51
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Enterina JR, Jung J, Macauley MS. Coordinated roles for glycans in regulating the inhibitory function of CD22 on B cells. Biomed J 2019; 42:218-232. [PMID: 31627864 PMCID: PMC6818156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CD22 is an inhibitory B cell co-receptor that recognizes sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates as ligands. Interactions with its glycan ligands are key to regulating the ability of CD22 to modulate B cell function, the most widely explored of which is antagonizing B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Most importantly, interactions of CD22 with ligands on the same cell (cis) control the organization of CD22 on the cell surface, which minimizes co-localization with the BCR. In contrast with the modest ability of CD22 to intrinsically dampen BCR signaling, glycan ligands presented on another cell (trans) along with an antigen drawn CD22 and the BCR together within an immunological synapse, strongly inhibiting BCR signaling. New concepts are emerging for how CD22 controls B cell function, such as changes in glycosylation at different stages of B cell differentiation, specifically on GC B cells. Related to these changes, new players, such galectin-9, have been discovered that regulate cell surface nanoclusters of CD22. Roles of glycan ligands in controlling CD22 are the primary focus of this review as we highlight the ability of CD22 to modulate B cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon R Enterina
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jaesoo Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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52
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Bolger-Munro M, Choi K, Scurll JM, Abraham L, Chappell RS, Sheen D, Dang-Lawson M, Wu X, Priatel JJ, Coombs D, Hammer JA, Gold MR. Arp2/3 complex-driven spatial patterning of the BCR enhances immune synapse formation, BCR signaling and B cell activation. eLife 2019; 8:e44574. [PMID: 31157616 PMCID: PMC6591008 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When B cells encounter antigens on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC), B cell receptors (BCRs) are gathered into microclusters that recruit signaling enzymes. These microclusters then move centripetally and coalesce into the central supramolecular activation cluster of an immune synapse. The mechanisms controlling BCR organization during immune synapse formation, and how this impacts BCR signaling, are not fully understood. We show that this coalescence of BCR microclusters depends on the actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex, which nucleates branched actin networks. Moreover, in murine B cells, this dynamic spatial reorganization of BCR microclusters amplifies proximal BCR signaling reactions and enhances the ability of membrane-associated antigens to induce transcriptional responses and proliferation. Our finding that Arp2/3 complex activity is important for B cell responses to spatially restricted membrane-bound antigens, but not for soluble antigens, highlights a critical role for Arp2/3 complex-dependent actin remodeling in B cell responses to APC-bound antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Bolger-Munro
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Life Sciences Institute, I3 Research GroupUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Kate Choi
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Life Sciences Institute, I3 Research GroupUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Joshua M Scurll
- Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied MathematicsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Libin Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Life Sciences Institute, I3 Research GroupUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied MathematicsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Rhys S Chappell
- Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied MathematicsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Duke Sheen
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Life Sciences Institute, I3 Research GroupUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - May Dang-Lawson
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Life Sciences Institute, I3 Research GroupUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Xufeng Wu
- Cell Biology and Physiology CenterNational Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - John J Priatel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research InstituteVancouverCanada
| | - Daniel Coombs
- Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied MathematicsUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - John A Hammer
- Cell Biology and Physiology CenterNational Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Michael R Gold
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
- Life Sciences Institute, I3 Research GroupUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
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53
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Gold MR, Reth MG. Antigen Receptor Function in the Context of the Nanoscale Organization of the B Cell Membrane. Annu Rev Immunol 2019; 37:97-123. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-042718-041704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The B cell antigen receptor (BCR) plays a central role in the self/nonself selection of B lymphocytes and in their activation by cognate antigen during the clonal selection process. It was long thought that most cell surface receptors, including the BCR, were freely diffusing and randomly distributed. Since the advent of superresolution techniques, it has become clear that the plasma membrane is compartmentalized and highly organized at the nanometer scale. Hence, a complete understanding of the precise conformation and activation mechanism of the BCR must take into account the organization of the B cell plasma membrane. We review here the recent literature on the nanoscale organization of the lymphocyte membrane and discuss how this new information influences our view of the conformational changes that the BCR undergoes during activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Michael G. Reth
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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54
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Wasim L, Buhari FHM, Yoganathan M, Sicard T, Ereño-Orbea J, Julien JP, Treanor B. N-Linked Glycosylation Regulates CD22 Organization and Function. Front Immunol 2019; 10:699. [PMID: 31019513 PMCID: PMC6458307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization and clustering of cell surface proteins plays a critical role in controlling receptor signaling; however, the biophysical mechanisms regulating these parameters are not well understood. Elucidating these mechanisms is highly significant to our understanding of immune function in health and disease, given the importance of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling in directing B cells to produce antibodies for the clearance of pathogens, and the potential deleterious effects of dysregulated BCR signaling, such as in B cell malignancies or autoimmune disease. One of main inhibitory co-receptors on B cells is CD22, a sialic-acid binding protein, which interacts homotypically with other sialylated CD22 molecules, as well as heterotypically with IgM and CD45. Although the importance of CD22 in attenuating BCR signaling is well established, we still do not fully understand what mediates CD22 organization and association to BCRs. CD22 is highly glycosylated, containing 12 N-linked glycosylation sites on its extracellular domain, the function of which remain to be resolved. We were interested in how these glycosylation sites mediate homotypic vs. heterotypic interactions. To this end, we mutated five out of the six N-linked glycosylation residues on CD22 localized closest to the sialic acid binding site. Glycan site N101 was not mutated as this resulted in lack of CD22 expression. We used dual-color super-resolution imaging to investigate the impact of altered glycosylation of CD22 on the nanoscale organization of CD22 and its association with BCR. We show that mutation of these five glycosylation sites increased the clustering tendency of CD22 and resulted in higher density CD22 nanoclusters. Consistent with these findings of altered CD22 organization, we found that mutation of N-glycan sites attenuated CD22 phosphorylation upon BCR stimulation, and consequently, increased BCR signaling. Importantly, we identified that these sites may be ligands for the soluble secreted lectin, galectin-9, and are necessary for galectin-9 mediated inhibition of BCR signaling. Taken together, these findings implicate N-linked glycosylation in the organization and function of CD22, likely through regulating heterotypic interactions between CD22 and its binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laabiah Wasim
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Myuran Yoganathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Taylor Sicard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - June Ereño-Orbea
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bebhinn Treanor
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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55
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Maity PC, Datta M, Nicolò A, Jumaa H. Isotype Specific Assembly of B Cell Antigen Receptors and Synergism With Chemokine Receptor CXCR4. Front Immunol 2019. [PMID: 30619343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02988.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the membrane-bound form of the immunoglobulin (Ig) as part of the antigen receptor is indispensable for both the development and the effector function of B cells. Among five known isotypes, IgM and IgD are the common B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) that are co-expressed in naïve B cells. Despite having identical antigen specificity and being associated with the same signaling heterodimer Igα/Igβ (CD79a/CD79b), IgM and IgD-BCR isotypes functionally differ from each other in the manner of antigen binding, the formation of isolated nanoclusters and in their interaction with co-receptors such as CD19 and CXCR4 on the plasma membrane. With recent developments in experimental techniques, it is now possible to investigate the nanoscale organization of the BCR and better understand early events of BCR engagement. Interestingly, the cytoskeleton network beneath the membrane controls the BCR isotype-specific organization and its interaction with co-receptors. BCR triggering results in reorganization of the cytoskeleton network, which is further modulated by isotype-specific signals from co-receptors. For instance, IgD-BCR is closely associated with CXCR4 on mature B cells and this close proximity allows CXCR4 to employ the BCR machinery as signaling hub. In this review, we discuss the functional specificity and nanocluster assembly of BCR isotypes and the consequences of cross-talk between CXCR4 and IgD-BCR. Furthermore, given the role of BCR and CXCR4 signaling in the development and survival of leukemic B cells, we discuss the consequences of the cross-talk between CXCR4 and the BCR for controlling the growth of transformed B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moumita Datta
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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56
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Li J, Yin W, Jing Y, Kang D, Yang L, Cheng J, Yu Z, Peng Z, Li X, Wen Y, Sun X, Ren B, Liu C. The Coordination Between B Cell Receptor Signaling and the Actin Cytoskeleton During B Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3096. [PMID: 30687315 PMCID: PMC6333714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell activation plays a crucial part in the immune system and is initiated via interaction between the B cell receptor (BCR) and specific antigens. In recent years with the help of modern imaging techniques, it was found that the cortical actin cytoskeleton changes dramatically during B-cell activation. In this review, we discuss how actin-cytoskeleton reorganization regulates BCR signaling in different stages of B-cell activation, specifically when stimulated by antigens, and also how this reorganization is mediated by BCR signaling molecules. Abnormal BCR signaling is associated with the progression of lymphoma and immunological diseases including autoimmune disorders, and recent studies have proved that impaired actin cytoskeleton can devastate the normal activation of B cells. Therefore, to figure out the coordination between the actin cytoskeleton and BCR signaling may reveal an underlying mechanism of B-cell activation, which has potential for new treatments for B-cell associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Yin
- Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yukai Jing
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Danqing Kang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze Yu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zican Peng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingbo Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Wen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xizi Sun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Boxu Ren
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Clinical Molecular Immunology Center, School of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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57
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Maity PC, Datta M, Nicolò A, Jumaa H. Isotype Specific Assembly of B Cell Antigen Receptors and Synergism With Chemokine Receptor CXCR4. Front Immunol 2019; 9:2988. [PMID: 30619343 PMCID: PMC6305424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the membrane-bound form of the immunoglobulin (Ig) as part of the antigen receptor is indispensable for both the development and the effector function of B cells. Among five known isotypes, IgM and IgD are the common B cell antigen receptors (BCRs) that are co-expressed in naïve B cells. Despite having identical antigen specificity and being associated with the same signaling heterodimer Igα/Igβ (CD79a/CD79b), IgM and IgD-BCR isotypes functionally differ from each other in the manner of antigen binding, the formation of isolated nanoclusters and in their interaction with co-receptors such as CD19 and CXCR4 on the plasma membrane. With recent developments in experimental techniques, it is now possible to investigate the nanoscale organization of the BCR and better understand early events of BCR engagement. Interestingly, the cytoskeleton network beneath the membrane controls the BCR isotype-specific organization and its interaction with co-receptors. BCR triggering results in reorganization of the cytoskeleton network, which is further modulated by isotype-specific signals from co-receptors. For instance, IgD-BCR is closely associated with CXCR4 on mature B cells and this close proximity allows CXCR4 to employ the BCR machinery as signaling hub. In this review, we discuss the functional specificity and nanocluster assembly of BCR isotypes and the consequences of cross-talk between CXCR4 and IgD-BCR. Furthermore, given the role of BCR and CXCR4 signaling in the development and survival of leukemic B cells, we discuss the consequences of the cross-talk between CXCR4 and the BCR for controlling the growth of transformed B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moumita Datta
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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58
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Giovannone N, Antonopoulos A, Liang J, Geddes Sweeney J, Kudelka MR, King SL, Lee GS, Cummings RD, Dell A, Barthel SR, Widlund HR, Haslam SM, Dimitroff CJ. Human B Cell Differentiation Is Characterized by Progressive Remodeling of O-Linked Glycans. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2857. [PMID: 30619255 PMCID: PMC6302748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GC) are microanatomical niches where B cells proliferate, undergo antibody affinity maturation, and differentiate to long-lived memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells. For decades, GC B cells have been defined by their reactivity to the plant lectin peanut agglutinin (PNA), which binds serine/threonine (O-linked) glycans containing the asialylated disaccharide Gal-β1,3-GalNAc-Ser/Thr (also called T-antigen). In T cells, acquisition of PNA binding by activated T cells and thymocytes has been linked with altered tissue homing patterns, cell signaling, and survival. Yet, in GC B cells, the glycobiological basis and significance of PNA binding remains surprisingly unresolved. Here, we investigated the basis for PNA reactivity of GC B cells. We found that GC B cell binding to PNA is associated with downregulation of the α2,3 sialyltransferase, ST3GAL1 (ST3Gal1), and overexpression of ST3Gal1 was sufficient to reverse PNA binding in B cell lines. Moreover, we found that the primary scaffold for PNA-reactive O-glycans in B cells is the B cell receptor-associated receptor-type tyrosine phosphatase CD45, suggesting a role for altered O-glycosylation in antigen receptor signaling. Consistent with similar reports in T cells, ST3Gal1 overexpression in B cells in vitro induced drastic shortening in O-glycans, which we confirmed by both antibody staining and mass spectrometric O-glycomic analysis. Unexpectedly, ST3Gal1-induced changes in O-glycan length also correlated with altered binding of two glycosylation-sensitive CD45 antibodies, RA3-6B2 (more commonly called B220) and MEM55, which (in humans) have previously been reported to favor binding to naïve/GC subsets and memory/plasmablast subsets, respectively. Analysis of primary B cell binding to B220, MEM55, and several plant lectins suggested that B cell differentiation is accompanied by significant loss of O-glycan complexity, including loss of extended Core 2 O-glycans. To our surprise, decreased O-glycan length from naïve to post-GC fates best correlated not with ST3Gal1, but rather downregulation of the Core 2 branching enzyme GCNT1. Thus, our data suggest that O-glycan remodeling is a feature of B cell differentiation, dually regulated by ST3Gal1 and GCNT1, that ultimately results in expression of distinct O-glycosylation states/CD45 glycoforms at each stage of B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Giovannone
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, United States
| | | | - Jennifer Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA, United States
| | - Jenna Geddes Sweeney
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, United States
| | - Matthew R Kudelka
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sandra L King
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA, United States
| | - Gi Soo Lee
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven R Barthel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA, United States
| | - Hans R Widlund
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, United States
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles J Dimitroff
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, United States
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59
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Meyer SJ, Linder AT, Brandl C, Nitschke L. B Cell Siglecs-News on Signaling and Its Interplay With Ligand Binding. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2820. [PMID: 30559744 PMCID: PMC6286995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD22 and Siglec-G are members of the Siglec family. Both are inhibitory co-receptors on the surface of B cells and inhibit B-cell receptor induced signaling, characterized by inhibition of the calcium mobilization and cellular activation. CD22 functions predominantly as an inhibitor on conventional B cells, while Siglec-G is an important inhibitor on the B1a-cell subset. These two B-cell Siglecs do not only inhibit initial signaling, but also have an important function in preventing autoimmunity, as double deficient mice develop a lupus-like phenotype with age. Siglecs are characterized by their conserved ability to bind terminal sialic acid of glycans on the cell surface, which is important to regulate the inhibitory role of Siglecs. While CD22 binds α2,6-linked sialic acids, Siglec-G can bind both α2,6-linked and α2,3-linked sialic acids. Interestingly, ligand binding is differentially regulating the ability of CD22 and Siglec-G to control B-cell activation. Within the last years, quite a few studies focused on the different functions of B-cell Siglecs and the interplay of ligand binding and signal inhibition. This review summarizes the role of CD22 and Siglec-G in regulating B-cell receptor signaling, membrane distribution with the importance of ligand binding, preventing autoimmunity and the role of CD22 beyond the naïve B-cell stage. Additionally, this review article features the long time discussed interaction between CD45 and CD22 with highlighting recent data, as well as the interplay between CD22 and Galectin-9 and its influence on B-cell receptor signaling. Moreover, therapeutical approaches targeting human CD22 will be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Meyer
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexandra T Linder
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carolin Brandl
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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60
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Noviski M, Zikherman J. Control of autoreactive B cells by IgM and IgD B cell receptors: maintaining a fine balance. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 55:67-74. [PMID: 30292928 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A substantial fraction of mature naïve B cells recognize endogenous antigens, and this autoreactivity must be controlled to prevent autoantibody secretion. Selective downregulation of the IgM BCR on autoreactive B cells has long been appreciated, and recent findings illustrate how this might impose tolerance. The BCR isotype maintained on autoreactive B cells, IgD, is less sensitive to endogenous antigens than IgM. This reduced sensitivity may be conferred by structural properties of IgD and/or differential association with activating and inhibitory co-receptors. Once activated, autoreactive B cells are normally excluded from rapid plasma cell responses, but they can enter the germinal center and lose their autoreactivity through a mutation-selection process termed clonal redemption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Noviski
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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61
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Clark EA, Giltiay NV. CD22: A Regulator of Innate and Adaptive B Cell Responses and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2235. [PMID: 30323814 PMCID: PMC6173129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD22 (Siglec 2) is a receptor predominantly restricted to B cells. It was initially characterized over 30 years ago and named “CD22” in 1984 at the 2nd International workshop in Boston (1). Several excellent reviews have detailed CD22 functions, CD22-regulated signaling pathways and B cell subsets regulated by CD22 or Siglec G (2–4). This review is an attempt to highlight recent and possibly forgotten findings. We also describe the role of CD22 in autoimmunity and the great potential for CD22-based immunotherapeutics for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Natalia V Giltiay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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62
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Gan J, Dou Y, Li Y, Wang Z, Wang L, Liu S, Li Q, Yu H, Liu C, Han C, Huang Z, Zhang J, Wang C, Dong L. Producing anti-inflammatory macrophages by nanoparticle-triggered clustering of mannose receptors. Biomaterials 2018; 178:95-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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63
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Özgör L, Meyer SJ, Korn M, Terörde K, Nitschke L. Sialic Acid Ligand Binding of CD22 and Siglec-G Determines Distinct B Cell Functions but Is Dispensable for B Cell Tolerance Induction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2107-2116. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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64
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Tsui C, Maldonado P, Montaner B, Borroto A, Alarcon B, Bruckbauer A, Martinez-Martin N, Batista FD. Dynamic reorganisation of intermediate filaments coordinates early B-cell activation. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800060. [PMID: 30456377 PMCID: PMC6238617 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the role of vimentin, a type III intermediate filament, in B-cell function using a combination of in vitro and in vivo assays, including super-resolution microscopic techniques. During B-cell activation, the dynamic reorganisation of the cytoskeleton is crucial for multiple cellular responses, such as receptor signalling, cell spreading, antigen internalisation, intracellular trafficking, and antigen presentation. However, the role of intermediate filaments (IFs), which represent a major component of the mammalian cytoskeleton, is not well defined. Here, by using multiple super-resolution microscopy techniques, including direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, we show that IFs in B cells undergo drastic reorganisation immediately upon antigen stimulation and that this reorganisation requires actin and microtubules. Although the loss of vimentin in B cells did not impair B-cell development, receptor signalling, and differentiation, vimentin-deficient B cells exhibit altered positioning of antigen-containing and lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1+) compartments, implying that vimentin may play a role in the fine-tuning of intracellular trafficking. Indeed, vimentin-deficient B cells exhibit impaired antigen presentation and delayed antibody responses in vivo. Thus, our study presents a new perspective on the role of IFs in B-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlson Tsui
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Paula Maldonado
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Beatriz Montaner
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Aldo Borroto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Balbino Alarcon
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Bruckbauer
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nuria Martinez-Martin
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Facundo D Batista
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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65
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Giovannone N, Liang J, Antonopoulos A, Geddes Sweeney J, King SL, Pochebit SM, Bhattacharyya N, Lee GS, Dell A, Widlund HR, Haslam SM, Dimitroff CJ. Galectin-9 suppresses B cell receptor signaling and is regulated by I-branching of N-glycans. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3287. [PMID: 30120234 PMCID: PMC6098069 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes are coated with a layer of heterogeneous carbohydrates (glycans) that modulate immune function, in part by governing specific interactions with glycan-binding proteins (lectins). Although nearly all membrane proteins bear glycans, the identity and function of most of these sugars on leukocytes remain unexplored. Here, we characterize the N-glycan repertoire (N-glycome) of human tonsillar B cells. We observe that naive and memory B cells express an N-glycan repertoire conferring strong binding to the immunoregulatory lectin galectin-9 (Gal-9). Germinal center B cells, by contrast, show sharply diminished binding to Gal-9 due to upregulation of I-branched N-glycans, catalyzed by the β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase GCNT2. Functionally, we find that Gal-9 is autologously produced by naive B cells, binds CD45, suppresses calcium signaling via a Lyn-CD22-SHP-1 dependent mechanism, and blunts B cell activation. Thus, our findings suggest Gal-9 intrinsically regulates B cell activation and may differentially modulate BCR signaling at steady state and within germinal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Giovannone
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - J Liang
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - A Antonopoulos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J Geddes Sweeney
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S L King
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S M Pochebit
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - N Bhattacharyya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - G S Lee
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - A Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - H R Widlund
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - C J Dimitroff
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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66
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Abstract
The galectin family of secreted lectins have emerged as important regulators of immune cell function; however, their role in B-cell responses is poorly understood. Here we identify IgM-BCR as a ligand for galectin-9. Furthermore, we show enhanced BCR microcluster formation and signaling in galectin-9-deficient B cells. Notably, treatment with exogenous recombinant galectin-9 nearly completely abolishes BCR signaling. We investigated the molecular mechanism for galectin-9-mediated inhibition of BCR signaling using super-resolution imaging and single-particle tracking. We show that galectin-9 merges pre-existing nanoclusters of IgM-BCR, immobilizes IgM-BCR, and relocalizes IgM-BCR together with the inhibitory molecules CD45 and CD22. In resting naive cells, we use dual-color super-resolution imaging to demonstrate that galectin-9 mediates the close association of IgM and CD22, and propose that the loss of this association provides a mechanism for enhanced activation of galectin-9-deficient B cells. The galectin family of secreted lectins are important regulators of immune cell function; however, their role in B cell responses is poorly understood. Here, the authors identify IgM-BCR as a ligand for galectin-9. In resting naive cells, they show that galectin-9 mediates a close association between IgM and CD22.
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67
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Keppler SJ, Burbage M, Gasparrini F, Hartjes L, Aggarwal S, Massaad MJ, Geha RS, Bruckbauer A, Batista FD. The Lack of WIP Binding to Actin Results in Impaired B Cell Migration and Altered Humoral Immune Responses. Cell Rep 2018; 24:619-629. [PMID: 30021160 PMCID: PMC6077251 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) is a main cytoskeletal regulator in B cells. WASp-interacting protein (WIP) binds to and stabilizes WASp but also interacts with actin. Using mice with a mutated actin binding domain of WIP (WIPΔABD), we here investigated the role of WIP binding to actin during B cell activation. We found an altered differentiation of WIPΔABD B cells and diminished antibody affinity maturation after immunization. Mechanistically, WIPΔABD B cells showed impaired B cell receptor (BCR)-induced PI3K signaling and actin reorganization, likely caused by diminished CD81 expression and altered CD19 dynamics on the B cell surface. WIPΔABD B cells displayed reduced in vivo motility, concomitantly with impaired chemotaxis and defective F-actin polarization, HS1 phosphorylation, and polarization of HS1 to F-actin-rich structures after CXCL12 stimulation in vitro. We thus concluded that WIP binding to actin, independent of its binding to WASp, is critical for actin cytoskeleton plasticity in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Jessica Keppler
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; MRI, TranslaTUM, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Immune Signals and Cancer, 81675 Munich, Germany.
| | - Marianne Burbage
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Lara Hartjes
- MRI, TranslaTUM, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Immune Signals and Cancer, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Shweta Aggarwal
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michel J Massaad
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raif S Geha
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andreas Bruckbauer
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Facundo D Batista
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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68
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Loftus C, Saeed M, Davis DM, Dunlop IE. Activation of Human Natural Killer Cells by Graphene Oxide-Templated Antibody Nanoclusters. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3282-3289. [PMID: 29676151 PMCID: PMC5951604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An emerging new paradigm is that immune cell activation is controlled by transient interactions between supramolecular assemblies of receptors and ligands. Current immunotherapy biologic pharmaceuticals that activate or desensitize NK cells are, however, individual molecules that do not replicate this nanoscale organization of proteins. Here, we use nanoscale graphene oxide (NGO) as a template to generate soluble nanoscale clusters of Natural Killer cell-activating antibodies. We control nanocluster size and molecular number to mimic reported values for cell surface proteins. These NGO-templated molecular nanoclusters, used to stimulate NK cells via the CD16 receptor, successfully induced cellular activation, indicated by degranulation of cytolytic granules and IFN-γ secretion. Importantly, activation significantly exceeded that induced by the same antibodies applied as a solution of individual molecules. These results demonstrate that future immunotherapies could be enhanced by assembling immunomodulatory drugs into nanoclusters and establish NGO-templating as a candidate technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Loftus
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Materials, Imperial College
London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Manchester
Collaborative Center for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Mezida Saeed
- Manchester
Collaborative Center for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M. Davis
- Manchester
Collaborative Center for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Iain E. Dunlop
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Materials, Imperial College
London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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69
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Noviski M, Mueller JL, Satterthwaite A, Garrett-Sinha LA, Brombacher F, Zikherman J. IgM and IgD B cell receptors differentially respond to endogenous antigens and control B cell fate. eLife 2018. [PMID: 29521626 PMCID: PMC5897097 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Naive B cells co-express two BCR isotypes, IgM and IgD, with identical antigen-binding domains but distinct constant regions. IgM but not IgD is downregulated on autoreactive B cells. Because these isotypes are presumed to be redundant, it is unknown how this could impose tolerance. We introduced the Nur77-eGFP reporter of BCR signaling into mice that express each BCR isotype alone. Despite signaling strongly in vitro, IgD is less sensitive than IgM to endogenous antigen in vivo and developmental fate decisions are skewed accordingly. IgD-only Lyn-/- B cells cannot generate autoantibodies and short-lived plasma cells (SLPCs) in vivo, a fate thought to be driven by intense BCR signaling induced by endogenous antigens. Similarly, IgD-only B cells generate normal germinal center, but impaired IgG1+ SLPC responses to T-dependent immunization. We propose a role for IgD in maintaining the quiescence of autoreactive B cells and restricting their differentiation into autoantibody secreting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Noviski
- Biomedical Sciences (BMS) Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - James L Mueller
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Anne Satterthwaite
- Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Lee Ann Garrett-Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, United States
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town & Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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70
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Daskhan GC, Tran HTT, Meloncelli PJ, Lowary TL, West LJ, Cairo CW. Construction of Multivalent Homo- and Heterofunctional ABO Blood Group Glycoconjugates Using a Trifunctional Linker Strategy. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:343-362. [PMID: 29237123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of multivalent ligands displaying complex oligosaccharides is necessary for the development of therapeutics, diagnostics, and research tools. Here, we report an efficient conjugation strategy to prepare complex glycoconjugates with 4 copies of 1 or 2 separate glycan epitopes, providing 4-8 carbohydrate residues on a tetravalent poly(ethylene glycol) scaffold. This strategy provides complex glycoconjugates that approach the size of glycoproteins (15-18 kDa) while remaining well-defined. The synthetic strategy makes use of three orthogonal functional groups, including a reactive N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)-ester moiety on the linker to install the first carbohydrate epitope via reaction with an amine. A masked amine functionality on the linker is revealed after the removal of a fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-protecting group, allowing the attachment to the NHS-activated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) scaffold. An azide group in the linker was then used to incorporate the second carbohydrate epitope via catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition. Using a known tetravalent PEG scaffold (PDI, 1.025), we prepared homofunctional glycoconjugates that display four copies of lactose and the A-type II or the B-type II human blood group antigens. Using our trifunctional linker, we expanded this strategy to produce heterofunctional conjugates with four copies of two separate glycan epitopes. These heterofunctional conjugates included Neu5Ac, 3'-sialyllactose, or 6'-sialyllactose as a second antigen. Using an alternative strategy, we generated heterofunctional conjugates with three copies of the glycan epitope and one fluorescent group (on average) using a sequential dual-amine coupling strategy. These conjugation strategies should be easily generalized for conjugation of other complex glycans. We demonstrate that the glycan epitopes of heterofunctional conjugates engage and cluster target B-cell receptors and CD22 receptors on B cells, supporting the application of these reagents for investigating cellular response to carbohydrate antigens of the ABO blood group system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gour Chand Daskhan
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Hanh-Thuc Ton Tran
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Peter J Meloncelli
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.,Canadian National Transplant Research Program, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Lori J West
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Surgery, Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.,Canadian National Transplant Research Program, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Christopher W Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.,Canadian National Transplant Research Program, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
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71
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Šuštar V, Vainio M, Mattila PK. Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of the Actin Cytoskeleton Upon B Cell Activation. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1707:243-257. [PMID: 29388113 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7474-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the immunological synapse upon B cell activation critically depends on the rearrangement of the submembranous actin cytoskeleton. Polymerization of actin monomers into filaments provides the force required for B cell spreading on the antigen-presenting cell (APC). Interestingly, the actin network also participates in cellular signaling at multiple levels. Fluorescence microscopy plays a critical role in furthering our understanding of the various functions of the cytoskeleton, and has become an important tool in the studies on B cell activation. The actin cytoskeleton can be tracked in live cells with various fluorescent probes binding to actin, or in fixed cells typically with phalloidin staining. Here, we present the usage of TIRF microscopy and an image analysis workflow for studying the overall density and organization of the actin network upon B cell spreading on antigen-coated glass, a widely used model system for the formation of the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vid Šuštar
- Institute of Biomedicine, Unit of Pathology, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marika Vainio
- Institute of Biomedicine, Unit of Pathology, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pieta K Mattila
- Institute of Biomedicine, Unit of Pathology, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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72
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73
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Proximity labeling of cis-ligands of CD22/Siglec-2 reveals stepwise α2,6 sialic acid-dependent and -independent interactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:854-859. [PMID: 29146181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lectins expressed on the cell surface are often bound and regulated by the membrane molecules containing the glycan ligands on the same cell (cis-ligands). However, molecular nature and function of cis-ligands are generally poorly understood partly because of weak interaction between lectins and glycan ligands. Cis-ligands are most extensively studied in CD22 (also known as Siglec-2), an inhibitory B lymphocyte receptor specifically recognizing α2,6 sialic acids. CD22, CD45 and IgM are suggested to be ligands of CD22. Here we labeled molecules in the proximity of CD22 in situ on B cell surface using biotin-tyramide. Molecules including CD22, CD45 and IgM were labeled in wild-type but not ST6GalI-/- B cells that lack α2,6 sialic acids, indicating that these molecules associate with CD22 by lectin-glycan interaction, and are therefore cis-ligands. In ST6GalI-/- B cells, these cis-ligands are located in a slightly more distance from CD22. Thus, the lectin-glycan interaction recruits cis-ligands already located in the relative proximity of CD22 through non-lectin-glycan interaction to the close proximity. Moreover, cis-ligands are labeled in Cmah-/- B cells that lack Neu5Gc preferred by mouse CD22 as efficiently as in wild-type B cells, indicating that very low affinity lectin-glycan interaction is sufficient for recruiting cis-ligands, and can be detected by proximity labeling. Thus, proximity labeling with tyramide appears to be a useful method to identify cis-ligands and to analyze their interaction with the lectins.
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74
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Ereño-Orbea J, Sicard T, Cui H, Mazhab-Jafari MT, Benlekbir S, Guarné A, Rubinstein JL, Julien JP. Molecular basis of human CD22 function and therapeutic targeting. Nat Commun 2017; 8:764. [PMID: 28970495 PMCID: PMC5624926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00836-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD22 maintains a baseline level of B-cell inhibition to keep humoral immunity in check. As a B-cell-restricted antigen, CD22 is targeted in therapies against dysregulated B cells that cause autoimmune diseases and blood cancers. Here we report the crystal structure of human CD22 at 2.1 Å resolution, which reveals that specificity for α2-6 sialic acid ligands is dictated by a pre-formed β-hairpin as a unique mode of recognition across sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins. The CD22 ectodomain adopts an extended conformation that facilitates concomitant CD22 nanocluster formation on B cells and binding to trans ligands to avert autoimmunity in mammals. We structurally delineate the CD22 site targeted by the therapeutic antibody epratuzumab at 3.1 Å resolution and determine a critical role for CD22 N-linked glycosylation in antibody engagement. Our studies provide molecular insights into mechanisms governing B-cell inhibition and valuable clues for the design of immune modulators in B-cell dysfunction.The B-cell-specific co-receptor CD22 is a therapeutic target for depleting dysregulated B cells. Here the authors structurally characterize the ectodomain of CD22 and present its crystal structure with the bound therapeutic antibody epratuzumab, which gives insights into the mechanism of inhibition of B-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Ereño-Orbea
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
| | - Taylor Sicard
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Hong Cui
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
| | - Mohammad T Mazhab-Jafari
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
| | - Samir Benlekbir
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
| | - Alba Guarné
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8S 4L8
| | - John L Rubinstein
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 0A4.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.
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75
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Bednar KJ, Shanina E, Ballet R, Connors EP, Duan S, Juan J, Arlian BM, Kulis MD, Butcher EC, Fung-Leung WP, Rao TS, Paulson JC, Macauley MS. Human CD22 Inhibits Murine B Cell Receptor Activation in a Human CD22 Transgenic Mouse Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3116-3128. [PMID: 28972089 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CD22, a sialic acid-binding Ig-type lectin (Siglec) family member, is an inhibitory coreceptor of the BCR with established roles in health and disease. The restricted expression pattern of CD22 on B cells and most B cell lymphomas has made CD22 a therapeutic target for B cell-mediated diseases. Models to better understand how in vivo targeting of CD22 translates to human disease are needed. In this article, we report the development of a transgenic mouse expressing human CD22 (hCD22) in B cells and assess its ability to functionally substitute for murine CD22 (mCD22) for regulation of BCR signaling, Ab responses, homing, and tolerance. Expression of hCD22 on transgenic murine B cells is comparable to expression on human primary B cells, and it colocalizes with mCD22 on the cell surface. Murine B cells expressing only hCD22 have identical calcium (Ca2+) flux responses to anti-IgM as mCD22-expressing wild-type B cells. Furthermore, hCD22 transgenic mice on an mCD22-/- background have restored levels of marginal zone B cells and Ab responses compared with deficiencies observed in CD22-/- mice. Consistent with these observations, hCD22 transgenic mice develop normal humoral responses in a peanut allergy oral sensitization model. Homing of B cells to Peyer's patches was partially rescued by expression of hCD22 compared with CD22-/- B cells, although not to wild-type levels. Notably, Siglec-engaging antigenic liposomes formulated with an hCD22 ligand were shown to prevent B cell activation, increase cell death, and induce tolerance in vivo. This hCD22 transgenic mouse will be a valuable model for investigating the function of hCD22 and preclinical studies targeting hCD22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J Bednar
- Immunology Team, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ 08869.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Elena Shanina
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Romain Ballet
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304.,The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Edward P Connors
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Shiteng Duan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Joana Juan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Britni M Arlian
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Michael D Kulis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Eugene C Butcher
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304.,The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | | | - Tadimeti S Rao
- Immunology Team, Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Raritan, NJ 08869
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; .,Department of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
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Burbage M, Keppler SJ, Montaner B, Mattila PK, Batista FD. The Small Rho GTPase TC10 Modulates B Cell Immune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1682-1695. [PMID: 28747344 PMCID: PMC5563166 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rho family GTPases regulate diverse cellular events, such as cell motility, polarity, and vesicle traffic. Although a wealth of data exists on the canonical Rho GTPases RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42, several other family members remain poorly studied. In B cells, we recently demonstrated a critical role for Cdc42 in plasma cell differentiation. In this study, we focus on a close homolog of Cdc42, TC10 (also known as RhoQ), and investigate its physiological role in B cells. By generating a TC10-deficient mouse model, we show that despite reduced total B cell numbers, B cell development in these mice occurs normally through distinct developmental stages. Upon immunization, IgM levels were reduced and, upon viral infection, germinal center responses were defective in TC10-deficient mice. BCR signaling was mildly affected, whereas cell migration remained normal in TC10-deficient B cells. Furthermore, by generating a TC10/Cdc42 double knockout mouse model, we found that TC10 can compensate for the lack of Cdc42 in TLR-induced cell activation and proliferation, so the two proteins play partly redundant roles. Taken together, by combining in vivo and in vitro analysis using TC10-deficient mice, we define the poorly studied Rho GTPase TC10 as an immunomodulatory molecule playing a role in physiological B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Burbage
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Selina J Keppler
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Montaner
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Pieta K Mattila
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom; .,Institute of Biomedicine, Unit of Pathology and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, BioCity, 20520 Turku, Finland; and
| | - Facundo D Batista
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139
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78
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Wang XN, Ge X, Li J, Liu X, Ma JM. B cell receptor signaling pathway involved in benign lymphoepithelial lesions of the lacrimal gland. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:665-669. [PMID: 28546918 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.05.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To detect the expression of B cell receptor signaling pathway (BCRSP) in lacrimal gland benign lymphoepithelial lesions (LGBLEL). METHODS Gene microarray was used to compare whole-genome expression in lacrimal gland tissues from LGBLEL patients to tissues from orbital cavernous hemangioma (control tissues). Expression of BCRSP was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The expression of 22 genes of the BCRSP increased significantly in LGBLEL patients. PCR analysis showed that CD22, CR2, and BTK were all highly expressed in LGBLEL tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that CR2 protein was present in LGBLEL, but CD22 and BTK proteins were negative. CR2, CD22, and BTK were not observed in the orbital cavernous hemangiomas with either PCR or immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION BCRSP might be involved in the pathogenesis of LGBLEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Institute of Ophthal-mology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology &Vision Science Key Lab, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xin Ge
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Institute of Ophthal-mology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology &Vision Science Key Lab, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Institute of Ophthal-mology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology &Vision Science Key Lab, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Institute of Ophthal-mology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology &Vision Science Key Lab, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jian-Min Ma
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Institute of Ophthal-mology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology &Vision Science Key Lab, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
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79
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Hobeika E, Maity PC, Jumaa H. Control of B Cell Responsiveness by Isotype and Structural Elements of the Antigen Receptor. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:310-320. [PMID: 27052149 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Expression of a functional B cell antigen receptor (BCR) plays a central role in regulating B cell development, maturation, and effector functions. Although IgM is solely expressed in immature B cell stages, the presence of both IgM- and IgD-BCR isotypes on mature naïve B cells raises the question of whether IgD has a unique role in B cell activation and function. While earlier studies suggested a broad functional redundancy between IgM and IgD, recent data point to an important immune regulatory role of IgD. Herein, we review these findings and discuss how the structural flexibility, mode of antigen binding, and co-receptor interactions, enable the IgD-BCR to act as a 'rheostat', regulating the activation and function of mature naïve B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Hobeika
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Palash Chandra Maity
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hassan Jumaa
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Abstract
B lymphocytes are key players in host defence, but also autoimmune diseases. Their survival depends upon tonic signals transduced by surface immunoglobulin (BCR) and the process leading to antibody secretion is initiated by interaction of BCR with a cognate antigen. CD22 limits signalling of the BCR to strike a balance between tonic signalling, reactivity to pathogens and prevention of autoimmunity. In this issue, Gasparrini et al (2016) combined super‐resolution imaging approaches with single‐particle tracking and simulations to show how CD22 controls the signalling state of the BCR. They demonstrated that small CD22 nanoclusters run rings around the BCR in confined steady state to maintain low tonic signals, but releasing BCR from these corrals allows BCR cluster growth, which overcomes the harrying inhibition from highly mobile CD22.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Depoil
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Gasparrini F, Feest C, Bruckbauer A, Mattila PK, Müller J, Nitschke L, Bray D, Batista FD. Nanoscale organization and dynamics of the siglec CD22 cooperate with the cytoskeleton in restraining BCR signalling. EMBO J 2016; 35:258-80. [PMID: 26671981 PMCID: PMC4741297 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201593027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor organization and dynamics at the cell membrane are important factors of signal transduction regulation. Using super-resolution microscopy and single-particle tracking, we show how the negative coreceptor CD22 works with the cortical cytoskeleton in restraining BCR signalling. In naïve B cells, we found endogenous CD22 to be highly mobile and organized into nanodomains. The landscape of CD22 and its lateral diffusion were perturbed either in the absence of CD45 or when the CD22 lectin domain was mutated. To understand how a relatively low number of CD22 molecules can keep BCR signalling in check, we generated Brownian dynamic simulations and supported them with ex vivo experiments. This combined approach suggests that the inhibitory function of CD22 is influenced by its nanoscale organization and is ensured by its fast diffusion enabling a "global BCR surveillance" at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Feest
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Andreas Bruckbauer
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Pieta K Mattila
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Müller
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dennis Bray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Facundo D Batista
- Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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