51
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Building a Bridge Between NMDAR-Mediated Excitotoxicity and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Chronic and Acute Diseases. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1413-1430. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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52
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Pleiotropic Mitochondria: The Influence of Mitochondria on Neuronal Development and Disease. J Neurosci 2020; 39:8200-8208. [PMID: 31619488 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1157-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play many important biological roles, including ATP production, lipid biogenesis, ROS regulation, and calcium clearance. In neurons, the mitochondrion is an essential organelle for metabolism and calcium homeostasis. Moreover, mitochondria are extremely dynamic and able to divide, fuse, and move along microtubule tracks to ensure their distribution to the neuronal periphery. Mitochondrial dysfunction and altered mitochondrial dynamics are observed in a wide range of conditions, from impaired neuronal development to various neurodegenerative diseases. Novel imaging techniques and genetic tools provide unprecedented access to the physiological roles of mitochondria by visualizing mitochondrial trafficking, morphological dynamics, ATP generation, and ultrastructure. Recent studies using these new techniques have unveiled the influence of mitochondria on axon branching, synaptic function, calcium regulation with the ER, glial cell function, neurogenesis, and neuronal repair. This review provides an overview of the crucial roles played by mitochondria in the CNS in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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53
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Norkett R, Lesept F, Kittler JT. DISC1 Regulates Mitochondrial Trafficking in a Miro1-GTP-Dependent Manner. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:449. [PMID: 32637409 PMCID: PMC7317294 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) protein is implicated in major mental illnesses including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. A key feature of psychiatric disease is aberrant synaptic communication. Correct synaptic transmission is dependent on spatiotemporally regulated energy provision and calcium buffering. This can be achieved by precise distribution of mitochondria throughout the elaborate architecture of the neuron. Central to this process is the calcium sensor and GTPase Miro1, which allows mitochondrial trafficking by molecular motors. While the role of Miro1-calcium binding in mitochondrial transport is well described, far less is known regarding the functions of the two GTPase domains. Here, we investigate the effects of a psychiatric disease-associated mutation in DISC1 on mitochondrial trafficking. We show that this DISC1 mutation impairs Miro1’s ability to transport mitochondria. We also demonstrate the necessity of the first Miro1 GTPase domain in determining direction of mitochondrial transport and the involvement of DISC1 in this process. Finally, we describe the effects of mutant DISC1 on positioning of mitochondria at synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Norkett
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Flavie Lesept
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josef T Kittler
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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54
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Mechanisms and roles of mitochondrial localisation and dynamics in neuronal function. Neuronal Signal 2020; 4:NS20200008. [PMID: 32714603 PMCID: PMC7373250 DOI: 10.1042/ns20200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarised, complex and incredibly energy intensive cells, and their demand for ATP during neuronal transmission is primarily met by oxidative phosphorylation by mitochondria. Thus, maintaining the health and efficient function of mitochondria is vital for neuronal integrity, viability and synaptic activity. Mitochondria do not exist in isolation, but constantly undergo cycles of fusion and fission, and are actively transported around the neuron to sites of high energy demand. Intriguingly, axonal and dendritic mitochondria exhibit different morphologies. In axons mitochondria are small and sparse whereas in dendrites they are larger and more densely packed. The transport mechanisms and mitochondrial dynamics that underlie these differences, and their functional implications, have been the focus of concerted investigation. Moreover, it is now clear that deficiencies in mitochondrial dynamics can be a primary factor in many neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the role that mitochondrial dynamics play in neuronal function, how these processes support synaptic transmission and how mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in neurodegenerative disease.
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55
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Khosravi S, Harner ME. The MICOS complex, a structural element of mitochondria with versatile functions. Biol Chem 2020; 401:765-778. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMitochondria perform a plethora of functions in various cells of different tissues. Their architecture differs remarkably, for instance in neurons versus steroidogenic cells. Furthermore, aberrant mitochondrial architecture results in mitochondrial dysfunction. This indicates strongly that mitochondrial architecture and function are intimately linked. Therefore, a deep knowledge about the determinants of mitochondrial architecture and their function on a molecular level is of utmost importance. In the past decades, various proteins and protein complexes essential for formation of mitochondrial architecture have been identified. Here we will review the current knowledge of the MICOS complex, one of the major structural elements of mitochondria. MICOS is a multi-subunit complex present in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Multiple interaction partners in the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane point to participation in a multitude of important processes, such as generation of mitochondrial architecture, lipid metabolism, and protein import into mitochondria. Since the MICOS complex is highly conserved in form and function throughout evolution, we will highlight the importance of MICOS for mammals. We will emphasize in particular the current knowledge of the association of MICOS with severe human diseases, including Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Frontotemporal Dementia and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Khosravi
- Department of Cell Biology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 9, Planegg/Martinsried, MunichD-82152, Germany
| | - Max E. Harner
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 9, Planegg/Martinsried, MunichD-82152, Germany
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56
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Davenport EC, Szulc BR, Drew J, Taylor J, Morgan T, Higgs NF, López-Doménech G, Kittler JT. Autism and Schizophrenia-Associated CYFIP1 Regulates the Balance of Synaptic Excitation and Inhibition. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2037-2051.e6. [PMID: 30784587 PMCID: PMC6381785 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance is implicated in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, but the underlying genetic etiology remains poorly understood. Copy number variations in CYFIP1 are associated with autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability, but its role in regulating synaptic inhibition or E/I balance remains unclear. We show that CYFIP1, and the paralog CYFIP2, are enriched at inhibitory postsynaptic sites. While CYFIP1 or CYFIP2 upregulation increases excitatory synapse number and the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), it has the opposite effect at inhibitory synapses, decreasing their size and the amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). Contrary to CYFIP1 upregulation, its loss in vivo, upon conditional knockout in neocortical principal cells, increases expression of postsynaptic GABAA receptor β2/3-subunits and neuroligin 3, enhancing synaptic inhibition. Thus, CYFIP1 dosage can bi-directionally impact inhibitory synaptic structure and function, potentially leading to altered E/I balance and circuit dysfunction in CYFIP1-associated neurological disorders. CYFIP1 and CYFIP2 are enriched at inhibitory synapses. CYFIP1 upregulation differentially disrupts inhibitory and excitatory synapses. Conditional loss of CYFIP1 alters neuroligin 3 and GABAAR β-subunits expression. Loss of CYFIP1 increases inhibitory synaptic clusters and hence mIPSC amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Davenport
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Blanka R Szulc
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James Drew
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James Taylor
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Toby Morgan
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nathalie F Higgs
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Guillermo López-Doménech
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Josef T Kittler
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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57
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Abstract
The intracellular transport system in neurons is specialized to an extraordinary degree, enabling the delivery of critical cargo to sites in axons or dendrites that are far removed from the cell center. Vesicles formed in the cell body are actively transported by kinesin motors along axonal microtubules to presynaptic sites that can be located more than a meter away. Both growth factors and degradative vesicles carrying aged organelles or aggregated proteins take the opposite route, driven by dynein motors. Distance is not the only challenge; precise delivery of cargos to sites of need must also be accomplished. For example, localized delivery of presynaptic components to hundreds of thousands of "en passant" synapses distributed along the length of a single axon in some neuronal subtypes provides a layer of complexity that must be successfully navigated to maintain synaptic transmission. We review recent advances in the field of axonal transport, with a focus on conceptual developments, and highlight our growing quantitative understanding of neuronal trafficking and its role in maintaining the synaptic function that underlies higher cognitive processes such as learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Guedes-Dias
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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58
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Ivankovic D, Drew J, Lesept F, White IJ, López Doménech G, Tooze SA, Kittler JT. Axonal autophagosome maturation defect through failure of ATG9A sorting underpins pathology in AP-4 deficiency syndrome. Autophagy 2020; 16:391-407. [PMID: 31142229 PMCID: PMC6999640 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1615302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptor protein (AP) complexes mediate key sorting decisions in the cell through selective incorporation of transmembrane proteins into vesicles. Little is known of the roles of AP-4, despite its loss of function leading to a severe early onset neurological disorder, AP-4 deficiency syndrome. Here we demonstrate an AP-4 epsilon subunit knockout mouse model that recapitulates characteristic neuroanatomical phenotypes of AP-4 deficiency patients. We show that ATG9A, critical for autophagosome biogenesis, is an AP-4 cargo, which is retained within the trans-Golgi network (TGN) in vivo and in culture when AP-4 function is lost. TGN retention results in depletion of axonal ATG9A, leading to defective autophagosome generation and aberrant expansions of the distal axon. The reduction in the capacity to generate axonal autophagosomes leads to defective axonal extension and de novo generation of distal axonal swellings containing accumulated ER, underlying the impaired axonal integrity in AP-4 deficiency syndrome.Abbreviations: AP: adaptor protein; AP4B1: adaptor-related protein complex AP-4, beta 1; AP4E1: adaptor-related protein complex AP-4, epsilon 1; ATG: autophagy-related; EBSS: Earle's balanced salt solution; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; GOLGA1/Golgin-97/GOLG97: golgi autoantigen, golgin subfamily a, 1; GOLGA2/GM130: golgi autoantigen, golgin subfamily a, 2; HSP: hereditary spastic paraplegia; LC3/MAP1LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAP2: microtubule-associated protein 2; MAPK8IP1/JIP1: mitogen-acitvated protein kinase 8 interacting protein 1; NEFH/NF200: neurofilament, heavy polypeptide; RBFOX3/NeuN (RNA binding protein, fox-1 homolog [C. elegans] 3); SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TGN: trans-Golgi network; WIPI2: WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting protein 2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Drew
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Flavie Lesept
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, UCL, London, UK
| | - Ian J. White
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Sharon A. Tooze
- Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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59
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Lees RM, Johnson JD, Ashby MC. Presynaptic Boutons That Contain Mitochondria Are More Stable. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 11:37. [PMID: 31998110 PMCID: PMC6966497 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The addition and removal of presynaptic terminals reconfigures neuronal circuits of the mammalian neocortex, but little is known about how this presynaptic structural plasticity is controlled. Since mitochondria can regulate presynaptic function, we investigated whether the presence of axonal mitochondria relates to the structural plasticity of presynaptic boutons in mouse neocortex. We found that the overall density of axonal mitochondria did not appear to influence the loss and gain of boutons. However, positioning of mitochondria at individual presynaptic sites did relate to increased stability of those boutons. In line with this, synaptic localization of mitochondria increased as boutons aged and showed differing patterns of localization at en passant and terminaux boutons. These results suggest that mitochondria accumulate locally at boutons over time to increase bouton stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael C. Ashby
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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60
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Covill-Cooke C, Toncheva VS, Drew J, Birsa N, López-Doménech G, Kittler JT. Peroxisomal fission is modulated by the mitochondrial Rho-GTPases, Miro1 and Miro2. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49865. [PMID: 31894645 PMCID: PMC7001505 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are essential for a number of cellular functions, including reactive oxygen species metabolism, fatty acid β‐oxidation and lipid synthesis. To ensure optimal functionality, peroxisomal size, shape and number must be dynamically maintained; however, many aspects of how this is regulated remain poorly characterised. Here, we show that the localisation of Miro1 and Miro2—outer mitochondrial membrane proteins essential for mitochondrial trafficking—to peroxisomes is not required for basal peroxisomal distribution and long‐range trafficking, but rather for the maintenance of peroxisomal size and morphology through peroxisomal fission. Mechanistically, this is achieved by Miro negatively regulating Drp1‐dependent fission, a function that is shared with the mitochondria. We further find that the peroxisomal localisation of Miro is regulated by its first GTPase domain and is mediated by an interaction through its transmembrane domain with the peroxisomal‐membrane protein chaperone, Pex19. Our work highlights a shared regulatory role of Miro in maintaining the morphology of both peroxisomes and mitochondria, supporting a crosstalk between peroxisomal and mitochondrial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Covill-Cooke
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, University College London, London, UK
| | - Viktoriya S Toncheva
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, University College London, London, UK
| | - James Drew
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicol Birsa
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Josef T Kittler
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, University College London, London, UK
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61
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Martínez J, Marmisolle I, Tarallo D, Quijano C. Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Dynamics in Secretion Processes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:319. [PMID: 32528413 PMCID: PMC7256191 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretion is an energy consuming process that plays a relevant role in cell communication and adaptation to the environment. Among others, endocrine cells producing hormones, immune cells producing cytokines or antibodies, neurons releasing neurotransmitters at synapsis, and more recently acknowledged, senescent cells synthesizing and secreting multiple cytokines, growth factors and proteases, require energy to successfully accomplish the different stages of the secretion process. Calcium ions (Ca2+) act as second messengers regulating secretion in many of these cases. In this setting, mitochondria appear as key players providing ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, buffering Ca2+ concentrations and acting as structural platforms. These tasks also require the concerted actions of the mitochondrial dynamics machinery. These proteins mediate mitochondrial fusion and fission, and are also required for transport and tethering of mitochondria to cellular organelles where the different steps of the secretion process take place. Herein we present a brief overview of mitochondrial energy metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, and the different steps of the secretion processes, along with evidence of the interaction between these pathways. We also analyze the role of mitochondria in secretion by different cell types in physiological and pathological settings.
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62
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Berenguer-Escuder C, Grossmann D, Massart F, Antony P, Burbulla LF, Glaab E, Imhoff S, Trinh J, Seibler P, Grünewald A, Krüger R. Variants in Miro1 Cause Alterations of ER-Mitochondria Contact Sites in Fibroblasts from Parkinson's Disease Patients. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8122226. [PMID: 31888276 PMCID: PMC6947516 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8122226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although most cases of Parkinson´s disease (PD) are idiopathic with unknown cause, an increasing number of genes and genetic risk factors have been discovered that play a role in PD pathogenesis. Many of the PD-associated proteins are involved in mitochondrial quality control, e.g., PINK1, Parkin, and LRRK2, which were recently identified as regulators of mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites (MERCs) linking mitochondrial homeostasis to intracellular calcium handling. In this context, Miro1 is increasingly recognized to play a role in PD pathology. Recently, we identified the first PD patients carrying mutations in RHOT1, the gene coding for Miro1. Here, we describe two novel RHOT1 mutations identified in two PD patients and the characterization of the cellular phenotypes. Methods: Using whole exome sequencing we identified two PD patients carrying heterozygous mutations leading to the amino acid exchanges T351A and T610A in Miro1. We analyzed calcium homeostasis and MERCs in detail by live cell imaging and immunocytochemistry in patient-derived fibroblasts. Results: We show that fibroblasts expressing mutant T351A or T610A Miro1 display impaired calcium homeostasis and a reduced amount of MERCs. All fibroblast lines from patients with pathogenic variants in Miro1, revealed alterations of the structure of MERCs. Conclusion: Our data suggest that Miro1 is important for the regulation of the structure and function of MERCs. Moreover, our study supports the role of MERCs in the pathogenesis of PD and further establishes variants in RHOT1 as rare genetic risk factors for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Berenguer-Escuder
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (D.G.); (F.M.); (P.A.); (E.G.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (C.B.E.); (R.K.); Tel.: +352-46-66-44-5401 (R.K.)
| | - Dajana Grossmann
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (D.G.); (F.M.); (P.A.); (E.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Franҫois Massart
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (D.G.); (F.M.); (P.A.); (E.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Paul Antony
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (D.G.); (F.M.); (P.A.); (E.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Lena F. Burbulla
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (D.G.); (F.M.); (P.A.); (E.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Sophie Imhoff
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (S.I.); (J.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Joanne Trinh
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (S.I.); (J.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (S.I.); (J.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (D.G.); (F.M.); (P.A.); (E.G.); (A.G.)
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; (S.I.); (J.T.); (P.S.)
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg; (D.G.); (F.M.); (P.A.); (E.G.); (A.G.)
- Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 1445 Strassen, Luxembourg
- Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), 1460 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Correspondence: (C.B.E.); (R.K.); Tel.: +352-46-66-44-5401 (R.K.)
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63
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Cardanho-Ramos C, Faria-Pereira A, Morais VA. Orchestrating mitochondria in neurons: Cytoskeleton as the conductor. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 77:65-75. [PMID: 31782907 PMCID: PMC7187307 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are crucial to support synaptic activity, particularly through ATP production and Ca2+ homeostasis. This implies that mitochondria need to be well distributed throughout the different neuronal sub-compartments. To achieve this, a tight and precise regulation of several neuronal cytoskeleton players is necessary to transport and dock mitochondria. As post-mitotic cells, neurons are highly dependent on mitochondrial quality control mechanisms and several cytoskeleton proteins have been implicated in mitophagy. Therefore, all of these processes are orchestrated by the crosstalk between mitochondria and the neuronal cytoskeleton to form a coordinated and tuned symphony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cardanho-Ramos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Faria-Pereira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Alexandra Morais
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular - João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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64
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Grossmann D, Berenguer-Escuder C, Bellet ME, Scheibner D, Bohler J, Massart F, Rapaport D, Skupin A, Fouquier d'Hérouël A, Sharma M, Ghelfi J, Raković A, Lichtner P, Antony P, Glaab E, May P, Dimmer KS, Fitzgerald JC, Grünewald A, Krüger R. Mutations in RHOT1 Disrupt Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Contact Sites Interfering with Calcium Homeostasis and Mitochondrial Dynamics in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1213-1234. [PMID: 31303019 PMCID: PMC6798875 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aims: The outer mitochondrial membrane protein Miro1 is a crucial player in mitochondrial dynamics and calcium homeostasis. Recent evidence indicated that Miro1 mediates calcium-induced mitochondrial shape transition, which is a prerequisite for the initiation of mitophagy. Moreover, altered Miro1 protein levels have emerged as a shared feature of monogenic and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), but, so far, no disease-associated variants in RHOT1 have been identified. Here, we aim to explore the genetic and functional contribution of RHOT1 mutations to PD in patient-derived cellular models. Results: For the first time, we describe heterozygous RHOT1 mutations in two PD patients (het c.815G>A; het c.1348C>T) and identified mitochondrial phenotypes with reduced mitochondrial mass in patient fibroblasts. Both mutations led to decreased endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial contact sites and calcium dyshomeostasis. As a consequence, energy metabolism was impaired, which in turn caused increased mitophagy. Innovation and Conclusion: Our study provides functional evidence that ROTH1 is a genetic risk factor for PD, further implicating Miro1 in calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Grossmann
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Clara Berenguer-Escuder
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marie Estelle Bellet
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - David Scheibner
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jill Bohler
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Francois Massart
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Doron Rapaport
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Skupin
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,National Biomedical Computation Resource, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Aymeric Fouquier d'Hérouël
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jenny Ghelfi
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | | | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Paul Antony
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Patrick May
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Kai Stefan Dimmer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia Catherine Fitzgerald
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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65
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Miro clusters regulate ER-mitochondria contact sites and link cristae organization to the mitochondrial transport machinery. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4399. [PMID: 31562315 PMCID: PMC6764964 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Rho (Miro) GTPases localize to the outer mitochondrial membrane and are essential machinery for the regulated trafficking of mitochondria to defined subcellular locations. However, their sub-mitochondrial localization and relationship with other critical mitochondrial complexes remains poorly understood. Here, using super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, we report that Miro proteins form nanometer-sized clusters along the mitochondrial outer membrane in association with the Mitochondrial Contact Site and Cristae Organizing System (MICOS). Using knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts we show that Miro1 and Miro2 are required for normal mitochondrial cristae architecture and Endoplasmic Reticulum-Mitochondria Contacts Sites (ERMCS). Further, we show that Miro couples MICOS to TRAK motor protein adaptors to ensure the concerted transport of the two mitochondrial membranes and the correct distribution of cristae on the mitochondrial membrane. The Miro nanoscale organization, association with MICOS complex and regulation of ERMCS reveal new levels of control of the Miro GTPases on mitochondrial functionality. Mitochondrial cristae organization and ER-mitochondria contact sites are critical structures for cellular function. Here, the authors use super-resolution microscopy to show that Miro GTPases form clusters required for normal ER-mitochondria contact sites formation and to link cristae organization to the mitochondrial transport machinery.
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66
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Gallagher MJ. Mom Controls the Thermostat: Mitochondria Influence the Neuronal Firing Set Point. Epilepsy Curr 2019; 19:336-338. [PMID: 31448631 PMCID: PMC6864575 DOI: 10.1177/1535759719868181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial Regulation of the Hippocampal Firing Rate Set Point and Seizure Susceptibility Styr B, Gonen N, Zarhin D, Ruggiero A, Atsmon R, Gazit N, Braun G, Frere S, Vertkin I, Shapira I, Harel M, Heim LR, Katsenelson M, Rechnitz O, Fadila S, Derdikman D, Rubinstein M, Geiger T, Ruppin E, Slutsky I. Neuron. 2019. pii: S0896-6273(19)30334-4. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.045. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 31047779. Maintaining average activity within a set-point range constitutes a fundamental property of central neural circuits. However, whether and how activity set points are regulated remains unknown. Integrating genome-scale metabolic modeling and experimental study of neuronal homeostasis, we identified mitochondrial dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) as a regulator of activity set points in hippocampal networks. The DHODH inhibitor teriflunomide stably suppressed mean firing rates via synaptic and intrinsic excitability mechanisms by modulating mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering and spare respiratory capacity. Bidirectional activity perturbations under DHODH blockade triggered firing rate compensation, while stabilizing firing to the lower level, indicating a change in the firing rate set point. In vivo, teriflunomide decreased CA3–CA1 synaptic transmission and CA1 mean firing rate and attenuated susceptibility to seizures, even in the intractable Dravet syndrome epilepsy model. Our results uncover mitochondria as a key regulator of activity set points, demonstrate the differential regulation of set points and compensatory mechanisms, and propose a new strategy to treat epilepsy.
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67
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Devine MJ, Kittler JT. Mitochondria at the neuronal presynapse in health and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2019; 19:63-80. [PMID: 29348666 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2017.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Synapses enable neurons to communicate with each other and are therefore a prerequisite for normal brain function. Presynaptically, this communication requires energy and generates large fluctuations in calcium concentrations. Mitochondria are optimized for supplying energy and buffering calcium, and they are actively recruited to presynapses. However, not all presynapses contain mitochondria; thus, how might synapses with and without mitochondria differ? Mitochondria are also increasingly recognized to serve additional functions at the presynapse. Here, we discuss the importance of presynaptic mitochondria in maintaining neuronal homeostasis and how dysfunctional presynaptic mitochondria might contribute to the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Devine
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Josef T Kittler
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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68
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Clarke JR, Ribeiro FC, Frozza RL, De Felice FG, Lourenco MV. Metabolic Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: From Basic Neurobiology to Clinical Approaches. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:S405-S426. [PMID: 29562518 DOI: 10.3233/jad-179911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials have extensively failed to find effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) so far. Even after decades of AD research, there are still limited options for treating dementia. Mounting evidence has indicated that AD patients develop central and peripheral metabolic dysfunction, and the underpinnings of such events have recently begun to emerge. Basic and preclinical studies have unveiled key pathophysiological mechanisms that include aberrant brain stress signaling, inflammation, and impaired insulin sensitivity. These findings are in accordance with clinical and neuropathological data suggesting that AD patients undergo central and peripheral metabolic deregulation. Here, we review recent basic and clinical findings indicating that metabolic defects are central to AD pathophysiology. We further propose a view for future therapeutics that incorporates metabolic defects as a core feature of AD pathogenesis. This approach could improve disease understanding and therapy development through drug repurposing and/or identification of novel metabolic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Clarke
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe C Ribeiro
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rudimar L Frozza
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G De Felice
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Mychael V Lourenco
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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69
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Styr B, Gonen N, Zarhin D, Ruggiero A, Atsmon R, Gazit N, Braun G, Frere S, Vertkin I, Shapira I, Harel M, Heim LR, Katsenelson M, Rechnitz O, Fadila S, Derdikman D, Rubinstein M, Geiger T, Ruppin E, Slutsky I. Mitochondrial Regulation of the Hippocampal Firing Rate Set Point and Seizure Susceptibility. Neuron 2019; 102:1009-1024.e8. [PMID: 31047779 PMCID: PMC6559804 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining average activity within a set-point range constitutes a fundamental property of central neural circuits. However, whether and how activity set points are regulated remains unknown. Integrating genome-scale metabolic modeling and experimental study of neuronal homeostasis, we identified mitochondrial dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) as a regulator of activity set points in hippocampal networks. The DHODH inhibitor teriflunomide stably suppressed mean firing rates via synaptic and intrinsic excitability mechanisms by modulating mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering and spare respiratory capacity. Bi-directional activity perturbations under DHODH blockade triggered firing rate compensation, while stabilizing firing to the lower level, indicating a change in the firing rate set point. In vivo, teriflunomide decreased CA3-CA1 synaptic transmission and CA1 mean firing rate and attenuated susceptibility to seizures, even in the intractable Dravet syndrome epilepsy model. Our results uncover mitochondria as a key regulator of activity set points, demonstrate the differential regulation of set points and compensatory mechanisms, and propose a new strategy to treat epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Styr
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nir Gonen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Zarhin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Antonella Ruggiero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Refaela Atsmon
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Neta Gazit
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gabriella Braun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Samuel Frere
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Irena Vertkin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilana Shapira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Harel
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Leore R Heim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maxim Katsenelson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ohad Rechnitz
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 31096 Haifa, Israel
| | - Saja Fadila
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; The Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dori Derdikman
- Department of Neuroscience, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 31096 Haifa, Israel
| | - Moran Rubinstein
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; The Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tamar Geiger
- Department of Human Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Lab (CDSL), National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Inna Slutsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel.
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70
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Griesche N, Sanchez G, Hermans C, Idevall-Hagren O. Cortical mitochondria regulate insulin secretion by local Ca 2+ buffering in rodent beta cells. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.228544. [PMID: 30926624 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role in regulating insulin secretion from beta cells by providing the ATP needed for the membrane depolarization that results in voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx and subsequent insulin granule exocytosis. Ca2+, in turn, is also rapidly taken up by the mitochondria and exerts important feedback regulation of metabolism. The aim of this study was to determine whether the distribution of mitochondria within beta cells is important for the secretory capacity of these cells. We find that cortically localized mitochondria are abundant in rodent beta cells, and that these mitochondria redistribute towards the cell interior following depolarization. The redistribution requires Ca2+-induced remodeling of the cortical F-actin network. Using light-regulated motor proteins, we increased the cortical density of mitochondria twofold and found that this blunted the voltage-dependent increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and suppressed insulin secretion. The activity-dependent changes in mitochondria distribution are likely to be important for the generation of Ca2+ microdomains required for efficient insulin granule release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Griesche
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gonzalo Sanchez
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cedric Hermans
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olof Idevall-Hagren
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, BMC Box 571, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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71
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Princz A, Kounakis K, Tavernarakis N. Mitochondrial contributions to neuronal development and function. Biol Chem 2019; 399:723-739. [PMID: 29476663 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical to tissues and organs characterized by high-energy demands, such as the nervous system. They provide essential energy and metabolites, and maintain Ca2+ balance, which is imperative for proper neuronal function and development. Emerging findings further underline the role of mitochondria in neurons. Technical advances in the last decades made it possible to investigate key mechanisms in neuronal development and the contribution of mitochondria therein. In this article, we discuss the latest findings relevant to the involvement of mitochondria in neuronal development, placing emphasis on mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics. In addition, we survey the role of mitochondrial energy metabolism and Ca2+ homeostasis in proper neuronal function, and the involvement of mitochondria in axon myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Princz
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kounakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, N. Plastira 100, Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion 70013, Crete, Greece
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72
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Rossi MJ, Pekkurnaz G. Powerhouse of the mind: mitochondrial plasticity at the synapse. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 57:149-155. [PMID: 30875521 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurons are highly polarized cells with extraordinary energy demands, which are mainly fulfilled by mitochondria. In response to altered neuronal energy state, mitochondria adapt to enable energy homeostasis and nervous system function. This adaptation, also called mitochondrial plasticity, can be observed as alterations in the form, function and position. The primary site of energy consumption in neurons is localized at the synapse, where mitochondria are critical for both pre- and postsynaptic functions. In this review, we will discuss molecular mechanisms regulating mitochondrial plasticity at the synapse and how they contribute to information processing within neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan J Rossi
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Gulcin Pekkurnaz
- Neurobiology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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73
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Krols M, Asselbergh B, De Rycke R, De Winter V, Seyer A, Müller FJ, Kurth I, Bultynck G, Timmerman V, Janssens S. Sensory neuropathy-causing mutations in ATL3 affect ER-mitochondria contact sites and impair axonal mitochondrial distribution. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:615-627. [PMID: 30339187 PMCID: PMC6360276 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonopathies are neurodegenerative disorders caused by axonal degeneration, affecting predominantly the longest neurons. Several of these axonopathies are caused by genetic defects in proteins involved in the shaping and dynamics of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); however, it is unclear how these defects impinge on neuronal survival. Given its central and widespread position within a cell, the ER is a pivotal player in inter-organelle communication. Here, we demonstrate that defects in the ER fusion protein ATL3, which were identified in patients suffering from hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, result in an increased number of ER-mitochondria contact sites both in HeLa cells and in patient-derived fibroblasts. This increased contact is reflected in higher phospholipid metabolism, upregulated autophagy and augmented Ca2+ crosstalk between both organelles. Moreover, the mitochondria in these cells display lowered motility, and the number of axonal mitochondria in neurons expressing disease-causing mutations in ATL3 is strongly decreased. These results underscore the functional interdependence of subcellular organelles in health and disease and show that disorders caused by ER-shaping defects are more complex than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Krols
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bob Asselbergh
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- VIB BioImaging Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vicky De Winter
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Seyer
- Profilomic SA, Boulogne-Billancourt, and MedDay Pharmaceuticals, Paris, France
| | - Franz-Josef Müller
- Zentrum für Integrative Psychiatrie, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Geert Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute Born Bunge, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sophie Janssens
- Laboratory of ER Stress and Inflammation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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74
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Lewis TL, Kwon SK, Lee A, Shaw R, Polleux F. MFF-dependent mitochondrial fission regulates presynaptic release and axon branching by limiting axonal mitochondria size. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5008. [PMID: 30479337 PMCID: PMC6258764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons display extreme degrees of polarization, including compartment-specific organelle morphology. In cortical, long-range projecting, pyramidal neurons (PNs), dendritic mitochondria are long and tubular whereas axonal mitochondria display uniformly short length. Here we explored the functional significance of maintaining small mitochondria for axonal development in vitro and in vivo. We report that the Drp1 'receptor' Mitochondrial fission factor (MFF) is required for determining the size of mitochondria entering the axon and then for maintenance of their size along the distal portions of the axon without affecting their trafficking properties, presynaptic capture, membrane potential or ability to generate ATP. Strikingly, this increase in presynaptic mitochondrial size upon MFF downregulation augments their capacity for Ca2+ ([Ca2+]m) uptake during neurotransmission, leading to reduced presynaptic [Ca2+]c accumulation, decreased presynaptic release and terminal axon branching. Our results uncover a novel mechanism controlling neurotransmitter release and axon branching through fission-dependent regulation of presynaptic mitochondrial size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy L Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Aging & Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Seok-Kyu Kwon
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Annie Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Reuben Shaw
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Kavli Institute for Brain Science at Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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75
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Eisner V, Picard M, Hajnóczky G. Mitochondrial dynamics in adaptive and maladaptive cellular stress responses. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:755-765. [PMID: 29950571 PMCID: PMC6716149 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria sense and respond to many stressors and can support either cell survival or death through energy production and signaling pathways. Mitochondrial responses depend on fusion-fission dynamics that dilute and segregate damaged mitochondria. Mitochondrial motility and inter-organellar interactions, including with the endoplasmic reticulum, also function in cellular adaptation to stress. In this Review, we discuss how stressors influence these components, and how they contribute to the complex adaptive and pathological responses that lead to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Eisner
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martin Picard
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, The Merritt Center, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - György Hajnóczky
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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76
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Lee A, Hirabayashi Y, Kwon SK, Lewis TL, Polleux F. Emerging roles of mitochondria in synaptic transmission and neurodegeneration. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 3:82-93. [PMID: 30320242 PMCID: PMC6178220 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play numerous critical physiological functions in neurons including ATP production, Ca2+ regulation, lipid synthesis, ROS signaling, and the ability to trigger apoptosis. Recently developed technologies, including in vivo 2-photon imaging in awake behaving mice revealed that unlike in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), mitochondrial transport decreases strikingly along the axons of adult neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, the improvements of genetically-encoded biosensors have enabled precise monitoring of the spatial and temporal impact of mitochondria on Ca2+, ATP and ROS homeostasis in a compartment-specific manner. Here, we discuss recent findings that begin to unravel novel physiological and pathophysiological properties of neuronal mitochondria at synapses. We also suggest new directions in the exploration of mitochondrial function in synaptic transmission, plasticity and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute
| | - Yusuke Hirabayashi
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute
| | - Seok-Kyu Kwon
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute
| | - Tommy L. Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute
| | - Franck Polleux
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute
- Kavli Institute for Brain Science at Columbia University
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An Essential Role for the Tetraspanin LHFPL4 in the Cell-Type-Specific Targeting and Clustering of Synaptic GABA A Receptors. Cell Rep 2018; 21:70-83. [PMID: 28978485 PMCID: PMC5640807 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory synaptic transmission requires the targeting and stabilization of GABAA receptors (GABAARs) at synapses. The mechanisms responsible remain poorly understood, and roles for transmembrane accessory proteins have not been established. Using molecular, imaging, and electrophysiological approaches, we identify the tetraspanin LHFPL4 as a critical regulator of postsynaptic GABAAR clustering in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. LHFPL4 interacts tightly with GABAAR subunits and is selectively enriched at inhibitory synapses. In LHFPL4 knockout mice, there is a dramatic cell-type-specific reduction in GABAAR and gephyrin clusters and an accumulation of large intracellular gephyrin aggregates in vivo. While GABAARs are still trafficked to the neuronal surface in pyramidal neurons, they are no longer localized at synapses, resulting in a profound loss of fast inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Hippocampal interneuron currents remain unaffected. Our results establish LHFPL4 as a synapse-specific tetraspanin essential for inhibitory synapse function and provide fresh insights into the molecular make-up of inhibitory synapses. LHFPL4 is a tetraspanin enriched at inhibitory synapses that complexes with GABAARs LHFPL4 is important for GABAAR clustering both in vitro and in vivo LHFPL4 is required for the surface clustering but not the trafficking of GABAARs GABAergic synaptic inputs on CA1 pyramidal neurons, but not interneurons, require LHFPL4
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78
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López-Doménech G, Covill-Cooke C, Ivankovic D, Halff EF, Sheehan DF, Norkett R, Birsa N, Kittler JT. Miro proteins coordinate microtubule- and actin-dependent mitochondrial transport and distribution. EMBO J 2018; 37:321-336. [PMID: 29311115 PMCID: PMC5793800 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201696380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current model of mitochondrial trafficking, Miro1 and Miro2 Rho-GTPases regulate mitochondrial transport along microtubules by linking mitochondria to kinesin and dynein motors. By generating Miro1/2 double-knockout mouse embryos and single- and double-knockout embryonic fibroblasts, we demonstrate the essential and non-redundant roles of Miro proteins for embryonic development and subcellular mitochondrial distribution. Unexpectedly, the TRAK1 and TRAK2 motor protein adaptors can still localise to the outer mitochondrial membrane to drive anterograde mitochondrial motility in Miro1/2 double-knockout cells. In contrast, we show that TRAK2-mediated retrograde mitochondrial transport is Miro1-dependent. Interestingly, we find that Miro is critical for recruiting and stabilising the mitochondrial myosin Myo19 on the mitochondria for coupling mitochondria to the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, Miro depletion during PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy can also drive a loss of mitochondrial Myo19 upon mitochondrial damage. Finally, aberrant positioning of mitochondria in Miro1/2 double-knockout cells leads to disruption of correct mitochondrial segregation during mitosis. Thus, Miro proteins can fine-tune actin- and tubulin-dependent mitochondrial motility and positioning, to regulate key cellular functions such as cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Covill-Cooke
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Davor Ivankovic
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Els F Halff
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David F Sheehan
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rosalind Norkett
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicol Birsa
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Josef T Kittler
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
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79
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Chen L, Liu C, Gao J, Xie Z, Chan LWC, Keating DJ, Yang Y, Sun J, Zhou F, Wei Y, Men X, Yang S. Inhibition of Miro1 disturbs mitophagy and pancreatic β-cell function interfering insulin release via IRS-Akt-Foxo1 in diabetes. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90693-90705. [PMID: 29207597 PMCID: PMC5710878 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is essential to meet metabolic demand of pancreatic beta cells respond to high nutrient stress. Mitophagy is an essential component to normal pancreatic β-cell function and has been associated with β-cell failure in Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Our previous studies have indicated that mitochondrial Rho (Miro) GTPase-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction under high nutrient stress leads to NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3)-dependent proinflammatory responses and subsequent insulin resistance. However, the in vivo mechanism by which Miro1 underlies mitophagy has not been identified. Here we show firstly that the expression of Miro is reduced in human T2D and mouse db/db islets and in INS-1 cell line exposed to high glucose and palmitate. β-cell specific ablation of Miro1 (Miro1f/f: Rip-cre mice, or (IKO) under high nutrient stress promotes the development of hyperglycemia. β-cells from IKO mice display an inhibition of mitophagy under oxidative stress and induces mitochondrial dysfunction. Dysfunctional mitophagy in IKO mice is represented by damaged islet beta cell mitochondrial and secretory capacity, unbalanced downstream MKK-JNK signalling without affecting the levels of MEK, ERK or p38 activation and subsequently, impaired insulin secretion signaling via inhibition IRS-AKT-Foxo1 pathway, leading to worsening glucose tolerance in these mice. Thus, these data suggest that Miro1 may be responsible for mitophagy deficiency and β-cell dysfunction in T2D and that strategies target Miro1 in vivo may provide a therapeutic target to enhance β-cell mitochondrial quality and insulin secretion to ameliorate complications associated with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Chen
- ABSL-3 Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment and Institute of Animal Model for Human Disease, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, P. R. China.,Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- ABSL-3 Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment and Institute of Animal Model for Human Disease, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Gao
- ABSL-3 Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment and Institute of Animal Model for Human Disease, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwen Xie
- School of Bioscience and Technology , Weifang Medical University, Weifang Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Lawrence W C Chan
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Damien J Keating
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yibin Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jiazhong Sun
- Department of Respiratory, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Radiation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yongchang Wei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Men
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, P.R. China
| | - Sijun Yang
- ABSL-3 Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment and Institute of Animal Model for Human Disease, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, P. R. China
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80
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Covill-Cooke C, Howden JH, Birsa N, Kittler JT. Ubiquitination at the mitochondria in neuronal health and disease. Neurochem Int 2017; 117:55-64. [PMID: 28711655 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The preservation of mitochondrial function is of particular importance in neurons given the high energy requirements of action potential propagation and synaptic transmission. Indeed, disruptions in mitochondrial dynamics and quality control are linked to cellular pathology in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Here, we will discuss the role of ubiquitination by the E3 ligases: Parkin, MARCH5 and Mul1, and how they regulate mitochondrial homeostasis. Furthermore, given the role of Parkin and Mul1 in the formation of mitochondria-derived vesicles we give an overview of this area of mitochondrial homeostasis. We highlight how through the activity of these enzymes and MDV formation, multiple facets of mitochondrial biology can be regulated, ensuring the functionality of the mitochondrial network thus preserving neuronal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Covill-Cooke
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jack H Howden
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nicol Birsa
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Josef T Kittler
- Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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81
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Vaccaro V, Devine MJ, Higgs NF, Kittler JT. Miro1-dependent mitochondrial positioning drives the rescaling of presynaptic Ca2+ signals during homeostatic plasticity. EMBO Rep 2016; 18:231-240. [PMID: 28039205 PMCID: PMC5286383 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201642710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial trafficking is influenced by neuronal activity, but it remains unclear how mitochondrial positioning influences neuronal transmission and plasticity. Here, we use live cell imaging with the genetically encoded presynaptically targeted Ca2+ indicator, SyGCaMP5, to address whether presynaptic Ca2+ responses are altered by mitochondria in synaptic terminals. We find that presynaptic Ca2+ signals, as well as neurotransmitter release, are significantly decreased in terminals containing mitochondria. Moreover, the localisation of mitochondria at presynaptic sites can be altered during long‐term activity changes, dependent on the Ca2+‐sensing function of the mitochondrial trafficking protein, Miro1. In addition, we find that Miro1‐mediated activity‐dependent synaptic repositioning of mitochondria allows neurons to homeostatically alter the strength of presynaptic Ca2+ signals in response to prolonged changes in neuronal activity. Our results support a model in which mitochondria are recruited to presynaptic terminals during periods of raised neuronal activity and are involved in rescaling synaptic signals during homeostatic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Vaccaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael J Devine
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalie F Higgs
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Josef T Kittler
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
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