51
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Yan D, Yadav SR, Paterlini A, Nicolas WJ, Petit JD, Brocard L, Belevich I, Grison MS, Vaten A, Karami L, El-Showk S, Lee JY, Murawska GM, Mortimer J, Knoblauch M, Jokitalo E, Markham JE, Bayer EM, Helariutta Y. Sphingolipid biosynthesis modulates plasmodesmal ultrastructure and phloem unloading. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:604-615. [PMID: 31182845 PMCID: PMC6565433 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
During phloem unloading, multiple cell-to-cell transport events move organic substances to the root meristem. Although the primary unloading event from the sieve elements to the phloem pole pericycle has been characterized to some extent, little is known about post-sieve element unloading. Here, we report a novel gene, PHLOEM UNLOADING MODULATOR (PLM), in the absence of which plasmodesmata-mediated symplastic transport through the phloem pole pericycle-endodermis interface is specifically enhanced. Increased unloading is attributable to a defect in the formation of the endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane tethers during plasmodesmal morphogenesis, resulting in the majority of pores lacking a visible cytoplasmic sleeve. PLM encodes a putative enzyme required for the biosynthesis of sphingolipids with very-long-chain fatty acid. Taken together, our results indicate that post-sieve element unloading involves sphingolipid metabolism, which affects plasmodesmal ultrastructure. They also raise the question of how and why plasmodesmata with no cytoplasmic sleeve facilitate molecular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science/Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
| | - Andrea Paterlini
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - William J Nicolas
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jules D Petit
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux Interfaces, TERRA Research Centre, GX ABT, Université de Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Bordeaux Imaging Centre, Plant Imaging Platform, UMS 3420, INRA-CNRS-INSERM, University of Bordeaux, Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Ilya Belevich
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science/Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Magali S Grison
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Anne Vaten
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science/Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leila Karami
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science/Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sedeer El-Showk
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science/Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Gosia M Murawska
- Biosciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Mortimer
- Biosciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science/Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jennifer E Markham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science/Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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52
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Sato Y, Okabe S. Nano-scale analysis of synapse morphology in an autism mouse model with 15q11-13 copy number variation using focused ion beam milling and scanning electron microscopy. Microscopy (Oxf) 2019; 68:122-132. [PMID: 30371805 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfy128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circuit-level alternations in patients of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is under active investigation and detailed characterization of synapse morphology in ASD model mice should be informative. We utilized focused ion beam milling and scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) to obtain three-dimensional images of synapses in the layer 2/3 of the somatosensory cortex from a mouse model for ASD with human 15q11-13 chromosomal duplication (15q dup mice). We found a trend of higher spine density and a higher fraction of astrocytic contact with both spine and shaft synapses in 15q dup mice. Measurement of spine synapse structure indicated that the size of the post-synaptic density (PSD), spine head volume, spine head width and spine neck width were smaller in 15q dup mice. Categorization of spine synapses into five classes suggested a trend of less frequent mushroom spines in 15q dup mice. These results suggest relative increase in excitatory synapses with immature morphology but more astrocytic contacts in 15q dup mice, which may be linked to enhanced synapse turnover seen in ASD mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sato
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Okabe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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53
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Ramsaran AI, Schlichting ML, Frankland PW. The ontogeny of memory persistence and specificity. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 36:100591. [PMID: 30316637 PMCID: PMC6969236 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in the ontogeny of memory blossomed in the twentieth century following the initial observations that memories from infancy and early childhood are rapidly forgotten. The intense exploration of infantile amnesia in subsequent years has led to a thorough characterization of its psychological determinants, although the neurobiology of memory persistence has long remained elusive. By contrast, other phenomena in the ontogeny of memory like infantile generalization have received relatively less attention. Despite strong evidence for reduced memory specificity during ontogeny, infantile generalization is poorly understood from psychological and neurobiological perspectives. In this review, we examine the ontogeny of memory persistence and specificity in humans and nonhuman animals at the levels of behavior and the brain. To this end, we first describe the behavioral phenotypes associated with each phenomenon. Looking into the brain, we then discuss neurobiological mechanisms in the hippocampus that contribute to the ontogeny of memory. Hippocampal neurogenesis and critical period mechanisms have recently been discovered to underlie amnesia during early development, and at the same time, we speculate that similar processes may contribute to the early bias towards memory generalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam I Ramsaran
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | | | - Paul W Frankland
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G3, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada; Child & Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, M5G 1M1, Canada.
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54
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Kizilyaprak C, Stierhof YD, Humbel BM. Volume microscopy in biology: FIB-SEM tomography. Tissue Cell 2019; 57:123-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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55
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Sato-Hashimoto M, Nozu T, Toriba R, Horikoshi A, Akaike M, Kawamoto K, Hirose A, Hayashi Y, Nagai H, Shimizu W, Saiki A, Ishikawa T, Elhanbly R, Kotani T, Murata Y, Saito Y, Naruse M, Shibasaki K, Oldenborg PA, Jung S, Matozaki T, Fukazawa Y, Ohnishi H. Microglial SIRPα regulates the emergence of CD11c + microglia and demyelination damage in white matter. eLife 2019; 8:42025. [PMID: 30910011 PMCID: PMC6435324 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic subset of microglia expressing CD11c appears in response to brain damage. However, the functional role of CD11c+ microglia, as well as the mechanism of its induction, are poorly understood. Here we report that the genetic ablation of signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), a membrane protein, induced the emergence of CD11c+ microglia in the brain white matter. Mice lacking CD47, a physiological ligand of SIRPα, and microglia-specific SIRPα-knockout mice exhibited the same phenotype, suggesting that an interaction between microglial SIRPα and CD47 on neighbouring cells suppressed the emergence of CD11c+ microglia. A lack of SIRPα did not cause detectable damage to the white matter, but resulted in the increased expression of genes whose expression is characteristic of the repair phase after demyelination. In addition, cuprizone-induced demyelination was alleviated by the microglia-specific ablation of SIRPα. Thus, microglial SIRPα suppresses the induction of CD11c+ microglia that have the potential to accelerate the repair of damaged white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Sato-Hashimoto
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nozu
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Riho Toriba
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ayano Horikoshi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Miho Akaike
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kawamoto
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ayaka Hirose
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yuriko Hayashi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nagai
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Wakana Shimizu
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ayaka Saiki
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ishikawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ruwaida Elhanbly
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Takenori Kotani
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoji Murata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Saito
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masae Naruse
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Koji Shibasaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Per-Arne Oldenborg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Histology and Cell Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Takashi Matozaki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohnishi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Gunma, Japan
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56
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Xie MJ, Ishikawa Y, Yagi H, Iguchi T, Oka Y, Kuroda K, Iwata K, Kiyonari H, Matsuda S, Matsuzaki H, Yuzaki M, Fukazawa Y, Sato M. PIP 3-Phldb2 is crucial for LTP regulating synaptic NMDA and AMPA receptor density and PSD95 turnover. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4305. [PMID: 30867511 PMCID: PMC6416313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40838-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential involvement of phosphoinositides in synaptic plasticity is well-established, but incomplete knowledge of the downstream molecular entities prevents us from understanding their signalling cascades completely. Here, we determined that Phldb2, of which pleckstrin-homology domain is highly sensitive to PIP3, functions as a phosphoinositide-signalling mediator for synaptic plasticity. BDNF application caused Phldb2 recruitment toward postsynaptic membrane in dendritic spines, whereas PI3K inhibition resulted in its reduced accumulation. Phldb2 bound to postsynaptic scaffolding molecule PSD-95 and was crucial for localization and turnover of PSD-95 in the spine. Phldb2 also bound to GluA1 and GluA2. Phldb2 was indispensable for the interaction between NMDA receptors and CaMKII, and the synaptic density of AMPA receptors. Therefore, PIP3-responsive Phldb2 is pivotal for induction and maintenance of LTP. Memory formation was impaired in our Phldb2−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jue Xie
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.,Division of Brain Structures and Function, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.,Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Centre for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Centre, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ishikawa
- Department of Systems Life Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, Gunma, 371-0816, Japan.,Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hideshi Yagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.,Department of Cell Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Tokuichi Iguchi
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Oka
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kuroda
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.,Division of Brain Structures and Function, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Centre, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Keiko Iwata
- Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Centre for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Centre, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Animal Resource Development Unit and Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsuda
- Department of Neurophysiology School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.,Department of Engineering Science, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Centre for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Neurophysiology School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structures and Function, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.,Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Centre for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan.,Life Science Innovation Centre, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan. .,Division of Development of Mental Functions, Research Centre for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan. .,United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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57
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Koike T, Tanaka S, Hirahara Y, Oe S, Kurokawa K, Maeda M, Suga M, Kataoka Y, Yamada H. Morphological characteristics of p75 neurotrophin receptor‐positive cells define a new type of glial cell in the rat dorsal root ganglia. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:2047-2060. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Koike
- Department of Anatomy and Cell ScienceKansai Medical University Hirakata Osaka Japan
| | - Susumu Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell ScienceKansai Medical University Hirakata Osaka Japan
| | - Yukie Hirahara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell ScienceKansai Medical University Hirakata Osaka Japan
| | - Souichi Oe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell ScienceKansai Medical University Hirakata Osaka Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kurokawa
- Department of Human Health ScienceOsaka International University Moriguchi Osaka Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Maeda
- Multi‐Modal Microstructure Analysis UnitRIKEN‐JEOL Collaboration Center Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Mitsuo Suga
- Multi‐Modal Microstructure Analysis UnitRIKEN‐JEOL Collaboration Center Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Yosky Kataoka
- Multi‐Modal Microstructure Analysis UnitRIKEN‐JEOL Collaboration Center Kobe Hyogo Japan
- Laboratory for Cellular Function ImagingRIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research Kobe Hyogo Japan
| | - Hisao Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell ScienceKansai Medical University Hirakata Osaka Japan
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58
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Along-axon diameter variation and axonal orientation dispersion revealed with 3D electron microscopy: implications for quantifying brain white matter microstructure with histology and diffusion MRI. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1469-1488. [PMID: 30790073 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01844-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tissue microstructure modeling of diffusion MRI signal is an active research area striving to bridge the gap between macroscopic MRI resolution and cellular-level tissue architecture. Such modeling in neuronal tissue relies on a number of assumptions about the microstructural features of axonal fiber bundles, such as the axonal shape (e.g., perfect cylinders) and the fiber orientation dispersion. However, these assumptions have not yet been validated by sufficiently high-resolution 3-dimensional histology. Here, we reconstructed sequential scanning electron microscopy images in mouse brain corpus callosum, and introduced a random-walker (RaW)-based algorithm to rapidly segment individual intra-axonal spaces and myelin sheaths of myelinated axons. Confirmed by a segmentation based on human annotations initiated with conventional machine-learning-based carving, our semi-automatic algorithm is reliable and less time-consuming. Based on the segmentation, we calculated MRI-relevant estimates of size-related parameters (inner axonal diameter, its distribution, along-axon variation, and myelin g-ratio), and orientation-related parameters (fiber orientation distribution and its rotational invariants; dispersion angle). The reported dispersion angle is consistent with previous 2-dimensional histology studies and diffusion MRI measurements, while the reported diameter exceeds those in other mouse brain studies. Furthermore, we calculated how these quantities would evolve in actual diffusion MRI experiments as a function of diffusion time, thereby providing a coarse-graining window on the microstructure, and showed that the orientation-related metrics have negligible diffusion time-dependence over clinical and pre-clinical diffusion time ranges. However, the MRI-measured inner axonal diameters, dominated by the widest cross sections, effectively decrease with diffusion time by ~ 17% due to the coarse-graining over axonal caliber variations. Furthermore, our 3d measurement showed that there is significant variation of the diameter along the axon. Hence, fiber orientation dispersion estimated from MRI should be relatively stable, while the "apparent" inner axonal diameters are sensitive to experimental settings, and cannot be modeled by perfectly cylindrical axons.
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59
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Vincent AE, White K, Davey T, Philips J, Ogden RT, Lawless C, Warren C, Hall MG, Ng YS, Falkous G, Holden T, Deehan D, Taylor RW, Turnbull DM, Picard M. Quantitative 3D Mapping of the Human Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Network. Cell Rep 2019; 26:996-1009.e4. [PMID: 30655224 PMCID: PMC6513570 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and biochemical defects of mitochondrial function are a major
cause of human disease, but their link to mitochondrial morphology in
situ has not been defined. Here, we develop a quantitative
three-dimensional approach to map mitochondrial network organization in human
muscle at electron microscopy resolution. We establish morphological differences
between human and mouse and among patients with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
diseases compared to healthy controls. We also define the ultrastructure and
prevalence of mitochondrial nanotunnels, which exist as either free-ended or
connecting membrane protrusions across non-adjacent mitochondria. A multivariate
model integrating mitochondrial volume, morphological complexity, and branching
anisotropy computed across individual mitochondria and mitochondrial populations
identifies increased proportion of simple mitochondria and nanotunnels as a
discriminant signature of mitochondrial stress. Overall, these data define the
nature of the mitochondrial network in human muscle, quantify human-mouse
differences, and suggest potential morphological markers of mitochondrial
dysfunction in human tissues. Vincent et al. use 3D electron microscopy to provide a quantitative
morphometric assessment of human skeletal muscle mitochondria. They find that
healthy human muscle mitochondria differ from mouse mitochondria and show that
primary mtDNA defects are associated with a distinct morphological signature
including increased abundance of mitochondrial nanotunnels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Vincent
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; MRC Centre for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kathryn White
- EM Research Services, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tracey Davey
- EM Research Services, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jonathan Philips
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - R Todd Ogden
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Conor Lawless
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Charlotte Warren
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; MRC Centre for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matt G Hall
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK; Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Yi Shiau Ng
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gavin Falkous
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas Holden
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David Deehan
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; MRC Centre for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Martin Picard
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Behavioral Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neurology and Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Columbia University Aging Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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60
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Ruszczycki B, Bernas T. Quality of biological images, reconstructed using localization microscopy data. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:845-852. [PMID: 29028905 PMCID: PMC6192211 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Fluorescence localization microscopy is extensively used to study the details of
spatial architecture of subcellular compartments. This modality relies on determination
of spatial positions of fluorophores, labeling an extended biological structure, with
precision exceeding the diffraction limit. Several established models describe influence
of pixel size, signal-to-noise ratio and optical resolution on the localization
precision. The labeling density has been also recognized as important factor affecting
reconstruction fidelity of the imaged biological structure. However, quantitative data
on combined influence of sampling and localization errors on the fidelity of
reconstruction are scarce. It should be noted that processing localization microscopy
data is similar to reconstruction of a continuous (extended) non-periodic signal from a
non-uniform, noisy point samples. In two dimensions the problem may be formulated within
the framework of matrix completion. However, no systematic approach has been adopted in
microscopy, where images are typically rendered by representing localized molecules with
Gaussian distributions (widths determined by localization precision). Results We analyze the process of two-dimensional reconstruction of extended biological
structures as a function of the density of registered emitters, localization precision
and the area occupied by the rendered localized molecule. We quantify overall
reconstruction fidelity with different established image similarity measures.
Furthermore, we analyze the recovered similarity measure in the frequency space for
different reconstruction protocols. We compare the cut-off frequency to the limiting
sampling frequency, as determined by labeling density. Availability and implementation The source code used in the simulations along with test images is available at
https://github.com/blazi13/qbioimages. Supplementary information Supplementary data are
available at Bioinformatics online.
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Condomitti G, Wierda KD, Schroeder A, Rubio SE, Vennekens KM, Orlandi C, Martemyanov KA, Gounko NV, Savas JN, de Wit J. An Input-Specific Orphan Receptor GPR158-HSPG Interaction Organizes Hippocampal Mossy Fiber-CA3 Synapses. Neuron 2018; 100:201-215.e9. [PMID: 30290982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pyramidal neuron dendrites integrate synaptic input from multiple partners. Different inputs converging on the same dendrite have distinct structural and functional features, but the molecular mechanisms organizing input-specific properties are poorly understood. We identify the orphan receptor GPR158 as a binding partner for the heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) glypican 4 (GPC4). GPC4 is enriched on hippocampal granule cell axons (mossy fibers), whereas postsynaptic GPR158 is restricted to the proximal segment of CA3 apical dendrites receiving mossy fiber input. GPR158-induced presynaptic differentiation in contacting axons requires cell-surface GPC4 and the co-receptor LAR. Loss of GPR158 increases mossy fiber synapse density but disrupts bouton morphology, impairs ultrastructural organization of active zone and postsynaptic density, and reduces synaptic strength of this connection, while adjacent inputs on the same dendrite are unaffected. Our work identifies an input-specific HSPG-GPR158 interaction that selectively organizes synaptic architecture and function of developing mossy fiber-CA3 synapses in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Condomitti
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Keimpe D Wierda
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Schroeder
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara E Rubio
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristel M Vennekens
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kirill A Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Natalia V Gounko
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Electron Microscopy Platform & VIB BioImaging Core, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeffrey N Savas
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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62
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Zhang P, Lu H, Peixoto RT, Pines MK, Ge Y, Oku S, Siddiqui TJ, Xie Y, Wu W, Archer-Hartmann S, Yoshida K, Tanaka KF, Aricescu AR, Azadi P, Gordon MD, Sabatini BL, Wong ROL, Craig AM. Heparan Sulfate Organizes Neuronal Synapses through Neurexin Partnerships. Cell 2018; 174:1450-1464.e23. [PMID: 30100184 PMCID: PMC6173057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synapses are fundamental units of communication in the brain. The prototypical synapse-organizing complex neurexin-neuroligin mediates synapse development and function and is central to a shared genetic risk pathway in autism and schizophrenia. Neurexin's role in synapse development is thought to be mediated purely by its protein domains, but we reveal a requirement for a rare glycan modification. Mice lacking heparan sulfate (HS) on neurexin-1 show reduced survival, as well as structural and functional deficits at central synapses. HS directly binds postsynaptic partners neuroligins and LRRTMs, revealing a dual binding mode involving intrinsic glycan and protein domains for canonical synapse-organizing complexes. Neurexin HS chains also bind novel ligands, potentially expanding the neurexin interactome to hundreds of HS-binding proteins. Because HS structure is heterogeneous, our findings indicate an additional dimension to neurexin diversity, provide a molecular basis for fine-tuning synaptic function, and open therapeutic directions targeting glycan-binding motifs critical for brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
| | - Hong Lu
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Rui T Peixoto
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Mary K Pines
- Department of Zoology and Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yuan Ge
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Shinichiro Oku
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Tabrez J Siddiqui
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Yicheng Xie
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Wenlan Wu
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; Medical School, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | | | - Keitaro Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - A Radu Aricescu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Parastoo Azadi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Michael D Gordon
- Department of Zoology and Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachel O L Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ann Marie Craig
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada.
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63
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Biological serial block face scanning electron microscopy at improved z-resolution based on Monte Carlo model. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12985. [PMID: 30154532 PMCID: PMC6113311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31231-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial block-face electron microscopy (SBEM) provides nanoscale 3D ultrastructure of embedded and stained cells and tissues in volumes of up to 107 µm3. In SBEM, electrons with 1–3 keV energies are incident on a specimen block, from which backscattered electron (BSE) images are collected with x, y resolution of 5–10 nm in the block-face plane, and successive layers are removed by an in situ ultramicrotome. Spatial resolution along the z-direction, however, is limited to around 25 nm by the minimum cutting thickness. To improve the z-resolution, we have extracted depth information from BSE images acquired at dual primary beam energies, using Monte Carlo simulations of electron scattering. The relationship between depth of stain and ratio of dual-energy BSE intensities enables us to determine 3D structure with a ×2 improvement in z-resolution. We demonstrate the technique by sub-slice imaging of hepatocyte membranes in liver tissue.
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64
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Maruo T, Sakakibara S, Miyata M, Itoh Y, Kurita S, Mandai K, Sasaki T, Takai Y. Involvement of l-afadin, but not s-afadin, in the formation of puncta adherentia junctions of hippocampal synapses. Mol Cell Neurosci 2018; 92:40-49. [PMID: 29969655 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A hippocampal mossy fiber synapse has a complex structure in which presynaptic boutons attach to the dendritic trunk by puncta adherentia junctions (PAJs) and wrap multiply-branched spines, forming synaptic junctions. It was previously shown that afadin regulates the formation of the PAJs cooperatively with nectin-1, nectin-3, and N-cadherin. Afadin is a nectin-binding protein with two splice variants, l-afadin and s-afadin: l-afadin has an actin filament-binding domain, whereas s-afadin lacks it. It remains unknown which variant is involved in the formation of the PAJs or how afadin regulates it. We showed here that re-expression of l-afadin, but not s-afadin, in the afadin-deficient cultured hippocampal neurons in which the PAJ-like structure was disrupted, restored this structure as estimated by the accumulation of N-cadherin and αΝ-catenin. The l-afadin mutant, in which the actin filament-binding domain was deleted, or the l-afadin mutant, in which the αΝ-catenin-binding domain was deleted, did not restore the PAJ-like structure. These results indicate that l-afadin, but not s-afadin, regulates the formation of the hippocampal synapse PAJ-like structure through the binding to actin filaments and αN-catenin. We further found here that l-afadin bound αN-catenin, but not γ-catenin, whereas s-afadin bound γ-catenin, but hardly αN-catenin. These results suggest that the inability of s-afadin to form the hippocampal synapse PAJ-like structure is due to its inability to efficiently bind αN-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Maruo
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shotaro Sakakibara
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yu Itoh
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Souichi Kurita
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kenji Mandai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0374, Japan
| | - Takuya Sasaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.
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65
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Deerinck TJ, Shone T, Bushong EA, Ramachandra R, Peltier ST, Ellisman MH. High-performance serial block-face SEM of nonconductive biological samples enabled by focal gas injection-based charge compensation. J Microsc 2018; 270:142-149. [PMID: 29194648 PMCID: PMC5910240 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A longstanding limitation of imaging with serial block-face scanning electron microscopy is specimen surface charging. This charging is largely due to the difficulties in making biological specimens and the resins in which they are embedded sufficiently conductive. Local accumulation of charge on the specimen surface can result in poor image quality and distortions. Even minor charging can lead to misalignments between sequential images of the block-face due to image jitter. Typically, variable-pressure SEM is used to reduce specimen charging, but this results in a significant reduction to spatial resolution, signal-to-noise ratio and overall image quality. Here we show the development and application of a simple system that effectively mitigates specimen charging by using focal gas injection of nitrogen over the sample block-face during imaging. A standard gas injection valve is paired with a precisely positioned but retractable application nozzle, which is mechanically coupled to the reciprocating action of the serial block-face ultramicrotome. This system enables the application of nitrogen gas precisely over the block-face during imaging while allowing the specimen chamber to be maintained under high vacuum to maximise achievable SEM image resolution. The action of the ultramicrotome drives the nozzle retraction, automatically moving it away from the specimen area during the cutting cycle of the knife. The device described was added to a Gatan 3View system with minimal modifications, allowing high-resolution block-face imaging of even the most charge prone of epoxy-embedded biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Deerinck
- Center for Research in Biological Systems and the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tristan Shone
- Center for Research in Biological Systems and the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric A. Bushong
- Center for Research in Biological Systems and the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ranjan Ramachandra
- Center for Research in Biological Systems and the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Steven T. Peltier
- Center for Research in Biological Systems and the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark H. Ellisman
- Center for Research in Biological Systems and the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, USA
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institutes Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA
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66
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COCKS E, TAGGART M, RIND F, WHITE K. A guide to analysis and reconstruction of serial block face scanning electron microscopy data. J Microsc 2018; 270:217-234. [PMID: 29333754 PMCID: PMC5947172 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) is a relatively new technique that allows the acquisition of serially sectioned, imaged and digitally aligned ultrastructural data. There is a wealth of information that can be obtained from the resulting image stacks but this presents a new challenge for researchers - how to computationally analyse and make best use of the large datasets produced. One approach is to reconstruct structures and features of interest in 3D. However, the software programmes can appear overwhelming, time-consuming and not intuitive for those new to image analysis. There are a limited number of published articles that provide sufficient detail on how to do this type of reconstruction. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to provide a detailed step-by-step protocol, accompanied by tutorial videos, for several types of analysis programmes that can be used on raw SBF-SEM data, although there are more options available than can be covered here. To showcase the programmes, datasets of skeletal muscle from foetal and adult guinea pigs are initially used with procedures subsequently applied to guinea pig cardiac tissue and locust brain. The tissue is processed using the heavy metal protocol developed specifically for SBF-SEM. Trimmed resin blocks are placed into a Zeiss Sigma SEM incorporating the Gatan 3View and the resulting image stacks are analysed in three different programmes, Fiji, Amira and MIB, using a range of tools available for segmentation. The results from the image analysis comparison show that the analysis tools are often more suited to a particular type of structure. For example, larger structures, such as nuclei and cells, can be segmented using interpolation, which speeds up analysis; single contrast structures, such as the nucleolus, can be segmented using the contrast-based thresholding tools. Knowing the nature of the tissue and its specific structures (complexity, contrast, if there are distinct membranes, size) will help to determine the best method for reconstruction and thus maximize informative output from valuable tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. COCKS
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle UniversityCentral ParkwayNewcastle upon TyneNE1 3BZUK
| | - M. TAGGART
- Institute of Genetic MedicineNewcastle UniversityCentral ParkwayNewcastle upon TyneNE1 3BZUK
| | - F.C. RIND
- Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityFramlington PlaceNewcastle upon TyneNE2 4HHUK
| | - K. WHITE
- Electron Microscopy Research ServicesNewcastle University Medical SchoolFramlington PlaceNewcastle upon TyneNE2 4HHUK
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67
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Lanjakornsiripan D, Pior BJ, Kawaguchi D, Furutachi S, Tahara T, Katsuyama Y, Suzuki Y, Fukazawa Y, Gotoh Y. Layer-specific morphological and molecular differences in neocortical astrocytes and their dependence on neuronal layers. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1623. [PMID: 29691400 PMCID: PMC5915416 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-pial neocortical astrocytes have historically been thought to comprise largely a nondiverse population of protoplasmic astrocytes. Here we show that astrocytes of the mouse somatosensory cortex manifest layer-specific morphological and molecular differences. Two- and three-dimensional observations revealed that astrocytes in the different layers possess distinct morphologies as reflected by differences in cell orientation, territorial volume, and arborization. The extent of ensheathment of synaptic clefts by astrocytes in layer II/III was greater than that by those in layer VI. Moreover, differences in gene expression were observed between upper-layer and deep-layer astrocytes. Importantly, layer-specific differences in astrocyte properties were abrogated in reeler and Dab1 conditional knockout mice, in which neuronal layers are disturbed, suggesting that neuronal layers are a prerequisite for the observed morphological and molecular differences of neocortical astrocytes. This study thus demonstrates the existence of layer-specific interactions between neurons and astrocytes, which may underlie their layer-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin Lanjakornsiripan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Baek-Jun Pior
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daichi Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shohei Furutachi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan. .,Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, W1T 4JG, UK.
| | - Tomoaki Tahara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yu Katsuyama
- Department of Anatomy, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 277-8561, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Yukiko Gotoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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68
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Shinoda T, Nagasaka A, Inoue Y, Higuchi R, Minami Y, Kato K, Suzuki M, Kondo T, Kawaue T, Saito K, Ueno N, Fukazawa Y, Nagayama M, Miura T, Adachi T, Miyata T. Elasticity-based boosting of neuroepithelial nucleokinesis via indirect energy transfer from mother to daughter. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004426. [PMID: 29677184 PMCID: PMC5931692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs), which are apicobasally elongated and densely packed in the developing brain, systematically move their nuclei/somata in a cell cycle–dependent manner, called interkinetic nuclear migration (IKNM): apical during G2 and basal during G1. Although intracellular molecular mechanisms of individual IKNM have been explored, how heterogeneous IKNMs are collectively coordinated is unknown. Our quantitative cell-biological and in silico analyses revealed that tissue elasticity mechanically assists an initial step of basalward IKNM. When the soma of an M-phase progenitor cell rounds up using actomyosin within the subapical space, a microzone within 10 μm from the surface, which is compressed and elastic because of the apical surface’s contractility, laterally pushes the densely neighboring processes of non–M-phase cells. The pressed processes then recoil centripetally and basally to propel the nuclei/somata of the progenitor’s daughter cells. Thus, indirect neighbor-assisted transfer of mechanical energy from mother to daughter helps efficient brain development. The development of large brain structures, such as the mammalian cerebral cortex, depends on the continuous and efficient production of cells by neural progenitor cells. Neural progenitor cells are elongated and span the developing brain wall. The nuclei and bodies of these cells move cyclically between the apical and basal surfaces, and they divide every time they reach the apical surface. While we understand how individual cells achieve this cycle, how the movements of several progenitor cells are coordinated with one another remains elusive. By using a combination of live imaging and mechanical experiments, coupled with mathematical simulations, we show that cell crowding at the apical surface, where progenitor cells divide, creates a subapical microzone that is compressed and elastic. We then show that when each mother cell rounds up, preparing for division, it pushes this elastic microzone laterally, thereby storing mechanical energy. After cell division, this mechanical energy is transferred to the daughter cells, propelling them along the axis of movement in the direction of the basal surface, in an energy-saving manner. Our mathematical simulations show that timely departure of newly generated daughter cells is critical for the overall tissue structure of the cerebral proliferative zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyasu Shinoda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail: (TM); (TS)
| | - Arata Nagasaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Inoue
- Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Higuchi
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Minami
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kagayaki Kato
- Department of Imaging Science, Center for Novel Science Initiatives, National institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Suzuki
- Division of Morphogenesis, National institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kondo
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawaue
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kanako Saito
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Division of Morphogenesis, National institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nagayama
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Miura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Department of Biosystems Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail: (TM); (TS)
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69
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Roque H, Saurya S, Pratt MB, Johnson E, Raff JW. Drosophila PLP assembles pericentriolar clouds that promote centriole stability, cohesion and MT nucleation. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007198. [PMID: 29425198 PMCID: PMC5823460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericentrin is a conserved centrosomal protein whose dysfunction has been linked to several human diseases. It has been implicated in many aspects of centrosome and cilia function, but its precise role is unclear. Here, we examine Drosophila Pericentrin-like-protein (PLP) function in vivo in tissues that form both centrosomes and cilia. Plp mutant centrioles exhibit four major defects: (1) They are short and have subtle structural abnormalities; (2) They disengage prematurely, and so overduplicate; (3) They organise fewer cytoplasmic MTs during interphase; (4) When forming cilia, they fail to establish and/or maintain a proper connection to the plasma membrane—although, surprisingly, they can still form an axoneme-like structure that can recruit transition zone (TZ) proteins. We show that PLP helps assemble “pericentriolar clouds” of electron-dense material that emanate from the central cartwheel spokes and spread outward to surround the mother centriole. We propose that the partial loss of these structures may largely explain the complex centriole, centrosome and cilium defects we observe in Plp mutant cells. Centrioles are complex, microtubule (MT) based structures that organise two important cell organelles, the centrosome and the cilium. The centrosome is a major MT organising centre in many cell types, while the cilium functions as a cellular “antenna” responsible for regulating several cellular signalling pathways. Pericentrin is conserved centriole-binding protein that plays an important part in centrosome and cilium function, and mutations in the Pericentrin gene are linked to several human diseases. Here we use the fruit-fly Drosophila melanogaster to investigate how Pericentrin-Like-Protein (the fly homolog of Pericentrin) contributes to centriole, centrosome and cilium function. We find that Plp mutant fly centrioles have subtle structural defects, organize less microtubules, and do not properly migrate to the cell membrane to form cilia. We also observe that PLP helps assemble “pericentriolar clouds”—dense structures that emanate from the centriole, and appear to interact with microtubules, as well as connect existing centrioles to newly formed ones. In mutant flies these structures are significantly reduced in size. We propose that the defects in these PLP structures can explain most, if not all, the complex defects observed in Plp mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio Roque
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saroj Saurya
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Metta B. Pratt
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Errin Johnson
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan W. Raff
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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70
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Replication-dependent size reduction precedes differentiation in Chlamydia trachomatis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:45. [PMID: 29298975 PMCID: PMC5752669 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02432-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydiatrachomatis is the most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infection. It produces an unusual intracellular infection in which a vegetative form, called the reticulate body (RB), replicates and then converts into an elementary body (EB), which is the infectious form. Here we use quantitative three-dimensional electron microscopy (3D EM) to show that C. trachomatis RBs divide by binary fission and undergo a sixfold reduction in size as the population expands. Conversion only occurs after at least six rounds of replication, and correlates with smaller RB size. These results suggest that RBs only convert into EBs below a size threshold, reached by repeatedly dividing before doubling in size. A stochastic mathematical model shows how replication-dependent RB size reduction produces delayed and asynchronous conversion, which are hallmarks of the Chlamydia developmental cycle. Our findings support a model in which RB size controls the timing of RB-to-EB conversion without the need for an external signal. The vegetative forms of chlamydiae (RBs) replicate within infected cells and then convert into infectious forms (EBs). Here, the authors use quantitative 3D electron microscopy and computer modeling to show that RB size decreases with replication, and conversion into EBs correlates with an RB size threshold.
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71
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Koike T, Kataoka Y, Maeda M, Hasebe Y, Yamaguchi Y, Suga M, Saito A, Yamada H. A Device for Ribbon Collection for Array Tomography with Scanning Electron Microscopy. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2017; 50:135-140. [PMID: 29276315 PMCID: PMC5736830 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.17013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
“Array tomography” is a method used to observe the fine structure of cells and tissues in a three-dimensional view. In this method, serial ultrathin sections in the ribbon state (ribbons) are mounted on a solid substrate and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The method may also be used in conjunction with post-embedding immunocytochemistry. However, it is difficult to mount many serial ribbons on a substrate manually. We developed an inexpensive laboratory-made device that mounts ribbons by pulling a nylon fishing line and lifting the substrate up from the water in a knife boat. Using this device, we succeeded in mounting several ribbons consisting a mean of 205.6 (SD: 37.7) serial ultrathin sections on 1.25 (SD: 0.06) × 1.25 (SD: 0.06)-cm silicon substrates. Furthermore, it was confirmed that our method is suitable for ribbons derived from water-soluble resin blocks. We were also able to stain the specimens by post-embedding immunocytochemistry. Thus, our method is useful in mounting numerus sections on a substrate for array tomography with SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Koike
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University
| | - Yosky Kataoka
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN CLST-JEOL Collaboration Center
- Cellular Function Imaging Team, Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies
| | - Mitsuyo Maeda
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN CLST-JEOL Collaboration Center
| | - Yuji Hasebe
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN CLST-JEOL Collaboration Center
| | - Yuuki Yamaguchi
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN CLST-JEOL Collaboration Center
| | - Mitsuo Suga
- Multi-Modal Microstructure Analysis Unit, RIKEN CLST-JEOL Collaboration Center
| | - Akira Saito
- Institute of Biomedical Science Central Research Center, Kansai Medical University
| | - Hisao Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Science, Kansai Medical University
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72
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de Vivo L, Bellesi M, Marshall W, Bushong EA, Ellisman MH, Tononi G, Cirelli C. Ultrastructural evidence for synaptic scaling across the wake/sleep cycle. Science 2017; 355:507-510. [PMID: 28154076 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah5982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is assumed that synaptic strengthening and weakening balance throughout learning to avoid runaway potentiation and memory interference. However, energetic and informational considerations suggest that potentiation should occur primarily during wake, when animals learn, and depression should occur during sleep. We measured 6920 synapses in mouse motor and sensory cortices using three-dimensional electron microscopy. The axon-spine interface (ASI) decreased ~18% after sleep compared with wake. This decrease was proportional to ASI size, which is indicative of scaling. Scaling was selective, sparing synapses that were large and lacked recycling endosomes. Similar scaling occurred for spine head volume, suggesting a distinction between weaker, more plastic synapses (~80%) and stronger, more stable synapses. These results support the hypothesis that a core function of sleep is to renormalize overall synaptic strength increased by wake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa de Vivo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Michele Bellesi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719, USA.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - William Marshall
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719, USA
| | - Eric A Bushong
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Giulio Tononi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
| | - Chiara Cirelli
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 6001 Research Park Boulevard, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
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73
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Pipkin JE, Bushong EA, Ellisman MH, Kristan WB. Patterns and distribution of presynaptic and postsynaptic elements within serial electron microscopic reconstructions of neuronal arbors from the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana. J Comp Neurol 2017; 524:3677-3695. [PMID: 27636374 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microscale connectomics involves the large-scale acquisition of high-resolution serial electron micrographs from which neuronal arbors can be reconstructed and synapses can be detected. In addition to connectivity information, these data sets are also rich with structural information, including vesicle types, number of postsynaptic partners at a given presynaptic site, and spatial distribution of synaptic inputs and outputs. This study uses serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (EM) to collect two volumes of serial EM data from ganglia of the medicinal leech. For the first volume, we sampled a small fraction of the neuropil belonging to an adult ganglion. From this data set we measured the proportion of arbors that contained vesicles and the types of vesicles contained and developed criteria to identify synapses and to measure the number of apparent postsynaptic partners in apposition to presynaptic boutons. For the second data set, we sampled an entire juvenile ganglion, which included the somata and arbors of all the neurons. We used this data set to placd our findings from mature tissue in the context of fully reconstructed arbors and to explore the spatial distribution of synaptic inputs and outputs on these arbors. We observed that some neurons segregated their arbors into input only and mixed input/output zones, that other neurons contained exclusively mixed input/output zones, and that still others contained only input zones. These results provide the groundwork for future behavioral studies. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3677-3695, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Pipkin
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093. .,Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093.
| | - Eric A Bushong
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093.,Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, 92093
| | - William B Kristan
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093
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74
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Control of Spike Transfer at Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Synapses In Vivo by GABAA and GABAB Receptor-Mediated Inhibition. J Neurosci 2017; 37:587-598. [PMID: 28100741 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2057-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive studies in hippocampal slices and incentive from computational theories, the synaptic mechanisms underlying information transfer at mossy fiber (mf) connections between the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 neurons in vivo are still elusive. Here we used an optogenetic approach in mice to selectively target and control the activity of DG granule cells (GCs) while performing whole-cell and juxtacellular recordings of CA3 neurons in vivo In CA3 pyramidal cells (PCs), mf-CA3 synaptic responses consisted predominantly of an IPSP at low stimulation frequency (0.05 Hz). Upon increasing the frequency of stimulation, a biphasic response was observed consisting of a brief mf EPSP followed by an inhibitory response lasting on the order of 100 ms. Spike transfer at DG-CA3 interneurons recorded in the juxtacellular mode was efficient at low presynaptic stimulation frequency and appeared insensitive to an increased frequency of GC activity. Overall, this resulted in a robust and slow feedforward inhibition of spike transfer at mf-CA3 pyramidal cell synapses. Short-term plasticity of EPSPs with increasing frequency of presynaptic activity allowed inhibition to be overcome to reach spike discharge in CA3 PCs. Whereas the activation of GABAA receptors was responsible for the direct inhibition of light-evoked spike responses, the slow inhibition of spiking activity required the activation of GABAB receptors in CA3 PCs. The slow inhibitory response defined an optimum frequency of presynaptic activity for spike transfer at ∼10 Hz. Altogether these properties define the temporal rules for efficient information transfer at DG-CA3 synaptic connections in the intact circuit. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Activity-dependent changes in synaptic strength constitute a basic mechanism for memory. Synapses from the dentate gyrus (DG) to the CA3 area of the hippocampus are distinctive for their prominent short-term plasticity, as studied in slices. Plasticity of DG-CA3 connections may assist in the encoding of precise memory in the CA3 network. Here we characterize DG-CA3 synaptic transmission in vivo using targeted optogenetic activation of DG granule cells while recording in whole-cell patch-clamp and juxtacellular configuration from CA3 pyramidal cells and interneurons. We show that, in vivo, short-term plasticity of excitatory inputs to CA3 pyramidal cells combines with robust feedforward inhibition mediated by both GABAA and GABAB receptors to control the efficacy and temporal rules for information transfer at DG-CA3 connections.
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75
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Maruo T, Mandai K, Miyata M, Sakakibara S, Wang S, Sai K, Itoh Y, Kaito A, Fujiwara T, Mizoguchi A, Takai Y. NGL-3-induced presynaptic differentiation of hippocampal neurons in an afadin-dependent, nectin-1-independent manner. Genes Cells 2017; 22:742-755. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Maruo
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Kenji Mandai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shotaro Sakakibara
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shujie Wang
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Kousyoku Sai
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Yu Itoh
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Aika Kaito
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujiwara
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
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76
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Geng X, Maruo T, Mandai K, Supriyanto I, Miyata M, Sakakibara S, Mizoguchi A, Takai Y, Mori M. Roles of afadin in functional differentiations of hippocampal mossy fiber synapse. Genes Cells 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Geng
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences; Kobe Hyogo 654-0142 Japan
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maruo
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Kenji Mandai
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Irwan Supriyanto
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences; Kobe Hyogo 654-0142 Japan
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shotaro Sakakibara
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication; Mie University Graduate School of Medicine; Tsu Mie 514-8507 Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
| | - Masahiro Mori
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences; Kobe Hyogo 654-0142 Japan
- CREST; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Kobe Hyogo 650-0047 Japan
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77
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Examining Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Synapses by 3D Electron Microscopy in Wildtype and Kirrel3 Knockout Mice. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0088-17. [PMID: 28670619 PMCID: PMC5490256 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0088-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits balance excitatory and inhibitory activity and disruptions in this balance are commonly found in neurodevelopmental disorders. Mice lacking the intellectual disability and autism-associated gene Kirrel3 have an excitation-inhibition imbalance in the hippocampus but the precise synaptic changes underlying this functional defect are unknown. Kirrel3 is a homophilic adhesion molecule expressed in dentate gyrus (DG) and GABA neurons. It was suggested that the excitation-inhibition imbalance of hippocampal neurons in Kirrel3 knockout mice is due to loss of mossy fiber (MF) filopodia, which are DG axon protrusions thought to excite GABA neurons and thereby provide feed-forward inhibition to CA3 pyramidal neurons. Fewer filopodial structures were observed in Kirrel3 knockout mice but neither filopodial synapses nor DG en passant synapses, which also excite GABA neurons, were examined. Here, we used serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM) with 3D reconstruction to define the precise connectivity of MF filopodia and elucidate synaptic changes induced by Kirrel3 loss. Surprisingly, we discovered wildtype MF filopodia do not synapse exclusively onto GABA neurons as previously thought, but instead synapse with similar frequency onto GABA neurons and CA3 neurons. Moreover, Kirrel3 loss selectively reduces MF filopodial synapses onto GABA neurons but not those made onto CA3 neurons or en passant synapses. In sum, the selective loss of MF filopodial synapses with GABA neurons likely underlies the hippocampal activity imbalance observed in Kirrel3 knockout mice and may impact neural function in patients with Kirrel3-dependent neurodevelopmental disorders.
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78
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Sai K, Wang S, Kaito A, Fujiwara T, Maruo T, Itoh Y, Miyata M, Sakakibara S, Miyazaki N, Murata K, Yamaguchi Y, Haruta T, Nishioka H, Motojima Y, Komura M, Kimura K, Mandai K, Takai Y, Mizoguchi A. Multiple roles of afadin in the ultrastructural morphogenesis of mouse hippocampal mossy fiber synapses. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2719-2734. [PMID: 28498492 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A hippocampal mossy fiber synapse, which is implicated in learning and memory, has a complex structure in which mossy fiber boutons attach to the dendritic shaft by puncta adherentia junctions (PAJs) and wrap around a multiply-branched spine, forming synaptic junctions. Here, we electron microscopically analyzed the ultrastructure of this synapse in afadin-deficient mice. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that typical PAJs with prominent symmetrical plasma membrane darkening undercoated with the thick filamentous cytoskeleton were observed in the control synapse, whereas in the afadin-deficient synapse, atypical PAJs with the symmetrical plasma membrane darkening, which was much less in thickness and darkness than those of the control typical PAJs, were observed. Immunoelectron microscopy analysis revealed that nectin-1, nectin-3, and N-cadherin were localized at the control typical PAJs, whereas nectin-1 and nectin-3 were localized at the afadin-deficient atypical PAJs to extents lower than those in the control synapse and N-cadherin was localized at their nonjunctional flanking regions. These results indicate that the atypical PAJs are formed by nectin-1 and nectin-3 independently of afadin and N-cadherin and that the typical PAJs are formed by afadin and N-cadherin cooperatively with nectin-1 and nectin-3. Serial block face-scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the complexity of postsynaptic spines and mossy fiber boutons, the number of spine heads, the area of postsynaptic densities, and the density of synaptic vesicles docked to active zones were decreased in the afadin-deficient synapse. These results indicate that afadin plays multiple roles in the complex ultrastructural morphogenesis of hippocampal mossy fiber synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousyoku Sai
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shujie Wang
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Aika Kaito
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujiwara
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maruo
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yu Itoh
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shotaro Sakakibara
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Miyazaki
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Murata
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuuki Yamaguchi
- SM Application Department, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8556, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Haruta
- EM Application Department, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8556, Japan
| | - Hideo Nishioka
- EM Application Department, JEOL Ltd., Akishima, Tokyo, 196-8556, Japan
| | - Yuki Motojima
- Scientific Solutions Department, Olympus Corp., Tokyo, 163-0914, Japan
| | - Miyuki Komura
- Scientific Solutions Department, Olympus Corp., Tokyo, 163-0914, Japan
| | - Kazushi Kimura
- Faculty of Human Science, Department of Physical Therapy, Hokkaido Bunkyo University, Eniwa, Hokkaido, 061-1449, Japan
| | - Kenji Mandai
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.,Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Akira Mizoguchi
- Department of Neural Regeneration and Cell Communication, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan.,CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
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79
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Shiotani H, Maruo T, Sakakibara S, Miyata M, Mandai K, Mochizuki H, Takai Y. Aging-dependent expression of synapse-related proteins in the mouse brain. Genes Cells 2017; 22:472-484. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Shiotani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
- Department of Neurology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Suita 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maruo
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Shotaro Sakakibara
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Kenji Mandai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Suita 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine; Kobe 650-0047 Japan
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80
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Rebola N, Carta M, Mulle C. Operation and plasticity of hippocampal CA3 circuits: implications for memory encoding. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:208-220. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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81
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Enders C, Braig EM, Scherer K, Werner JU, Lang GK, Lang GE, Pfeiffer F, Noël P, Rummeny E, Herzen J. Advanced Non-Destructive Ocular Visualization Methods by Improved X-Ray Imaging Techniques. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170633. [PMID: 28129364 PMCID: PMC5271321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to limited X-ray contrast, the use of micro-CT in histology is so far not as widespread as predicted. While specific staining procedures-mostly using iodine-address this shortcoming, long diffusion times restrict its use in the often time-constrained daily routine. Recently, a novel staining protocol has been proposed using a biochemical preconditioning step, which increases the permeability of the cells for the staining agent. This could enable the imaging of entire organs of small mammals at a yet unmatched image quality with reasonable preparation and scan times. We here propose an adaptation of this technique for virtual ophthalmology and histology by volumetrically assessing both human and porcine eyes. Hereby, we demonstrate that (contrast-enhanced) micro-CT can outperform conventional histology in the assessment of tumor entities, as well as functioning as a supplementary tool for surgeons in the positioning of intraocular implants in-vitro and as a general assessment tool for ophthalmologic specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Enders
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Braig
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Departement of Physics and Institute of Medical Engineering (IMETUM), Technical University of Munich, James-Franck Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventionial Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81664 Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Kai Scherer
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Departement of Physics and Institute of Medical Engineering (IMETUM), Technical University of Munich, James-Franck Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jens U. Werner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Gerhard K. Lang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Gabriele E. Lang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Franz Pfeiffer
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Departement of Physics and Institute of Medical Engineering (IMETUM), Technical University of Munich, James-Franck Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventionial Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81664 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Noël
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Departement of Physics and Institute of Medical Engineering (IMETUM), Technical University of Munich, James-Franck Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventionial Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81664 Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Rummeny
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventionial Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81664 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Herzen
- Chair of Biomedical Physics, Departement of Physics and Institute of Medical Engineering (IMETUM), Technical University of Munich, James-Franck Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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82
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Scharkowski F, Frotscher M, Lutz D, Korte M, Michaelsen-Preusse K. Altered Connectivity and Synapse Maturation of the Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Pathway in a Mouse Model of the Fragile X Syndrome. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:852-867. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Scharkowski
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- ZMNH, Institute for Structural Neurobiology, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Lutz
- ZMNH, Institute for Structural Neurobiology, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Division of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, TU Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, AG NIND, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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83
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KOGA D, KUSUMI S, USHIKI T, WATANABE T. Integrative method for three-dimensional imaging of the entire Golgi apparatus by combining thiamine pyrophosphatase cytochemistry and array tomography using backscattered electron-mode scanning electron microscopy . Biomed Res 2017; 38:285-296. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.38.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke KOGA
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University
| | - Satoshi KUSUMI
- Division of Morphological Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Tatsuo USHIKI
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Tsuyoshi WATANABE
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology, Asahikawa Medical University
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84
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Novel scanning electron microscopy methods for analyzing the 3D structure of the Golgi apparatus. Anat Sci Int 2016; 92:37-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s12565-016-0380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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85
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Prince LY, Bacon TJ, Tigaret CM, Mellor JR. Neuromodulation of the Feedforward Dentate Gyrus-CA3 Microcircuit. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:32. [PMID: 27799909 PMCID: PMC5065980 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The feedforward dentate gyrus-CA3 microcircuit in the hippocampus is thought to activate ensembles of CA3 pyramidal cells and interneurons to encode and retrieve episodic memories. The creation of these CA3 ensembles depends on neuromodulatory input and synaptic plasticity within this microcircuit. Here we review the mechanisms by which the neuromodulators aceylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin reconfigure this microcircuit and thereby infer the net effect of these modulators on the processes of episodic memory encoding and retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Y Prince
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Travis J Bacon
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Cezar M Tigaret
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - Jack R Mellor
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
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86
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Molecular determinants for the strictly compartmentalized expression of kainate receptors in CA3 pyramidal cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12738. [PMID: 27669960 PMCID: PMC5052629 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct subtypes of ionotropic glutamate receptors can segregate to specific synaptic inputs in a given neuron. Using functional mapping by focal glutamate uncaging in CA3 pyramidal cells (PCs), we observe that kainate receptors (KARs) are strictly confined to the postsynaptic elements of mossy fibre (mf) synapses and excluded from other glutamatergic inputs and from extrasynaptic compartments. By molecular replacement in organotypic slices from GluK2 knockout mice, we show that the faithful rescue of KAR segregation at mf-CA3 synapses critically depends on the amount of GluK2a cDNA transfected and on a sequence in the GluK2a C-terminal domain responsible for interaction with N-cadherin. Targeted deletion of N-cadherin in CA3 PCs greatly reduces KAR content in thorny excrescences and KAR-EPSCs at mf-CA3 synapses. Hence, multiple mechanisms combine to confine KARs at mf-CA3 synapses, including a stringent control of the amount of GluK2 subunit in CA3 PCs and the recruitment/stabilization of KARs by N-cadherins. Kainate receptors are selectively found at CA3-mossy fibre synapses, although the mechanisms regulating this compartmentalisation have yet to be determined. Here, the authors find KAR segregation is dependent on the amount of GluK2a protein and an interaction between the GluK2 C-terminal domain and N-cadherin.
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87
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Shinoda Y, Ishii C, Fukazawa Y, Sadakata T, Ishii Y, Sano Y, Iwasato T, Itohara S, Furuichi T. CAPS1 stabilizes the state of readily releasable synaptic vesicles to fusion competence at CA3-CA1 synapses in adult hippocampus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31540. [PMID: 27545744 PMCID: PMC4992871 DOI: 10.1038/srep31540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium-dependent activator protein for secretion 1 (CAPS1) regulates exocytosis of dense-core vesicles in neuroendocrine cells and of synaptic vesicles in neurons. However, the synaptic function of CAPS1 in the mature brain is unclear because Caps1 knockout (KO) results in neonatal death. Here, using forebrain-specific Caps1 conditional KO (cKO) mice, we demonstrate, for the first time, a critical role of CAPS1 in adult synapses. The amplitude of synaptic transmission at CA3–CA1 synapses was strongly reduced, and paired-pulse facilitation was significantly increased, in acute hippocampal slices from cKO mice compared with control mice, suggesting a perturbation in presynaptic function. Morphological analysis revealed an accumulation of synaptic vesicles in the presynapse without any overall morphological change. Interestingly, however, the percentage of docked vesicles was markedly decreased in the Caps1 cKO. Taken together, our findings suggest that CAPS1 stabilizes the state of readily releasable synaptic vesicles, thereby enhancing neurotransmitter release at hippocampal synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Shinoda
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.,School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ishii
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Department of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Sadakata
- Advanced Scientific Research Leaders Development Unit, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yuki Ishii
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshitake Sano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takuji Iwasato
- Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Itohara
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Teiichi Furuichi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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88
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Sanchez MA, Tran KD, Valli J, Hobbs S, Johnson E, Gluenz E, Landfear SM. KHARON Is an Essential Cytoskeletal Protein Involved in the Trafficking of Flagellar Membrane Proteins and Cell Division in African Trypanosomes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19760-73. [PMID: 27489106 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.739235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes and related kinetoplastid parasites selectively traffic specific membrane proteins to the flagellar membrane, but the mechanisms for this trafficking are poorly understood. We show here that KHARON, a protein originally identified in Leishmania parasites, interacts with a putative trypanosome calcium channel and is required for its targeting to the flagellar membrane. KHARON is located at the base of the flagellar axoneme, where it likely mediates targeting of flagellar membrane proteins, but is also on the subpellicular microtubules and the mitotic spindle. Hence, KHARON is probably a multifunctional protein that associates with several components of the trypanosome cytoskeleton. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of KHARON mRNA results in failure of the calcium channel to enter the flagellar membrane, detachment of the flagellum from the cell body, and disruption of mitotic spindles. Furthermore, knockdown of KHARON mRNA induces a lethal failure of cytokinesis in both bloodstream (mammalian host) and procyclic (insect vector) life cycle stages, and KHARON is thus critical for parasite viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Sanchez
- From the Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 and
| | - Khoa D Tran
- From the Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 and
| | - Jessica Valli
- the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Hobbs
- From the Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 and
| | - Errin Johnson
- the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Gluenz
- the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Scott M Landfear
- From the Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 and
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89
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Park KA, Ribic A, Laage Gaupp FM, Coman D, Huang Y, Dulla CG, Hyder F, Biederer T. Excitatory Synaptic Drive and Feedforward Inhibition in the Hippocampal CA3 Circuit Are Regulated by SynCAM 1. J Neurosci 2016; 36:7464-75. [PMID: 27413156 PMCID: PMC4945666 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0189-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Select adhesion proteins control the development of synapses and modulate their structural and functional properties. Despite these important roles, the extent to which different synapse-organizing mechanisms act across brain regions to establish connectivity and regulate network properties is incompletely understood. Further, their functional roles in different neuronal populations remain to be defined. Here, we applied diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), a modality of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to map connectivity changes in knock-out (KO) mice lacking the synaptogenic cell adhesion protein SynCAM 1. This identified reduced fractional anisotropy in the hippocampal CA3 area in absence of SynCAM 1. In agreement, mossy fiber refinement in CA3 was impaired in SynCAM 1 KO mice. Mossy fibers make excitatory inputs onto postsynaptic specializations of CA3 pyramidal neurons termed thorny excrescences and these structures were smaller in the absence of SynCAM 1. However, the most prevalent targets of mossy fibers are GABAergic interneurons and SynCAM 1 loss unexpectedly reduced the number of excitatory terminals onto parvalbumin (PV)-positive interneurons in CA3. SynCAM 1 KO mice additionally exhibited lower postsynaptic GluA1 expression in these PV-positive interneurons. These synaptic imbalances in SynCAM 1 KO mice resulted in CA3 disinhibition, in agreement with reduced feedforward inhibition in this network in the absence of SynCAM 1-dependent excitatory drive onto interneurons. In turn, mice lacking SynCAM 1 were impaired in memory tasks involving CA3. Our results support that SynCAM 1 modulates excitatory mossy fiber inputs onto both interneurons and principal neurons in the hippocampal CA3 area to balance network excitability. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This study advances our understanding of synapse-organizing mechanisms on two levels. First, the data support that synaptogenic proteins guide connectivity and can function in distinct brain regions even if they are expressed broadly. Second, the results demonstrate that a synaptogenic process that controls excitatory inputs to both pyramidal neurons and interneurons can balance excitation and inhibition. Specifically, the study reveals that hippocampal CA3 connectivity is modulated by the synapse-organizing adhesion protein SynCAM 1 and identifies a novel, SynCAM 1-dependent mechanism that controls excitatory inputs onto parvalbumin-positive interneurons. This enables SynCAM 1 to regulate feedforward inhibition and set network excitability. Further, we show that diffusion tensor imaging is sensitive to these cellular refinements affecting neuronal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie A Park
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Adema Ribic
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Fabian M Laage Gaupp
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Coman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, and
| | - Yuegao Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, and
| | - Chris G Dulla
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Thomas Biederer
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111,
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90
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Zhang K, Chen C, Yang Z, He W, Liao X, Ma Q, Deng P, Lu J, Li J, Wang M, Li M, Zheng L, Zhou Z, Sun W, Wang L, Jia H, Yu Z, Zhou Z, Chen X. Sensory Response of Transplanted Astrocytes in Adult Mammalian Cortex In Vivo. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:3690-3704. [PMID: 27405333 PMCID: PMC5004757 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial precursor transplantation provides a potential therapy for brain disorders. Before its clinical application, experimental evidence needs to indicate that engrafted glial cells are functionally incorporated into the existing circuits and become essential partners of neurons for executing fundamental brain functions. While previous experiments supporting for their functional integration have been obtained under in vitro conditions using slice preparations, in vivo evidence for such integration is still lacking. Here, we utilized in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging along with immunohistochemistry, fluorescent indicator labeling-based axon tracing and correlated light/electron microscopy to analyze the profiles and the functional status of glial precursor cell-derived astrocytes in adult mouse neocortex. We show that after being transplanted into somatosensory cortex, precursor-derived astrocytes are able to survive for more than a year and respond with Ca2+ signals to sensory stimulation. These sensory-evoked responses are mediated by functionally-expressed nicotinic receptors and newly-established synaptic contacts with the host cholinergic afferents. Our results provide in vivo evidence for a functional integration of transplanted astrocytes into adult mammalian neocortex, representing a proof-of-principle for sensory cortex remodeling through addition of essential neural elements. Moreover, we provide strong support for the use of glial precursor transplantation to understand glia-related neural development in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Zhang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Chunhai Chen
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhiqi Yang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,Department of Neurology, Lanzhou General Hospital, Lanzhou Military Area Command, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, China
| | - Wenjing He
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiang Liao
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qinlong Ma
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jingcheng Li
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Mingli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lianghong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liting Wang
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hongbo Jia
- Brain Research Instrument Innovation Center, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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91
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Reconstruction of Neural Circuits Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy. Appl Microsc 2016. [DOI: 10.9729/am.2016.46.2.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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92
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Sepehrband F, Alexander DC, Clark KA, Kurniawan ND, Yang Z, Reutens DC. Parametric Probability Distribution Functions for Axon Diameters of Corpus Callosum. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:59. [PMID: 27303273 PMCID: PMC4880597 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon diameter is an important neuroanatomical characteristic of the nervous system that alters in the course of neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis. Axon diameters vary, even within a fiber bundle, and are not normally distributed. An accurate distribution function is therefore beneficial, either to describe axon diameters that are obtained from a direct measurement technique (e.g., microscopy), or to infer them indirectly (e.g., using diffusion-weighted MRI). The gamma distribution is a common choice for this purpose (particularly for the inferential approach) because it resembles the distribution profile of measured axon diameters which has been consistently shown to be non-negative and right-skewed. In this study we compared a wide range of parametric probability distribution functions against empirical data obtained from electron microscopy images. We observed that the gamma distribution fails to accurately describe the main characteristics of the axon diameter distribution, such as location and scale of the mode and the profile of distribution tails. We also found that the generalized extreme value distribution consistently fitted the measured distribution better than other distribution functions. This suggests that there may be distinct subpopulations of axons in the corpus callosum, each with their own distribution profiles. In addition, we observed that several other distributions outperformed the gamma distribution, yet had the same number of unknown parameters; these were the inverse Gaussian, log normal, log logistic and Birnbaum-Saunders distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Sepehrband
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia; Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel C Alexander
- Department of Computer Science, Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London London, UK
| | - Kristi A Clark
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nyoman D Kurniawan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia; Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; Faculty of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and TechnologyMianyang, China
| | - David C Reutens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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93
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Fine processes of Nestin-GFP-positive radial glia-like stem cells in the adult dentate gyrus ensheathe local synapses and vasculature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2536-45. [PMID: 27091993 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514652113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis relies on the activation of neural stem cells in the dentate gyrus, their division, and differentiation of their progeny into mature granule neurons. The complex morphology of radial glia-like (RGL) stem cells suggests that these cells establish numerous contacts with the cellular components of the neurogenic niche that may play a crucial role in the regulation of RGL stem cell activity. However, the morphology of RGL stem cells remains poorly described. Here, we used light microscopy and electron microscopy to examine Nestin-GFP transgenic mice and provide a detailed ultrastructural reconstruction analysis of Nestin-GFP-positive RGL cells of the dentate gyrus. We show that their primary processes follow a tortuous path from the subgranular zone through the granule cell layer and ensheathe local synapses and vasculature in the inner molecular layer. They share the ensheathing of synapses and vasculature with astrocytic processes and adhere to the adjacent processes of astrocytes. This extensive interaction of processes with their local environment could allow them to be uniquely receptive to signals from local neurons, glia, and vasculature, which may regulate their fate.
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94
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Sepehrband F, Alexander DC, Kurniawan ND, Reutens DC, Yang Z. Towards higher sensitivity and stability of axon diameter estimation with diffusion-weighted MRI. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:293-308. [PMID: 26748471 PMCID: PMC4949708 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion-weighted MRI is an important tool for in vivo and non-invasive axon morphometry. The ActiveAx technique utilises an optimised acquisition protocol to infer orientationally invariant indices of axon diameter and density by fitting a model of white matter to the acquired data. In this study, we investigated the factors that influence the sensitivity to small-diameter axons, namely the gradient strength of the acquisition protocol and the model fitting routine. Diffusion-weighted ex. vivo images of the mouse brain were acquired using 16.4-T MRI with high (Gmax of 300 mT/m) and ultra-high (Gmax of 1350 mT/m) gradient strength acquisitions. The estimated axon diameter indices of the mid-sagittal corpus callosum were validated using electron microscopy. In addition, a dictionary-based fitting routine was employed and evaluated. Axon diameter indices were closer to electron microscopy measures when higher gradient strengths were employed. Despite the improvement, estimated axon diameter indices (a lower bound of ~ 1.8 μm) remained higher than the measurements obtained using electron microscopy (~1.2 μm). We further observed that limitations of pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE) acquisition sequences and axonal dispersion could also influence the sensitivity with which axon diameter indices could be estimated. Our results highlight the influence of acquisition protocol, tissue model and model fitting, in addition to gradient strength, on advanced microstructural diffusion-weighted imaging techniques. © 2016 The Authors. NMR in Biomedicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Sepehrband
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daniel C Alexander
- Department of Computer Science & Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nyoman D Kurniawan
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David C Reutens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zhengyi Yang
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
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95
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Optimizing the 3D-reconstruction technique for serial block-face scanning electron microscopy. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 264:16-24. [PMID: 26928258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elucidating the anatomy of neuronal circuits and localizing the synaptic connections between neurons, can give us important insights in how the neuronal circuits work. We are using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM) to investigate the anatomy of a collision detection circuit including the Lobula Giant Movement Detector (LGMD) neuron in the locust, Locusta migratoria. For this, thousands of serial electron micrographs are produced that allow us to trace the neuronal branching pattern. NEW METHOD The reconstruction of neurons was previously done manually by drawing cell outlines of each cell in each image separately. This approach was very time consuming and troublesome. To make the process more efficient a new interactive software was developed. It uses the contrast between the neuron under investigation and its surrounding for semi-automatic segmentation. RESULTS For segmentation the user sets starting regions manually and the algorithm automatically selects a volume within the neuron until the edges corresponding to the neuronal outline are reached. Internally the algorithm optimizes a 3D active contour segmentation model formulated as a cost function taking the SEM image edges into account. This reduced the reconstruction time, while staying close to the manual reference segmentation result. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Our algorithm is easy to use for a fast segmentation process, unlike previous methods it does not require image training nor an extended computing capacity. CONCLUSION Our semi-automatic segmentation algorithm led to a dramatic reduction in processing time for the 3D-reconstruction of identified neurons.
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96
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KOGA D, BOCHIMOTO H, WATANABE T, USHIKI T. Backscattered electron image of osmium-impregnated/macerated tissues as a novel technique for identifying the cis
-face of the Golgi apparatus by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy. J Microsc 2016; 263:87-96. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. KOGA
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology; Asahikawa Medical University; Asahikawa Japan
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
| | - H. BOCHIMOTO
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology; Asahikawa Medical University; Asahikawa Japan
| | - T. WATANABE
- Department of Microscopic Anatomy and Cell Biology; Asahikawa Medical University; Asahikawa Japan
| | - T. USHIKI
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy and Bio-imaging; Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata Japan
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97
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BORRETT S, HUGHES L. Reporting methods for processing and analysis of data from serial block face scanning electron microscopy. J Microsc 2016; 263:3-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. BORRETT
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3RE U.K
| | - L. HUGHES
- Department of Biological & Medical Sciences, Gipsy Lane; Oxford Brookes University; Oxford OX3 0BP U.K
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98
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Leo-Macias A, Agullo-Pascual E, Sanchez-Alonso JL, Keegan S, Lin X, Arcos T, Feng-Xia-Liang, Korchev YE, Gorelik J, Fenyö D, Rothenberg E, Rothenberg E, Delmar M. Nanoscale visualization of functional adhesion/excitability nodes at the intercalated disc. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10342. [PMID: 26787348 PMCID: PMC4735805 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion and electrical excitability are considered separate cellular properties. Studies of myelinated fibres, however, show that voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) aggregate with cell adhesion molecules at discrete subcellular locations, such as the nodes of Ranvier. Demonstration of similar macromolecular organization in cardiac muscle is missing. Here we combine nanoscale-imaging (single-molecule localization microscopy; electron microscopy; and ‘angle view' scanning patch clamp) with mathematical simulations to demonstrate distinct hubs at the cardiac intercalated disc, populated by clusters of the adhesion molecule N-cadherin and the VGSC NaV1.5. We show that the N-cadherin-NaV1.5 association is not random, that NaV1.5 molecules in these clusters are major contributors to cardiac sodium current, and that loss of NaV1.5 expression reduces intercellular adhesion strength. We speculate that adhesion/excitability nodes are key sites for crosstalk of the contractile and electrical molecular apparatus and may represent the structural substrate of cardiomyopathies in patients with mutations in molecules of the VGSC complex. In myelinated fibres conduction and adhesion proteins aggregate at discrete foci, but it is unclear if this organization is present in other excitable cells. Using nanoscale visualization and in silico techniques, the authors show that adhesion/excitability nodes exist at the intercalated discs of adult cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Leo-Macias
- The Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (NYU-SoM), 522 First Avenue, Smilow 805, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Esperanza Agullo-Pascual
- The Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (NYU-SoM), 522 First Avenue, Smilow 805, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jose L Sanchez-Alonso
- Imperial College, National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Cardiac Medicine, Imperial Center for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sarah Keegan
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, NYU-SoM, Translational Research Building, 227 East 30th Street, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Xianming Lin
- The Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (NYU-SoM), 522 First Avenue, Smilow 805, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Tatiana Arcos
- The Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (NYU-SoM), 522 First Avenue, Smilow 805, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Feng-Xia-Liang
- Microscopy Core, NYU-SoM, 522 First Avenue, Skirball Institute, 2nd Floor, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Yuri E Korchev
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Julia Gorelik
- Imperial College, National Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Cardiac Medicine, Imperial Center for Translational and Experimental Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - David Fenyö
- Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, NYU-SoM, Translational Research Building, 227 East 30th Street, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU-SoM, 522 First Avenue, MSB 3rd Floor, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | | | - Mario Delmar
- The Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, New York University School of Medicine (NYU-SoM), 522 First Avenue, Smilow 805, New York, New York 10016, USA
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99
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Maruo T, Mandai K, Takai Y, Mori M. Activity-dependent alteration of the morphology of a hippocampal giant synapse. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 71:25-33. [PMID: 26687760 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity is a fundamental cellular process for learning and memory. While electrophysiological plasticity has been intensively studied, morphological plasticity is less clearly understood. This study investigated the effect of presynaptic stimulation on the morphology of a giant mossy fiber-CA3 pyramidal cell synapse, and found that the mossy fiber bouton altered its morphology with an increase in the number of segments. This activity-dependent alteration in morphology required the activation of glutamate receptors and an increase in postsynaptic calcium concentration. In addition, the intercellular retrograde messengers nitric oxide and arachidonic acid were necessary. Simultaneous recordings demonstrated that the morphological complexity of the presynaptic bouton and the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic currents were well correlated. Thus, a single mossy fiber synapse has the potential for activity-dependent morphological plasticity at the presynaptic bouton, which may be important for learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Maruo
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe BT Center, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe BT Center, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kenji Mandai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe BT Center, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe BT Center, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe BT Center, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe BT Center, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Mori
- Division of Neurophysiology, Department of Cellular Physiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2, Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kobe BT Center, 1-5-6 Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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100
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Koga D, Kusumi S, Ushiki T. Three-dimensional shape of the Golgi apparatus in different cell types: serial section scanning electron microscopy of the osmium-impregnated Golgi apparatus. Microscopy (Oxf) 2015; 65:145-57. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfv360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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