51
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Tao L, Liu Q, Zhang F, Fu Y, Zhu X, Weng X, Han H, Huang Y, Suo Y, Chen L, Gao X, Wei X. Microglia modulation with 1070-nm light attenuates Aβ burden and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease mouse model. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:179. [PMID: 34493703 PMCID: PMC8423759 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation, by utilizing low-power light in the visible and near-infrared spectra to trigger biological responses in cells and tissues, has been considered as a possible therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease (AD), while its specific mechanisms have remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that cognitive and memory impairment in an AD mouse model can be ameliorated by 1070-nm light via reducing cerebral β-amyloid (Aβ) burden, the hallmark of AD. The glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes, play important roles in Aβ clearance. Our results show that 1070-nm light pulsed at 10 Hz triggers microglia rather than astrocyte responses in AD mice. The 1070-nm light-induced microglia responses with alteration in morphology and increased colocalization with Aβ are sufficient to reduce Aβ load in AD mice. Moreover, 1070-nm light pulsed at 10 Hz can reduce perivascular microglia and promote angiogenesis to further enhance Aβ clearance. Our study confirms the important roles of microglia and cerebral vessels in the use of 1070-nm light for the treatment of AD mice and provides a framework for developing a novel therapeutic approach for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lechan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Fuli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yuting Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xiaofu Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Hongbin Han
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
- Key Lab of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Device and Technique, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Zhejiang Brainhealth Medical Technology Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 314400, China
| | - Yuanzhen Suo
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China.
- Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Institute for Clinical Translational Research, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, 200040, China.
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Universities Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xunbin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, 100142, China.
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Romero-Molina C, Navarro V, Jimenez S, Muñoz-Castro C, Sanchez-Mico MV, Gutierrez A, Vitorica J, Vizuete M. Should We Open Fire on Microglia? Depletion Models as Tools to Elucidate Microglial Role in Health and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9734. [PMID: 34575898 PMCID: PMC8471219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play a critical role in both homeostasis and disease, displaying a wide variety in terms of density, functional markers and transcriptomic profiles along the different brain regions as well as under injury or pathological conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The generation of reliable models to study into a dysfunctional microglia context could provide new knowledge towards the contribution of these cells in AD. In this work, we included an overview of different microglial depletion approaches. We also reported unpublished data from our genetic microglial depletion model, Cx3cr1CreER/Csf1rflx/flx, in which we temporally controlled microglia depletion by either intraperitoneal (acute model) or oral (chronic model) tamoxifen administration. Our results reported a clear microglial repopulation, then pointing out that our model would mimic a context of microglial replacement instead of microglial dysfunction. Next, we evaluated the origin and pattern of microglial repopulation. Additionally, we also reviewed previous works assessing the effects of microglial depletion in the progression of Aβ and Tau pathologies, where controversial data are found, probably due to the heterogeneous and time-varying microglial phenotypes observed in AD. Despite that, microglial depletion represents a promising tool to assess microglial role in AD and design therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Romero-Molina
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (V.N.); (S.J.); (C.M.-C.); (M.V.S.-M.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Victoria Navarro
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (V.N.); (S.J.); (C.M.-C.); (M.V.S.-M.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sebastian Jimenez
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (V.N.); (S.J.); (C.M.-C.); (M.V.S.-M.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Clara Muñoz-Castro
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (V.N.); (S.J.); (C.M.-C.); (M.V.S.-M.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Maria V. Sanchez-Mico
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (V.N.); (S.J.); (C.M.-C.); (M.V.S.-M.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga (IBIMA), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (V.N.); (S.J.); (C.M.-C.); (M.V.S.-M.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marisa Vizuete
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; (C.R.-M.); (V.N.); (S.J.); (C.M.-C.); (M.V.S.-M.)
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain;
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Beaino W, Janssen B, Vugts DJ, de Vries HE, Windhorst AD. Towards PET imaging of the dynamic phenotypes of microglia. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 206:282-300. [PMID: 34331705 PMCID: PMC8561701 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence showing the heterogeneity of microglia activation in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. It has been hypothesized that pro‐inflammatory microglia are detrimental and contribute to disease progression, while anti‐inflammatory microglia play a role in damage repair and remission. The development of therapeutics targeting the deleterious glial activity and modulating it into a regenerative phenotype relies heavily upon a clearer understanding of the microglia dynamics during disease progression and the ability to monitor therapeutic outcome in vivo. To that end, molecular imaging techniques are required to assess microglia dynamics and study their role in disease progression as well as to evaluate the outcome of therapeutic interventions. Positron emission tomography (PET) is such a molecular imaging technique, and provides unique capabilities for non‐invasive quantification of neuroinflammation and has the potential to discriminate between microglia phenotypes and define their role in the disease process. However, several obstacles limit the possibility for selective in vivo imaging of microglia phenotypes mainly related to the poor characterization of specific targets that distinguish the two ends of the microglia activation spectrum and lack of suitable tracers. PET tracers targeting translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) have been extensively explored, but despite the success in evaluating neuroinflammation they failed to discriminate between microglia activation statuses. In this review, we highlight the current knowledge on the microglia phenotypes in the major neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss the current and emerging PET imaging targets, the tracers and their potential in discriminating between the pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory microglia activation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Beaino
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bieneke Janssen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Tracer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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54
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Das R, Rauf A, Akhter S, Islam MN, Emran TB, Mitra S, Khan IN, Mubarak MS. Role of Withaferin A and Its Derivatives in the Management of Alzheimer's Disease: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives. Molecules 2021; 26:3696. [PMID: 34204308 PMCID: PMC8234716 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disorders associated with cognitive decline and memory deficits due to beta-amyloid deposition (Aβ) and tau protein hyperphosphorylation. To date, approximately 47 million people worldwide have AD. This figure will rise to an estimated 75.6 million by 2030 and 135.5 million by 2050. According to the literature, the efficacy of conventional medications for AD is statistically substantial, but clinical relevance is restricted to disease slowing rather than reversal. Withaferin A (WA) is a steroidal lactone glycowithanolides, a secondary metabolite with comprehensive biological effects. Biosynthetically, it is derived from Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Acnistus breviflorus (Gallinero) through the mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways. Mounting evidence shows that WA possesses inhibitory activities against developing a pathological marker of Alzheimer's diseases. Several cellular and animal models' particulates to AD have been conducted to assess the underlying protective effect of WA. In AD, the neuroprotective potential of WA is mediated by reduction of beta-amyloid plaque aggregation, tau protein accumulation, regulation of heat shock proteins, and inhibition of oxidative and inflammatory constituents. Despite the various preclinical studies on WA's therapeutic potentiality, less is known regarding its definite efficacy in humans for AD. Accordingly, the present study focuses on the biosynthesis of WA, the epidemiology and pathophysiology of AD, and finally the therapeutic potential of WA for the treatment and prevention of AD, highlighting the research and augmentation of new therapeutic approaches. Further clinical trials are necessary for evaluating the safety profile and confirming WA's neuroprotective potency against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Das
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (R.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Pakistan;
| | - Saima Akhter
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammad Nazmul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong 4318, Bangladesh;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; (R.D.); (S.M.)
| | - Ishaq N. Khan
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan;
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55
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McFarland KN, Ceballos C, Rosario A, Ladd T, Moore B, Golde G, Wang X, Allen M, Ertekin-Taner N, Funk CC, Robinson M, Baloni P, Rappaport N, Chakrabarty P, Golde TE. Microglia show differential transcriptomic response to Aβ peptide aggregates ex vivo and in vivo. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/7/e202101108. [PMID: 34127518 PMCID: PMC8321667 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation and accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) is a defining feature of Alzheimer's disease pathology. To study microglial responses to Aβ, we applied exogenous Aβ peptide, in either oligomeric or fibrillar conformation, to primary mouse microglial cultures and evaluated system-level transcriptional changes and then compared these with transcriptomic changes in the brains of CRND8 APP mice. We find that primary microglial cultures have rapid and massive transcriptional change in response to Aβ. Transcriptomic responses to oligomeric or fibrillar Aβ in primary microglia, although partially overlapping, are distinct and are not recapitulated in vivo where Aβ progressively accumulates. Furthermore, although classic immune mediators show massive transcriptional changes in the primary microglial cultures, these changes are not observed in the mouse model. Together, these data extend previous studies which demonstrate that microglia responses ex vivo are poor proxies for in vivo responses. Finally, these data demonstrate the potential utility of using microglia as biosensors of different aggregate conformation, as the transcriptional responses to oligomeric and fibrillar Aβ can be distinguished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen N McFarland
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA .,Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Carolina Ceballos
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Awilda Rosario
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas Ladd
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Brenda Moore
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Griffin Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Cory C Funk
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Todd E Golde
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA .,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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56
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Edler MK, Mhatre-Winters I, Richardson JR. Microglia in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: A Comparative Species Review. Cells 2021; 10:1138. [PMID: 34066847 PMCID: PMC8150617 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune cells of the central nervous system that help nourish and support neurons, clear debris, and respond to foreign stimuli. Greatly impacted by their environment, microglia go through rapid changes in cell shape, gene expression, and functional behavior during states of infection, trauma, and neurodegeneration. Aging also has a profound effect on microglia, leading to chronic inflammation and an increase in the brain's susceptibility to neurodegenerative processes that occur in Alzheimer's disease. Despite the scientific community's growing knowledge in the field of neuroinflammation, the overall success rate of drug treatment for age-related and neurodegenerative diseases remains incredibly low. Potential reasons for the lack of translation from animal models to the clinic include the use of a single species model, an assumption of similarity in humans, and ignoring contradictory data or information from other species. To aid in the selection of validated and predictive animal models and to bridge the translational gap, this review evaluates similarities and differences among species in microglial activation and density, morphology and phenotype, cytokine expression, phagocytosis, and production of oxidative species in aging and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K. Edler
- Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA;
| | - Isha Mhatre-Winters
- School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA;
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jason R. Richardson
- Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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57
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Koh SH, Kwon HS, Choi SH, Jeong JH, Na HR, Lee CN, Yang Y, Lee AY, Lee JH, Park KW, Han HJ, Kim BC, Park JS, Lee JY, Kim S, Lee KY. Efficacy and safety of GV1001 in patients with moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease already receiving donepezil: a phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:66. [PMID: 33771205 PMCID: PMC7995588 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00803-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Our previous studies showed that GV1001 has various protective effects against β-amyloid and other stressors. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that GV1001 might have beneficial effects in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods A phase 2, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, 6-month randomized clinical trial was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of subcutaneously administered GV1001. Between September 2017 and September 2019, 13 centers in South Korea recruited participants. A total of 106 patients were screened, and 96 patients with moderate-to-severe AD were randomized 1:1:1 to the placebo (group 1, n = 31), GV1001 0.56 mg (group 2, n = 33), and 1.12 mg (group 3, n = 32) groups. GV1001 was administered every week for 4 weeks (4 times), followed by every 2 weeks until week 24 (10 times). The primary endpoint was the change in the Severe Impairment Battery (SIB) score from baseline to week 24. The key secondary efficacy endpoints were the change in the Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Box (CDR-SOB), Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study-Activities of Daily Living (ADCS-ADL), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Mini-Mental State Examination, and Global Deterioration Scale scores. The safety endpoints were also assessed based on adverse events, laboratory test results, vital signs, and other observations related to safety. Results Group 3 showed less decrease in the SIB score at 12 and 24 weeks compared with group 1 (P < 0.05). These were not significantly observed in group 2. Among the secondary endpoints, only the NPI score showed significantly better improvement in group 2 than in group 3 at week 12; however, there were no other significant differences between the groups. Although the ADCS-ADL and CDR-SOB scores showed a pattern similar to SIB scores, a statistically significant result was not found. Adverse events were similar across all three groups. Conclusions The results indicate that GV1001 1.12 mg met the primary endpoint of a statistically significant difference. GV1001 was well tolerated without safety concerns. This study warrants a larger clinical trial. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03184467. Registered on June 12, 2017. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-021-00803-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, 11923, South Korea. .,Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
| | - Hyuk Sung Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, 11923, South Korea
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22332, South Korea
| | - Jee Hyang Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, 07985, South Korea
| | - Hae Ri Na
- Department of Neurology, Bobath Memorial Hospital, Seongnam, 13552, South Korea
| | - Chan Nyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, 02856, South Korea
| | - YoungSoon Yang
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, 05368, South Korea
| | - Ae Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, South Korea
| | - Kyung Won Park
- Department of Neurology, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, 49201, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Han
- Department of Neurology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, 10475, South Korea
| | - Byeong C Kim
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, 61469, South Korea
| | - Jin Se Park
- Department of Neurology, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital, Buasn, 48108, South Korea
| | - Jee-Young Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, 07061, South Korea
| | - Sangjae Kim
- Teloid Inc., 920 Westholme Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Kyu-Yong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, 11923, South Korea
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Piccioni G, Mango D, Saidi A, Corbo M, Nisticò R. Targeting Microglia-Synapse Interactions in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052342. [PMID: 33652870 PMCID: PMC7956551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the emerging roles of microglia in the brain, with particular attention to synaptic plasticity in health and disease. We present evidence that ramified microglia, classically believed to be "resting" (i.e., inactive), are instead strongly implicated in dynamic and plastic processes. Indeed, there is an intimate relationship between microglia and neurons at synapses which modulates activity-dependent functional and structural plasticity through the release of cytokines and growth factors. These roles are indispensable to brain development and cognitive function. Therefore, approaches aimed at maintaining the ramified state of microglia might be critical to ensure normal synaptic plasticity and cognition. On the other hand, inflammatory signals associated with Alzheimer's disease are able to modify the ramified morphology of microglia, thus leading to synapse loss and dysfunction, as well as cognitive impairment. In this context, we highlight microglial TREM2 and CSF1R as emerging targets for disease-modifying therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Piccioni
- Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (A.S.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V.Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (R.N.)
| | - Dalila Mango
- Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (A.S.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Amira Saidi
- Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (A.S.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V.Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Corbo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura Policlinico, 20144 Milan, Italy;
| | - Robert Nisticò
- Laboratory Pharmacology of Synaptic Plasticity, European Brain Research Institute, 00161 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (A.S.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (R.N.)
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59
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Maqoud F, Scala R, Hoxha M, Zappacosta B, Tricarico D. ATP-sensitive potassium channel subunits in the neuroinflammation: novel drug targets in neurodegenerative disorders. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:130-149. [PMID: 33463481 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210119095626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acids and its metabolites modulate plenty of ligand-gated, voltage-dependent ion channels, and metabolically regulated potassium channels including ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP). KATP channels are hetero-multimeric complexes of sulfonylureas receptors (SUR1, SUR2A or SUR2B) and the pore-forming subunits (Kir6.1 and Kir6.2) likewise expressed in the pre-post synapsis of neurons and inflammatory cells, thereby affecting their proliferation and activity. KATP channels are involved in amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced pathology, therefore emerging as therapeutic targets against Alzheimer's and related diseases. The modulation of these channels can represent an innovative strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders; nevertheless, the currently available drugs are not selective for brain KATP channels and show contrasting effects. This phenomenon can be a consequence of the multiple physiological roles of the different varieties of KATP channels. Openings of cardiac and muscular KATP channel subunits, is protective against caspase-dependent atrophy in these tissues and some neurodegenerative disorders, whereas in some neuroinflammatory diseases benefits can be obtained through the inhibition of neuronal KATP channel subunits. For example, glibenclamide exerts an anti-inflammatory effect in respiratory, digestive, urological, and central nervous system (CNS) diseases, as well as in ischemia-reperfusion injury associated with abnormal SUR1-Trpm4/TNF-α or SUR1-Trpm4/ Nos2/ROS signaling. Despite this strategy is promising, glibenclamide may have limited clinical efficacy due to its unselective blocking action of SUR2A/B subunits also expressed in cardiovascular apparatus with pro-arrhythmic effects and SUR1 expressed in pancreatic beta cells with hypoglycemic risk. Alternatively, neuronal selective dual modulators showing agonist/antagonist actions on KATP channels can be an option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Maqoud
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70125-I. Italy
| | - Rosa Scala
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70125-I. Italy
| | - Malvina Hoxha
- Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluation of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel", Tirana. Albania
| | - Bruno Zappacosta
- Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluation of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel", Tirana. Albania
| | - Domenico Tricarico
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70125-I. Italy
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60
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Perkins AE, Piazza MK, Vore AS, Deak MM, Varlinskaya EI, Deak T. Assessment of neuroinflammation in the aging hippocampus using large-molecule microdialysis: Sex differences and role of purinergic receptors. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:546-555. [PMID: 33166661 PMCID: PMC8454272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with an enhanced neuroinflammatory response to acute immune challenge, often termed "inflammaging." However, there are conflicting reports about whether baseline levels of inflammatory markers are elevated under ambient conditions in the aging brain, or whether such changes are observed predominantly in response to acute challenge. The present studies utilized two distinct approaches to assess inflammatory markers in young and aging Fischer 344 rats. Experiment 1 examined total tissue content of inflammatory markers from hippocampus of adult (3 month), middle-aged (12 month), and aging (18 month) male Fischer (F) 344 rats using multiplex analysis (23-plex). Though trends emerged for several cytokines, no significant differences in basal tissue content were observed across the 3 ages examined. Experiment 2 measured extracellular concentrations of inflammatory factors in the hippocampus from adult (3 month) and aging (18 month) males and females using large-molecule in vivo microdialysis. Although few significant aging-related changes were observed, robust sex differences were observed in extracellular concentrations of CCL3, CCL20, and IL-1α. Experiment 2 also evaluated the involvement of the P2X7 purinergic receptor in neuroinflammation using reverse dialysis of the selective agonist BzATP. BzATP produced an increase in IL-1α and IL-1β release and rapidly suppressed the release of CXCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL20, and IL-6. Other noteworthy sex by aging trends were observed in CCL3, IL-1β, and IL-6. Together, these findings provide important new insight into late-aging and sex differences in neuroinflammation, and their regulation by the P2X7 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E. Perkins
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University—SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000,Department of Psychology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805
| | - Michelle K. Piazza
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University—SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000,Department of Psychology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN 46805
| | - Andrew S. Vore
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University—SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000
| | - Molly M. Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University—SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000
| | - Elena I. Varlinskaya
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University—SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000
| | - Terrence Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States.
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61
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Park J, Ha HJ, Chung ES, Baek SH, Cho Y, Kim HK, Han J, Sul JH, Lee J, Kim E, Kim J, Yang YR, Park M, Kim SH, Arumugam TV, Jang H, Seo SW, Suh PG, Jo DG. O-GlcNAcylation ameliorates the pathological manifestations of Alzheimer's disease by inhibiting necroptosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/3/eabd3207. [PMID: 33523877 PMCID: PMC7806231 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation (O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation) is notably decreased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. Necroptosis is activated in AD brain and is positively correlated with neuroinflammation and tau pathology. However, the links among altered O-GlcNAcylation, β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation, and necroptosis are unclear. Here, we found that O-GlcNAcylation plays a protective role in AD by inhibiting necroptosis. Necroptosis was increased in AD patients and AD mouse model compared with controls; however, decreased necroptosis due to O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 (receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 3) was observed in 5xFAD mice with insufficient O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminase. O-GlcNAcylation of RIPK3 suppresses phosphorylation of RIPK3 and its interaction with RIPK1. Moreover, increased O-GlcNAcylation ameliorated AD pathology, including Aβ burden, neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, and damaged mitochondria and recovered the M2 phenotype and phagocytic activity of microglia. Thus, our data establish the influence of O-GlcNAcylation on Aβ accumulation and neurodegeneration, suggesting O-GlcNAcylation-based treatments as potential interventions for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Ha
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Eun Seon Chung
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Seung Hyun Baek
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Yoonsuk Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hark Kyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jihoon Han
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Sul
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jeongmi Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Eunae Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Junsik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Yong Ryoul Yang
- Aging Research Center, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Mikyoung Park
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Thiruma V Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Samsung Alzheimer's Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | | | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea.
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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62
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Hashioka S, Wu Z, Klegeris A. Glia-Driven Neuroinflammation and Systemic Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:908-924. [PMID: 33176652 PMCID: PMC8686312 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666201111104509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) was proposed more than 30 years ago. The involvement of the two main types of glial cells microglia and astrocytes, in neuroinflammation, was suggested early on. In this review, we highlight that the exact contributions of reactive glia to AD pathogenesis remain difficult to define, likely due to the heterogeneity of glia populations and alterations in their activation states through the stages of AD progression. In the case of microglia, it is becoming apparent that both beneficially and adversely activated cell populations can be identified at various stages of AD, which could be selectively targeted to either limit their damaging actions or enhance beneficial functions. In the case of astrocytes, less information is available about potential subpopulations of reactive cells; it also remains elusive whether astrocytes contribute to the neuropathology of AD by mainly gaining neurotoxic functions or losing their ability to support neurons due to astrocyte damage. We identify L-type calcium channel blocker, nimodipine, as a candidate drug for AD, which potentially targets both astrocytes and microglia. It has already shown consistent beneficial effects in basic experimental and clinical studies. We also highlight the recent evidence linking peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation. Several chronic systemic inflammatory diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and periodontitis, can cause immune priming or adverse activation of glia, thus exacerbating neuroinflammation and increasing risk or facilitating the progression of AD. Therefore, reducing peripheral inflammation is a potentially effective strategy for lowering AD prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadayuki Hashioka
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Psychiatry, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan;, E-mail: and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada; E-mail:
| | | | - Andis Klegeris
- Address correspondence to these authors at the Department of Psychiatry, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan;, E-mail: and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada; E-mail:
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63
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Sanchez-Mico MV, Jimenez S, Gomez-Arboledas A, Muñoz-Castro C, Romero-Molina C, Navarro V, Sanchez-Mejias E, Nuñez-Diaz C, Sanchez-Varo R, Galea E, Davila JC, Vizuete M, Gutierrez A, Vitorica J. Amyloid-β impairs the phagocytosis of dystrophic synapses by astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease. Glia 2020; 69:997-1011. [PMID: 33283891 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes and dystrophic neurites, most aberrant presynaptic elements, are found surrounding amyloid-β plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have previously shown that reactive astrocytes enwrap, phagocytose, and degrade dystrophic synapses in the hippocampus of APP mice and AD patients, but affecting less than 7% of dystrophic neurites, suggesting reduced phagocytic capacity of astrocytes in AD. Here, we aimed to gain insight into the underlying mechanisms by analyzing the capacity of primary astrocyte cultures to phagocytose and degrade isolated synapses (synaptoneurosomes, SNs) from APP (containing dystrophic synapses and amyloid-β peptides), Tau (containing AT8- and AT100-positive phosphorylated Tau) and WT (controls) mice. We found highly reduced phagocytic and degradative capacity of SNs-APP, but not AT8/AT100-positive SNs-Tau, as compared with SNs-WT. The reduced astrocyte phagocytic capacity was verified in hippocampus from 12-month-old APP mice, since only 1.60 ± 3.81% of peri-plaque astrocytes presented phagocytic structures. This low phagocytic capacity did not depend on microglia-mediated astrocyte reactivity, because removal of microglia from the primary astrocyte cultures abrogated the expression of microglia-dependent genes in astrocytes, but did not affect the phagocytic impairment induced by oligomeric amyloid-β alone. Taken together, our data suggest that amyloid-β, but not hyperphosphorylated Tau, directly impairs the capacity of astrocytes to clear the pathological accumulation of oligomeric amyloid-β, as well as of peri-plaque dystrophic synapses containing amyloid-β, perhaps by reducing the expression of phagocytosis receptors such as Mertk and Megf10, thus increasing neuronal damage in AD. Therefore, the potentiation or recovery of astrocytic phagocytosis may be a novel therapeutic avenue in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Sanchez-Mico
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sebastian Jimenez
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Gomez-Arboledas
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Dpto. Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Clara Muñoz-Castro
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Romero-Molina
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Navarro
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Sanchez-Mejias
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Dpto. Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Nuñez-Diaz
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Dpto. Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Dpto. Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Elena Galea
- Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José C Davila
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Dpto. Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Marisa Vizuete
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Dpto. Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Dpto. Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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64
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Zhao SC, Heng X, Ya-Ping W, Di L, Wen-Qian W, Ling-Song M, Chu ZH, Xu Y. CD200-CD200R1 signaling pathway regulates neuroinflammation after stroke. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01882. [PMID: 33067924 PMCID: PMC7749562 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study how the CD200-CD200R1 signaling pathway modulates poststroke inflammation and advances our knowledge of immune responses to ischemia insults in stroke. METHODS Focal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced in mice for 90 min, and mice were sacrificed at 1, 3, and 7 days of reperfusion. CD200, CD200R1, iNOS, and Arg-1 expression in ischemic brains was assessed by Western blotting (WB), and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to examine the expression of CD200 on neurons and CD200R1 on infiltrating lymphocytes. The severity of neurobehavioral deficits was evaluated by neurological deficit scores (NDS) and infarction volume estimated by TTC staining. To study the relationship between CD200/CD200R1 expression and the diversity of the neuroinflammatory response in stroke, CD200Fc (CD200R1 agonist) was subcutaneously injected at onset, at 1 day and 2 days after MCAO operation, and the brains were collected for detection at 3 days after MCAO/R (reperfusion). RESULTS CD200 expression on neurons increased at 1 day and then decreased at 3 days after MCAO/R, and the expression of CD200R1 on lymphocytes showed an opposite temporal pattern as tested by IHC. The WB results showed that CD200/CD200R1 variance exhibited a similar pattern of IHC results, and the level of iNOS peaked at 1 day and then decreased gradually, but Arg-1 increased with time after MCAO/R in ischemic brains. After CD200Fc injection, CD200R1 expression significantly increased, and CD200Fc promoted Arg-1 but inhibited iNOS expression. The infarct volume and NDS of the group treated with CD200Fc were significantly smaller than those of the IgG2a-treated group. CONCLUSIONS The CD200-CD200R1 signaling pathway regulates neuroinflammation after stroke. Stimulation of CD200R1 by CD200Fc promotes the anti-inflammatory response and alleviates ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Cai Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Xu Heng
- Department of Neurology, Zhu Madian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, China
| | - Wang Ya-Ping
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Luan Di
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Wu Wen-Qian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Ma Ling-Song
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Zhao-Hu Chu
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Neurology, Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu, China.,Key Laboratory of Non-coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution, Wannan Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
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65
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Kwon HS, Koh SH. Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:42. [PMID: 33239064 PMCID: PMC7689983 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 951] [Impact Index Per Article: 237.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Microglia and astrocytes are key regulators of inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. The activation of microglia and astrocytes is heterogeneous and traditionally categorized as neurotoxic (M1-phenotype microglia and A1-phenotype astrocytes) or neuroprotective (M2-phenotype microglia and A2-phenotype astrocytes). However, this dichotomized classification may not reflect the various phenotypes of microglia and astrocytes. The relationship between these activated glial cells is also very complicated, and the phenotypic distribution can change, based on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. A better understanding of the roles of microglia and astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases is essential for developing effective therapies. In this review, we discuss the roles of inflammatory response in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on the contributions of microglia and astrocytes and their relationship. In addition, we discuss biomarkers to measure neuroinflammation and studies on therapeutic drugs that can modulate neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Sung Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Laversenne V, Nazeeruddin S, Källstig EC, Colin P, Voize C, Schneider BL. Anti-Aβ antibodies bound to neuritic plaques enhance microglia activity and mitigate tau pathology. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:198. [PMID: 33225991 PMCID: PMC7681991 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the misfolding and aggregation of both the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and hyperphosphorylated forms of the tau protein. Initial Aβ deposition is considered to trigger a sequence of deleterious events contributing to tau pathology, neuroinflammation and ultimately causing the loss of synapses and neurons. To assess the effect of anti-Aβ immunization in this context, we generated a mouse model by overexpressing the human tau protein in the hippocampus of 5xFAD mice. Aβ plaque deposition combined with human tau overexpression leads to an array of pathological manifestations including the formation of tau-positive dystrophic neurites and accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau at the level of neuritic plaques. Remarkably, the presence of human tau reduces microglial clustering in proximity to the Aβ plaques, which may affect the barrier role of microglia. In this mouse model, continuous administration of anti-Aβ antibodies enhances the clustering of microglial cells even in the presence of tau. Anti-Aβ immunization increases plaque compaction, reduces the spread of tau in the hippocampal formation and prevents the formation of tau-positive dystrophic neurites. However, the treatment does not significantly reduce tau-induced neurodegeneration in the dentate gyrus. These results highlight that anti-Aβ immunization is able to enhance microglial activity around neuritic plaques, mitigating part of the tau-induced pathological manifestations.
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67
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Inflammatory factors and amyloid β-induced microglial polarization promote inflammatory crosstalk with astrocytes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:22538-22549. [PMID: 33196457 PMCID: PMC7746366 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immunological responses are a key pathological factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesized that microglial polarization alters microglia-astrocyte immune interactions in AD. M1 and M2 microglia were isolated from primary rat microglia and were confirmed to secrete pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors, respectively. Primary rat astrocytes were co-cultured with M1 or M2 microglial medium. M1 microglial medium increased astrocyte production of pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin [IL]-1β, tumor necrosis factor α and IL-6), while M2 microglial medium enhanced astrocyte production of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-4 and IL-10). To analyze the crosstalk between microglia and astrocytes after microglial polarization specifically in AD, we co-cultured astrocytes with medium from microglia treated with amyloid-β (Aβ) alone or in combination with other inflammatory substances. Aβ alone and Aβ combined with lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ induced pro-inflammatory activity in M1 microglia and astrocytes, whereas IL-4/IL-13 inhibited Aβ-induced pro-inflammatory activity. Nuclear factor κB p65 was upregulated in M1 microglia and pro-inflammatory astrocytes, while Stat6 was upregulated in M2 microglia and anti-inflammatory astrocytes. These results provide direct evidence that microglial polarization governs communication between microglia and astrocytes, and that AD debris alters this crosstalk.
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68
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Bagheri-Mohammadi S. Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Stem Cell-Microglia Interaction in Brain Homeostasis. Neurochem Res 2020; 46:141-148. [PMID: 33174075 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microglia as resident cells of the brain can regulate neural development and maintenance of neuronal networks. Any types of pathologic events or changes in brain homeostasis are involved in the activation of microglia. This activation depends on the context, type of the stressor, or pathology. Due to the release of a plethora of substances such as chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors, microglia able to influence the pathologic outcome. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) condition, the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) result in provokes the phenotypic activation of microglia and their elaboration of pro-inflammatory molecules. New investigations reveal that cellular therapy with stem cells might have therapeutic effects in preventing the pathogenesis of AD. Although many strategies have focused on the use of stem cells to regenerate damaged neurons, new researches have demonstrated the immune-regulatory feature of stem cells which can modulate the activity state of microglia as well as mediates neuroinflammation. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the brain homeostasis by the protective features of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could lead to remedial treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Bagheri-Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology and Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. .,Departments of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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69
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Kwon S, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Taylor-Presse K, Edwards Iii G, Gamez N, Calderon O, Zhu B, Velasquez FC, Soto C, Sevick-Muraca EM. Impaired Peripheral Lymphatic Function and Cerebrospinal Fluid Outflow in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 69:585-593. [PMID: 31104026 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) outflow from the brain occurs through absorption into the arachnoid villi and, more predominantly, through meningeal and olfactory lymphatics that ultimately drain into the peripheral lymphatics. Impaired CSF outflow has been postulated as a contributing mechanism in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Herein we conducted near-infrared fluorescence imaging of CSF outflow into the peripheral lymph nodes (LNs) and of peripheral lymphatic function in a transgenic mouse model of AD (5XFAD) and wild-type (WT) littermates. CSF outflow was assessed from change in fluorescence intensity in the submandibular LNs as a function of time following bolus, an intrathecal injection of indocyanine green (ICG). Peripheral lymphatic function was measured by assessing lymphangion contractile function in lymphatics draining into the popliteal LN following intradermal ICG injection in the dorsal aspect of the hind paw. The results show 1) significantly impaired CSF outflow into the submandibular LNs of 5XFAD mice and 2) reduced contractile frequency in the peripheral lymphatics as compared to WT mice. Impaired CSF clearance was also evidenced by reduction of fluorescence on ventral surfaces of extracted brains of 5XFAD mice at euthanasia. These results support the hypothesis that lymphatic congestion caused by reduced peripheral lymphatic function could limit CSF outflow and may contribute to the cause and/or progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunkuk Kwon
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kathleen Taylor-Presse
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George Edwards Iii
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nazaret Gamez
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Olivia Calderon
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Banghe Zhu
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fred Christian Velasquez
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eva M Sevick-Muraca
- Center for Molecular Imaging, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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70
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Fernandez-Valenzuela JJ, Sanchez-Varo R, Muñoz-Castro C, De Castro V, Sanchez-Mejias E, Navarro V, Jimenez S, Nuñez-Diaz C, Gomez-Arboledas A, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Vizuete M, Davila JC, Vitorica J, Gutierrez A. Enhancing microtubule stabilization rescues cognitive deficits and ameliorates pathological phenotype in an amyloidogenic Alzheimer's disease model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14776. [PMID: 32901091 PMCID: PMC7479116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other tauopathies, microtubule destabilization compromises axonal and synaptic integrity contributing to neurodegeneration. These diseases are characterized by the intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau leading to neurofibrillary pathology. AD brains also accumulate amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposits. However, the effect of microtubule stabilizing agents on Aβ pathology has not been assessed so far. Here we have evaluated the impact of the brain-penetrant microtubule-stabilizing agent Epothilone D (EpoD) in an amyloidogenic model of AD. Three-month-old APP/PS1 mice, before the pathology onset, were weekly injected with EpoD for 3 months. Treated mice showed significant decrease in the phospho-tau levels and, more interesting, in the intracellular and extracellular hippocampal Aβ accumulation, including the soluble oligomeric forms. Moreover, a significant cognitive improvement and amelioration of the synaptic and neuritic pathology was found. Remarkably, EpoD exerted a neuroprotective effect on SOM-interneurons, a highly AD-vulnerable GABAergic subpopulation. Therefore, our results suggested that EpoD improved microtubule dynamics and axonal transport in an AD-like context, reducing tau and Aβ levels and promoting neuronal and cognitive protection. These results underline the existence of a crosstalk between cytoskeleton pathology and the two major AD protein lesions. Therefore, microtubule stabilizers could be considered therapeutic agents to slow the progression of both tau and Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jose Fernandez-Valenzuela
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Muñoz-Castro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. Garcia Gonzalez 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Vanessa De Castro
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Sanchez-Mejias
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. Garcia Gonzalez 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sebastian Jimenez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. Garcia Gonzalez 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Cristina Nuñez-Diaz
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Gomez-Arboledas
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Vizuete
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. Garcia Gonzalez 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Davila
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain. .,Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Prof. Garcia Gonzalez 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain. .,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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71
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Losurdo M, Pedrazzoli M, D'Agostino C, Elia CA, Massenzio F, Lonati E, Mauri M, Rizzi L, Molteni L, Bresciani E, Dander E, D'Amico G, Bulbarelli A, Torsello A, Matteoli M, Buffelli M, Coco S. Intranasal delivery of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles exerts immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects in a 3xTg model of Alzheimer's disease. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 9:1068-1084. [PMID: 32496649 PMCID: PMC7445021 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical role of neuroinflammation in favoring and accelerating the pathogenic process in Alzheimer's disease (AD) increased the need to target the cerebral innate immune cells as a potential therapeutic strategy to slow down the disease progression. In this scenario, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have risen considerable interest thanks to their immunomodulatory properties, which have been largely ascribed to the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), namely exosomes and microvesicles. Indeed, the beneficial effects of MSC-EVs in regulating the inflammatory response have been reported in different AD mouse models, upon chronic intravenous or intracerebroventricular administration. In this study, we use the triple-transgenic 3xTg mice showing for the first time that the intranasal route of administration of EVs, derived from cytokine-preconditioned MSCs, was able to induce immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects in AD. MSC-EVs reached the brain, where they dampened the activation of microglia cells and increased dendritic spine density. MSC-EVs polarized in vitro murine primary microglia toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype suggesting that the neuroprotective effects observed in transgenic mice could result from a positive modulation of the inflammatory status. The possibility to administer MSC-EVs through a noninvasive route and the demonstration of their anti-inflammatory efficacy might accelerate the chance of a translational exploitation of MSC-EVs in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Losurdo
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Matteo Pedrazzoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | | | - Chiara A. Elia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neuro CenterHumanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCSRozzano (MI)Italy
- CNR, Institute of NeuroscienceMilanoItaly
| | - Francesca Massenzio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Elena Lonati
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Mario Mauri
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Laura Rizzi
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Laura Molteni
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Elena Bresciani
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Erica Dander
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Pediatric DepartmentUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca, Fondazione MBBMMonzaItaly
| | - Giovanna D'Amico
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Pediatric DepartmentUniversity of Milano‐Bicocca, Fondazione MBBMMonzaItaly
| | - Alessandra Bulbarelli
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
- NeuroMI‐Milan Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilano (MI)Italy
| | - Antonio Torsello
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neuro CenterHumanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCSRozzano (MI)Italy
- Department of Biomedical SciencesHumanitas UniversityPieve Emanuele (MI)Italy
| | - Mario Buffelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement SciencesUniversity of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Silvia Coco
- School of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly
- NeuroMI‐Milan Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilano (MI)Italy
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72
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Ayton S, Janelidze S, Roberts B, Palmqvist S, Kalinowski P, Diouf I, Belaidi AA, Stomrud E, Bush AI, Hansson O. Acute phase markers in CSF reveal inflammatory changes in Alzheimer's disease that intersect with pathology, APOE ε4, sex and age. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 198:101904. [PMID: 32882319 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown how neuroinflammation may feature in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We profiled acute phase response (APR) proteins (α1-antitrypsin, α1-antichymotrypsin, ceruloplasmin, complement C3, ferritin, α-fibrinogen, β-fibrinogen, γ-fibrinogen, haptoglobin, hemopexin) in CSF of 1291 subjects along the clinical and biomarker spectrum of AD to investigate the association between inflammatory changes, disease outcomes, and demographic variables. Subjects were stratified by Aβ42/t-tau as well as the following clinical diagnoses: cognitively normal (CN); subjective cognitive decline (SCD); mild cognitive impairment (MCI); and AD dementia. In separate multiple regressions (adjusting for diagnosis, age, sex, APOE-ε4) of each APR protein and a composite of all APR proteins, CSF Aβ42/t-tau status was associated with elevated ferritin, but not any other APR protein in CN and SCD subjects. Rather, the APR was elevated along with symptomatic progression (CN < SCD < MCI < AD), and this was elevation was mediated by CSF p-tau181. APOE ε4 status did not affect levels of any APR proteins in CSF, while these were elevated in males and with increased age. The performance of the APR in predicting clinical diagnosis was influenced by APOE ε4 status, sex, and age. These data provide new insight into inflammatory changes in AD and how this intersects with pathology changes and patient demographics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Shorena Janelidze
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden; Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Blaine Roberts
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sebastian Palmqvist
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden; Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Pawel Kalinowski
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ibrahima Diouf
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Abdel A Belaidi
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Erik Stomrud
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden; Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden; Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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73
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Disease Stage-Associated Alterations in Learning and Memory through the Electroacupuncture Modulation of the Cortical Microglial M1/M2 Polarization in Mice with Alzheimer's Disease. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8836173. [PMID: 32908486 PMCID: PMC7474773 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8836173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary cells that exert immune function in the central nervous system, and accumulating evidence suggests that microglia act as critical players in the initiation of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Microglia seemingly demonstrate two contradictory phenotypes in response to different microenvironmental cues, the M1 phenotype and the M2 phenotype, which are detrimental and beneficial to pathogenesis, respectively. Inhibiting the M1 phenotype with simultaneous promoting the M2 phenotype has been suggested as a potential therapeutic approach for cure AD. In this study, we demonstrated that electroacupuncture at the Shenting and Baihui acupoints for 16 weeks could improve learning and memory in the Morris water maze test and reduce amyloid β-protein in the parietal association cortex and entorhinal cortex in mice with mild and moderate AD. Besides, electroacupuncture at the Shenting and Baihui acupoints not only suppressed M1 marker (iNOS/IL-1β) expression but also increased the M2 marker (CD206/Arg1) expression in those regions. We propose that electroacupuncture at the Shenting and Baihui acupoints could regulate microglial polarization and decrease Aβ plaques to improve learning and memory in mild AD mice.
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74
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Long-Term Dabigatran Treatment Delays Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis in the TgCRND8 Mouse Model. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 74:1910-1923. [PMID: 31601371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder with important vascular and hemostatic alterations that should be taken into account during diagnosis and treatment. OBJECTIVES This study evaluates whether anticoagulation with dabigatran, a clinically approved oral direct thrombin inhibitor with a low risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, ameliorates AD pathogenesis in a transgenic mouse model of AD. METHODS TgCRND8 AD mice and their wild-type littermates were treated for 1 year with dabigatran etexilate or placebo. Cognition was evaluated using the Barnes maze, and cerebral perfusion was examined by arterial spin labeling. At the molecular level, Western blot and histochemical analyses were performed to analyze fibrin content, amyloid burden, neuroinflammatory activity, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. RESULTS Anticoagulation with dabigatran prevented memory decline, cerebral hypoperfusion, and toxic fibrin deposition in the AD mouse brain. In addition, long-term dabigatran treatment significantly reduced the extent of amyloid plaques, oligomers, phagocytic microglia, and infiltrated T cells by 23.7%, 51.8%, 31.3%, and 32.2%, respectively. Dabigatran anticoagulation also prevented AD-related astrogliosis and pericyte alterations, and maintained expression of the water channel aquaporin-4 at astrocytic perivascular endfeet of the BBB. CONCLUSIONS Long-term anticoagulation with dabigatran inhibited thrombin and the formation of occlusive thrombi in AD; preserved cognition, cerebral perfusion, and BBB function; and ameliorated neuroinflammation and amyloid deposition in AD mice. Our results open a field for future investigation on whether the use of direct oral anticoagulants might be of therapeutic value in AD.
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75
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Multiple inflammatory profiles of microglia and altered neuroimages in APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice. Brain Res Bull 2020; 156:86-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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76
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Evans CE, Miners JS, Piva G, Willis CL, Heard DM, Kidd EJ, Good MA, Kehoe PG. ACE2 activation protects against cognitive decline and reduces amyloid pathology in the Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:485-502. [PMID: 31982938 PMCID: PMC7035243 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02098-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mid-life hypertension and cerebrovascular dysfunction are associated with increased risk of later life dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The classical renin–angiotensin system (cRAS), a physiological regulator of blood pressure, functions independently within the brain and is overactive in AD. cRAS-targeting anti-hypertensive drugs are associated with reduced incidence of AD, delayed onset of cognitive decline, and reduced levels of Aβ and tau in both animal models and human pathological studies. cRAS activity is moderated by a downstream regulatory RAS pathway (rRAS), which is underactive in AD and is strongly associated with pathological hallmarks in human AD, and cognitive decline in animal models of CNS disease. We now show that enhancement of brain ACE2 activity, a major effector of rRAS, by intraperitoneal administration of diminazene aceturate (DIZE), an established activator of ACE2, lowered hippocampal Aβ and restored cognition in mid-aged (13–14-month-old) symptomatic Tg2576 mice. We confirmed that the protective effects of DIZE were directly mediated through ACE2 and were associated with reduced hippocampal soluble Aβ42 and IL1-β levels. DIZE restored hippocampal MasR levels in conjunction with increased NMDA NR2B and downstream ERK signalling expression in hippocampal synaptosomes from Tg2576 mice. Chronic (10 weeks) administration of DIZE to pre-symptomatic 9–10-month-old Tg2576 mice, and acute (10 days) treatment in cognitively impaired 12–13-month-old mice, prevented the development of cognitive impairment. Together these data demonstrate that ACE2 enhancement protects against and reverses amyloid-related hippocampal pathology and cognitive impairment in a preclinical model of AD.
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77
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Zhang L, Dong ZF, Zhang JY. Immunomodulatory role of mesenchymal stem cells in Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2020; 246:117405. [PMID: 32035129 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of dementia and is characterized by gradual loss in memory, language, and cognitive function. The hallmarks of AD include extracellular amyloid deposition, intracellular neuronal fiber entanglement, and neuronal loss. Despite strenuous efforts toward improvement of AD, there remains a lack of effective treatment and current pharmaceutical therapies only alleviate the symptoms for a short period of time. Interestingly, some progress has been achieved in treatment of AD based on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation in recent years. MSC transplantation, as a rising therapy, is used as an intervention in AD, because of the enormous potential of MSCs, including differentiation potency, immunoregulatory function, and no immunological rejection. Although numerous strategies have focused on the use of MSCs to replace apoptotic or degenerating neurons, recent studies have implied that MSC-immunoregulation, which modulates the activity state of microglia or astrocytes and mediates neuroinflammation via several transcription factors (NFs) signaling pathways, may act as a major mechanism for the therapeutic efficacy of MSC and be responsible for some of the satisfactory results. In this review, we will focus on the role of MSC-immunoregulation in MSC-based therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, China.
| | - Zhi-Fang Dong
- Department of Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, China.
| | - Jie-Yuan Zhang
- Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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78
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Merlo S, Spampinato SF, Caruso GI, Sortino MA. The Ambiguous Role of Microglia in Aβ Toxicity: Chances for Therapeutic Intervention. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:446-455. [PMID: 32003695 PMCID: PMC7457435 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200131105418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) has long been shown to be critical in Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. Microglia contributes to the earliest responses to Aβ buildup, by direct interaction through multiple receptors. Microglial cells operate Aβ clearance and trigger inflammatory/regenerative processes that take place in the long years of silent disease progression that precede symptomatic appearance. But in time and with aging, the fine balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory activity of microglia deranges, negatively impacting its Aβ-clearing ability. Furthermore, in recent years, microglial activation has proven to be much more complex than the mere dichotomic pro/antiinflammatory polarization previously accepted. Microglia can display a wide spectrum of phenotypes, which can even be mixed. On these bases, it is evident that while pharmacological intervention aiding microglia to prolong its ability to cope with Aβ buildup could be extremely relevant, its feasibility is hampered by such high complexity, which still needs to be completely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Merlo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology; University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Federica Spampinato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology; University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia Ilaria Caruso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology; University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology; University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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79
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Hoskin JL, Al-Hasan Y, Sabbagh MN. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Dementia: An Update. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:370-376. [PMID: 30137524 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A significant portion of the clinical phenotype observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurs through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Degeneration of cholinergic neurons, combined with aberrant nAChR expression and activation partially through amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ)-nAChR leads to upregulation of pro-inflammatory pathways and subsequently the progressive cognitive decline of AD. Interestingly, the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is also mediated through nAChR particularly α7 nAChR. Thus, agonists of these receptors will likely exert pro-cognitive benefits through multiple mechanisms including stimulating the cholinergic pathway, modulating inflammation, and buffering the effects of amyloid. Despite this promising theoretical use, trials thus far have been complicated by adverse effects or minimal improvement. This review will provide an update on several pharmacological nAChR agonists tested in clinical trials and reasons that further investigation of nAChR agonists is merited. IMPLICATIONS nAChRs have consistently presented a promising theoretical use in the treatment of AD; however, trials thus far have been complicated by adverse effects or minimal improvement. This review will provide an update on several pharmacological nAChR agonists trialed and reasons that further investigation of nAChR agonists is merited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marwan Noel Sabbagh
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ.,Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV
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80
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Cai M, Lee JH, Yang EJ. Electroacupuncture attenuates cognition impairment via anti-neuroinflammation in an Alzheimer's disease animal model. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:264. [PMID: 31836020 PMCID: PMC6909515 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of cognitive abilities and memory leading to dementia. Electroacupuncture (EA) is a complementary alternative medicine approach, applying an electrical current to acupuncture points. In clinical and animal studies, EA causes cognitive improvements in AD and vascular dementia. However, EA-induced changes in cognition and microglia-mediated amyloid β (Aβ) degradation have not been determined yet in AD animals. Therefore, this study investigated the EA-induced molecular mechanisms causing cognitive improvement and anti-inflammatory activity in five familial mutation (5XFAD) mice, an animal model of AD. Methods 5XFAD mice were bilaterally treated with EA at the Taegye (KI3) acupoints three times per week for 2 weeks. To evaluate the effects of EA treatment on cognitive functions, novel object recognition and Y-maze tests were performed with non-Tg, 5XFAD (Tg), and EA-treated 5XFAD (Tg + KI3) mice. To examine the molecular mechanisms underlying EA effects, western blots, immunohistochemistry, and micro-positron emission tomography scans were performed. Furthermore, we studied synapse ultrastructures with transmission electron microscopy and used electrophysiology to investigate EA effects on synaptic plasticity in 5XFAD mice. Results EA treatment significantly improved working memory and synaptic plasticity, alleviated neuroinflammation, and reduced ultrastructural degradation of synapses via upregulation of synaptophysin and postsynaptic density-95 protein in 5XFAD mice. Furthermore, microglia-mediated Aβ deposition was reduced after EA treatment and coincided with a reduction in amyloid precursor protein. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that EA treatment ameliorates cognitive impairment via inhibition of synaptic degeneration and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudan Cai
- Department of Herbal Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Hwan Lee
- Department of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jin Yang
- Department of Clinical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 1672 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Republic of Korea.
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81
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Rivera-Escalera F, Pinney JJ, Owlett L, Ahmed H, Thakar J, Olschowka JA, Elliott MR, O’Banion MK. IL-1β-driven amyloid plaque clearance is associated with an expansion of transcriptionally reprogrammed microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:261. [PMID: 31822279 PMCID: PMC6902486 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet numerous studies have demonstrated a beneficial role for neuroinflammation in amyloid plaque clearance. We have previously shown that sustained expression of IL-1β in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice decreases amyloid plaque burden independent of recruited CCR2+ myeloid cells, suggesting resident microglia as the main phagocytic effectors of IL-1β-induced plaque clearance. To date, however, the mechanisms of IL-1β-induced plaque clearance remain poorly understood. METHODS To determine whether microglia are involved in IL-1β-induced plaque clearance, APP/PS1 mice induced to express mature human IL-1β in the hippocampus via adenoviral transduction were treated with the Aβ fluorescent probe methoxy-X04 (MX04) and microglial internalization of fibrillar Aβ (fAβ) was analyzed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. To assess microglial proliferation, APP/PS1 mice transduced with IL-1β or control were injected intraperitoneally with BrdU and hippocampal tissue was analyzed by flow cytometry. RNAseq analysis was conducted on microglia FACS sorted from the hippocampus of control or IL-1β-treated APP/PS1 mice. These microglia were also sorted based on MX04 labeling (MX04+ and MX04- microglia). RESULTS Resident microglia (CD45loCD11b+) constituted > 70% of the MX04+ cells in both Phe- and IL-1β-treated conditions, and < 15% of MX04+ cells were recruited myeloid cells (CD45hiCD11b+). However, IL-1β treatment did not augment the percentage of MX04+ microglia nor the quantity of fAβ internalized by individual microglia. Instead, IL-1β increased the total number of MX04+ microglia in the hippocampus due to IL-1β-induced proliferation. In addition, transcriptomic analyses revealed that IL-1β treatment was associated with large-scale changes in the expression of genes related to immune responses, proliferation, and cytokine signaling. CONCLUSIONS These studies show that IL-1β overexpression early in amyloid pathogenesis induces a change in the microglial gene expression profile and an expansion of microglial cells that facilitates Aβ plaque clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Rivera-Escalera
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Jonathan J. Pinney
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Laura Owlett
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Hoda Ahmed
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Juilee Thakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - John A. Olschowka
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Michael R. Elliott
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - M. Kerry O’Banion
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 603, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
- Del Monte Neuroscience Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
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82
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Edwards Iii G, Gamez N, Armijo E, Kramm C, Morales R, Taylor-Presse K, Schulz PE, Soto C, Moreno-Gonzalez I. Peripheral Delivery of Neural Precursor Cells Ameliorates Parkinson's Disease-Associated Pathology. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111359. [PMID: 31671704 PMCID: PMC6912680 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of motor control due to a wide loss of dopaminergic neurons along the nigro-striatal pathway. Some of the mechanisms that contribute to this cell death are inflammation, oxidative stress, and misfolded alpha-synuclein-induced toxicity. Current treatments are effective at managing the early motor symptoms of the disease, but they become ineffective over time and lead to adverse effects. Previous research using intracerebral stem cell therapy for treatment of PD has provided promising results; however, this method is very invasive and is often associated with unacceptable side effects. In this study, we used an MPTP-injected mouse model of PD and intravenously administered neural precursors (NPs) obtained from mouse embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells. Clinical signs and neuropathology were assessed. Female mice treated with NPs had improved motor function and reduction in the neuroinflammatory response. In terms of safety, there were no tumorigenic formations or any detectable adverse effect after treatment. Our results suggest that peripheral administration of stem cell-derived NPs may be a promising and safe therapy for the recovery of impaired motor function and amelioration of brain pathology in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Edwards Iii
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Nazaret Gamez
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Dpto. Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain.
| | - Enrique Armijo
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Carlos Kramm
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Rodrigo Morales
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile.
| | - Kathleen Taylor-Presse
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Paul E Schulz
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Claudio Soto
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- The Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Houston Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
- Dpto. Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29010 Malaga, Spain.
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile.
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 29010 Malaga, Spain.
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Sanchez-Mejias E, Nuñez-Diaz C, Sanchez-Varo R, Gomez-Arboledas A, Garcia-Leon JA, Fernandez-Valenzuela JJ, Mejias-Ortega M, Trujillo-Estrada L, Baglietto-Vargas D, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Davila JC, Vitorica J, Gutierrez A. Distinct disease-sensitive GABAergic neurons in the perirhinal cortex of Alzheimer's mice and patients. Brain Pathol 2019; 30:345-363. [PMID: 31491047 PMCID: PMC7064898 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal loss is the best neuropathological substrate that correlates with cortical atrophy and dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Defective GABAergic neuronal functions may lead to cortical network hyperactivity and aberrant neuronal oscillations and in consequence, generate a detrimental alteration in memory processes. In this study, using immunohistochemical and stereological approaches, we report that the two major and non-overlapping groups of inhibitory interneurons (SOM-cells and PV-cells) displayed distinct vulnerability in the perirhinal cortex of APP/PS1 mice and AD patients. SOM-positive neurons were notably sensitive and exhibited a dramatic decrease in the perirhinal cortex of 6-month-old transgenic mice (57% and 61% in areas 36 and 35, respectively) and, most importantly, in AD patients (91% in Braak V-VI cases). In addition, this interneuron degenerative process seems to occur in parallel, and closely related, with the progression of the amyloid pathology. However, the population expressing PV was unaffected in APP/PS1 mice while in AD brains suffered a pronounced and significant loss (69%). As a key component of cortico-hippocampal networks, the perirhinal cortex plays an important role in memory processes, especially in familiarity-based memory recognition. Therefore, disrupted functional connectivity of this cortical region, as a result of the early SOM and PV neurodegeneration, might contribute to the altered brain rhythms and cognitive failures observed in the initial clinical phase of AD patients. Finally, these findings highlight the failure of amyloidogenic AD models to fully recapitulate the selective neuronal degeneration occurring in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Sanchez-Mejias
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Nuñez-Diaz
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Gomez-Arboledas
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Garcia-Leon
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Jose Fernandez-Valenzuela
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Mejias-Ortega
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Davila
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Dpto. Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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84
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Reyes-Resina I, Jiménez J, Navarro G, Franco R. Identification of Heteroreceptors Complexes and Signal Transduction Events Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET). Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3385. [PMID: 33654881 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting protein-protein interactions by co-immunoprecipitation provided a major advancement in the immunology research field. In the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) research field, colocalization and co-immunoprecipitation were used to detect interactions, but doubts arose due to specificity of the antibodies (monoclonal in the case of receptors related to immunology and polyclonal in the case of GPCRs) and due to the possibility of false positive due to the potential occurrence of bridging proteins. Accordingly, new methodological approaches were needed, and energy transfer techniques have been instrumental to detect direct protein-protein, protein-receptor or receptor-receptor interactions. Of the two most relevant methods (Förster, or fluorescence resonance energy transfer: FRET and Bioluminescence energy transfer: BRET), the protocol for BRET is here presented. BRET has been instrumental to detect direct interactions between GPCRs and has contributed to demonstrate that GPCR dimers/oligomer functionality is different from that exerted by individual receptors. Advantages outweigh those of FRET as no fluorescence source is needed. Interestingly, BRET is not only useful to validate interactions detected by other means or hypothesized in the basis of indirect evidence, but to measure signal transduction events. In fact, BRET may, for instance, be used to assess β-arrestin recruitment to activated GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Reyes-Resina
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jasmina Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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85
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Xu Q, Xu W, Cheng H, Yuan H, Tan X. Efficacy and mechanism of cGAMP to suppress Alzheimer's disease by elevating TREM2. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:495-508. [PMID: 31283973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses are considered to play crucial roles in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, immunotherapy is emerging as an innovative and highly conceivable strategy for AD treatment. The cGAMP-STING-IRF3 signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in mediating innate immune responses. In this study, we provide pioneering investigation to find that the STING stimulator, cGAMP, significantly ameliorates cognitive deficits, improves pathological changes, decreases Aβ plaque load and reduces neuron apoptosis in APP/PS1 transgenetic mice. The stimulation of cGAMP-STING-IRF3 pathway induces expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), and the overexpression of TREM2 further decreases Aβ deposition and neuron loss while improves AD pathomorphology and cognitive impairment. Additionally, TREM2 regulates microglia polarization from M1 towards M2 phenotype thereby achieves reduction of neuroinflammation in AD. These findings support that the enhancement of TREM2 exerts beneficial effects in ameliorating AD development. Taken together, our results demonstrate that cGAMP is a potential candidate for applications in Alzheimer's disease immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Xu
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiangshi Tan
- Department of Chemistry & Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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86
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Tang RH, Qi RQ, Liu HY. Interleukin-4 affects microglial autophagic flux. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1594-1602. [PMID: 31089059 PMCID: PMC6557092 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.255975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 plays an important protective role in Alzheimer's disease by regulating microglial phenotype, phagocytosis of amyloid-β, and secretion of anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic cytokines. Recently, increasing evidence has suggested that autophagy regulates innate immunity by affecting M1/M2 polarization of microglia/macrophages. However, the role of interleukin-4 in microglial autophagy is unknown. In view of this, BV2 microglia were treated with 0, 10, 20 or 50 ng/mL interleukin-4 for 24, 48, or 72 hours. Subsequently, light chain 3-II and p62 protein expression levels were detected by western blot assay. BV2 microglia were incubated with interleukin-4 (20 ng/mL, experimental group), 3-methyladenine (500 μM, autophagy inhibitor, negative control group), rapamycin (100 nM, autophagy inductor, positive control group), 3-methyladenine + interleukin-4 (rescue group), or without treatment for 24 hours, and then exposed to amyloid-β (1 μM, model group) or vehicle control (control) for 24 hours. LC3-II and p62 protein expression levels were again detected by western blot assay. In addition, expression levels of multiple markers of M1 and M2 phenotype were assessed by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, while intracellular and supernatant amyloid-β protein levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our results showed that interleukin-4 induced microglial autophagic flux, most significantly at 20 ng/mL for 48 hours. Interleukin-4 pretreated microglia inhibited blockade of amyloid-β-induced autophagic flux, and promoted amyloid-β uptake and degradation partly through autophagic flux, but inhibited switching of amyloid-β-induced M1 phenotype independent on autophagic flux. These results indicate that interleukin-4 pretreated microglia increases uptake and degradation of amyloid-β in a process partly mediated by autophagy, which may play a protective role against Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Hong Tang
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- Department of Dermatology, Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hua-Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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87
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Edwards G, Zhao J, Dash PK, Soto C, Moreno-Gonzalez I. Traumatic Brain Injury Induces Tau Aggregation and Spreading. J Neurotrauma 2019; 37:80-92. [PMID: 31317824 PMCID: PMC6921297 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The misfolding and aggregation of tau protein into neurofibrillary tangles is the main underlying hallmark of tauopathies. Most tauopathies have a sporadic origin and can be associated with multiple risk factors. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been suggested as a risk factor for tauopathies by triggering disease onset and facilitating its progression. Several studies indicate that TBI seems to be a risk factor to development of Alzheimer disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, because there is a relationship of TBI severity and propensity to development of these illnesses. In this study, we evaluated whether moderate to severe TBI can trigger the initial formation of pathological tau that would induce the development of the pathology throughout the brain. To this end, we subjected tau transgenic mice to TBI and assessed tau phosphorylation and aggregation pattern to create a spatial heat map of tau deposition and spreading in the brain. Our results suggest that brain injured tau transgenic mice have an accelerated tau pathology in different brain regions that increases over time compared with sham mice. The appearance of pathological tau occurs in regions distant to the injury area that are connected synaptically, suggesting dissemination of tau aggregates. Overall, this work posits TBI as a risk factor for tauopathies through the induction of tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Edwards
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Pramod K Dash
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Claudio Soto
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Mitchell Center for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Brain Disorders, Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Cell Biology, Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Facultad Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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88
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Michael AV, Greenlee JJ, Harm TA, Moore SJ, Zhang M, Lind MS, Greenlee MHW, Smith JD. In Situ Temporospatial Characterization of the Glial Response to Prion Infection. Vet Pathol 2019; 57:90-107. [PMID: 31331254 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819861708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) display marked activation of astrocytes and microglia that precedes neuronal loss. Investigation of clinical parallels between TSEs and other neurodegenerative protein misfolding diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, has revealed similar patterns of neuroinflammatory responses to the accumulation of self-propagating amyloids. The contribution of glial activation to the progression of protein misfolding diseases is incompletely understood, with evidence for mediation of both protective and deleterious effects. Glial populations are heterogeneously distributed throughout the brain and capable of dynamic transitions along a spectrum of functional activation states between pro- and antiinflammatory polarization extremes. Using a murine model of Rocky Mountain Laboratory scrapie, the neuroinflammatory response to prion infection was characterized by evaluating glial activation across 15 brain regions over time and correlating it to traditional markers of prion neuropathology, including vacuolation and PrPSc deposition. Quantitative immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate glial expression of iNOS and Arg1, markers of classical and alternative glial activation, respectively. The results indicate progressive upregulation of iNOS in microglia and a mixed astrocytic profile featuring iNOS expression in white matter tracts and detection of Arg1-positive populations throughout the brain. These data establish a temporospatial lesion profile for this prion infection model and demonstrate evidence of multiple glial activation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyona V Michael
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Justin J Greenlee
- US Department of Agriculture, Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tyler A Harm
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - S Jo Moore
- US Department of Agriculture, Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Melissa S Lind
- US Department of Agriculture, Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA.,BluePearl Pet Hospital, Des Moines, IA, USA
| | - M Heather West Greenlee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jodi D Smith
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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89
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Šimić G, Španić E, Langer Horvat L, Hof PR. Blood-brain barrier and innate immunity in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 168:99-145. [PMID: 31699331 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is only partly understood. This is the probable reason why significant efforts to treat or prevent AD have been unsuccessful. In fact, as of April 2019, there have been 2094 studies registered for AD on the clinicaltrials.gov U.S. National Library of Science web page, of which only a few are still ongoing. In AD, abnormal accumulation of amyloid and tau proteins in the brain are thought to begin 10-20 years before the onset of overt symptoms, suggesting that interventions designed to prevent pathological amyloid and tau accumulation may be more effective than attempting to reverse a pathology once it is established. However, to be successful, such early interventions need to be selectively administered to individuals who will likely develop the disease long before the symptoms occur. Therefore, it is critical to identify early biomarkers that are strongly predictive of AD. Currently, patients are diagnosed on the basis of a variety of clinical scales, neuropsychological tests, imaging and laboratory modalities, but definitive diagnosis can be made only by postmortem assessment of underlying neuropathology. People suffering from AD thus may be misdiagnosed clinically with other primary causes of dementia, and vice versa, thereby also reducing the power of clinical trials. The amyloid cascade hypothesis fits well for the familial cases of AD with known mutations, but is not sufficient to explain sporadic, late-onset AD (LOAD) that accounts for over 95% of all cases. Since the earliest descriptions of AD there have been neuropathological features described other than amyloid plaques (AP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), most notably gliosis and neuroinflammation. However, it is only recently that genetic and experimental studies have implicated microglial dysfunction as a causal factor for AD, as opposed to a merely biological response of its accumulation around AP. Additionally, many studies have suggested the importance of changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability in the pathogenesis of AD. Here we suggest how these less investigated aspects of the disease that have gained increased attention in recent years may contribute mechanistically to the development of lesions and symptoms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ena Španić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lea Langer Horvat
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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90
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Gutierrez A, Vitorica J. Toward a New Concept of Alzheimer's Disease Models: A Perspective from Neuroinflammation. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S329-S338. [PMID: 29562520 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The continuing failure to develop an effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease urges a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and the improvement of current animal models to facilitate success for clinical interventions. The transgenic models have been so far designed to recapitulate one, or both, protein lesions found in the brain of patients, the extracellular amyloid plaques and the intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles. However, in recent years, a third pathogenic component is gaining strength in the onset and progression of this disease, the neuroinflammatory response mediated primarily by the brain's resident immune cells, microglia. This has been highlighted by the identification of genes involved in innate immunity as risk factors to develop this neurodegenerative disease. Our current concept, mostly derived from amyloid-β producing models which show a robust microglial activation, supports an initial beneficial role of these glial cells followed by a pro-inflammatory cytotoxic function later on. This view is now challenged by emerging data in human postmortem samples. We have recently demonstrated that in the hippocampus of Braak V-VI individuals there is a prominent degenerative process of the microglial population, driven by phospho-tau, that might compromise neuronal homeostasis. This scenario of microglial dysfunction/degeneration should be taken into account for developing more reliable animal models of this disease and improve their predictive value for human drug efficacy testing. Finally, correcting dysregulated brain inflammatory responses might be a promising avenue to restore cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Gutierrez
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biomedicina de Malaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Malaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
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91
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Selles MC, Oliveira MM, Ferreira ST. Brain Inflammation Connects Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S313-S327. [PMID: 29710716 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the main form of dementia in the elderly and affects greater than 47 million people worldwide. Care for AD patients poses very significant personal and economic demands on individuals and society, and the situation is expected to get even more dramatic in the coming decades unless effective treatments are found to halt the progression of the disease. Although AD is most commonly regarded as a disease of the memory, the entire brain is eventually affected by neuronal dysfunction or neurodegeneration, which brings about a host of other behavioral disturbances. AD patients often present with apathy, depression, eating and sleeping disorders, aggressive behavior, and other non-cognitive symptoms, which deeply affect not only the patient but also the caregiver's health. These symptoms are usually associated with AD pathology but are often neglected as part of disease progression due to the early and profound impact of disease on memory centers such as the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. Yet, a collection of findings offers biochemical insight into mechanisms underlying non-cognitive symptoms in AD, and indicate that, at the molecular level, such symptoms share common mechanisms. Here, we review evidence indicating mechanistic links between memory loss and non-cognitive symptoms of AD. We highlight the central role of the pro-inflammatory activity of microglia in behavioral alterations in AD patients and in experimental models of the disease. We suggest that a deeper understanding of non-cognitive symptoms of AD may illuminate a new beginning in AD research, offering a fresh approach to elucidate mechanisms involved in disease progression and potentially unveiling yet unexplored therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clara Selles
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mauricio M Oliveira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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92
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Cline EN, Bicca MA, Viola KL, Klein WL. The Amyloid-β Oligomer Hypothesis: Beginning of the Third Decade. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S567-S610. [PMID: 29843241 PMCID: PMC6004937 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 530] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid-β oligomer (AβO) hypothesis was introduced in 1998. It proposed that the brain damage leading to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was instigated by soluble, ligand-like AβOs. This hypothesis was based on the discovery that fibril-free synthetic preparations of AβOs were potent CNS neurotoxins that rapidly inhibited long-term potentiation and, with time, caused selective nerve cell death (Lambert et al., 1998). The mechanism was attributed to disrupted signaling involving the tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn, mediated by an unknown toxin receptor. Over 4,000 articles concerning AβOs have been published since then, including more than 400 reviews. AβOs have been shown to accumulate in an AD-dependent manner in human and animal model brain tissue and, experimentally, to impair learning and memory and instigate major facets of AD neuropathology, including tau pathology, synapse deterioration and loss, inflammation, and oxidative damage. As reviewed by Hayden and Teplow in 2013, the AβO hypothesis “has all but supplanted the amyloid cascade.” Despite the emerging understanding of the role played by AβOs in AD pathogenesis, AβOs have not yet received the clinical attention given to amyloid plaques, which have been at the core of major attempts at therapeutics and diagnostics but are no longer regarded as the most pathogenic form of Aβ. However, if the momentum of AβO research continues, particularly efforts to elucidate key aspects of structure, a clear path to a successful disease modifying therapy can be envisioned. Ensuring that lessons learned from recent, late-stage clinical failures are applied appropriately throughout therapeutic development will further enable the likelihood of a successful therapy in the near-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika N Cline
- Department of Neurobiology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Maíra Assunção Bicca
- Department of Neurobiology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kirsten L Viola
- Department of Neurobiology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - William L Klein
- Department of Neurobiology, Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, International Institute for Nanotechnology, and Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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93
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Tang R, Liu H. Identification of Temporal Characteristic Networks of Peripheral Blood Changes in Alzheimer's Disease Based on Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:83. [PMID: 31178714 PMCID: PMC6537635 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. The study of blood-based biomarkers has lasted for a long time in AD, because it supports the concept that peripheral changes are involved in AD pathology. But it is still unclear how peripheral blood is involved in the temporal characteristic molecular mechanisms of AD from aging to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and which cells are responsible for the molecular mechanisms. The main purpose of our study is to gain a systematic and comprehensive understanding of temporal characteristic networks of peripheral blood in AD using whole blood samples with 329 case-control samples, including 104 normal elderly control subjects (CTL), 80 MCI who are susceptible to AD, and 145 AD, by the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The module-trait relationships were constructed and module preservation was validated with independent datasets GSE63061, GSE97760, GSE18309, GSE29378, GSE28146, and GSE29652. Our results indicate that the down-regulated protein modification and ubiquitin degradation systems, and the up-regulated insulin resistance both play a major role in MCI, while the up-regulated inflammatory cascade dominates in AD, which is mainly mediated by monocytes, macrophages. Although there is mixed activation of M1 and M2 macrophages in all stages of AD, the immune neutral state or M2 polarization may predominate in MCI, and M1 polarization may predominate in AD. Moreover, we found that TRPV2, NDUFV1, ATF4, HSPA8, STAT3 and LUC7L3 may mediate the pathological changes in MCI, while SIRPA, LAMP-2, NDUFB5, HSPA8, STAT3 and FPR2 may mediate the conversion from MCI-AD or the pathological changes in AD, which provide a basis for the treatment based on the peripheral blood system. In addition, we also found that the combined diagnosis based on a panel of genes from the red, blue, and brown modules have a moderate diagnostic effect on distinguishing MCI and AD from CTL, suggesting that those panels of genes may be used for detection of MCI and prediction of this conversion from MCI to AD. Our research emphasizes that pathological changes, based on temporal characteristics of peripheral blood, provide a theoretical basis for targeted peripheral treatment based on appropriate times and identified several diagnostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhong Tang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huayan Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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94
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Zhao J, Bi W, Xiao S, Lan X, Cheng X, Zhang J, Lu D, Wei W, Wang Y, Li H, Fu Y, Zhu L. Neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5790. [PMID: 30962497 PMCID: PMC6453933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in C57BL/6J mice by using behavioral tests, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. We found that LPS treatment leads to sickness behavior and cognitive impairment in mice as shown in the Morris water maze and passive avoidance test, and these effects were accompanied by microglia activation (labeled by ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1, IBA-1) and neuronal cell loss (labeled by microtubule-associated protein 2, MAP-2) in the hippocampus. The levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the serum and brain homogenates were reduced by the LPS treatment, while the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) were increased. In addition, LPS promoted the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the brain homogenates. The Western blot analysis showed that the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway was activated in the LPS groups. Furthermore, VIPER, which is a TLR-4-specific inhibitory peptide, prevented the LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. These data suggest that LPS induced cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation via microglia activation by activating the NF-kB signaling pathway; furthermore, we compared the time points, doses, methods and outcomes of LPS administration between intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular injections of LPS in LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment, and these data may provide additional insight for researchers performing neuroinflammation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Bi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Lan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Daxiang Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongmei Fu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihong Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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95
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Kaur D, Sharma V, Deshmukh R. Activation of microglia and astrocytes: a roadway to neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:663-677. [PMID: 30874945 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that is of high importance to the neuroscience world, yet the complex pathogenicity is not fully understood. Inflammation is usually observed in AD and could implicate both beneficial or detrimental effects depending on the severity of the disease. During initial AD pathology, microglia and astrocyte activation is beneficial since they are involved in amyloid-beta clearance. However, with the progression of the disease, activated microglia elicit detrimental effects by the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) bringing forth neurodegeneration in the surrounding brain regions. This results in decline in Aβ clearance by microglia; Aβ accumulation thus increases in the brain resulting in neuroinflammation. Thus, Aβ accumulation is the effect of increased release of pro-inflammatory molecules. Reactive astrocytes acquire gain of toxic function and exhibits neurotoxic effects with loss of neurotrophic functions. Astrocyte dysfunctioning results in increased release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, neurodegeneration, decreased glutamate uptake, loss of neuronal synapses, and ultimately cognitive deficits in AD. We discuss the role of intracellular signaling pathways in the inflammatory responses produced by astrocytes and microglial activation, including the glycogen synthase kinase-3β, nuclear factor kappa B cascade, mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. In this review, we describe the role of neuroinflammation in the chronicity of AD pathogenesis and an overview of the recent research towards the development of new therapies to treat this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, 171207, India
| | - Rahul Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India.
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96
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Femminella GD, Dani M, Wood M, Fan Z, Calsolaro V, Atkinson R, Edginton T, Hinz R, Brooks DJ, Edison P. Microglial activation in early Alzheimer trajectory is associated with higher gray matter volume. Neurology 2019; 92:e1331-e1343. [PMID: 30796139 PMCID: PMC6511099 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the influence of microglial activation in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease trajectory, we assessed the relationship between microglial activation and gray matter volume and hippocampal volume in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods In this study, 55 participants (37 with early stages of MCI and 18 controls) underwent [11C]PBR28 PET, a marker of microglial activation; volumetric MRI to evaluate gray matter and hippocampal volumes as well as clinical and neuropsychometric evaluation. [11C]PBR28 VT (volume of distribution) was calculated using arterial input function and Logan graphical analysis. Gray matter volume and hippocampal volumes were calculated from MRI for each participant. Statistical parametric mapping software was used to perform voxel-wise correlations and biological parametric mapping analysis. Amyloid status was assessed using [18F]flutemetamol PET. Results Higher [11C]PBR28 VT in different cortical areas correlated with higher gray matter volume in both amyloid-positive and -negative MCI. In addition, higher hippocampal volume correlated with higher cortical [11C]PBR28 Logan VT. Conclusions In this in vivo study, we have demonstrated that microglial activation quantified using [11C]PBR28 PET was associated with higher gray matter volume and higher hippocampal volume in patients with MCI. This might suggest that microglial activation may not always be associated with neuronal damage, and indeed it may have a beneficial effect in the early stages of the Alzheimer trajectory. While further longitudinal studies are necessary, these findings have significant implications on therapeutic strategies targeting microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Daniela Femminella
- From the Department of Medicine (G.D.F., M.D., M.W., Z.F., V.C., R.A., D.J.B., P.E.), Imperial College London; Department of Psychology (T.E.), University of London, London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (R.H.), University of Manchester, UK; and Department of Nuclear Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Melanie Dani
- From the Department of Medicine (G.D.F., M.D., M.W., Z.F., V.C., R.A., D.J.B., P.E.), Imperial College London; Department of Psychology (T.E.), University of London, London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (R.H.), University of Manchester, UK; and Department of Nuclear Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Melanie Wood
- From the Department of Medicine (G.D.F., M.D., M.W., Z.F., V.C., R.A., D.J.B., P.E.), Imperial College London; Department of Psychology (T.E.), University of London, London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (R.H.), University of Manchester, UK; and Department of Nuclear Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Zhen Fan
- From the Department of Medicine (G.D.F., M.D., M.W., Z.F., V.C., R.A., D.J.B., P.E.), Imperial College London; Department of Psychology (T.E.), University of London, London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (R.H.), University of Manchester, UK; and Department of Nuclear Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Valeria Calsolaro
- From the Department of Medicine (G.D.F., M.D., M.W., Z.F., V.C., R.A., D.J.B., P.E.), Imperial College London; Department of Psychology (T.E.), University of London, London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (R.H.), University of Manchester, UK; and Department of Nuclear Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Atkinson
- From the Department of Medicine (G.D.F., M.D., M.W., Z.F., V.C., R.A., D.J.B., P.E.), Imperial College London; Department of Psychology (T.E.), University of London, London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (R.H.), University of Manchester, UK; and Department of Nuclear Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Trudi Edginton
- From the Department of Medicine (G.D.F., M.D., M.W., Z.F., V.C., R.A., D.J.B., P.E.), Imperial College London; Department of Psychology (T.E.), University of London, London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (R.H.), University of Manchester, UK; and Department of Nuclear Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Rainer Hinz
- From the Department of Medicine (G.D.F., M.D., M.W., Z.F., V.C., R.A., D.J.B., P.E.), Imperial College London; Department of Psychology (T.E.), University of London, London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (R.H.), University of Manchester, UK; and Department of Nuclear Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - David J Brooks
- From the Department of Medicine (G.D.F., M.D., M.W., Z.F., V.C., R.A., D.J.B., P.E.), Imperial College London; Department of Psychology (T.E.), University of London, London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (R.H.), University of Manchester, UK; and Department of Nuclear Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Paul Edison
- From the Department of Medicine (G.D.F., M.D., M.W., Z.F., V.C., R.A., D.J.B., P.E.), Imperial College London; Department of Psychology (T.E.), University of London, London; Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre (R.H.), University of Manchester, UK; and Department of Nuclear Medicine (D.J.B.), Aarhus University, Denmark.
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97
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He S, Liu R, Li B, Huang L, Fan W, Tembachako CR, Zheng X, Xiong X, Miyata M, Xu B, Li Y, Fang W. Propagermanium, a CCR2 inhibitor, attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through inhibiting inflammatory response induced by microglia. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:99-110. [PMID: 30794846 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CCR2 could recruit immune cells migrating into brain after ischemic stroke. It is unclear whether and why Propagermanium (PG, a CCR2 inhibitor) is able to protect against ischemic injury. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion injury in C57BL/6 J male mice were performed in vivo to mimic ischemic stroke. Cultured BV2 microglia exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)/reoxygenation injury, LPS or IL-4 incubation were served in vitro. TTC staining, neurological score, brain water content, and MRI scan were performed to evaluate stroke outcome. Real time PCR, ELISA, and immunofluorescence were used to estimate inflammatory cytokines expression and releasing. Western blot was utilized to detect pSTAT1/STAT1 expression. Compared with MCAO mice, PG treatment significantly reduced infarction size and brain edema, improved neurological behavior at 72 h after MCAO. For inflammatory response, PG treatment inhibited inflammatory cytokines releasing, such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-23. Further studies indicated that PG treatment downregulated mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory iNOS and CD86, and inhibited CD16 expressed in microglia. In vitro, PG incubation inhibited BV2 polarized to pro-inflammatory phenotype through STAT1 downregulation, while had no obvious effect on anti-inflammatory phenotype. Our observations suggest that CCR2 inhibitor PG downregulated pro-inflammatory microglia polarization for decreasing pro-inflammatory microglia phenotype marker, and thereafter inhibited inflammatory responses after MCAO in a STAT1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shucheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Binbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Wenxiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Charmaine Ruvimbo Tembachako
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Xiaoya Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430006, China
| | - Masaaki Miyata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kagoshima City Hospital, Japan
| | - Baohui Xu
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
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98
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Rodríguez-Callejas JDD, Cuervo-Zanatta D, Rosas-Arellano A, Fonta C, Fuchs E, Perez-Cruz C. Loss of ferritin-positive microglia relates to increased iron, RNA oxidation, and dystrophic microglia in the brains of aged male marmosets. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22956. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Cuervo-Zanatta
- Department of Pharmacology; Center of Research in Advance Studies; Mexico City Mexico
| | | | - Caroline Fonta
- Brain and Cognition Research Centre (CERCO); CNRS/University of Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Eberhard Fuchs
- German Primate Center; Leibniz Institute for Primate Research; Göttingen Germany
| | - Claudia Perez-Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology; Center of Research in Advance Studies; Mexico City Mexico
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99
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Ponnusamy V, Yip PK. The role of microRNAs in newborn brain development and hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Neuropharmacology 2019; 149:55-65. [PMID: 30716413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neonates can develop hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) due to lack of blood supply or oxygen, resulting in a major cause of death and disability among term newborns. However, current definitive treatment of therapeutic hypothermia, will only benefit one out of nine babies. Furthermore, the mechanisms of HIE and therapeutic hypothermia are not fully understood. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) have become of interest to many researchers due to their important role in post-transcriptional control and deep evolutionary history. Despite this, role of miRNAs in newborns with HIE remains largely unknown due to limited research in this field. Therefore, this review aims to understand the role of miRNAs in normal brain development and HIE pathophysiology with reliance on extrapolated data from other diseases, ages and species due to current limited data. This will provide us with an overview of how miRNAs in normal brain development changes after HIE. Furthermore, it will indicate how miRNAs are affected specifically or globally by the various pathophysiological events. In addition, we discuss about how drugs and commercially available agents can specifically target certain miRNAs as a mechanism of action and potential safety issue with off-target effects. Improving our understanding of the role of miRNAs on the cellular response after HIE would enhance the success of effective diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of newborns with HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vennila Ponnusamy
- Centre of Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK; Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ashford and St. Peter's Hospitals NHS Trust, Chertsey, UK.
| | - Ping K Yip
- Center of Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
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100
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W. Pilkington IV A, Legleiter J. Challenges in understanding the structure/activity relationship of Aβ oligomers. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2019.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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