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Shaw JC, Palliser HK, Dyson RM, Hirst JJ, Berry MJ. Long-term effects of preterm birth on behavior and neurosteroid sensitivity in the guinea pig. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:275-83. [PMID: 27055188 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ex-preterm children and adolescents are at risk of developing late-onset neurodevelopmental and behavioral disorders. The mechanisms by which this happens are poorly understood and relevant animal models are required. METHODS Ex-preterm (delivered at 62 d gestation) and term (spontaneously delivered) juvenile guinea pigs underwent behavioral testing at 25 d corrected postnatal age, with tissues collected at 28 d. Neurodevelopmental markers (myelin basic protein (MBP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)) were analyzed in the hippocampus and subcortical white matter by immunohistochemistry. Gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor subunit mRNA levels were quantified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and salivary cortisol measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Preterm males travelled greater distances, were mobile for longer, spent more time investigating objects, and approached or interacted with familiar animals more than controls. Myelination and reactive astrocyte coverage was lower in the hippocampus and the subcortical white matter in preterm males. Hippocampal levels of the α5 subunit were also lower in the preterm male brain. Baseline salivary cortisol was higher for preterm males compared to controls. CONCLUSION We conclude that juvenile ex-preterm male guinea pigs exhibit a hyperactive phenotype and feature impaired neurodevelopment, making this a suitable model for future therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Shaw
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Hannah K Palliser
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Rebecca M Dyson
- Department of Paediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine and IHMRI, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Hirst
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Mary J Berry
- Centre for Translational Physiology, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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52
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Histological study on the protective role of vitamin B complex on the cerebellum of diabetic rat. Tissue Cell 2016; 48:283-96. [PMID: 27394072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorder in cerebellar structure was reported in diabetes mellitus. B vitamins are involved in many significant metabolic processes within the brain. AIM OF THE WORK To detect the protective role of vitamin B complex on the histological structure of the cerebellum of experimentally induced diabetic rat. MATERIAL & METHODS Eighteen adult male Wistar rats were divided into two groups. Group I: normal vehicle control (n=6). Group II: streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (n=12), which was equally divided into two subgroups; IIA (diabetic vehicle control), IIB (diabetic vitamin B complex-treated): streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats treated with vitamin B complex (1mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks. Specimens from the cerebellum were processed for light and electron microscopy. RESULTS In vitamin B complex treated group, the histological changes in Purkinje cells, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were improved compared with the diabetic non-treated group. The white matter revealed intact myelinated axons. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and caspase-3 expression reduced. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression revealed less activated astroglia. The number of Purkinje cells/mm(2) significantly increased. While, the number of GFAP positive astrocytes/mm(2) significantly decreased. In addition, the blood glucose level was reduced. CONCLUSION Vitamin B complex protected the cerebellum from the histological changes which occurred in STZ- induced diabetic rats.
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Domingues HS, Portugal CC, Socodato R, Relvas JB. Oligodendrocyte, Astrocyte, and Microglia Crosstalk in Myelin Development, Damage, and Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:71. [PMID: 27551677 PMCID: PMC4923166 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating glia of the central nervous system. Myelination of axons allows rapid saltatory conduction of nerve impulses and contributes to axonal integrity. Devastating neurological deficits caused by demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, illustrate well the importance of the process. In this review, we focus on the positive and negative interactions between oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia during developmental myelination and remyelination. Even though many lines of evidence support a crucial role for glia crosstalk during these processes, the nature of such interactions is often neglected when designing therapeutics for repair of demyelinated lesions. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying glial cell communication and how they influence oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination is fundamental to uncover novel therapeutic strategies for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena S Domingues
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Camila C Portugal
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Renato Socodato
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - João B Relvas
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
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Jiang P, Chen C, Liu XB, Pleasure DE, Liu Y, Deng W. Human iPSC-Derived Immature Astroglia Promote Oligodendrogenesis by Increasing TIMP-1 Secretion. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1303-15. [PMID: 27134175 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, once considered passive support cells, are increasingly appreciated as dynamic regulators of neuronal development and function, in part via secreted factors. The extent to which they similarly regulate oligodendrocytes or proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) is less understood. Here, we generated astrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-Astros) and demonstrated that immature astrocytes, as opposed to mature ones, promote oligodendrogenesis in vitro. In the PVL mouse model of neonatal hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy, associated with cerebral palsy in humans, transplanted immature hiPSC-Astros promoted myelinogenesis and behavioral outcome. We further identified TIMP-1 as a selectively upregulated component secreted from immature hiPSC-Astros. Accordingly, in the rat PVL model, intranasal administration of conditioned medium from immature hiPSC-Astros promoted oligodendrocyte maturation in a TIMP-1-dependent manner. Our findings suggest stage-specific developmental interactions between astroglia and oligodendroglia and have important therapeutic implications for promoting myelinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jiang
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute, and Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Xiao-Bo Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - David E Pleasure
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wenbin Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
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55
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Ludwin SK, Rao VT, Moore CS, Antel JP. Astrocytes in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2016; 22:1114-24. [PMID: 27207458 DOI: 10.1177/1352458516643396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental and clinical studies on astrocytes are unraveling the capabilities of these multi-functional cells in normal homeostasis, and in central nervous system (CNS) disease. This review focuses on understanding their behavior in all aspects of the initiation, evolution, and resolution of the multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion. Astrocytes display remarkable flexibility and variability of their physical structure and biochemical output, each aspect finely tuned to the specific stage and location of the disease, participating in both pathogenic and beneficial changes seen in acute and progressive forms. As examples, chemo-attractive or repulsive molecules may facilitate the entry of destructive immune cells but may also aid in the recruitment of oligodendrocyte precursors, essential for repair. Pro-inflammatory cytokines may attack pathogenic cells and also destroy normal oligodendrocytes, myelin, and axons. Protective trophic factors may also open the blood-brain barrier and modulate the extracellular matrix to favor recruitment and persistence of CNS-specific immune cells. A chronic glial scar may confer structural support following tissue loss and inhibit ingress of further noxious insults and also inhibit migration of reparative cells and molecules into the damaged tissue. Continual study into these processes offers the therapeutic opportunities to enhance the beneficial capabilities of these cells while limiting their destructive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K Ludwin
- Neuroimmunology, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Vijayaraghava Ts Rao
- Neuroimmunology, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Craig S Moore
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jack P Antel
- Neuroimmunology, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Apoptosis of Oligodendrocytes during Early Development Delays Myelination and Impairs Subsequent Responses to Demyelination. J Neurosci 2016; 35:14031-41. [PMID: 26468203 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1706-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED During mammalian development, myelin-forming oligodendrocytes are generated and axons ensheathed according to a tightly regulated sequence of events. Excess premyelinating oligodendrocytes are eliminated by apoptosis and the timing of the onset of myelination in any specific CNS region is highly reproducible. Although the developing CNS recovers more effectively than the adult CNS from similar insults, it is unknown whether early loss of oligodendrocyte lineage cells leads to long-term functional deficits. To directly assess whether the loss of oligodendrocytes during early postnatal spinal cord development impacted oligodendrogenesis, myelination, and remyelination, transgenic mouse lines were generated in which a modified caspase-9 molecule allowed spatial and temporal control of the apoptotic pathway specifically in mature, myelin basic protein expressing oligodendrocytes (MBP-iCP9). Activating apoptosis in MBP(+) cells of the developing spinal cord during the first postnatal week inhibited myelination. This inhibition was transient, and the levels of myelination largely returned to normal after 2 weeks. Despite robust developmental plasticity, MBP-iCP9-induced oligodendrocyte apoptosis compromised the rate and extent of adult remyelination. Remyelination failure correlated with a truncated proliferative response of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, suggesting that depleting the oligodendrocyte pool during critical developmental periods compromises the regenerative response to subsequent demyelinating lesions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This manuscript demonstrates that early insults leading to oligodendrocyte apoptosis result in the impairment of recovery from demyelinating diseases in the adult. These studies begin to provide an initial understanding of the potential failure of recovery in insults, such as periventricular leukomalacia and multiple sclerosis.
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57
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Domingues HS, Portugal CC, Socodato R, Relvas JB. Oligodendrocyte, Astrocyte, and Microglia Crosstalk in Myelin Development, Damage, and Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016. [PMID: 27551677 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00071.ecollection2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating glia of the central nervous system. Myelination of axons allows rapid saltatory conduction of nerve impulses and contributes to axonal integrity. Devastating neurological deficits caused by demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, illustrate well the importance of the process. In this review, we focus on the positive and negative interactions between oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia during developmental myelination and remyelination. Even though many lines of evidence support a crucial role for glia crosstalk during these processes, the nature of such interactions is often neglected when designing therapeutics for repair of demyelinated lesions. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying glial cell communication and how they influence oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination is fundamental to uncover novel therapeutic strategies for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena S Domingues
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Camila C Portugal
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Renato Socodato
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - João B Relvas
- Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal; Glial Cell Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
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Borgmann K, Ghorpade A. HIV-1, methamphetamine and astrocytes at neuroinflammatory Crossroads. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1143. [PMID: 26579077 PMCID: PMC4621459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a popular psychostimulant, methamphetamine (METH) use leads to long-lasting, strong euphoric effects. While METH abuse is common in the general population, between 10 and 15% of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) patients report having abused METH. METH exacerbates the severity and onset of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) through direct and indirect mechanisms. Repetitive METH use impedes adherence to antiretroviral drug regimens, increasing the likelihood of HIV-1 disease progression toward AIDS. METH exposure also directly affects both innate and adaptive immunity, altering lymphocyte numbers and activity, cytokine signaling, phagocytic function and infiltration through the blood brain barrier. Further, METH triggers the dopamine reward pathway and leads to impaired neuronal activity and direct toxicity. Concurrently, METH and HIV-1 alter the neuroimmune balance and induce neuroinflammation, which modulates a wide range of brain functions including neuronal signaling and activity, glial activation, viral infection, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity. Pathologically, reactive gliosis is a hallmark of both HIV-1- and METH-associated neuroinflammation. Significant commonality exists in the neurotoxic mechanisms for both METH and HAND; however, the pathways dysregulated in astroglia during METH exposure are less clear. Thus, this review highlights alterations in astrocyte intracellular signaling pathways, gene expression and function during METH and HIV-1 comorbidity, with special emphasis on HAND-associated neuroinflammation. Importantly, this review carefully evaluates interventions targeting astrocytes in HAND and METH as potential novel therapeutic approaches. This comprehensive overview indicates, without a doubt, that during HIV-1 infection and METH abuse, a complex dialog between all neural cells is orchestrated through astrocyte regulated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Borgmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth, TX, USA
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59
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Johnson KM, Crocker SJ. TIMP-1 couples RhoK activation to IL-1β-induced astrocyte responses. Neurosci Lett 2015; 609:165-70. [PMID: 26484505 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pleotropic cytokine known to influence the central nervous system (CNS) responses to injury or infection. IL-1β also directly induces astrocytic expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, a potent trophic factor and regulator of matrix metalloproteinase activity. In this study, we examined the functional relationship between IL-1β and TIMP-1 and determined that the behavior of astrocytes in response to IL-1β is determined by TIMP-1 expression. Using primary astrocytes from C57Bl/6 mice, we found astrocytes from wildtype (Wt) mice exhibited a robust wound healing response to a scratch wound that was arrested in response to IL-1β. In contrast, TIMP-1 knockout (TIMP-1KO) astrocytes, exhibited minimal response to the scratch wound but an accelerated response following IL-1β-treatment. We also determined that the scratch wound effect in Wt cultures was attenuated by inhibition of Rho kinase but amplified in the TIMP-1KO cultures. We propose that the specific induction of TIMP-1 from astrocytes in response to IL-1β reflects a previously unrecognized physiological relationship where the directionality of astrocytic behavior is determined by the actions of TIMP‑1. These findings may provide additional insight into glial responses in the context of neuropathology where expression of TIMP-1 may vary and astrocytic responses may be impacted by the inflammatory milieu of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey M Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States.
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60
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Alizadeh A, Dyck SM, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Myelin damage and repair in pathologic CNS: challenges and prospects. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:35. [PMID: 26283909 PMCID: PMC4515562 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) results in oligodendrocyte cell death and progressive demyelination. Demyelinated axons undergo considerable physiological changes and molecular reorganizations that collectively result in axonal dysfunction, degeneration and loss of sensory and motor functions. Endogenous adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells and neural stem/progenitor cells contribute to the replacement of oligodendrocytes, however, the extent and quality of endogenous remyelination is suboptimal. Emerging evidence indicates that optimal remyelination is restricted by multiple factors including (i) low levels of factors that promote oligodendrogenesis; (ii) cell death among newly generated oligodendrocytes, (iii) inhibitory factors in the post-injury milieu that impede remyelination, and (iv) deficient expression of key growth factors essential for proper re-construction of a highly organized myelin sheath. Considering these challenges, over the past several years, a number of cell-based strategies have been developed to optimize remyelination therapeutically. Outcomes of these basic and preclinical discoveries are promising and signify the importance of remyelination as a mechanism for improving functions in CNS injuries. In this review, we provide an overview on: (1) the precise organization of myelinated axons and the reciprocal axo-myelin interactions that warrant properly balanced physiological activities within the CNS; (2) underlying cause of demyelination and the structural and functional consequences of demyelination in axons following injury and disease; (3) the endogenous mechanisms of oligodendrocyte replacement; (4) the modulatory role of reactive astrocytes and inflammatory cells in remyelination; and (5) the current status of cell-based therapies for promoting remyelination. Careful elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of demyelination in the pathologic CNS is a key to better understanding the impact of remyelination for CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsalan Alizadeh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
| | - Scott M Dyck
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
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Spinal Glia Division Contributes to Conditioning Lesion-Induced Axon Regeneration Into the Injured Spinal Cord: Potential Role of Cyclic AMP-Induced Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:500-11. [PMID: 25933384 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of sensory neurons after spinal cord injury depends on the function of dividing neuronal-glial antigen 2 (NG2)-expressing cells. We have shown that increases in the number of dividing NG2-positive cells through short-term pharmacologic inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases contributes to recovery after spinal cord injury. A conditioning sciatic nerve crush (SNC) preceding spinal cord injury stimulates central sensory axon regeneration via the intraganglionic action of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Here, using bromodeoxyuridine, mitomycin (mitosis inhibitor), and cholera toxin B tracer, we demonstrate that SNC-induced division of spinal glia is related to the spinal induction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and contributes to central sensory axon growth into the damaged spinal cord. Dividing cells were mainly NG2-positive and Iba1-positive and included myeloid NG2-positive populations. The cells dividing in response to SNC mainly matured into oligodendrocytes and microglia within the injured spinal cord. Some postmitotic cells remained NG2-reactive and were associated with regenerating fibers. Moreover, intraganglionic tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression was induced after administration of SNC or cyclic adenosine monophosphate analog (dbcAMP) to dorsal root ganglia in vivo and in primary adult dorsal root ganglia cultures. Collectively, these findings support a novel model whereby a cyclic adenosine monophosphate-activated regeneration program induced in sensory neurons by a conditioning peripheral nerve lesion uses tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 to protect against short-term proteolysis, enabling glial cell division and promoting axon growth into the damaged CNS.
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Johnson KM, Milner R, Crocker SJ. Extracellular matrix composition determines astrocyte responses to mechanical and inflammatory stimuli. Neurosci Lett 2015; 600:104-9. [PMID: 26067407 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes perform critical homeostatic physiological functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and are robustly responsive to injury, inflammation, or infection. We hypothesized that the components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which are known to vary during development and in response to disease, determine astrocytic responses to injury and inflammation. We examined the response of primary astrocyte cultures grown on different ECM proteins to a mechanical wound (i.e., scratch). ECM substrates selected were laminin (Ln), vitronectin (Vn), fibronectin (Fn) or Tenascin C (TnC). We found that regrowth of the scratch wound was ECM dependent: recovery was arrested on fibronectin (Fn), almost complete on either Vn, Ln, or TnC. To determine whether ECM responses were also influenced by inflammation, we treated ECM plated cultures with interleukin-1β (IL-1β). We found that IL-1β arrested astrocyte growth on Ln, accelerated astrocyte growth on Fn and had no significant effect on astrocyte growth on TnC or Vn. We also determined that blocking β1integrins, the major class of receptors for all ECM proteins tested, prevented the robust response of astrocytes exposed to TnC, Ln and Vn, and also inhibited the robust effect of IL-1β to stimulate astrocyte growth on Fn. In addition, we evaluated downstream targets of integrin signaling, specifically the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and determined that activation of this pathway contributed to the response of astrocytes grown on TnC, but not on Ln, Vn or Fn. These findings provide new insights into the role of ECM as a source of heterogeneity of glial responses that may have important implications for neuropathological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey M Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience,University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Richard Milner
- Department of Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience,University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Abstract
The inability of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) to undergo spontaneous regeneration has long been regarded as a central tenet of neurobiology. However, although this is largely true of the neuronal elements of the adult mammalian CNS, save for discrete populations of granular neurons, the same is not true of its glial elements. In particular, the loss of oligodendrocytes, which results in demyelination, triggers a spontaneous and often highly efficient regenerative response, remyelination, in which new oligodendrocytes are generated and myelin sheaths are restored to denuded axons. Yet, remyelination in humans is not without limitation, and a variety of demyelinating conditions are associated with sustained and disabling myelin loss. In this review, we will review the biology of remyelination, including the cells and signals involved; describe when remyelination occurs and when and why it fails and the consequences of its failure; and discuss approaches for therapeutically enhancing remyelination in demyelinating diseases of both children and adults, both by stimulating endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and by transplanting these cells into demyelinated brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 University of Copenhagen Faculty of Medicine, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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Abdelli LS, Singla DK. A CD63(+ve)/c-kit(+ve) stem cell population isolated from the mouse heart. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 406:101-9. [PMID: 25920449 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2428-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac cell regeneration from endogenous cardiac stem cells (CSCs) following MI is rather low. Therefore, identifying mechanisms to boost endogenous CSC activation and participation in cardiac repair appears to be the most promising strategy for MI patients. We previously engineered tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) overexpressing embryonic stem (ES-TIMP-1) cells and transplanted them into the infarcted murine heart. Collected data demonstrated that TIMP-1 enhanced transplanted ES cell engraftment, survival and differentiation into cardiac myocytes post-transplantation. Therefore, we postulated that there may be a new stem cell population present in the heart that is regulated by extracellular protein TIMP-1. Furthermore, we hypothesized that this cell population has a potential for cell proliferation and differentiation into cardiac cell types. Therefore, we isolated CSCs from 4 weeks old C57BL/6 mice and cultured them in vitro in presence of ESCM, ES-TIMP-1-CM or TIMP-1. Our immunostaining data demonstrated the existence of a novel CSC subpopulation, CD63(+ve)/c-kit(+ve). When treated with TIMP-1, these cells showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased proliferation rates compared to control cells, enhanced TIMP-1 receptor (CD63), along with improved expression of phospho and total β-catenin proteins as demonstrated by Western blot analysis. Next, we demonstrate significantly (p < 0.05) improved cardiac myocyte, vascular smooth muscle cell, and endothelial cell differentiation. Furthermore, our RT-PCR data shows increase in cardiac gene (GATA-4, Mef2C, and Nkx-2.5) expression when compared to ESCM and control cells. Collectively, these data, for the first time, establish the existence of a new CD63(+ve)/c-kit(+ve) CSC subpopulation that has a significant potential for proliferation and differentiation into cardiac cell types once stimulated with TIMP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa S Abdelli
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, Biomolecular Science Center, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Building #20; Room # 320A, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
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Anderson G, Rodriguez M. Multiple sclerosis: the role of melatonin and N-acetylserotonin. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2014; 4:112-23. [PMID: 25787187 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune mediated disorder that is under intensive investigation in an attempt to improve on available treatments. Many of the changes occurring in MS, including increased mitochondrial dysfunction, pain reporting and depression may be partly mediated by increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which drives tryptophan to the production of neuroregulatory tryptophan catabolites and away from serotonin, N-acetylserotonin and melatonin production. The consequences of decreased melatonin have classically been attributed to circadian changes following its release from the pineal gland. However, recent data shows that melatonin may be produced by all mitochondria containing cells to some degree, including astrocytes and immune cells, thereby providing another important MS treatment target. As well as being a powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive, melatonin improves mitochondrial functioning, partly via increased oxidative phosphorylation. Melatonin also inhibits demyelination and increases remyelination, suggesting that its local regulation in white matter astrocytes by serotonin availability and apolipoprotein E4, among other potential factors, will be important in the etiology, course and treatment of MS. Here we review the role of local melatonin and its precursors, N-acetylserotonin and serotonin, in MS.
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Moore CS, Cui QL, Warsi NM, Durafourt BA, Zorko N, Owen DR, Antel JP, Bar-Or A. Direct and Indirect Effects of Immune and Central Nervous System–Resident Cells on Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Differentiation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:761-72. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Aberrant production of tenascin-C in globoid cell leukodystrophy alters psychosine-induced microglial functions. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:964-74. [PMID: 25192051 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD), or Krabbe disease, is a rare and often fatal demyelinating disease caused by mutations in the galactocerebrosidase (galc) gene that result in accumulation of galactosylsphingosine (psychosine). We recently reported that the extracellular matrix (ECM) protease, matrix metalloproteinase-3, is elevated in GLD and that it regulates psychosine-induced microglial activation. Here, we examined central nervous system ECM component expression in human GLD patients and in the twitcher mouse model of GLD using immunohistochemistry. The influence of ECM proteins on primary murine microglial responses to psychosine was evaluated using ECM proteins as substrates and analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, and ELISA. Functional analysis of microglial cytotoxicity was performed on oligodendrocytes in coculture, and cell death was measured by lactose dehydrogenase assay. Tenascin-C (TnC) was expressed at higher levels in human GLD and in twitcher mice versus controls. Microglial responses to psychosine were enhanced by TnC, as determined by an increase in globoid-like cell formation, matrix metalloproteinase-3 mRNA expression, and higher toxicity toward oligodendrocytes in culture. These findings were consistent with a shift toward the M1 microglial phenotype in TnC-grown microglia. Thus, elevated TnC expression in GLD modified microglial responses to psychosine. These data offer a novel perspective and enhance understanding of the microglial contribution to GLD pathogenesis.
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Claycomb KI, Johnson KM, Bongarzone ER, Crocker SJ. An in vitro model for the study of cellular pathophysiology in globoid cell leukodystrophy. J Vis Exp 2014:e51903. [PMID: 25350151 DOI: 10.3791/51903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise function of multi-nucleated microglia, called globoid cells, that are uniquely abundant in the central nervous system of globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) is unclear. This gap in knowledge has been hindered by the lack of an appropriate in vitro model for study. Herein, we describe a primary murine glial culture system in which treatment with psychosine results in multinucleation of microglia resembling the characteristic globoid cells found in GLD. Using this novel system, we defined the conditions and modes of analysis for study of globoid cells. The potential use of this model system was validated in our previous study, which identified a potential role for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 in GLD. This novel in vitro system may be a useful model in which to study the formation and function, but also the potential therapeutic manipulation, of these unique cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kasey M Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center
| | | | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center;
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García-Díaz B, Riquelme R, Varela-Nieto I, Jiménez AJ, de Diego I, Gómez-Conde AI, Matas-Rico E, Aguirre JÁ, Chun J, Pedraza C, Santín LJ, Fernández O, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Estivill-Torrús G. Loss of lysophosphatidic acid receptor LPA1 alters oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in the mouse cerebral cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:3701-20. [PMID: 25226845 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an intercellular signaling lipid that regulates multiple cellular functions, acting through specific G-protein coupled receptors (LPA(1-6)). Our previous studies using viable Malaga variant maLPA1-null mice demonstrated the requirement of the LPA1 receptor for normal proliferation, differentiation, and survival of the neuronal precursors. In the cerebral cortex LPA1 is expressed extensively in differentiating oligodendrocytes, in parallel with myelination. Although exogenous LPA-induced effects have been investigated in myelinating cells, the in vivo contribution of LPA1 to normal myelination remains to be demonstrated. This study identified a relevant in vivo role for LPA1 as a regulator of cortical myelination. Immunochemical analysis in adult maLPA1-null mice demonstrated a reduction in the steady-state levels of the myelin proteins MBP, PLP/DM20, and CNPase in the cerebral cortex. The myelin defects were confirmed using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electron microscopy. Stereological analysis limited the defects to adult differentiating oligodendrocytes, without variation in the NG2+ precursor cells. Finally, a possible mechanism involving oligodendrocyte survival was demonstrated by the impaired intracellular transport of the PLP/DM20 myelin protein which was accompanied by cellular loss, suggesting stress-induced apoptosis. These findings describe a previously uncharacterized in vivo functional role for LPA1 in the regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in the CNS, underlining the importance of the maLPA1-null mouse as a model for the study of demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz García-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Investigación, UGC Intercentros de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional de Málaga y Virgen de la Victoria, Hospital Civil, Pabellón 5, Planta Sótano, Plaza del Hospital Civil s/n, 29009, Málaga, Spain.,Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Clinical Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Raquel Riquelme
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Jesús Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Isabel de Diego
- Departamento de Anatomía y Medicina Legal, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Gómez-Conde
- ECAI de Microscopía, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional de Málaga y Virgen de la Victoria, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elisa Matas-Rico
- Laboratorio de Investigación, UGC Intercentros de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional de Málaga y Virgen de la Victoria, Hospital Civil, Pabellón 5, Planta Sótano, Plaza del Hospital Civil s/n, 29009, Málaga, Spain.,Division of Cell Biology I, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - José Ángel Aguirre
- Departamento de Fisiología Humana y Educación Físico Deportiva, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jerold Chun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Dorris Neuroscience Centre, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Carmen Pedraza
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis Javier Santín
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Oscar Fernández
- Neurology Service, UGC Intercentros de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional de Málaga y Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, UGC de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Guillermo Estivill-Torrús
- Laboratorio de Investigación, UGC Intercentros de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional de Málaga y Virgen de la Victoria, Hospital Civil, Pabellón 5, Planta Sótano, Plaza del Hospital Civil s/n, 29009, Málaga, Spain. .,ECAI de Microscopía, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospitales Universitarios Regional de Málaga y Virgen de la Victoria, 29010, Málaga, Spain.
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70
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Gallo V, Deneen B. Glial development: the crossroads of regeneration and repair in the CNS. Neuron 2014; 83:283-308. [PMID: 25033178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the complexities of the mammalian CNS, its regeneration is viewed as the holy grail of regenerative medicine. Extraordinary efforts have been made to understand developmental neurogenesis, with the hopes of clinically applying this knowledge. CNS regeneration also involves glia, which comprises at least 50% of the cellular constituency of the brain and is involved in all forms of injury and disease response, recovery, and regeneration. Recent developmental studies have given us unprecedented insight into the processes that regulate the generation of CNS glia. Because restorative processes often parallel those found in development, we will peer through the lens of developmental gliogenesis to gain a clearer understanding of the processes that underlie glial regeneration under pathological conditions. Specifically, this review will focus on key signaling pathways that regulate astrocyte and oligodendrocyte development and describe how these mechanisms are reutilized in these populations during regeneration and repair after CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Benjamin Deneen
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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71
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ApoE-Deficient Promotes Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis via Alteration of MMP-9. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:282-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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TIMP-1 modulates chemotaxis of human neural stem cells through CD63 and integrin signalling. Biochem J 2014; 459:565-76. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20131119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human neural stem cells possess an inherent brain tumour tropism. We identified brain tumour-derived TIMP-1 as a novel chemoattractant for human neural stem cells. TIMP-1 binding to CD63 at the plasma membrane activated β1 integrin-mediated signalling, inducing cell adhesion and migration.
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73
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Stetler-Stevenson WG, Gavil NV. Normalization of the tumor microenvironment: evidence for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 as a cancer therapeutic. Connect Tissue Res 2014; 55:13-9. [PMID: 24437600 PMCID: PMC6309251 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2013.867339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are members of the Metzincin family of proteases responsible for degrading the extracellular matrix (ECM). In early studies, MMP degradation of the sub-epithelial basement membrane was thought to be tumor cell autonomous and contribute to the invasive behavior of malignant cells. It is now recognized that MMPs have multiple roles that can either promote or inhibit tumor progression and metastasis. The endogenous inhibitors of the MMPs are the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Early studies on the tumor microenvironment revealed TIMP function to be principally through the inhibition of MMPs, thereby blocking tumor cell migration and invasion. However, data from a number of laboratories are now reporting that TIMPs have direct cellular functions, independent of their MMP inhibitory activity. The TIMPs can modulate normal tissue physiology and development, as well as pathology and progression in a variety of acute and chronic disease states. In this review, we briefly describe the role of MMPs and TIMPs in ECM turnover and formation of the tumor microenvironment. Based on the evidence presented, we postulate that TIMP-2 and other soluble components of the normal ECM may provide a novel therapeutic approach to cancer treatment through "normalization" of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G. Stetler-Stevenson
- Senior Biomedical Research Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Noah Veis Gavil
- Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
- Cancer Research Summer Interns Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Infection of the CNS (central nervous system) with a sublethal neurotropic coronavirus (JHMV) induces a vigorous inflammatory response. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are essential to control infectious virus but at the cost of tissue damage. An enigma in understanding the contribution of T cell subsets in pathogenesis resides in their distinct migration pattern across the BBB (blood brain barrier). CD4+ T cells transiently accumulate within the perivascular space, whereas CD8+ T cells migrate directly into the CNS parenchyma. As MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) facilitate migration across the glia limitans, specific expression of the TIMP (tissue inhibitor of MMPs)-1 by CD4+ T cells present in the perivascular cuffs suggested that TIMP-1 is responsible for stalling CD4+ T cell migration into the CNS parenchyma. Using TIMP-1 deficient mice, the present data demonstrate an increase rather than a decrease in CD4+ T cell accumulation within the perivascular space during JHMV infection. Whereas virus control was not affected by perivascular retention of CD4+ T cells, disease severity was decreased and associated with reduced IFNγ (interferon γ) production. Moreover, decreased CD4+ T cell recruitment into the CNS parenchyma of TIMP-1 deficient mice was not associated with impaired T cell recruiting chemokines or MMP expression, and no compensation by other TIMP molecules was identified. These data suggest an MMP-independent role of TIMP-1 in regulating CD4+ T cell access into the CNS parenchyma during acute JHMV encephalitis.
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75
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Williams RR, Henao M, Pearse DD, Bunge MB. Permissive Schwann cell graft/spinal cord interfaces for axon regeneration. Cell Transplant 2013; 24:115-31. [PMID: 24152553 DOI: 10.3727/096368913x674657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of autologous Schwann cells (SCs) to repair the injured spinal cord is currently being evaluated in a clinical trial. In support, this study determined properties of spinal cord/SC bridge interfaces that enabled regenerated brainstem axons to cross them, possibly leading to improvement in rat hindlimb movement. Fluid bridges of SCs and Matrigel were placed in complete spinal cord transections. Compared to pregelled bridges of SCs and Matrigel, they improved regeneration of brainstem axons across the rostral interface. The regenerating brainstem axons formed synaptophysin(+) bouton-like terminals and contacted MAP2A(+) dendrites at the caudal interface. Brainstem axon regeneration was directly associated with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP(+)) astrocyte processes that elongated into the SC bridge. Electron microscopy revealed that axons, SCs, and astrocytes were enclosed together within tunnels bounded by a continuous basal lamina. Neuroglycan (NG2) expression was associated with these tunnels. One week after injury, the GFAP(+) processes coexpressed nestin and brain lipid-binding protein, and the tips of GFAP(+)/NG2(+) processes extended into the bridges together with the regenerating brainstem axons. Both brainstem axon regeneration and number of GFAP(+) processes in the bridges correlated with improvement in hindlimb locomotion. Following SCI, astrocytes may enter a reactive state that prohibits axon regeneration. Elongation of astrocyte processes into SC bridges, however, and formation of NG2(+) tunnels enable brainstem axon regeneration and improvement in function. It is important for spinal cord repair to define conditions that favor elongation of astrocytes into lesions/transplants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Williams
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Kim H, Walczak P, Kerr C, Galpoththawela C, Gilad AA, Muja N, Bulte JWM. Immunomodulation by transplanted human embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendroglial progenitors in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2820-9. [PMID: 22949039 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of embryonic stem cells and their neural derivatives can lead to amelioration of the disease symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Oligodendroglial progenitors (OPs), derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC, HES-1), were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide and transduced with luciferase. At 7 days following induction of EAE in C57/BL6 mice, 1 × 10(6) cells were transplanted in the ventricles of C57/BL6 mice and noninvasively monitored by magnetic resonance and bioluminescence imaging. Cells were found to remain within the cerebroventricular system and did not survive for more than 10 days. However, EAE mice that received hESC-OPs showed a significant improvement in neurological disability scores (0.9 ± 0.2; n = 12) compared to that of control animals (3.3 ± 0.4; n = 12) at day 15 post-transplantation. Histopathologically, transplanted hESC-OPs generated TREM2-positive CD45 cells, increased TIMP-1 expression, confined inflammatory cells within the subarachnoid space, and gave rise to higher numbers of Foxp3-positive regulatory T cells in the spinal cord and spleen. Our results suggest that transplantation of hESC-OPs can alter the pathogenesis of EAE through immunomodulation, potentially providing new avenues for stem cell-based treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heechul Kim
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of MR Research, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2195, USA
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Pang Y, Fan LW, Tien LT, Dai X, Zheng B, Cai Z, Lin RCS, Bhatt A. Differential roles of astrocyte and microglia in supporting oligodendrocyte development and myelination in vitro. Brain Behav 2013; 3:503-14. [PMID: 24392271 PMCID: PMC3869978 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte (OL) development relies on many extracellular cues, most of which are secreted cytokines from neighboring neural cells. Although it is generally accepted that both astrocytes and microglia are beneficial for OL development, there is a lack of understanding regarding whether astrocytes and microglia play similar or distinct roles. The current study examined the effects of astrocytes and microglia on OL developmental phenotypes including cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and myelination in vitro. Our data reveal that, although both astrocytes- and microglia-conditioned medium (ACDM and MCDM, respectively) protect OL progenitor cells (OPCs) against growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis, ACDM is significantly more effective than MCDM in supporting long-term OL survival. In contrast, MCDM preferentially promotes OL differentiation and myelination. These differential effects of ACDM and MCDM on OL development are highlighted by distinct pattern of cytokine/growth factors in the conditioned medium, which correlates with differentially activated intracellular signaling pathways in OPCs upon exposure to the conditioned medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Pang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - Lir-Wan Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - Lu-Tai Tien
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Xinzhuang Dist, New Taipei City, 24205, Taiwan
| | - Xuemei Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University Jackson, Mississippi, 39217
| | - Baoying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - Zhengwei Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - Rick C S Lin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - Abhay Bhatt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
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Bracchi-Ricard V, Lambertsen KL, Ricard J, Nathanson L, Karmally S, Johnstone J, Ellman DG, Frydel B, McTigue DM, Bethea JR. Inhibition of astroglial NF-κB enhances oligodendrogenesis following spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:92. [PMID: 23880092 PMCID: PMC3751509 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astrocytes are taking the center stage in neurotrauma and neurological diseases as they appear to play a dominant role in the inflammatory processes associated with these conditions. Previously, we reported that inhibiting NF-κB activation in astrocytes, using a transgenic mouse model (GFAP-IκBα-dn mice), results in improved functional recovery, increased white matter preservation and axonal sparing following spinal cord injury (SCI). In the present study, we sought to determine whether this improvement, due to inhibiting NF-κB activation in astrocytes, could be the result of enhanced oligodendrogenesis in our transgenic mice. METHODS To assess oligodendrogenesis in GFAP-IκBα-dn compared to wild-type (WT) littermate mice following SCI, we used bromodeoxyuridine labeling along with cell-specific immuno-histochemistry, confocal microscopy and quantitative cell counts. To further gain insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to increased white matter, we performed a microarray analysis in naïve and 3 days, 3 and 6 weeks following SCI in GFAP-IκBα-dn and WT littermate mice. RESULTS Inhibition of astroglial NF-κB in GFAP-IκBα-dn mice resulted in enhanced oligodendrogenesis 6 weeks following SCI and was associated with increased levels of myelin proteolipid protein compared to spinal cord injured WT mice. The microarray data showed a large number of differentially expressed genes involved in inflammatory and immune response between WT and transgenic mice. We did not find any difference in the number of microglia/leukocytes infiltrating the spinal cord but did find differences in their level of expression of toll-like receptor 4. We also found increased expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes in the transgenic mice. Finally TNF receptor 2 levels were significantly higher in the transgenic mice compared to WT following injury. CONCLUSIONS These studies suggest that one of the beneficial roles of blocking NF-κB in astrocytes is to promote oligodendrogenesis through alteration of the inflammatory environment.
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Astrocyte regulation of CNS inflammation and remyelination. Brain Sci 2013; 3:1109-27. [PMID: 24961523 PMCID: PMC4061872 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3031109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes regulate fundamentally important functions to maintain central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Altered astrocytic function is now recognized as a primary contributing factor to an increasing number of neurological diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of our rapidly developing understanding of the basal and inflammatory functions of astrocytes as mediators of CNS responsiveness to inflammation and injury. Specifically, we elaborate on ways that astrocytes actively participate in the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases of the CNS through their immunomodulatory roles as CNS antigen presenting cells, modulators of blood brain barrier function and as a source of chemokines and cytokines. We also outline how changes in the extracellular matrix can modulate astrocytes phenotypically, resulting in dysregulation of astrocytic responses during inflammatory injury. We also relate recent studies describing newly identified roles for astrocytes in leukodystrophies. Finally, we describe recent advances in how adapting this increasing breadth of knowledge on astrocytes has fostered new ways of thinking about human diseases, which offer potential to modulate astrocytic heterogeneity and plasticity towards therapeutic gain. In summary, recent studies have provided improved insight in a wide variety of neuroinflammatory and demyelinating diseases, and future research on astrocyte pathophysiology is expected to provide new perspectives on these diseases, for which new treatment modalities are increasingly necessary.
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Skuja S, Groma V, Ravina K, Tarasovs M, Cauce V, Teteris O. Protective reactivity and alteration of the brain tissue in alcoholics evidenced by SOD1, MMP9 immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Ultrastruct Pathol 2013; 37:346-55. [PMID: 23875973 DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2013.810688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol and its associated oxidative stress is one of the widespread contributors to the brain damage. Matrix metalloproteinases, which are extensively analyzed in brain pathology studies, are not sufficiently investigated in chronic alcohol consumption. This study evaluated regional brain damage caused by oxidative stress. Contribution of metalloproteinase-9 to this affection was evidenced in alcoholic subjects and correlated with ultrastructural changes. The authors found correlation between neuronal expression patterns of superoxide dismutase-1 and metalloproteinase-9 in nigral (r = 0.532, p < 0.001), striatal (r = 0.327, p < 0.001), and cortical (r = 0.306, p < 0.001) regions, and a significant decrease of nigral superoxide dismutase-1 median values accompanied by severe myelin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Skuja
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University , Riga , Latvia
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81
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Ijichi K, Brown GD, Moore CS, Lee JP, Winokur PN, Pagarigan R, Snyder EY, Bongarzone ER, Crocker SJ. MMP-3 mediates psychosine-induced globoid cell formation: implications for leukodystrophy pathology. Glia 2013; 61:765-77. [PMID: 23404611 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) or Krabbe disease, is a fatal demyelinating disease attributed to mutations in the galactocerebrosidase (GALC) gene. Loss of function mutations in GALC result in accumulation of the glycolipid intermediate, galactosylsphingosine (psychosine). Due to the cytotoxicity of psychosine, it has been hypothesized that accumulated psychosine underlie the pathophysiology of GLD. However, the cellular mechanisms of GLD pathophysiology remain unclear. Globoid cells, multinucleated microglia/macrophages in the central nervous system (CNS), are a defining characteristic of GLD. Here we report that exposure of primary glial cultures to psychosine induces the expression and the production of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 that mediated a morphological transformation of microglia into a multinucleated globoid cell type. Additionally, psychosine-induced globoid cell formation from microglia was prevented by either genetic ablation or chemical inhibition of MMP-3. These effects are microglia-specific as peripheral macrophages exposed to psychosine did not become activated or express increased levels of MMP-3. In the brain from twitcher mice, a murine model of human GLD, elevated MMP-3 expression relative to wild-type littermates was contemporaneous with disease onset and further increased with disease progression. Further, bone marrow transplantation (BMT), currently the only therapeutically beneficial treatment for GLD, did not mitigate the elevated expression of MMP-3 in twitcher mice. Hence, elevated expression of MMP-3 in GLD may promote microglial responses to psychosine that may represent an important pathophysiological process in this disease and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Ijichi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06510, USA
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82
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Sinno M, Biagioni S, Ajmone-Cat MA, Pafumi I, Caramanica P, Medda V, Tonti G, Minghetti L, Mannello F, Cacci E. The matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor marimastat promotes neural progenitor cell differentiation into neurons by gelatinase-independent TIMP-2-dependent mechanisms. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 22:345-58. [PMID: 23098139 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their endogenous inhibitors (TIMPs), produced in the brain by cells of non-neural and neural origin, including neural progenitors (NPs), are emerging as regulators of nervous system development and adult brain functions. In the present study, we explored whether MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-2, abundantly produced in the brain, modulate NP developmental properties. We found that treatment of NPs, isolated from the murine fetal cerebral cortex or adult subventricular zone, with the clinically tested broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor Marimastat profoundly affected the NP differentiation fate. Marimastat treatment allowed for an enrichment of our cultures in neuronal cells, inducing NPs to generate higher percentage of neurons and a lower percentage of astrocytes, possibly affecting NP commitment. Consistently with its proneurogenic effect, Marimastat early downregulated the expression of Notch target genes, such as Hes1 and Hes5. MMP-2 and MMP-9 profiling on proliferating and differentiating NPs revealed that MMP-9 was not expressed under these conditions, whereas MMP-2 increased in the medium as pro-MMP-2 (72 kDa) during differentiation; its active form (62 kDa) was not detectable by gel zymography. MMP-2 silencing or administration of recombinant active MMP-2 demonstrated that MMP-2 does not affect NP neuronal differentiation, nor it is involved in the Marimastat proneurogenic effect. We also found that TIMP-2 is expressed in NPs and increases during late differentiation, mainly as a consequence of astrocyte generation. Endogenous TIMP-2 did not modulate NP neurogenic potential; however, the proneurogenic action of Marimastat was mediated by TIMP-2, as demonstrated by silencing experiments. In conclusion, our data exclude a major involvement of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the regulation of basal NP differentiation, but highlight the ability of TIMP-2 to act as key effector of the proneurogenic response to an inducing stimulus such as Marimastat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Sinno
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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83
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Astrocyte TNFR2 is required for CXCL12-mediated regulation of oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and differentiation within the adult CNS. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:847-60. [PMID: 22933014 PMCID: PMC3508279 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by episodes of inflammatory demyelination with progressive failure of remyelination. Prior studies using murine models of MS indicate that remyelination within the adult central nervous system (CNS) requires the expression and activity of TNFR2 and CXCR4 by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), promoting their proliferation and differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. Here, we extend these studies by examining the role of TNFR2 in the expression of the CXCR4 ligand, CXCL12, within the corpus callosum (CC) during cuprizone (CPZ) intoxication and by demonstrating that lentiviral-mediated gene delivery of CXCL12 to the demyelinated CC improves OPC proliferation and myelin expression during remyelination. Activated astrocytes and microglia express both TNFR1 and TNFR2 within the demyelinated CC. However, CPZ intoxicated TNFR2−/− mice exhibit loss of up-regulation of CXCL12 in astrocytes with concomitant decreases in numbers of CXCR4+ NG2+ OPCs within the CC. While CXCR4 antagonism does not affect OPC migration from subventricular zones into the CC, it decreases their proliferation and differentiation within the CC. Stereotactic delivery of lentivirus expressing CXCL12 protein into the CC of acutely demyelinated TNFR2−/− mice increases OPC proliferation and expression of myelin. In contrast, chronically demyelinated wild-type mice, which exhibit significant loss of astrocytes and OPCs, are unable to be rescued via CXCL12 lentivirus alone but instead required engraftment of CXCL12-expressing astrocytes for increased myelin expression. Our results show that TNFR2 activation induces CXCL12 expression in the demyelinated CC via autocrine signaling specifically within astrocytes, which promotes OPC proliferation and differentiation. In addition, gene delivery of critical pro-myelinating proteins might be a feasible approach for the treatment of remyelination failure in MS.
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84
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Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the adult central nervous system (CNS), and their functional diversity in response to injury is now being appreciated. Astrocytes have long been considered the main player in the inhibition of CNS repair via the formation of the gliotic scar, but now it is accepted that astrocyte can play an important role in CNS repair and remyelination. Interest in the relationship between astrocytes and myelination focused initially on attempts to understand how the development of plaques of astroglial scar tissue in multiple sclerosis was related to the failure of these lesions to remyelinate. It is now considered that this is an end stage pathological response to injury, and that normally astrocytes play important roles in supporting the development and maintenance of CNS myelin. This review will focus on how this new understanding may be exploited to develop new strategies to enhance remyelination in multiple sclerosis and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Barnett
- Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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85
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Ashutosh, Chao C, Borgmann K, Brew K, Ghorpade A. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 protects human neurons from staurosporine and HIV-1-induced apoptosis: mechanisms and relevance to HIV-1-associated dementia. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e332. [PMID: 22739984 PMCID: PMC3388228 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD)-relevant proinflammatory cytokines robustly induce astrocyte tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1). As TIMP-1 displays pleotropic functions, we hypothesized that TIMP-1 expression may serve as a neuroprotective response of astrocytes. Previously, we reported that chronically activated astrocytes fail to maintain elevated TIMP-1 expression, and TIMP-1 levels are lower in the brain of HAD patients; a phenomenon that may contribute to central nervous system pathogenesis. Further, the role of TIMP-1 as a neurotrophic factor is incompletely understood. In this study, we report that staurosporine (STS) and HIV-1(ADA) virus, both led to induction of apoptosis in cultured primary human neurons. Interestingly, cotreatment with TIMP-1 protects neurons from apoptosis and reverses neuronal morphological changes induced by these toxins. Further, the anti-apoptotic effect was not observed with TIMP-2 or -3, but was retained in a mutant of the N-terminal TIMP-1 protein with threonine-2 mutated to glycine (T2G) that is deficient in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -2 and -3 inhibitory activity. Therefore, the mechanism is specific to TIMP-1 and partially independent of MMP-inhibition. Additionally, TIMP-1 modulates the Bcl-2 family of proteins and inhibits opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores induced by HIV-1 or STS. Together, these findings describe a novel function, mechanism and direct role of TIMP-1 in neuroprotection, suggesting its therapeutic potential in HAD and possibly in other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - C Chao
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - K Borgmann
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - K Brew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - A Ghorpade
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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86
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Glass C, Singla DK. Overexpression of TIMP-1 in embryonic stem cells attenuates adverse cardiac remodeling following myocardial infarction. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:1931-44. [PMID: 22449760 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x627561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplanted embryonic stem (ES) cells, following myocardial infarction (MI), contribute to limited cardiac repair and regeneration with improved function. Therefore, novel strategies are still needed to understand the effects of genetically modified transplanted stem cells on cardiac remodeling. The present study evaluates whether transplanted mouse ES cells overexpressing TIMP-1, an antiapoptotic and antifibrotic protein, can enhance cardiac myocyte differentiation, inhibit native cardiac myocyte apoptosis, reduce fibrosis, and improve cardiac function in the infarcted myocardium. MI was produced in C57BL/6 mice by coronary artery ligation. TIMP-1-ES cells, ES cells, or culture medium (control) were transplanted into the peri-infarct region of the heart. Immunofluorescence, TUNEL staining, caspase-3 activity, ELISAs, histology, and echocardiography were used to identify newly differentiated cardiac myocytes and assess apoptosis, fibrosis, and heart function. Two weeks post-MI, significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced engraftment and cardiac myocyte differentiation was observed in TIMP-1-ES cell-transplanted hearts compared with hearts transplanted with ES cells and control. Hearts transplanted with TIMP-1-ES cells demonstrated a reduction in apoptosis as well as an increase (p< 0.05) in p-Akt activity compared with ES cells or culture media controls. Infarct size and interstitial and vascular fibrosis were significantly (p< 0.05) decreased in the TIMP-1-ES cell group compared to controls. Furthermore, MMP-9, a key profibrotic protein, was significantly (p < 0.01) reduced following TIMP-1-ES cell transplantation. Echocardiography data showed fractional shortening and ejection fraction were significantly (p< 0.05) improved in the TIMP-1-ES cell group compared with respective controls. Our data suggest that transplanted ES cells overexpressing TIMP-1 attenuate adverse myocardial remodeling and improve cardiac function compared with ES cells that may have therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carley Glass
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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87
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Kim Y, Remacle AG, Chernov AV, Liu H, Shubayev I, Lai C, Dolkas J, Shiryaev SA, Golubkov VS, Mizisin AP, Strongin AY, Shubayev VI. The MMP-9/TIMP-1 axis controls the status of differentiation and function of myelin-forming Schwann cells in nerve regeneration. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33664. [PMID: 22438979 PMCID: PMC3306282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myelinating Schwann cells (mSCs) form myelin in the peripheral nervous system. Because of the works by us and others, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has recently emerged as an essential component of the Schwann cell signaling network during sciatic nerve regeneration. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, using the genome-wide transcriptional profiling of normal and injured sciatic nerves in mice followed by extensive bioinformatics analyses of the data, we determined that an endogenous, specific MMP-9 inhibitor [tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1] was a top up-regulated gene in the injured nerve. MMP-9 capture followed by gelatin zymography and Western blotting of the isolated samples revealed the presence of the MMP-9/TIMP-1 heterodimers and the activated MMP-9 enzyme in the injured nerve within the first 24 h post-injury. MMP-9 and TIMP-1 co-localized in mSCs. Knockout of the MMP-9 gene in mice resulted in elevated numbers of de-differentiated/immature mSCs in the damaged nerve. Our comparative studies using MMP-9 knockout and wild-type mice documented an aberrantly enhanced proliferative activity and, accordingly, an increased number of post-mitotic Schwann cells, short internodes and additional nodal abnormalities in remyelinated nerves of MMP-9 knockout mice. These data imply that during the first days post-injury MMP-9 exhibits a functionally important anti-mitogenic activity in the wild-type mice. Pharmacological inhibition of MMP activity suppressed the expression of Nav1.7/1.8 channels in the crushed nerves. Conclusion/Significance Collectively, our data established an essential role of the MMP-9/TIMP-1 axis in guiding the mSC differentiation and the molecular assembly of myelin domains in the course of the nerve repair process. Our findings of the MMP-dependent regulation of Nav channels, which we document here for the first time, provide a basis for therapeutic intervention in sensorimotor pathologies and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsoon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Albert G. Remacle
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrei V. Chernov
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Huaqing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Igor Shubayev
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Calvin Lai
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Dolkas
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sergey A. Shiryaev
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Vladislav S. Golubkov
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Mizisin
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alex Y. Strongin
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Veronica I. Shubayev
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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88
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The role of cytokines and inflammatory cells in perinatal brain injury. Neurol Res Int 2012; 2012:561494. [PMID: 22530124 PMCID: PMC3317045 DOI: 10.1155/2012/561494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal brain injury frequently complicates preterm birth and leads to significant long-term morbidity. Cytokines and inflammatory cells are mediators in the common pathways associated with perinatal brain injury induced by a variety of insults, such as hypoxic-ischemic injury, reperfusion injury, toxin-mediated injury, and infection. This paper examines our current knowledge regarding cytokine-related perinatal brain injury and specifically discusses strategies for attenuating cytokine-mediated brain damage.
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89
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Congenital CNS hypomyelination in the Fig4 null mouse is rescued by neuronal expression of the PI(3,5)P(2) phosphatase Fig4. J Neurosci 2012; 31:17736-51. [PMID: 22131434 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1482-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The plt (pale tremor) mouse carries a null mutation in the Fig4(Sac3) gene that results in tremor, hypopigmentation, spongiform degeneration of the brain, and juvenile lethality. FIG4 is a ubiquitously expressed phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate phosphatase that regulates intracellular vesicle trafficking along the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. In humans, the missense mutation FIG4(I41T) combined with a FIG4 null allele causes Charcot-Marie-Tooth 4J disease, a severe form of peripheral neuropathy. Here we show that Fig4 null mice exhibit a dramatic reduction of myelin in the brain and spinal cord. In the optic nerve, smaller-caliber axons lack myelin sheaths entirely, whereas many large- and intermediate-caliber axons are myelinated but show structural defects at nodes of Ranvier, leading to delayed propagation of action potentials. In the Fig4 null brain and optic nerve, oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitor cells are present at normal abundance and distribution, but the number of myelinating OLs is greatly compromised. The total number of axons in the Fig4 null optic nerve is not reduced. Developmental studies reveal incomplete myelination rather than elevated cell death in the OL linage. Strikingly, there is rescue of CNS myelination and tremor in transgenic mice with neuron-specific expression of Fig4, demonstrating a non-cell-autonomous function of Fig4 in OL maturation and myelin development. In transgenic mice with global overexpression of the human pathogenic FIG4 variant I41T, there is rescue of the myelination defect, suggesting that the CNS of CMT4J patients may be protected from myelin deficiency by expression of the FIG4(I41T) mutant protein.
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90
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An alternate perspective on the roles of TIMPs and MMPs in pathology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 180:12-6. [PMID: 22033229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are pleiotropic extracellular proteins. TIMPs are recognized as endogenous regulators of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a large family of extracellular enzymes with proteolytic activities that participate in cellular homeostasis, adaptation, and tissue remodeling. In addition to their roles as endogenous potent MMP inhibitors, accumulating evidence indicates important physiological roles for TIMPs that are independent of their ability to block MMP activities. For instance, MMP-independent actions of TIMP-1 in the central nervous system have been implicated in synaptic plasticity, neuroprotection, oncogenesis, and oligodendrocyte differentiation. Expression of TIMP-1 is dramatically increased in response to a variety of injurious and inflammatory insults. In the context of disease pathogenesis, MMP and TIMP expression are interpreted with respect to the proteolytic consequences of increased MMP/TIMP ratios. Here, we provide an alternative perspective on the homeostatic balance of TIMP and MMP proteins, whereby consideration is given to the possible role of MMPs as cognate inhibitors of the signaling functions of TIMPs. Thus, MMPs may regulate the receptor-mediated actions of TIMPs, inasmuch as TIMPs are themselves inhibitors of MMP-mediated proteolytic activities. This broader view reflects our emerging understanding that TIMP signaling and MMP inhibition represent two important functions of TIMPs that have the potential to affect tissue pathology.
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91
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Cannon JR, Greenamyre JT. The role of environmental exposures in neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative diseases. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:225-50. [PMID: 21914720 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration describes the loss of neuronal structure and function. Numerous neurodegenerative diseases are associated with neurodegeneration. Many are rare and stem from purely genetic causes. However, the prevalence of major neurodegenerative diseases is increasing with improvements in treating major diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases, resulting in an aging population. The neurological consequences of neurodegeneration in patients can have devastating effects on mental and physical functioning. The causes of most cases of prevalent neurodegenerative diseases are unknown. The role of neurotoxicant exposures in neurodegenerative disease has long been suspected, with much effort devoted to identifying causative agents. However, causative factors for a significant number of cases have yet to be identified. In this review, the role of environmental neurotoxicant exposures on neurodegeneration in selected major neurodegenerative diseases is discussed. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis were chosen because of available data on environmental influences. The special sensitivity the nervous system exhibits to toxicant exposure and unifying mechanisms of neurodegeneration are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Cannon
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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92
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Matrix metalloproteinase-9 controls proliferation of NG2+ progenitor cells immediately after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2011; 231:236-46. [PMID: 21756907 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that overcoming matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-mediated suppression of glial proliferation stimulates axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. The regenerative capacity of the adult CNS in response to injury and demyelination depends on the ability of multipotent glial NG2+ progenitor cells to proliferate and mature, mainly into oligodendrocytes. Herein, we have established the important role of MMPs, specifically MMP-9, in regulation of NG2+ cell proliferation in injured spinal cord. Targeting transiently induced MMP-9 using acute MMP-9/2 inhibitor (SB-3CT) therapy for two days after T9-10 spinal cord dorsal hemisection produced a significant increase in mitosis (assessed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation) of NG2+ cells but not GFAP+astrocytes and Iba-1+ microglia and/or macrophages. Acute MMP-9/2 blockade reduced the shedding of the NG2 proteoglycan and of the NR1 subunit of the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, whose decline is believed to accompany NG2+ cell maturation into OLs. Increase in post-mitotic oligodendrocytes during remyelination and improved myelin neuropathology in the hemisected spinal cord were accompanied by locomotion and somatosensory recovery after acute MMP-9/2 inhibition. Collectively, these data establish a novel role for MMPs in regulation of NG2+ cell proliferation in the damaged CNS, and a long-term benefit of acute MMP-9 block after SCI.
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93
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Welser-Alves JV, Crocker SJ, Milner R. A dual role for microglia in promoting tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) expression in glial cells in response to neuroinflammatory stimuli. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:61. [PMID: 21631912 PMCID: PMC3120696 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND By neutralizing the effect of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) play a critical role in maintaining tissue proteolysis in balance. As the major reactive glial cell types in the central nervous system (CNS), microglia and astrocytes play fundamental roles in mediating tissue breakdown and repair. As such, it is important to define the TIMP expression profile in these cells, as well as the mechanisms of regulation by neuroinflammatory stimuli. METHODS Primary mixed glial cultures (MGC), pure microglia, and pure astrocytes were used in this study. To study astrocytes, we employed a recently described pure astrocyte culture system, which has the major advantage of totally lacking microglia. The three different types of culture were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or individual cytokines, and cell culture supernatants assayed for TIMP-1 or TIMP-2 protein expression by western blot. RESULTS LPS induced TIMP-1 expression in MGC, but not in pure astrocyte or microglial cultures. When pure astrocytes were treated with the cytokines IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF or TGF-β1, only IL-1β induced TIMP-1 expression. Significantly, astrocyte TIMP-1 expression was restored in LPS-treated astrocyte cultures after the addition of microglia, or conditioned medium taken from LPS-activated microglia (MG-CM). Furthermore, this effect was lost after depletion of IL-1β from MG-CM. By contrast, TIMP-2 was constitutively expressed by astrocytes, whereas microglia expressed TIMP-2 only after exposure to serum. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results demonstrate an important concept in glial interactions, by showing that microglia play a central role in regulating glial cell expression of TIMPs, and identify microglial IL-1β as playing a key role in mediating microglial-astrocyte communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer V Welser-Alves
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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