor MG132 reversed the effect of THZ1, a CDK7 inhibitor which could decrease the cell number and amount of CDK7 and CDK13, accompanied by a reduction in the level of CTD Ser2 and Ser5 phosphorylation and DOCK4 and DOCK9 (the activators for Rac1 and Cdc42, respectively). Conversely, treatments of Torin1 or serum deprivation, both of which promote protein degradation, could enhance the effect of THZ1, indicating the involvement of protein degradation in controlling CDK7 and CDK13. Our results support an evolutionarily conserved signaling shortcut model linking Rho GTPases to Pol II transcription across three kingdoms, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia, and could lead to the development of a potential synthetic-lethal strategy in controlling cancer cell proliferation or death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Department of Biology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325060, China
| | - Xuelin Zhong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Biology PhD Program, Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Moira Sauane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Biology PhD Program, Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yihong Zhao
- Center of Alcohol and Substance Use Studies and Department of Applied Psychology, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zhi-Liang Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10468, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Thompson JM, Landman J, Razorenova OV. Targeting the RhoGTPase/ROCK pathway for the treatment of VHL/HIF pathway-driven cancers. Small GTPases 2020; 11:32-38. [PMID: 28632992 PMCID: PMC6959287 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1336193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor-suppressor is a major driver of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (CC-RCC) resulting in the stabilization and overactivation of hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs). ROCK1 is a well-known protein serine/threonine kinase which is recognized as having a role in cancer including alterations in cell motility, metastasis and angiogenesis. We recently investigated and identified a synthetic lethal interaction between VHL loss and ROCK1 inhibition in CC-RCC that is dependent on HIF overactivation. Increased expression and activity of both HIFs and ROCK1 occurs in many types of cancer supporting the potential therapeutic role of ROCK inhibitors beyond CC-RCC. We also discuss future research required to establish prognostic markers to predict tumor response to ROCK inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M. Thompson
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jaime Landman
- Urology Department, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Olga V. Razorenova
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry Department, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Xu S, Xu H, Wang W, Li S, Li H, Li T, Zhang W, Yu X, Liu L. The role of collagen in cancer: from bench to bedside. J Transl Med 2019; 17:309. [PMID: 31521169 PMCID: PMC6744664 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen is the major component of the tumor microenvironment and participates in cancer fibrosis. Collagen biosynthesis can be regulated by cancer cells through mutated genes, transcription factors, signaling pathways and receptors; furthermore, collagen can influence tumor cell behavior through integrins, discoidin domain receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, and some signaling pathways. Exosomes and microRNAs are closely associated with collagen in cancer. Hypoxia, which is common in collagen-rich conditions, intensifies cancer progression, and other substances in the extracellular matrix, such as fibronectin, hyaluronic acid, laminin, and matrix metalloproteinases, interact with collagen to influence cancer cell activity. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts play a role with collagen in cancer immunity and progression. Microscopic changes in collagen content within cancer cells and matrix cells and in other molecules ultimately contribute to the mutual feedback loop that influences prognosis, recurrence, and resistance in cancer. Nanoparticles, nanoplatforms, and nanoenzymes exhibit the expected gratifying properties. The pathophysiological functions of collagen in diverse cancers illustrate the dual roles of collagen and provide promising therapeutic options that can be readily translated from bench to bedside. The emerging understanding of the structural properties and functions of collagen in cancer will guide the development of new strategies for anticancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaxiang Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenquan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianjiao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuhu Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Dual Actions of Ketorolac in Metastatic Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081049. [PMID: 31344967 PMCID: PMC6721416 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy are cornerstones of ovarian cancer treatment, yet disease recurrence remains a significant clinical issue. Surgery can release cancer cells into the circulation, suppress anti-tumor immunity, and induce inflammatory responses that support the growth of residual disease. Intervention within the peri-operative window is an under-explored opportunity to mitigate these consequences of surgery and influence the course of metastatic disease to improve patient outcomes. One drug associated with improved survival in cancer patients is ketorolac. Ketorolac is a chiral molecule administered as a 1:1 racemic mixture of the S- and R-enantiomers. The S-enantiomer is considered the active component for its FDA indication in pain management with selective activity against cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. The R-enantiomer has a previously unrecognized activity as an inhibitor of Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate) and Cdc42 (cell division control protein 42) GTPases. Therefore, ketorolac differs from other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by functioning as two distinct pharmacologic entities due to the independent actions of each enantiomer. In this review, we summarize evidence supporting the benefits of ketorolac administration for ovarian cancer patients. We also discuss how simultaneous inhibition of these two distinct classes of targets, COX enzymes and Rac1/Cdc42, by S-ketorolac and R-ketorolac respectively, could each contribute to anti-cancer activity.
Collapse
|
56
|
Ji L, Liu C, Yuan Y, Gao H, Tang Z, Yang Z, Liu Z, Jiang G. Key roles of Rho GTPases, YAP, and Mutant P53 in anti‐neoplastic effects of statins. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2019; 34:4-10. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Ji
- Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy Qingdao University No. 38 Dengzhou Street Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Chaolong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy Qingdao University No. 38 Dengzhou Street Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Yanting Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy Qingdao University No. 38 Dengzhou Street Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy Qingdao University No. 38 Dengzhou Street Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Zhen‐xue Tang
- Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy Qingdao University No. 38 Dengzhou Street Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy Qingdao University No. 38 Dengzhou Street Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Zhan‐tao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy Qingdao University No. 38 Dengzhou Street Qingdao 266021 China
| | - Guo‐hui Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology School of Pharmacy Qingdao University No. 38 Dengzhou Street Qingdao 266021 China
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
RHO Family GTPases in the Biology of Lymphoma. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070646. [PMID: 31248017 PMCID: PMC6678807 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RHO GTPases are a class of small molecules involved in the regulation of several cellular processes that belong to the RAS GTPase superfamily. The RHO family of GTPases includes several members that are further divided into two different groups: typical and atypical. Both typical and atypical RHO GTPases are critical transducers of intracellular signaling and have been linked to human cancer. Significantly, both gain-of-function and loss-of-function mutations have been described in human tumors with contradicting roles depending on the cell context. The RAS family of GTPases that also belong to the RAS GTPase superfamily like the RHO GTPases, includes arguably the most frequently mutated genes in human cancers (K-RAS, N-RAS, and H-RAS) but has been extensively described elsewhere. This review focuses on the role of RHO family GTPases in human lymphoma initiation and progression.
Collapse
|
58
|
Nam S, Kim JH, Lee DH. RHOA in Gastric Cancer: Functional Roles and Therapeutic Potential. Front Genet 2019; 10:438. [PMID: 31156701 PMCID: PMC6529512 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The well-known signal mediator and small GTPase family member, RHOA, has now been associated with the progression of specific malignancies. In this review, we appraise the biomedical literature regarding the role of this enzyme in gastric cancer (GC) signaling, suggesting potential clinical significance. To that end, we examined RHOA activity, with regard to second-generation hallmarks of cancer, finding particular association with the hallmark "activation of invasion and metastasis." Moreover, an abundance of studies show RHOA association with Lauren classification diffuse subtype, in addition to poorly differentiated GC. With regard to therapeutic value, we found RHOA signaling to influence the activity of specific widely used chemotherapeutics, and its possible antagonism by various dietary constituents. We also review currently available targeted therapies for GC. The latter, however, showed a paucity of such agents, underscoring the urgent need for further investigation into treatments for this highly lethal malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungyoon Nam
- Department of Genome Medicine and Science, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Gachon Institute of Genome Medicine and Science, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea.,Gachon Advanced Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Life Sciences, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea.,Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Dae Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Prieto-Dominguez N, Parnell C, Teng Y. Drugging the Small GTPase Pathways in Cancer Treatment: Promises and Challenges. Cells 2019; 8:E255. [PMID: 30884855 PMCID: PMC6468615 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases are a family of low molecular weight GTP-hydrolyzing enzymes that cycle between an inactive state when bound to GDP and an active state when associated to GTP. Small GTPases regulate key cellular processes (e.g., cell differentiation, proliferation, and motility) as well as subcellular events (e.g., vesicle trafficking), making them key participants in a great array of pathophysiological processes. Indeed, the dysfunction and deregulation of certain small GTPases, such as the members of the Ras and Arf subfamilies, have been related with the promotion and progression of cancer. Therefore, the development of inhibitors that target dysfunctional small GTPases could represent a potential therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. This review covers the basic biochemical mechanisms and the diverse functions of small GTPases in cancer. We also discuss the strategies and challenges of inhibiting the activity of these enzymes and delve into new approaches that offer opportunities to target them in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Prieto-Dominguez
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León 24010, Spain.
| | | | - Yong Teng
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
- Department of Medical laboratory, Imaging and Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Laragione T, Harris C, Gulko PS. TRPV2 suppresses Rac1 and RhoA activation and invasion in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 70:268-273. [PMID: 30851707 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The TRPV2 cation channel has been recently implicated in the regulation of arthritis severity, joint damage, and in the invasive behavior of the fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS). However, its mechanism of action was unknown. In this study we characterize the cell signaling events mediating the TRPV2 suppressive activity in FLS invasiveness. Studies with FLS cell lines derived from patients with RA revealed that TRPV2-specific stimulation significantly reduced FLS adhesion to different extracellular matrices that shared binding to αν, β1 and β3 integrins. Localization of these integrins to the plasma membrane and numbers of thick and organized actin filaments were diminished by TRPV2 specific stimulation, and cells developed a round and non-polarized morphology. TRPV2 stimulation significantly reduced levels of activated RhoA, Rac1 and cofilin. RhoA activators were able to overcome the TRPV2-induced suppression on both RhoA activation and invasion. These new discoveries suggest that TRPV2 regulates key intracellular processes implicated in cell invasion in arthritis and other processes such as cancer, and has the potential to become a useful target for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresina Laragione
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Carolyn Harris
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Percio S Gulko
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
He M, Lin Y, Xu Y. Identification of prognostic biomarkers in colorectal cancer using a long non-coding RNA-mediated competitive endogenous RNA network. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:2687-2694. [PMID: 30854042 PMCID: PMC6365949 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly malignant gastrointestinal tumor accompanied by poor prognosis. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays an important role in the progression and physiology of tumors as it competes with endogenous RNAs, including miRNA and mRNA. In the present study, a multi-step computational method was used to build a CRC-related functional lncRNA-mediated competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network (LMCN). lncRNAs with more degrees and betweenness centrality (BC) were screened out as hub lncRNAs. Then functional enrichment analyses of lncRNAs were carried out from the Gene Ontology (GO) and Reactome pathway databases based on the 'guilt by association' principle. As a result, lncRNAs in the LMCN displayed specific topological characteristics in accordance with the regulatory correlation of coding mRNAs in CRC pathology. HCP5, EPB41L4A-AS1, SNHG12, and LINC00649 were screened out as hub lncRNAs which were more significantly related to the development and prognosis of CRC. The hub lncRNAs in CRC were obviously involved in functions of cell cycle arrest, vacuolar transport, histone modification, and in pathways of GPCR, signaling by Rho GTPases, axon guidance pathways, meaning that they might be potential biomarkers for diagnosis, evaluation and gene-targeted therapy of CRC. Thus, the LMCN construction method could accelerate lncRNA discovery and therapeutic development in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjie He
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| | - Yuzhen Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Tata P, Gondaliya P, Sunkaria A, Srivastava A, Kalia K. Modulation of CD44, EGFR and RAC Pathway Genes (WAVE Complex) in Epithelial Cancers. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:833-848. [PMID: 30799784 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190222143044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer hallmarks help in understanding the diversity of various neoplasms. Epithelial cancers play an immense role in the tumor biology through Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) process. Receptor tyrosine kinase, as well as phosphatidyl ionositol-3 kinase pathways, play an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation during EMT. Till date, numerous studies have shown modulation in the expression profile of potential targets like CD44, EGFR, and Rac in epithelial cancers. CD44 interacts with EGFR and recruits other molecules which further activate the Rac pathway intermediates. This review mainly focused on modulation of genes like CD44, EGFR, and Rac pathway intermediates which play a crucial role in the tumor progression, metastasis, proliferation, and invasion characteristics in epithelial cancers with EMT properties. Hence, targeting Rac pathway might be a more strategically relevant approach in treating epithelial cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranathi Tata
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Opposite Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Piyush Gondaliya
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Opposite Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Aditya Sunkaria
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Opposite Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Akshay Srivastava
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Opposite Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Palaj, Opposite Air Force Station, Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Jones CE, Hammer AM, Cho Y, Sizemore GM, Cukierman E, Yee LD, Ghadiali SN, Ostrowski MC, Leight JL. Stromal PTEN Regulates Extracellular Matrix Organization in the Mammary Gland. Neoplasia 2018; 21:132-145. [PMID: 30550871 PMCID: PMC6293034 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of the extracellular matrix has a profound impact on cancer development and progression. The matrix becomes aligned throughout tumor progression, providing “highways” for tumor cell invasion. Aligned matrix is associated with breast density and is a negative prognostic factor in several cancers; however, the underlying mechanisms regulating this reorganization remain poorly understood. Deletion of the tumor suppressor Pten in the stroma was previously shown to promote extracellular matrix expansion and tumor progression. However, it was unknown if PTEN also regulated matrix organization. To address this question, a murine model with fibroblast-specific Pten deletion was used to examine how PTEN regulates matrix remodeling. Using second harmonic generation microscopy, Pten deletion was found to promote collagen alignment parallel to the mammary duct in the normal gland and further remodeling perpendicular to the tumor edge in tumor-bearing mice. Increased alignment was observed with Pten deletion in vitro using fibroblast-derived matrices. PTEN loss was associated with fibroblast activation and increased cellular contractility, as determined by traction force microscopy. Inhibition of contractility abrogated the increased matrix alignment observed with PTEN loss. Murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells cultured on aligned matrices derived from Pten−/− fibroblasts migrated faster than on matrices from wild-type fibroblasts. Combined, these data demonstrate that PTEN loss in fibroblasts promotes extracellular matrix deposition and alignment independently from cancer cell presence, and this reorganization regulates cancer cell behavior. Importantly, stromal PTEN negatively correlated with collagen alignment and high mammographic density in human breast tissue, suggesting parallel function for PTEN in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Anisha M Hammer
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - YouJin Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Gina M Sizemore
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Edna Cukierman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Lisa D Yee
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Samir N Ghadiali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine), College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jennifer L Leight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Abdrabou A, Wang Z. Post-Translational Modification and Subcellular Distribution of Rac1: An Update. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120263. [PMID: 30544910 PMCID: PMC6316090 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1 is a small GTPase that belongs to the Rho family. The Rho family of small GTPases is a subfamily of the Ras superfamily. The Rho family of GTPases mediate a plethora of cellular effects, including regulation of cytoarchitecture, cell size, cell adhesion, cell polarity, cell motility, proliferation, apoptosis/survival, and membrane trafficking. The cycling of Rac1 between the GTP (guanosine triphosphate)- and GDP (guanosine diphosphate)-bound states is essential for effective signal flow to elicit downstream biological functions. The cycle between inactive and active forms is controlled by three classes of regulatory proteins: Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and guanine-nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). Other modifications include RNA splicing and microRNAs; various post-translational modifications have also been shown to regulate the activity and function of Rac1. The reported post-translational modifications include lipidation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and adenylylation, which have all been shown to play important roles in the regulation of Rac1 and other Rho GTPases. Moreover, the Rac1 activity and function are regulated by its subcellular distribution and translocation. This review focused on the most recent progress in Rac1 research, especially in the area of post-translational modification and subcellular distribution and translocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Abdrabou
- Department of Medical Genetics, and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Hudson LG, Gillette JM, Kang H, Rivera MR, Wandinger-Ness A. Ovarian Tumor Microenvironment Signaling: Convergence on the Rac1 GTPase. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10100358. [PMID: 30261690 PMCID: PMC6211091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment for epithelial ovarian cancer is complex and rich in bioactive molecules that modulate cell-cell interactions and stimulate numerous signal transduction cascades. These signals ultimately modulate all aspects of tumor behavior including progression, metastasis and therapeutic response. Many of the signaling pathways converge on the small GTPase Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac)1. In addition to regulating actin cytoskeleton remodeling necessary for tumor cell adhesion, migration and invasion, Rac1 through its downstream effectors, regulates cancer cell survival, tumor angiogenesis, phenotypic plasticity, quiescence, and resistance to therapeutics. In this review we discuss evidence for Rac1 activation within the ovarian tumor microenvironment, mechanisms of Rac1 dysregulation as they apply to ovarian cancer, and the potential benefits of targeting aberrant Rac1 activity in this disease. The potential for Rac1 contribution to extraperitoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer is addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Gillette
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Huining Kang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Melanie R Rivera
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Angela Wandinger-Ness
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Leins H, Mulaw M, Eiwen K, Sakk V, Liang Y, Denkinger M, Geiger H, Schirmbeck R. Aged murine hematopoietic stem cells drive aging-associated immune remodeling. Blood 2018; 132:565-576. [PMID: 29891535 PMCID: PMC6137572 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-02-831065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging-associated remodeling of the immune system impairs its functional integrity and contributes to increased morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Aging of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), from which all cells of the adaptive immune system ultimately originate, might play a crucial role in the remodeling of the aged immune system. We recently reported that aging of HSCs is, in part, driven by elevated activity of the small RhoGTPase Cdc42 and that aged HSCs can be rejuvenated in vitro by inhibition of the elevated Cdc42 activity in aged HSCs with the pharmacological compound CASIN. To study the quality of immune systems stemming selectively from young or aged HSCs, we established a HSC transplantation model in T- and B-cell-deficient young RAG1-/- hosts. We report that both phenotypic and functional changes in the immune system on aging are primarily a consequence of changes in the function of HSCs on aging and, to a large extent, independent of the thymus, as young and aged HSCs reconstituted distinct T- and B-cell subsets in RAG1-/- hosts that mirrored young and aged immune systems. Importantly, aged HSCs treated with CASIN reestablished an immune system similar to that of young animals, and thus capable of mounting a strong immune response to vaccination. Our studies further imply that epigenetic signatures already imprinted in aged HSCs determine the transcriptional profile and function of HSC-derived T and B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Leins
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell and Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Medhanie Mulaw
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karina Eiwen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell and Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Vadim Sakk
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell and Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Michael Denkinger
- AGAPLESION Bethesda Hospital, Geriatric Research Unit and
- Geriatric Center Ulm/Alb-Donau, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; and
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell and Aging, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Kuan SL, Fischer S, Hafner S, Wang T, Syrovets T, Liu W, Tokura Y, Ng DYW, Riegger A, Förtsch C, Jäger D, Barth TFE, Simmet T, Barth H, Weil T. Boosting Antitumor Drug Efficacy with Chemically Engineered Multidomain Proteins. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1701036. [PMID: 30128225 PMCID: PMC6097141 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201701036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A facile chemical approach integrating supramolecular chemistry, site-selective protein chemistry, and molecular biology is described to engineer synthetic multidomain protein therapeutics that sensitize cancer cells selectively to significantly enhance antitumor efficacy of existing chemotherapeutics. The desired bioactive entities are assembled via supramolecular interactions at the nanoscale into structurally ordered multiprotein complexes comprising a) multiple copies of the chemically modified cyclic peptide hormone somatostatin for selective targeting and internalization into human A549 lung cancer cells expressing SST-2 receptors and b) a new cysteine mutant of the C3bot1 (C3) enzyme from Clostridium botulinum, a Rho protein inhibitor that affects and influences intracellular Rho-mediated processes like endothelial cell migration and blood vessel formation. The multidomain protein complex, SST3-Avi-C3, retargets C3 enzyme into non-small cell lung A549 cancer cells and exhibits exceptional tumor inhibition at a concentration ≈100-fold lower than the clinically approved antibody bevacizumab (Avastin) in vivo. Notably, SST3-Avi-C3 increases tumor sensitivity to a conventional chemotherapeutic (doxorubicin) in vivo. These findings show that the integrated approach holds vast promise to expand the current repertoire of multidomain protein complexes and can pave the way to important new developments in the area of targeted and combination cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seah Ling Kuan
- Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Stephan Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Ulm Medical CenterAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Susanne Hafner
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlm UniversityHelmholtzstraße 2089081UlmGermany
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University610031ChengduP. R. China
| | - Tatiana Syrovets
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlm UniversityHelmholtzstraße 2089081UlmGermany
| | - Weina Liu
- Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Yu Tokura
- Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - David Yuen Wah Ng
- Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Andreas Riegger
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Christina Förtsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Ulm Medical CenterAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Daniela Jäger
- Institute of PathologyUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 2389070UlmGermany
| | - Thomas F. E. Barth
- Institute of PathologyUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 2389070UlmGermany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical PharmacologyUlm UniversityHelmholtzstraße 2089081UlmGermany
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Ulm Medical CenterAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max‐Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert‐Einstein‐Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Bustelo XR. RHO GTPases in cancer: known facts, open questions, and therapeutic challenges. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:741-760. [PMID: 29871878 PMCID: PMC7615761 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RHO GTPases have been traditionally associated with protumorigenic functions. While this paradigm is still valid in many cases, recent data have unexpectedly revealed that RHO proteins can also play tumor suppressor roles. RHO signaling elements can also promote both pro- and antitumorigenic effects using GTPase-independent mechanisms, thus giving an extra layer of complexity to the role of these proteins in cancer. Consistent with these variegated roles, both gain- and loss-of-function mutations in RHO pathway genes have been found in cancer patients. Collectively, these observations challenge long-held functional archetypes for RHO proteins in both normal and cancer cells. In this review, I will summarize these data and discuss new questions arising from them such as the functional and clinical relevance of the mutations found in patients, the mechanistic orchestration of those antagonistic functions in tumors, and the pros and cons that these results represent for the development of RHO-based anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xosé R Bustelo
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Lu Z, Li Y, Che Y, Huang J, Sun S, Mao S, Lei Y, Li N, Sun N, He J. The TGFβ-induced lncRNA TBILA promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression in vitro and in vivo via cis-regulating HGAL and activating S100A7/JAB1 signaling. Cancer Lett 2018; 432:156-168. [PMID: 29908210 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in multiple cellular processes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, the involvement of lncRNAs in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway, the critical tumor cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis pathway, remains poorly understood. To address this issue, we compared the lncRNAs expression patterns of NSCLC cells treated with and without TGFβ1 treatment. We observed that one of the most prominent hits, TGFβ-induced lncRNA (TBILA), promoted NSCLC progression and was upregulated in tumor tissues. Upregulated TBILA promotes human germinal center-associated lymphoma (HGAL) expression by binding to the Smad transcription factor complex, thereby enhancing RhoA activation. In addition, TBILA induces the S100A7-c-Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 (JAB1) pathway by binding to nuclear S100A7 and enhances pro-survival pathways in NSCLC. These findings have provided us with a new perspective regarding the regulation of the TGFβ signaling pathway in NSCLC and suggest that the lncRNA TBILA can serve as a target for anticancer therapies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- COP9 Signalosome Complex/genetics
- COP9 Signalosome Complex/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease Progression
- Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Nude
- Mice, SCID
- Microfilament Proteins/genetics
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Peptide Hydrolases/genetics
- Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein A7/genetics
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein A7/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yun Che
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jianbing Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shouguo Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shuangshuang Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Nan Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Umbayev B, Masoud AR, Tsoy A, Alimbetov D, Olzhayev F, Shramko A, Kaiyrlykyzy A, Safarova Y, Davis T, Askarova S. Elevated levels of the small GTPase Cdc42 induces senescence in male rat mesenchymal stem cells. Biogerontology 2018; 19:287-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-018-9757-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
71
|
Hewitt SH, Parris J, Mailhot R, Butler SJ. A continuous luminescence assay for monitoring kinase activity: signalling the ADP/ATP ratio using a discrete europium complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:12626-12629. [PMID: 29131206 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05887j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the application of a stable cationic europium complex [Eu.1]+ in a continuous-read luminescence assay for kinase activity. [Eu.1]+ binds reversibly to ATP and ADP in water, at neutral pH, in the presence of Mg2+ ions, providing distinctive luminescence responses that permits the kinase-catalysed conversion of ATP to ADP to be monitored in real-time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Valdés-Mora F, Locke WJ, Bandrés E, Gallego-Ortega D, Cejas P, García-Cabezas MA, Colino-Sanguino Y, Feliú J, Del Pulgar TG, Lacal JC. Clinical relevance of the transcriptional signature regulated by CDC42 in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26755-26770. [PMID: 28460460 PMCID: PMC5432295 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CDC42 is an oncogenic Rho GTPase overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC). Although CDC42 has been shown to regulate gene transcription, the specific molecular mechanisms regulating the oncogenic ability of CDC42 remain unknown. Here, we have characterized the transcriptional networks governed by CDC42 in the CRC SW620 cell line using gene expression analysis. Our results establish that several cancer-related signaling pathways, including cell migration and cell proliferation, are regulated by CDC42. This transcriptional signature was validated in two large cohorts of CRC patients and its clinical relevance was also studied. We demonstrate that three CDC42-regulated genes offered a better prognostic value when combined with CDC42 compared to CDC42 alone. In particular, the concordant overexpression of CDC42 and silencing of the putative tumor suppressor gene CACNA2D2 dramatically improved the prognostic value. The CACNA2D2/CDC42 prognostic classifier was further validated in a third CRC cohort as well as in vitro and in vivo CRC models. Altogether, we show that CDC42 has an active oncogenic role in CRC via the transcriptional regulation of multiple cancer-related pathways and that CDC42-mediated silencing of CACNA2D2 is clinically relevant. Our results further support the use of CDC42 specific inhibitors for the treatment of the most aggressive types of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Valdés-Mora
- Histone Variants Group, Epigenetics Research Program, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Warwick J Locke
- Epigenetics Research Program, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eva Bandrés
- Immunology Unit, Department of Haematology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Navarra Health Service, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Tumour Development Group, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paloma Cejas
- Laboratorio de Oncología Translacional, Servicio de Oncología Médica, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Yolanda Colino-Sanguino
- Histone Variants Group, Epigenetics Research Program, Genomics and Epigenetics Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jaime Feliú
- Laboratorio de Oncología Translacional, Servicio de Oncología Médica, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain.,Servicio de Oncología Médica, IdiPAZ, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Carlos Lacal
- Laboratorio de Oncología Translacional, Servicio de Oncología Médica, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Zhang X, Wu N. Fasudil inhibits proliferation and migration of Hep-2 laryngeal carcinoma cells. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:373-381. [PMID: 29503530 PMCID: PMC5825979 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s147547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Rho-kinase signal pathway is a new target for cancer therapy. Fasudil, a selective Rho-kinase inhibitor, is found to exert antitumor effects on several types of cancer, but whether fasudil has antitumor effects on laryngeal carcinoma is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of fasudil on laryngeal carcinoma and explore the underlying molecular mechanisms in this process. Methods After treatment with fasudil, changes in biological behaviors, including the growth, proliferation, clone formation, apoptosis, and migration of human laryngeal carcinoma cells (Hep-2 cells) were observed. The influences on apoptotic protease activity factor-1 (APAF-1)-mediated apoptosis pathway and the activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) were measured by Western blotting and gelatin zymography assay. Results Half-maximal inhibitory concentration of fasudil to Hep-2 cells was ~3.40×103 µM (95% CI: 2.53-4.66×103 µM). Moreover, fasudil treatment significantly decreased the ability of growth, proliferation, clone formation, and migration of Hep-2 cells, while remarkably increased the apoptosis rate. Furthermore, the expressions of APAF-1, caspase-9, and caspase-3 significantly increased in fasudil treatment group. Meanwhile, fasudil led to a remarkable decrease in the expressions and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Conclusion Our findings first demonstrate that fasudil not only inhibits the proliferation of laryngeal carcinoma cells through activating APAF-1-mediated apoptosis pathway, but also prevents migration by inhibiting the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Therefore, fasudil is an attractive antitumor drug candidate for the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nan Wu
- The Core Laboratory for Public Health Science and Practice, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Peretti AS, Dominguez D, Grimes MM, Hathaway HJ, Prossnitz ER, Rivera MR, Wandinger-Ness A, Kusewitt DF, Hudson LG. The R-Enantiomer of Ketorolac Delays Mammary Tumor Development in Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus-Polyoma Middle T Antigen (MMTV-PyMT) Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:515-524. [PMID: 29169987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies report improved breast cancer survival in women who receive ketorolac (Toradol) for postoperative pain relief compared with other analgesic agents. Ketorolac is a racemic drug. The S-enantiomer inhibits cyclooxygenases; R-ketorolac is a selective inhibitor of the small GTPases Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42), which are signaling molecules up-regulated during breast cancer progression and metastasis. The goal of this study was to determine whether R-ketorolac altered breast cancer development in the mouse mammary tumor virus-polyoma middle T-antigen model. Mice were administered ketorolac orally at 1 mg/kg twice daily to approximate the typical human dose. Mammary glands were analyzed for tumor number and immunohistochemical markers of proliferation and differentiation. R-ketorolac treatment significantly reduced mammary epithelial proliferation, based on Ki67 staining, and suppressed tumor development. Proliferative mammary epithelium from R-ketorolac-treated mice displayed greater differentiation, based on significantly higher total E-cadherin and decreased keratin 5 staining than epithelium of placebo-treated mice. No differences were detected in estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, β-catenin, or vimentin expression between placebo and R-ketorolac treatment groups. These findings indicate that R-ketorolac treatment slows tumor progression in an aggressive model of breast cancer. R-ketorolac may thus represent a novel therapeutic approach for breast cancer prevention or treatment based on its pharmacologic activity as a Rac1 and Cdc42 inhibitor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Peretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Dayna Dominguez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Martha M Grimes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Helen J Hathaway
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Eric R Prossnitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Melanie R Rivera
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Angela Wandinger-Ness
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Donna F Kusewitt
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Li Y, Zhao M, Guo C, Chu H, Li W, Chen X, Wang X, Li Y, Jia Y, Koussatidjoa S, Zhu F, Wang J, Wang X, Wang Q, Zhao W, Shi Y, Chen W, Zhang L. Intracellular mature IL-37 suppresses tumor metastasis via inhibiting Rac1 activation. Oncogene 2017; 37:1095-1106. [PMID: 29106392 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
IL-37, a newly found anti-inflammatory cytokine of the IL-1 family, has both extracellular and intracellular functions. Accumulating evidences indicate that it is also involved in tumor progression. However, the mechanism and its intracellular target are unclear. In this study, clinical data from 84 patients showed that loss or reduced expression of IL-37 in lung adenocarcinoma tissues was significantly associated with tumor metastasis. We further provided evidence that IL-37 inhibited effectively tumor metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we uncovered a novel mechanism by which IL-37 suppressed tumor cell migration via its intracellular mature form (amino acids 46-218). Intracellular mature form of IL-37, but not its extracellular form, markedly inhibited migration of multiple kinds of tumor cells through inhibiting Rac1 activation. Mechanistically, intracellular mature IL-37 directly bound to the CAAX motif in the C-terminal hypervariable region of Rac1, and then inhibited Rac1 membrane translocation and subsequent downstream signaling. Our research identifies intracellular mature IL-37 as a novel endogenous inhibitor of Rac1. Given the crucial roles of Rac1 in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, intracellular mature IL-37 might serve as a potential strategy for the control of Rac1 activity and tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - M Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - C Guo
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - H Chu
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - W Li
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - X Chen
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Y Li
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Y Jia
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - S Koussatidjoa
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - F Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Q Wang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - W Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Y Shi
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - W Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Shandong University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Cardama GA, Gonzalez N, Maggio J, Menna PL, Gomez DE. Rho GTPases as therapeutic targets in cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1025-1034. [PMID: 28848995 PMCID: PMC5592879 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are key molecular switches controlling the transduction of external signals to cytoplasmic and nuclear effectors. In the last few years, the development of genetic and pharmacological tools has allowed a more precise definition of the specific roles of Rho GTPases in cancer. The aim of the present review is to describe the cellular functions regulated by these proteins with focus in deregulated signals present in malignant tumors. Finally, we describe the state of the art in search of different experimental therapeutic strategies with Rho GTPases as molecular targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Cardama
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Science and Technology, Quilmes National University, Bernal B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - N Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Science and Technology, Quilmes National University, Bernal B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Maggio
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Science and Technology, Quilmes National University, Bernal B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - P Lorenzano Menna
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Science and Technology, Quilmes National University, Bernal B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D E Gomez
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Science and Technology, Quilmes National University, Bernal B1876BXD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Humphries B, Wang Z, Li Y, Jhan JR, Jiang Y, Yang C. ARHGAP18 Downregulation by miR-200b Suppresses Metastasis of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Enhancing Activation of RhoA. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4051-4064. [PMID: 28619708 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases activated in cancer cells drive proliferation, migration, and metastasis. Thus, RhoGAP proteins, which negatively regulate Rho GTPases, are generally thought to function as tumor suppressors. Here this expectation was challenged by characterization of ARHGAP18, a RhoGAP family member that is selectively overexpressed in highly migratory triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. In human breast tumors, higher ARHGAP18 levels associated with worse overall survival, recurrence-free survival, and metastasis-free survival. In TNBC cells, ARHGAP18 deletion increased RhoA activation but reduced growth, migration, and metastatic capacity. Mechanistic investigations revealed that ARHGAP18 levels were controlled by miR-200b, the enforced expression of which was sufficient to activate RhoA, enhanced formation of focal adhesions and actin stress fibers, and reduced migration and metastasis. Enforced elevation of ARHGAP18 where miR-200b was stably expressed reduced RhoA activity but increased cell migration. Pharmacologic inhibition of the Rho effector kinase ROCK blocked RhoA signaling and reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-200b on cell migration. Finally, ARHGAP18 overexpression or ROCK inhibition was sufficient to overcome metastatic blockade by miR-200b. Taken together, these results define opposing roles for oncogenic ARHGAP18 and tumor suppressive miR-200b in determining TNBC cell migration and metastatic prowess. Cancer Res; 77(15); 4051-64. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brock Humphries
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Zhishan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Center for Research on Environmental Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Yunfei Li
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Center for Research on Environmental Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jing-Ru Jhan
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Yiguo Jiang
- Institute for Chemical Carcinogenesis, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Chengfeng Yang
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Center for Research on Environmental Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Ungefroren H, Witte D, Lehnert H. The role of small GTPases of the Rho/Rac family in TGF-β-induced EMT and cell motility in cancer. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:451-461. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, and University of Lübeck; Lübeck Germany
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery; UKSH, Campus Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - David Witte
- First Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, and University of Lübeck; Lübeck Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- First Department of Medicine; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Lübeck, and University of Lübeck; Lübeck Germany
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Goedhart J, van Unen J. Molecular perturbation strategies to examine spatiotemporal features of Rho GEF and Rho GTPase activity in living cells. Small GTPases 2017; 10:178-186. [PMID: 28521592 PMCID: PMC6548299 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1302551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of our current knowledge of Rho GTPase networks and the regulation by Rho guanine exchange factors (Rho GEFs) and Rho GTPase activating proteins (Rho GAPs) is based on population-based techniques. Over the last decades, technologies that enable single cell analysis with high spatial and temporal resolution have revealed that Rho GTPase activity in cells is regulated on second timescales and at submicrometer length scales. Therefore, perturbation methods with matching spatial and temporal resolution are crucial to further our understanding of Rho GTPase signaling. Here, we give a brief overview of the components of Rho GTPase signaling networks and review a range of existing perturbation strategies that target a specific component of the Rho GTPase signaling module. The advantages and limitations of each perturbation method are discussed. Several recommendations are formulated to guide future studies aimed at addressing spatiotemporal aspects of Rho GEF and Rho GTPase signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Goedhart
- a Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jakobus van Unen
- a Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Qiao Y, Chen J, Lim YB, Finch-Edmondson ML, Seshachalam VP, Qin L, Jiang T, Low BC, Singh H, Lim CT, Sudol M. YAP Regulates Actin Dynamics through ARHGAP29 and Promotes Metastasis. Cell Rep 2017; 19:1495-1502. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
81
|
Yoon C, Cho SJ, Chang KK, Park DJ, Ryeom SW, Yoon SS. Role of Rac1 Pathway in Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Cancer Stem-like Cell Phenotypes in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1106-1116. [PMID: 28461325 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rac1, a Rho GTPase family member, is dysregulated in a variety of tumor types including gastric adenocarcinoma, but little is known about its role in cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). Therefore, Rac1 activity and inhibition were examined in gastric adenocarcinoma cells and mouse xenograft models for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and CSC phenotypes. Rac1 activity was significantly higher in spheroid-forming or CD44+ gastric adenocarcinoma CSCs compared with unselected cells. Rac1 inhibition using Rac1 shRNA or a Rac1 inhibitor (NSC23766) decreased expression of the self-renewal transcription factor, Sox-2, decreased spheroid formation by 78%-81%, and prevented tumor initiation in immunodeficient mice. Gastric adenocarcinoma CSCs had increased expression of the EMT transcription factor Slug, 4.4- to 8.3-fold greater migration, and 4.2- to 12.6-fold greater invasion than unselected cells, and these increases could be blocked completely with Rac1 inhibition. Gastric adenocarcinoma spheroid cells were resistant to 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin chemotherapy, and this chemotherapy resistance could be reversed with Rac1 shRNA or NSC23766. The PI3K/Akt pathway may be upstream of Rac1, and JNK may be downstream of Rac1. In the MKN-45 xenograft model, cisplatin inhibited tumor growth by 50%, Rac1 inhibition by 35%, and the combination by 77%. Higher Rac1 activity, in clinical specimens from gastric adenocarcinoma patients who underwent potentially curative surgery, correlated with significantly worse survival (P = 0.017). In conclusion, Rac1 promotes the EMT program in gastric adenocarcinoma and the acquisition of a CSC state. Rac1 inhibition in gastric adenocarcinoma cells blocks EMT and CSC phenotypes, and thus may prevent metastasis and augment chemotherapy.Implications: In gastric adenocarcinoma, therapeutic targeting of the Rac1 pathway may prevent or reverse EMT and CSC phenotypes that drive tumor progression, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance. Mol Cancer Res; 15(8); 1106-16. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhwan Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Soo-Jeong Cho
- Center for Gastric Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Kevin K Chang
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Do Joong Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Sandra W Ryeom
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sam S Yoon
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Muhoza D, Adams PD. Two Small Molecules, ZCL278 and AZA197 Show Promise in Influencing Protein Interactions Involving the Ras-Related Protein Cell division cycle 42 [Cdc42] to Modulate Its Oncogenic Potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/ojbiphy.2017.73006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
83
|
Liu J, Gao J, Li F, Ma R, Wei Q, Wang A, Wu J, Ruan K. NMR characterization of weak interactions between RhoGDI2 and fragment screening hits. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:3061-3070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
84
|
Zandvakili I, Lin Y, Morris JC, Zheng Y. Rho GTPases: Anti- or pro-neoplastic targets? Oncogene 2016; 36:3213-3222. [PMID: 27991930 PMCID: PMC5464989 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are critical signal transducers of multiple pathways. They have been proposed to be useful anti-neoplastic targets for over two decades, especially in Ras-driven cancers. Until recently, however, few in vivo studies had been carried out to test this premise. Several recent mouse model studies have verified that Rac1, RhoA, and some of their effector proteins such as PAK and ROCK, are likely anti-cancer targets for treating K-Ras-driven tumors. Other seemingly contradictory studies have suggested that at least in certain instances inhibition of individual Rho GTPases may paradoxically result in pro-neoplastic effects. Significantly, both RhoA GTPase gain- and loss-of-function mutations have been discovered in primary leukemia/lymphoma and gastric cancer by human cancer genome sequencing efforts, suggesting both pro- and anti-neoplastic roles. In this review we summarize and integrate these unexpected findings and discuss the mechanistic implications in the design and application of Rho GTPase targeting strategies in future cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Zandvakili
- Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Medical-Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Y Lin
- Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - J C Morris
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio USA
| | - Y Zheng
- Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Molecular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Medical-Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Wu M, Hamaker M, Li L, Small D, Duffield AS. DOCK2 interacts with FLT3 and modulates the survival of FLT3-expressing leukemia cells. Leukemia 2016; 31:688-696. [PMID: 27748370 PMCID: PMC5332301 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) gene is the most commonly mutated gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and patients carrying internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations have a poor prognosis. Long-term inhibition of FLT3 activity in these patients has been elusive. To provide a more complete understanding of FLT3 biology, a mass spectroscopy-based screen was performed to search for FLT3-interacting proteins. The screen identified dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2), which is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rho GTPases, and its expression is limited to hematolymphoid cells. We show that DOCK2 is expressed in leukemia cell lines and primary AML samples, and DOCK2 co-immunoprecipitates with wild-type FLT3 and FLT3/ITD. Knock-down (KD) of DOCK2 by shRNA selectively reduced cell proliferation and colony formation in leukemia cell lines with increased FLT3 activity, and greatly sensitized these cells to cytarabine treatment, alone and in combination with FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. DOCK2 KD in a FLT3/ITD-positive leukemia cell line also significantly prolonged survival in a mouse xenograft model. These findings suggest that DOCK2 is a potential therapeutic target for novel AML treatments, as this protein regulates the survival of leukemia cells with elevated FLT3 activity and sensitizes FLT3/ITD leukemic cells to conventional anti-leukemic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Hamaker
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L Li
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Small
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A S Duffield
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Te Boekhorst V, Friedl P. Plasticity of Cancer Cell Invasion-Mechanisms and Implications for Therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2016; 132:209-64. [PMID: 27613134 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell migration is a plastic and adaptive process integrating cytoskeletal dynamics, cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell adhesion, as well as tissue remodeling. In response to molecular and physical microenvironmental cues during metastatic dissemination, cancer cells exploit a versatile repertoire of invasion and dissemination strategies, including collective and single-cell migration programs. This diversity generates molecular and physical heterogeneity of migration mechanisms and metastatic routes, and provides a basis for adaptation in response to microenvironmental and therapeutic challenge. We here summarize how cytoskeletal dynamics, protease systems, cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion pathways control cancer cell invasion programs, and how reciprocal interaction of tumor cells with the microenvironment contributes to plasticity of invasion and dissemination strategies. We discuss the potential and future implications of predicted "antimigration" therapies that target cytoskeletal dynamics, adhesion, and protease systems to interfere with metastatic dissemination, and the options for integrating antimigration therapy into the spectrum of targeted molecular therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Te Boekhorst
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - P Friedl
- David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States; Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Cancer Genomics Center (CGC.nl), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Integrated mate-pair and RNA sequencing identifies novel, targetable gene fusions in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Blood 2016; 128:1234-45. [PMID: 27297792 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-03-707141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) represent a heterogeneous group of T-cell malignancies that generally demonstrate aggressive clinical behavior, often are refractory to standard therapy, and remain significantly understudied. The most common World Health Organization subtype is PTCL, not otherwise specified (NOS), essentially a "wastebasket" category because of inadequate understanding to assign cases to a more specific diagnostic entity. Identification of novel fusion genes has contributed significantly to improving the classification, biologic understanding, and therapeutic targeting of PTCLs. Here, we integrated mate-pair DNA and RNA next-generation sequencing to identify chromosomal rearrangements encoding expressed fusion transcripts in PTCL, NOS. Two of 11 cases had novel fusions involving VAV1, encoding a truncated form of the VAV1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor important in T-cell receptor signaling. Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies identified VAV1 rearrangements in 10 of 148 PTCLs (7%). These were observed exclusively in PTCL, NOS (11%) and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (11%). In vitro, ectopic expression of a VAV1 fusion promoted cell growth and migration in a RAC1-dependent manner. This growth was inhibited by azathioprine, a clinically available RAC1 inhibitor. We also identified novel kinase gene fusions, ITK-FER and IKZF2-ERBB4, as candidate therapeutic targets that show similarities to known recurrent oncogenic ITK-SYK fusions and ERBB4 transcript variants in PTCLs, respectively. Additional novel and potentially clinically relevant fusions also were discovered. Together, these findings identify VAV1 fusions as recurrent and targetable events in PTCLs and highlight the potential for clinical sequencing to guide individualized therapy approaches for this group of aggressive malignancies.
Collapse
|
88
|
Smithers CC, Overduin M. Structural Mechanisms and Drug Discovery Prospects of Rho GTPases. Cells 2016; 5:E26. [PMID: 27304967 PMCID: PMC4931675 DOI: 10.3390/cells5020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases regulate cellular morphology and dynamics, and some are key drivers of cancer progression. This superfamily offers attractive potential targets for therapeutic intervention, with RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 being prime examples. The challenges in developing agents that act on these signaling enzymes include the lack of obvious druggable pockets and their membrane-bound activities. However, progress in targeting the similar Ras protein is illuminating new strategies for specifically inhibiting oncogenic GTPases. The structures of multiple signaling and regulatory states of Rho proteins have been determined, and the post-translational modifications including acylation and phosphorylation points have been mapped and their functional effects examined. The development of inhibitors to probe the significance of overexpression and mutational hyperactivation of these GTPases underscores their importance in cancer progression. The ability to integrate in silico, in vitro, and in vivo investigations of drug-like molecules indicates the growing tractability of GTPase systems for lead optimization. Although no Rho-targeted drug molecules have yet been clinically approved, this family is clearly showing increasing promise for the development of precision medicine and combination cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron C Smithers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Michael Overduin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Rettig EM, Talbot CC, Sausen M, Jones S, Bishop JA, Wood LD, Tokheim C, Niknafs N, Karchin R, Fertig EJ, Wheelan SJ, Marchionni L, Considine M, Ling S, Fakhry C, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Ha PK, Agrawal N. Whole-Genome Sequencing of Salivary Gland Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:265-74. [PMID: 26862087 PMCID: PMC4818686 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinomas (ACC) of the salivary glands are challenging to understand, treat, and cure. To better understand the genetic alterations underlying the pathogenesis of these tumors, we performed comprehensive genome analyses of 25 fresh-frozen tumors, including whole-genome sequencing and expression and pathway analyses. In addition to the well-described MYB-NFIB fusion that was found in 11 tumors (44%), we observed five different rearrangements involving the NFIB transcription factor gene in seven tumors (28%). Taken together, NFIB translocations occurred in 15 of 25 samples (60%, 95% CI, 41%-77%). In addition, mRNA expression analysis of 17 tumors revealed overexpression of NFIB in ACC tumors compared with normal tissues (P = 0.002). There was no difference in NFIB mRNA expression in tumors with NFIB fusions compared with those without. We also report somatic mutations of genes involved in the axonal guidance and Rho family signaling pathways. Finally, we confirm previously described alterations in genes related to chromatin regulation and Notch signaling. Our findings suggest a separate role for NFIB in ACC oncogenesis and highlight important signaling pathways for future functional characterization and potential therapeutic targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni M Rettig
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - C Conover Talbot
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Sausen
- Personal Genome Diagnostics, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sian Jones
- Personal Genome Diagnostics, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Justin A Bishop
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Collin Tokheim
- Johns Hopkins Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Noushin Niknafs
- Johns Hopkins Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rachel Karchin
- Johns Hopkins Institute for Computational Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Department of Oncology Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sarah J Wheelan
- Department of Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Department of Oncology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Considine
- Department of Oncology Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Carole Fakhry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Milton J. Dance Jr. Head and Neck Cancer Center, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nickolas Papadopoulos
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kenneth W Kinzler
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Patrick K Ha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Milton J. Dance Jr. Head and Neck Cancer Center, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Nishant Agrawal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Department of Surgery, Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois States.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Lysophosphatidylinositol Signalling and Metabolic Diseases. Metabolites 2016; 6:metabo6010006. [PMID: 26784247 PMCID: PMC4812335 DOI: 10.3390/metabo6010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism is a chemical process used by cells to transform food-derived nutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates and fats, into chemical and thermal energy. Whenever an alteration of this process occurs, the chemical balance within the cells is impaired and this can affect their growth and response to the environment, leading to the development of a metabolic disease. Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of several metabolic risk factors such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, high cholesterol and high blood pressure, and atherogenic dyslipidaemia, is increasingly common in modern society. Metabolic syndrome, as well as other diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidaemia and hypertension, are associated with abnormal lipid metabolism. Cellular lipids are the major component of cell membranes; they represent also a valuable source of energy and therefore play a crucial role for both cellular and physiological energy homeostasis. In this review, we will focus on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the lysophospholipid mediator lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) and its receptor G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) in metabolic diseases. LPI is a bioactive lipid generated by phospholipase A (PLA) family of lipases which is believed to play an important role in several diseases. Indeed LPI can affect various functions such as cell growth, differentiation and motility in a number of cell-types. Recently published data suggest that LPI plays an important role in different physiological and pathological contexts, including a role in metabolism and glucose homeostasis.
Collapse
|
91
|
Novel Activities of Select NSAID R-Enantiomers against Rac1 and Cdc42 GTPases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142182. [PMID: 26558612 PMCID: PMC4641600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho family GTPases (including Rac, Rho and Cdc42) collectively control cell proliferation, adhesion and migration and are of interest as functional therapeutic targets in numerous epithelial cancers. Based on high throughput screening of the Prestwick Chemical Library® and cheminformatics we identified the R-enantiomers of two approved drugs (naproxen and ketorolac) as inhibitors of Rac1 and Cdc42. The corresponding S-enantiomers are considered the active component in racemic drug formulations, acting as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with selective activity against cyclooxygenases. Here, we show that the S-enantiomers of naproxen and ketorolac are inactive against the GTPases. Additionally, more than twenty other NSAIDs lacked inhibitory action against the GTPases, establishing the selectivity of the two identified NSAIDs. R-naproxen was first identified as a lead compound and tested in parallel with its S-enantiomer and the non-chiral 6-methoxy-naphthalene acetic acid (active metabolite of nabumetone, another NSAID) as a structural series. Cheminformatics-based substructure analyses—using the rotationally constrained carboxylate in R-naproxen—led to identification of racemic [R/S] ketorolac as a suitable FDA-approved candidate. Cell based measurement of GTPase activity (in animal and human cell lines) demonstrated that the R-enantiomers specifically inhibit epidermal growth factor stimulated Rac1 and Cdc42 activation. The GTPase inhibitory effects of the R-enantiomers in cells largely mimic those of established Rac1 (NSC23766) and Cdc42 (CID2950007/ML141) specific inhibitors. Docking predicts that rotational constraints position the carboxylate moieties of the R-enantiomers to preferentially coordinate the magnesium ion, thereby destabilizing nucleotide binding to Rac1 and Cdc42. The S-enantiomers can be docked but are less favorably positioned in proximity to the magnesium. R-naproxen and R-ketorolac have potential for rapid translation and efficacy in the treatment of several epithelial cancer types on account of established human toxicity profiles and novel activities against Rho-family GTPases.
Collapse
|