51
|
Abdallah MC, Kamel M, Karima B, Samir A, Djamel K, Rachid K, Khatima AO. Cross-Sectional Survey on Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Cattle, Sheep, and Goats in Algeria: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6030063. [PMID: 31295942 PMCID: PMC6789635 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the seroprevalence and identifying the risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in cattle, sheep, and goats in eight provinces located in two main Algerian agro-ecological zones was carried out from October 2015 to March 2018. Blood sera from 4074 animals of both sexes were tested for the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies, using the indirect, enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay technique (ELISA). Moreover, to identify the potential risk factors of T. gondii infection, a survey through a breeders' questionnaires was conducted. Nearly one-fourth of the total number of animals tested (1024/4074)-i.e., 25.1%--were seropositive. The seroprevalence in cattle, sheep, and goats was 28.7%, 25.6%, and 11.9%, respectively. The area, sex, age, and herd size were identified as risk factors for T. gondii infection. Higher seropositivity rates were recorded in cows and goats (odds ratio (OR) = 1.63 and 6.4), in old animals (cattle, OR = 2.1; sheep, OR = 1.9; and goat, OR = 3.9), and in small size herds (cattle, OR = 2.5; sheep, OR = 1.9; goat, OR = 2.2). In conclusion, there is widespread T. gondii infection in cattle, sheep, and goats in these two strategic agricultural areas. The identification of the risk factors determines the type of measures and strategies to be undertaken to reduce, control, and prevent T. gondii infection in domestic animals, and thereby reduce human infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Cherif Abdallah
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Miroud Kamel
- Laboratoire Epidémio-surveillance, santé, productions et reproduction, expérimentation et thérapie cellulaire des animaux domestiques et sauvages (ESSPRETCADS), Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université Chadli Bendjedid El-Tarf, ElTarf 36000, Algeria
| | - Benfodil Karima
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Ansel Samir
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Khelef Djamel
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Kaidi Rachid
- Laboratoire Biotechnologie et Reproduction Animale (LBRA), Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires Blida, Ouled Yaïch, Algeria
| | - Ait-Oudhia Khatima
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Abdallah MC, Kamel M, Karima B, Samir A, Djamel K, Rachid K, Khatima AO. Cross-Sectional Survey on Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Cattle, Sheep, and Goats in Algeria: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors. Vet Sci 2019. [PMID: 31295942 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6030063.pmid:31295942;pmcid:pmc6789635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study aimed at assessing the seroprevalence and identifying the risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in cattle, sheep, and goats in eight provinces located in two main Algerian agro-ecological zones was carried out from October 2015 to March 2018. Blood sera from 4074 animals of both sexes were tested for the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies, using the indirect, enzyme-linked, immunosorbent assay technique (ELISA). Moreover, to identify the potential risk factors of T. gondii infection, a survey through a breeders' questionnaires was conducted. Nearly one-fourth of the total number of animals tested (1024/4074)-i.e., 25.1%--were seropositive. The seroprevalence in cattle, sheep, and goats was 28.7%, 25.6%, and 11.9%, respectively. The area, sex, age, and herd size were identified as risk factors for T. gondii infection. Higher seropositivity rates were recorded in cows and goats (odds ratio (OR) = 1.63 and 6.4), in old animals (cattle, OR = 2.1; sheep, OR = 1.9; and goat, OR = 3.9), and in small size herds (cattle, OR = 2.5; sheep, OR = 1.9; goat, OR = 2.2). In conclusion, there is widespread T. gondii infection in cattle, sheep, and goats in these two strategic agricultural areas. The identification of the risk factors determines the type of measures and strategies to be undertaken to reduce, control, and prevent T. gondii infection in domestic animals, and thereby reduce human infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Cherif Abdallah
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Miroud Kamel
- Laboratoire Epidémio-surveillance, santé, productions et reproduction, expérimentation et thérapie cellulaire des animaux domestiques et sauvages (ESSPRETCADS), Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université Chadli Bendjedid El-Tarf, ElTarf 36000, Algeria
| | - Benfodil Karima
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Ansel Samir
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Khelef Djamel
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Kaidi Rachid
- Laboratoire Biotechnologie et Reproduction Animale (LBRA), Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires Blida, Ouled Yaïch, Algeria
| | - Ait-Oudhia Khatima
- Laboratoire Hygiène Alimentaire et Système Assurance Qualité (Hasaq), Ecole Nationale Supérieure Vétérinaire d'Alger. Rue Issad. Oued Smar., Bab Ezzouar, Algeria.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Olsen A, Berg R, Tagel M, Must K, Deksne G, Enemark HL, Alban L, Johansen MV, Nielsen HV, Sandberg M, Lundén A, Stensvold CR, Pires SM, Jokelainen P. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic pigs, sheep, cattle, wild boars, and moose in the Nordic-Baltic region: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2019; 5:e00100. [PMID: 30906889 PMCID: PMC6411595 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii is an important foodborne zoonotic parasite. Meat of infected animals is presumed to constitute a major source of human infection and may be a driver of geographical variation in the prevalence of anti-T. gondii antibodies in humans, which is substantial in the Nordic-Baltic region in northern Europe. However, data on seroprevalence of T. gondii in different animal species used for human consumption are scattered. Methods We conducted a systematic review of seroprevalence studies and meta-analysis to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii in five animal species that are raised or hunted for human consumption in the Nordic-Baltic region: domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus), sheep (Ovis aries), cattle (Bos taurus), wild boars (Sus scrofa), and moose (Alces alces). We searched for studies that were conducted between January 1990 and June 2018, and reported in articles, theses, conference abstracts and proceedings, and manuscripts. Subgroup analyses were performed to identify variables influencing the seroprevalence. Findings From a total of 271 studies identified in the systematic review, 32 were included in the meta-analysis. These comprised of 13 studies on domestic pigs, six on sheep, three on cattle, six on wild boars, and four on moose. The estimated pooled seroprevalence of T. gondii was 6% in domestic pigs (CI95%: 3–10%), 23% in sheep (CI95%: 12–36%), 7% in cattle (CI95%: 1–21%), 33% in wild boars (CI95%: 26–41%), and 16% in moose (CI95%: 10–23%). High heterogeneity was observed in the seroprevalence data within each species. In all host species except wild boars, the pooled seroprevalence estimates were significantly higher in animals >1 year of age than in younger animals. Not all studies provided information on animal age, sensitivity and specificity of the serological method employed, and the cut-off values used for defining an animal seropositive. Conclusions A substantial proportion of animals raised or hunted for human consumption in the region had tested positive for T. gondii. This indicates widespread exposure to T. gondii among animals raised or hunted for human consumption in the region. Large variations were observed in the seroprevalence estimates between the studies in the region; however, studies were too few to identify spatial patterns at country-level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abbey Olsen
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Department of Food Safety, Veterinary Issues & Risk Analysis, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Axelborg, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Berg
- Section for Organismal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Maarja Tagel
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kärt Must
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gunita Deksne
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes Str. 3, LV-1076 Riga, Latvia.,Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Str. 1, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Heidi Larsen Enemark
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Department of Animal Health and Food Safety, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, NO-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lis Alban
- Department of Food Safety, Veterinary Issues & Risk Analysis, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Axelborg, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Vang Johansen
- Section for Parasitology and Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 100, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Vedel Nielsen
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Marianne Sandberg
- Department of Food Safety, Veterinary Issues & Risk Analysis, Danish Agriculture & Food Council, Axelborg, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Lundén
- National Veterinary Institute, Department of Microbiology, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christen Rune Stensvold
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Sara M Pires
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pikka Jokelainen
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Bacteria, Parasites & Fungi, Infectious Disease Preparedness, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.,Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, 51006 Tartu, Estonia.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Passos ADC, Bollela VR, Furtado JMF, Lucena MMD, Bellissimo-Rodrigues F, Paula JS, Melo LVL, Rodrigues MDLV. Prevalence and risk factors of toxoplasmosis among adults in a small Brazilian city. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018; 51:781-787. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0214-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
55
|
Fatima T, Mehnaz S, Wang M, Yang J, Sajid MS, Shen B, Zhao J. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) of Thal and Cholistan deserts, Punjab, Pakistan. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:307-316. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
56
|
Azadi Y, Ahmadpour E, Hamishehkar H, Daryani A, Spotin A, Mahami-Oskouei M, Barac A, Rajabi S, Alizadeh P, Montazeri M. Quantification of Toxoplasma gondii in the tissues of BALB/c mice after immunization with nanoliposomal excretory-secretory antigens using Real-Time PCR. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 59:52-56. [PMID: 30290888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Although almost 1/3 of the world's population are seropositive, there is no effective vaccine against toxoplasmosis. Therefore, the development of an effective vaccine for control of toxoplasmosis is one of major concerns in parasitology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of nano-liposomal excretory-secretory antigens (NLESA) in BALB/c mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Excretory-secretory antigens (ESA) was obtained from tachyzoites, encapsulated in the liposome and studied by scanning electron microscope. BALB/c mice were immunized with NLESA and ESA, sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Immunization was performed three times at 14-day intervals and challenged with 1 × 104 tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain four weeks later. The parasite load of mice blood, brain and spleen tissues were determined using quantitative PCR targeted at the repeated element (RE) gene. RESULTS The immunization with NLESA and ESA induced a significant increase of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody compared with PBS group (P < 0.05). After challenge with tachyzoites, qPCR analyses showed significant reduction of parasite load in NLESA and ESA immunized mice compared with control group (P < 0.05). Also, NLESAs were more effective than ESAs and showed significantly reduced parasite load in blood (P = 0.001) and brain tissue (P = 0.01). DISCUSSION The vaccination with NLESA showed more promising results comparing to ESA. Further studies are recommended in order to achieve effectiveness of the vaccine against T. gondii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaghob Azadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Aleksandra Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and tropical diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saba Rajabi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Paria Alizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahbobeh Montazeri
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Pagmadulam B, Myagmarsuren P, Fereig RM, Igarashi M, Yokoyama N, Battsetseg B, Nishikawa Y. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infections in cattle in Mongolia. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 14:11-17. [PMID: 31014714 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are protozoan parasites that cause huge economic losses in animal industries worldwide. N. caninum can cause abortion storms and high culling rates in cattle, whereas T. gondii infection is a significant concern in both human and animals because it can induce abortion and clinical symptoms in immunocompromised hosts. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii and N. caninum in cattle in Mongolia. Specific antibodies to T. gondii and N. caninum were detected by using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) based on recombinant antigens of dense granule protein 7 of Toxoplasma gondii and surface antigen 1 of Neospora caninum, respectively. A total of 1438 cattle sera from 20 of 21 provinces of Mongolia and the capital city of Ulaanbaatar were tested. Overall, 18.7% and 26.2% of cattle were positive for specific antibodies to T. gondii and N. caninum, respectively. Prevalence rates were higher (T. gondii infection: P < .0001, N. caninum infection: P = .002) in the central region of Mongolia (T. gondii infection: 27.1%, N. caninum infection: 30.8%) compared with western region, suggesting that prevalence rates might be influenced by geographical condition, particularly warmer temperatures around this area in Mongolia. The lowest prevalence rates were observed in the western region of Mongolia (T. gondii: 9%, N. caninum: 20.8%). In addition, the seroprevalence of N. caninum in female animals (27.5%) was significantly higher than that in male animals (20.4%) (P = .018), suggesting an important risk factor of abortion and stillbirth in cattle. The present results showed that T. gondii and N. caninum infections might be a risk for public health and economy of the livestock industry in Mongolia. In conclusion, this study demonstrates high seroprevalences of T. gondii and N. caninum in Mongolia and provides valuable new data for development of control measures against these infections in Mongolia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baldorj Pagmadulam
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Punsantsogvoo Myagmarsuren
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Ragab M Fereig
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Makoto Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Badgar Battsetseg
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Mongolian University of Life Sciences, Zaisan 17024, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among Domestic Ruminants in East Hararghe Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2018; 2018:4263470. [PMID: 29887984 PMCID: PMC5985087 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4263470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out from July 2011 to September 2013 to assess the seroprevalence and identify risk factors of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic ruminants of East Hararghe zone of Oromia region, Ethiopia. Sera of 1360 domestic ruminants were analyzed for the presence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies using the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Additionally, the owners were also interviewed using a structured questionnaire to identify the potential risk factors of T. gondii infection. Overall, the prevalence of T. gondii infection in domestic ruminants was 22.2% (302/1360). The seroprevalence in sheep, goats, cattle, and camels was 33.7%, 27.6%, 10.7%, and 14.4%, respectively. District, species, sex, age, and water source were identified as risk factors for T. gondii infection. Increased seropositivity was observed in females (OR = 2.63) and also with the use of pond (OR = 4.25) and pipe (OR = 9.57) water sources in sheep; age >1 year old (OR = 3.45) and with drinking from pond (OR = 6.03) and pipe (OR = 11.61) water sources in goats; with the use of pond (OR = 5.60) and pipe (OR = 10.68) water sources in cattle; and in >4-year-old camels (OR = 2.49). In conclusion, T. gondii infection is common and widespread among the domestic ruminants of the study area, indicating the potential transmission to humans from these animals when they are used as a source of food. Hence, it is crucial to raise awareness of the people about T. gondii infection and conduct further study to explore the impact of the disease on food animal production.
Collapse
|
59
|
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women and livestock in the mainland of China: a systematic review and hierarchical meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6218. [PMID: 29670127 PMCID: PMC5906581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women may result in abortion, stillbirth, or lifelong disabilities of the unborn child. One of the main transmission routes to humans is consumption of raw or undercooked meat containing T. gondii tissue cysts. We aim to determine and compare the regional distribution of T. gondii seroprevalence in pregnant women and meat-producing livestock in China through a systematic literature review. A total of 272 eligible publications were identified from Medline, Scopus, Embase and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. Apparent and true seroprevalence were analysed by region using a novel Bayesian hierarchical model that allowed incorporating sensitivity and specificity of the applied serological assays. The true seroprevalence of T. gondii in pregnant women was 5.0% or less in seven regions of China. The median of the regional true seroprevalences in pigs (24%) was significantly higher than in cattle (9.5%), but it was not significantly higher than in chickens (20%) and small ruminants (20%). This study represents the first use of a Bayesian hierarchical model to obtain regional true seroprevalence. These results, in combination with meat consumption data, can be used to better understand the contribution of meat-producing animals to human T. gondii infection in China.
Collapse
|
60
|
Marciano MAM, Andrade Junior HFD, Meireles LR. Avaliação da técnica de ELISA para pesquisa de IgG anti-Toxoplasma gondii em exsudatos de carnes de sol. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1981-6723.00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resumo Toxoplasmose é uma importante zoonose de veiculação hídrica e alimentar, cujo agente é o Toxoplasma gondii. A toxoplasmose acomete seres humanos e animais de produção. É uma zoonose cosmopolita e sua prevalência está relacionada ao consumo de carne crua ou mal cozida, sendo este hábito considerado um dos principais fatores de risco. O controle do potencial de transmissão da toxoplasmose pela carne é relevante, principalmente em produtos artesanais, como as carnes de sol, que são processadas artesanalmente e podem ser consumidas cruas ou mal passadas. Neste estudo, propomos a avaliação da presença de imunoglobulinas da classe IgG anti-T. gondii pela técnica de imunoensaio ELISA, padronizando uma diluição do exsudato cárneo obtido pelo descongelamento das carnes de sol produzidas a partir de músculos de animais experimentais e também de carnes de sol comercializadas em “Casas do Norte”. Nossos resultados demonstram que o potencial do exsudato cárneo como um material biológico é limitado em carnes processadas, possibilitando o ensaio somente das amostras que obtiveram uma absorbância em densidade óptica (DO) igual ou superior a 0,116, faixa que garante a presença de sangue suficiente para o ensaio da ELISA, permitindo aferir imunoglobulinas específicas anti-T. gondii. Dentre as 32 amostras de carne de sol obtidas de cortes de bovinos experimentais, somente nove (28%) apresentaram sangue suficiente para ser ensaiadas, mensuradas pela DO igual ou superior a 0,116, sendo sete positivas, obtidas de cortes de animais infectados, e duas negativas, confeccionadas com cortes de animais controle. Dentre as 42 amostras de exsudatos de carne de sol obtidas no varejo, somente seis (14,28%) apresentaram sangue suficiente para serem ensaiadas e somente uma apresentou imunoglobulinas anti-T. gondii, concordante com dados da literatura. Nossos resultados são promissores e demonstram a importância do desenvolvimento de pesquisa e novas abordagens no controle sanitário dos alimentos ofertados à população.
Collapse
|
61
|
Burrells A, Taroda A, Opsteegh M, Schares G, Benavides J, Dam-Deisz C, Bartley PM, Chianini F, Villena I, van der Giessen J, Innes EA, Katzer F. Detection and dissemination of Toxoplasma gondii in experimentally infected calves, a single test does not tell the whole story. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:45. [PMID: 29347971 PMCID: PMC5774111 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in bovine tissues is rare, beef might be an important source of human infection. The use of molecular techniques, such as magnetic capture qPCR (MC-qPCR), in combination with the gold standard method for isolating the parasite (mouse bioassay), may increase the sensitivity of T. gondii detection in infected cattle. The risk of transmission of the parasite to humans from undercooked/raw beef is not fully known and further knowledge about the predilection sites of T. gondii within cattle is needed. In the current study, six Holstein Friesian calves (Bos taurus) were experimentally infected with 106 T. gondii oocysts of the M4 strain and, following euthanasia (42 dpi), pooled tissues were tested for presence of the parasite by mouse bioassay and MC-qPCR. Results Toxoplasma gondii was detected by both MC-qPCR and mouse bioassay from distinct pools (100 g) of tissues comprising: liver, tongue, heart, diaphragm, semitendinosus (hindlimb), longissimus dorsi muscle (sirloin) and psoas major muscle (fillet). When a selection of individual tissues which had been used for mouse bioassay were examined by MC-qPCR, parasite DNA could only be detected from two animals, despite all calves showing seroconversion after infection. Conclusions It is apparent that one individual test will not provide an answer as to whether a calf harbours T. gondii tissue cysts. Although the calves received a known number of infectious oocysts and highly sensitive methods for the detection of the parasite within bovine tissues were applied (mouse bioassay and MC-qPCR), the results confirm previous studies which report low presence of viable T. gondii in cattle and no clear predilection site within bovine tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Burrells
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland
| | - Alessandra Taroda
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland.,Protozoology Laboratory, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Marieke Opsteegh
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gereon Schares
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Tiergesundheit, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, - Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Cecile Dam-Deisz
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul M Bartley
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland
| | - Francesca Chianini
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland
| | - Isabella Villena
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence de la Toxoplasmose, Centre de Ressources Biologiques Toxoplasma, Cédex, Reims, France
| | - Joke van der Giessen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth A Innes
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland
| | - Frank Katzer
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Scotland.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Aly I, Taher EE, EL nain G, EL Sayed H, Mohammed FA, Hamad RS, Bayoumy EM. Advantages of bioconjugated silica-coated nanoparticles as an innovative diagnosis for human toxoplasmosis. Acta Trop 2018; 177:19-24. [PMID: 28964770 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a promising arena for generating new applications in Medicine. To successfully functionalised nanoparticles for a given biomedical application, a wide range of chemical, physical and biological factors have to be taken into account. Silica-coated nanoparticles, (SiO2NP) exhibit substantial diagnostic activity owing to their large surface to volume ratios and crystallographic surface structure. This work aimed to evaluate the advantage of bioconjugation of SiO2NP with PAb against Toxoplasma lyzate antigen (TLA) as an innovative diagnostic method for human toxoplasmosis. This cross-sectional study included 120 individuals, divided into Group I: 70 patients suspected for Toxoplasma gondii based on the presence of clinical manifestation. Group II: 30 patients harboring other parasites than T. gondii Group III: 20 apparently healthy individuals free from toxoplasmosis and other parasitic infections served as negative control. Detection of circulating Toxoplasma antigen was performed by Sandwich ELISA and Nano-sandwich ELISA on sera and pooled urine of human samples. Using Sandwich ELISA, 10 out of 70 suspected Toxoplasma-infected human serum samples showed false negative and 8 out of 30 of other parasites groups were false positive giving 85.7% sensitivity and 84.0% specificity, while the sensitivity and specificity were 78.6% and 70% respectively in urine samples. Using Nano-Sandwich ELISA, 7 out of 70 suspected Toxoplasma-infected human samples showed false negative results and the sensitivity of the assay was 90.0%, while 4 out of 30 of other parasites groups were false positive giving 92.0% specificity, while the sensitivity and specificity were 82.6% and 80% respectively in urine samples. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that loading SiO2 nanoparticles with pAb increased the sensitivity and specificity of Nano-sandwich ELISA for detection of T.gondii antigens in serum and urine samples, thus active (early) and light infections could be easily detected.
Collapse
|
63
|
Survey on synergism effect of ketotifen in combination with pyrimethamine in treatment of acute murine toxoplasmosis. Trop Med Health 2017; 45:39. [PMID: 29200930 PMCID: PMC5697358 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-017-0079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Standard treatment of toxoplasmosis is accompanied by severe side effects and low tolerability; accordingly, alternative medicines are critically needed. Ketotifen (KET) as a cell membrane stabilizer could be an appropriate inhibitor of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) parasite entrance into the host cells. Therefore, the focus of current study is characterization of the anti-Toxoplasma activity of KET in the acute phase of toxoplasmosis in murine model as pre-treatment and post-treatment (before and after infection with RH strain). KET was used intraperitoneally both individually (2 and 3 mg/kg/day) and in combination with pyrimethamine (PYR) (50 mg/kg/day). One week after the post infection, DNA was extracted from brain biopsies samples. Parasite load was calculated using Quantitative-PCR (Q-PCR) in a triplicate reaction for each DNA with the target for at RE (a 529 bp repeat element) gene. Results A significant difference between KET and control groups was observed (P < 0.001) in the pre-treatment and post-treatment groups. Both KET and the combination of KET and PYR showed a reduction in the parasite load in brain through the acute phase of the infection. 2 mg/kg/day dose of KET resulted in higher anti-Toxoplasma activity (15,698 parasites/ml) compared to 3 mg/kg/day dose of KET (72,898 parasites/ml) in brain in the pre-treatment group. In addition, KET combined with PYR significantly decreased the parasite load in the post-treatment group. Conclusions Our results indicated that KET has both prophylactic and therapeutic effects on acute phases of the disease.
Collapse
|
64
|
Ibrahim HM, Mohamed AH, El-Sharaawy AA, El-Shqanqery HE. Molecular and serological prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women and sheep in Egypt. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2017; 10:996-1001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
65
|
Li K, Wang M, Zhang H, Lei Z, Zhang L, Luo H, Qiu G, Mehmood K, Shahzad M, Li J. Epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in native Tibetans in Tibet, China. Acta Parasitol 2017; 62:529-532. [PMID: 28682769 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2017-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is one of the most common and widespread protozoan parasite which caused toxoplasma infection in animals and humans. Toxoplasma infection in healthy people is usually asymptomatic and it can lead to serious pathological effects in congenital cases and immunodeficient patients. The aim of the study is to investigate the prevalence of T. gondii infection in native Tibetans in Tibet as scarce information is available on such a high plateau. A total of 600 blood samples were collected from Tibetans people who visited the hospital in Nyingchi city with the history of flu, swollen lymph glands, muscle pain, and neurological or eyes complications (showing single or more signs). The serum of collected samples were tested for IgG antibody by ELISA. The result showed that the prevalence in men and women were 11.3% and 11.0%, respectively, the prevalence in different ages were 9.8% in < 7 years, 6.2% in ≥7-17 years, 10.1% in ≥18-40 years, 14.8% in ≥41-65 years and 11.6% in ≥66 years. The current study indicates the first report of this zoonotic parasite infection in Tibetan people.
Collapse
|
66
|
Experimental Porcine Toxoplasma gondii Infection as a Representative Model for Human Toxoplasmosis. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:3260289. [PMID: 28883687 PMCID: PMC5572617 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3260289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine infections are currently not the state-of-the-art model to study human diseases. Nevertheless, the course of human and porcine toxoplasmosis is much more comparable than that of human and murine toxoplasmosis. For example, severity of infection, transplacental transmission, and interferon-gamma-induced antiparasitic effector mechanisms are similar in pigs and humans. In addition, the severe immunosuppression during acute infection described in mice does not occur in the experimentally infected ones. Thus, we hypothesise that porcine Toxoplasma gondii infection data are more representative for human toxoplasmosis. We therefore suggest that the animal model chosen must be critically evaluated for its assignability to human diseases.
Collapse
|
67
|
Sharif M, Amouei A, Sarvi S, Mizani A, Aarabi M, Hosseini SA, Daryani A. Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from ruminants: A systematic review. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 258:38-49. [PMID: 28756372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan capable of infecting all warm-blooded animals. This parasite has been classified into three major lineages. Our aim was to assess and compare the identified Types and genotypes in ruminants. From November 2014 to April 2015, four English language databases and four Persian databases that reported data on the T. gondii genotyping in ruminants were searched. Overall, typing results of the 250/307 T. gondii isolates in all animals showed that Type II was a predominant Type (81.4%). In addition, genotyping data from the 82/215 T. gondii isolates or strains indicated that atypical genotypes were predominant (38.13%). This systematic review has demonstrated a large degree of genetic diversity in some countries. However, in the new nomenclature of genotyping, there are atypical or exotic genotypes, such as Chinese 1, Types Br (I, II, III and IV), and Type 12. Further genotyping studies are required to corroborate the current results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sharif
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Amouei
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Mizani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Aarabi
- Health Science Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Seyed-Abdollah Hosseini
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Liu XC, He Y, Han DG, Zhang ZC, Li K, Wang S, Xu LX, Yan RF, Li XR. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in chicken and soil of chicken farms in Nanjing region, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2017; 6:62. [PMID: 28482918 PMCID: PMC5422862 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-017-0277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soil is increasingly recognized as an important source in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of T. gondii in the soil and to grasp the relationships between the contamination of soil and chicken infections. METHODS PCR method based on T. gondii-conserved gene internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) as target gene and ELISA method (sGRA8-ELISA) using the recombinant protein of shortened GRA8 gene of T. gondii as antigen were developed and applied. From April 2013 to March 2014, a total of 700 soil samples were collected at various sites located in thirty farms categorized as free range farm and scale farm in Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, in different seasons. Additionally, a total of 350 sera of chickens were collected from free range farms to determine the presence of antibodies against T. gondii using sGRA8-ELISA. RESULTS The serological results showed that, antibodies were found in 194 of 250 (67.14%) samples from farms with T. gondii positive in soil and 41 of 100 samples from farms with T. gondii negative in soil (41.00%) (P < 0.01). The PCR detection of soil samples showed that, 7 (2.0%) of 350 samples collected from feeding zone in free range farms were found positive of T. gondii, whereas no sample was positive in scale farms. In the seasonal detections, T. gondii was found in 6 (3.33%) samples collected in autumn and 1 (0.56%) collected in winter. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that the contamination of T. gondii in soil in the free range farms was higher than that in the scale farms and seroprevalence of T. gondii in chickens in the farm with soil contamination was higher than that with no soil contamination. The soil contamination might be an effective indicator of T. gondii infection in chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Chao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Deng-Ge Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Chao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Xin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruo-Feng Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Rui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Mameno K, Kubo T, Suzuki M. Social challenges of spatial planning for outdoor cat management in Amami Oshima Island, Japan. Glob Ecol Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
70
|
Cisak E, Zając V, Sroka J, Sawczyn A, Kloc A, Dutkiewicz J, Wójcik-Fatla A. Presence of Pathogenic Rickettsiae and Protozoan in Samples of Raw Milk from Cows, Goats, and Sheep. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:189-194. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Cisak
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Violetta Zając
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Sroka
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Anna Sawczyn
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Kloc
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jacek Dutkiewicz
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Angelina Wójcik-Fatla
- Department of Health Biohazards and Parasitology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Abstract
SUMMARYOver 300 cases of acute toxoplasmosis are confirmed by reference testing in England and Wales annually. We conducted a case-control study to identify risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection to inform prevention strategies. Twenty-eight cases and 27 seronegative controls participated. We compared their food history and environmental exposures using logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals in a model controlling for age and sex. Univariable analysis showed that the odds of eating beef (OR 10·7, P < 0·001), poultry (OR 6·4, P = 0·01) or lamb/mutton (OR 4·9, P = 0·01) was higher for cases than controls. After adjustment for potential confounders a strong association between beef and infection remained (OR 5·6, P = 0·01). The small sample size was a significant limitation and larger studies are needed to fully investigate potential risk factors. The study findings emphasize the need to ensure food is thoroughly cooked and handled hygienically, especially for those in vulnerable groups.
Collapse
|
72
|
Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in goats and sheep raised in the State of Piauí in northeast Brazil. Small Rumin Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
73
|
Risk and other factors associated with toxoplasmosis and toxocariasis in pregnant women from southern Brazil. J Helminthol 2016; 91:534-538. [PMID: 27411883 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x16000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis causes complications during pregnancy that have serious effects on fetal development. Thus far, toxocariasis has been reported to spread only via vertical transmission. Nonetheless, the population of pregnant women is also exposed to this infection. Co-infection with both Toxoplasma gondii and Toxocara spp. has been reported in children, but there are no reports of co-infection in the population of pregnant women. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of co-infection with T. gondii and Toxocara spp. in pregnant women at a university hospital in southern Brazil, and to identify the risk factors associated with infection by both parasites. Two hundred pregnant women were tested for the presence of anti-T. gondii and anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies and were asked to complete an epidemiological questionnaire. In this study, the co-infection rate observed in the total population of pregnant women was 8%. In addition, women with a positive result for a serology test for Toxocara spp. were at increased risk of infection by T. gondii (P = 0.019). Co-infection with both parasites in pregnant women was associated with low birth weights in neonates. The similar modes of transmission of both parasites could explain the co-infection. Only a few previous studies have investigated this phenomenon. The findings of the present study emphasize the importance of serological diagnosis during prenatal care and further research in this area to identify risk factors associated with this co-infection, and the possible implications of this co-infection during pregnancy and on the health of newborns.
Collapse
|
74
|
Salivary IgA against sporozoite-specific embryogenesis-related protein (TgERP) in the study of horizontally transmitted toxoplasmosis via T. gondii oocysts in endemic settings. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:2568-77. [PMID: 27169485 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816000960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to contribute to the better understanding of the relative epidemiological importance of different modes of infection with respect to horizontal transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in endemic settings. We investigated the prevalence of salivary IgA against a sporozoite-specific embryogenesis-related protein (TgERP) in a highly endemic area for toxoplasmosis in Brazil in order to pinpoint parasite transmission via oocysts. Prevalence calculated by salivary IgA specific to TgERP was compared to the prevalence calculated by serum IgG against both TgERP and tachyzoites (in conventional serological tests). Prevalence calculated by different serological and salivary parameters varied in the studied age groups. However, for the 15-21 years age group, values for T. gondii prevalence estimated by conventional serological tests and by anti-TgERP salivary IgA were similar; i.e. 68·7% and 66·6% or 66·7%, respectively, using two different cut-off parameters for salivary IgA anti-TgERP. Furthermore, salivary IgA anti-TgERP for this age group presented the highest specificity (93·33%), sensitivity (93·94%), and likelihood (14·09) compared to all the other age groups. These data demonstrate the importance of age for salivary IgA investigation against TgERP to estimate the mode of T. gondii transmission in endemic settings.
Collapse
|
75
|
Oh J, Lee SH, Lee SJ, Kim YH, Park SC, Rhee MH, Kwon OD, Kim TH, Kwak D. Detection of Antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in Cattle Raised in Gyeongbuk Province, Korea. J Food Prot 2016; 79:821-4. [PMID: 27296432 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cattle in Gyeongbuk province, the largest producer of cattle in Korea. Of blood samples obtained from 568 animals, 0.5% (3 of 568) tested seropositive for T. gondii by using a commercial ELISA kit. Among young individuals (≤1 year old), adult individuals (2 years old), and old individuals (≥3 years old), 0 (0%) of 37, 3 (0.6%) of 474, and 0 (0%) of 57 were seropositive, respectively. Among male, female, and castrated individuals, 0 (0%) of 22, 0 (0%) of 74, and 3 (0.6%) of 472 were seropositive, respectively. Among individuals from east, south, and northwest regions of Gyeongbuk province, 0 (0%) of 155, 2 (0.7%) of 288, and 1 (0.8%) of 125 were seropositive, respectively. No statistical differences were observed among the groups. Although a low T. gondii seroprevalence was detected in cattle raised in Gyeongbuk province, toxoplasmosis is still a concern owing to the Korean habit of eating raw or undercooked meat and the consequent risk of Toxoplasma transmission to animals and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaejun Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Seung-Jin Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Young-Hoan Kim
- Gyeongbuk Veterinary Service Laboratory, Daegu 41405, Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Man-Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Oh-Deog Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Yeo SJ, Jin C, Kim S, Park H. In Vitro and in Vivo Effects of Nitrofurantoin on Experimental Toxoplasmosis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2016; 54:155-61. [PMID: 27180573 PMCID: PMC4870977 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.2.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an important opportunistic pathogen that causes toxoplasmosis, which has very few therapeutic treatment options. The most effective therapy is a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine; however, their utility is limited because of drug toxicity and serious side effects. For these reasons, new drugs with lower toxicity are urgently needed. In this study, the compound, (Z)-1-[(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)methyleneamino]-imidazolidine-2,4-dione (nitrofurantoin), showed anti-T. gondii effects in vitro and in vivo. In HeLa cells, the selectivity of nitrofurantoin was 2.3, which was greater than that of pyrimethamine (0.9). In T. gondii-infected female ICR mice, the inhibition rate of T. gondii growth in the peritoneal cavity was 44.7% compared to the negative control group after 4-day treatment with 100 mg/kg of nitrofurantoin. In addition, hematology indicators showed that T. gondii infection-induced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, biochemical parameters involved in liver injury, were reduced by nitrofurantoin significantly. Moreover, nitrofurantoin exerted significant effects on the index of antioxidant status, i.e., malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH). The nitrofurantoin-treated group inhibited the T. gondii-induced MDA levels while alleviating the decrease in GSH levels. Thus, nitrofurantoin is a potential anti-T. gondii candidate for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Ju Yeo
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - ChunMei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Affiliated Ministry of Education, Yanbian University College of Pharmacy, Yanji 133002, PR China
| | - SungYeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Hall CM, Adams NA, Bradley JS, Bryant KA, Davis AA, Dickman CR, Fujita T, Kobayashi S, Lepczyk CA, McBride EA, Pollock KH, Styles IM, van Heezik Y, Wang F, Calver MC. Community Attitudes and Practices of Urban Residents Regarding Predation by Pet Cats on Wildlife: An International Comparison. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151962. [PMID: 27050447 PMCID: PMC4822884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
International differences in practices and attitudes regarding pet cats' interactions with wildlife were assessed by surveying citizens from at least two cities in Australia, New Zealand, the UK, the USA, China and Japan. Predictions tested were: (i) cat owners would agree less than non-cat owners that cats might threaten wildlife, (ii) cat owners value wildlife less than non-cat owners, (iii) cat owners are less accepting of cat legislation/restrictions than non-owners, and (iv) respondents from regions with high endemic biodiversity (Australia, New Zealand, China and the USA state of Hawaii) would be most concerned about pet cats threatening wildlife. Everywhere non-owners were more likely than owners to agree that pet cats killing wildlife were a problem in cities, towns and rural areas. Agreement amongst non-owners was highest in Australia (95%) and New Zealand (78%) and lowest in the UK (38%). Irrespective of ownership, over 85% of respondents from all countries except China (65%) valued wildlife in cities, towns and rural areas. Non-owners advocated cat legislation more strongly than owners except in Japan. Australian non-owners were the most supportive (88%), followed by Chinese non-owners (80%) and Japanese owners (79.5%). The UK was least supportive (non-owners 43%, owners 25%). Many Australian (62%), New Zealand (51%) and Chinese owners (42%) agreed that pet cats killing wildlife in cities, towns and rural areas was a problem, while Hawaiian owners were similar to the mainland USA (20%). Thus high endemic biodiversity might contribute to attitudes in some, but not all, countries. Husbandry practices varied internationally, with predation highest where fewer cats were confined. Although the risk of wildlife population declines caused by pet cats justifies precautionary action, campaigns based on wildlife protection are unlikely to succeed outside Australia or New Zealand. Restrictions on roaming protect wildlife and benefit cat welfare, so welfare is a better rationale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Hall
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nigel A. Adams
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J. Stuart Bradley
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kate A. Bryant
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alisa A. Davis
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Dickman
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tsumugi Fujita
- College of Bio-resource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | | | - Christopher A. Lepczyk
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America
| | - E. Anne McBride
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth H. Pollock
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Irene M. Styles
- Graduate School of Education, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Yolanda van Heezik
- Zoology Department, University of Otago, PO Box 54, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ferian Wang
- College of Bio-resource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Michael C. Calver
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Munoz-Zanzi C, Campbell C, Berg S. Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in rural and urban communities from Los Rios Region, Chile. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2016; 6:30597. [PMID: 26968154 PMCID: PMC4788768 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.30597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasmosis is a prevalent protozoan infection with a complex lifecycle and wide profile of risk factors. The impact of congenital infection is well documented; however, there is increasing evidence of a much broader range of potential health outcomes and the need to improve our understanding of the transmission patterns and infection sources in the overall population. This study examined the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in distinct community types from a highly endemic area of Chile. Methods A cross-sectional serosurvey was carried out in households from urban slums, rural villages, and farms which included collection of blood samples, as well as data on sociodemographic, behavioral, and spatial variables. Blood samples were analyzed for the presence of T. gondii-specific IgG antibodies. Avidity index was obtained for IgG-positive samples. Mixed-effects regression modeling was used to identify associations with relevant risk factors. Results Crude seroprevalence was 55.9% (95% CI: 52.6–59.1%) with no difference by community type. Results are indicative of early exposure to the parasite, including 40% of 13- to 17-year olds who were already seropositive. Sociodemographic factors associated with seropositivity included age, occupations, and income. However, sex modified the effect of occupation as well as of income. Practices associated with increased seropositivity were consumption of sheep and locally produced vegetables as well as cleaning household barns or sheds. Boiling water for household use was a protective factor. Living on a sloped terrain without vegetation was a protective factor, while living in an area with high flow accumulation index was a risk factor. Conclusions Seroprevalence of infection was high in both rural and urban slum communities with unique risk factor profiles for each community type. Findings highlight the role of the household and the community environment as influential factors in the epidemiology of the infection. Increasing awareness is needed at the health care and public health levels to establish disease burden and options for suitable control programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Munoz-Zanzi
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile;
| | - Christopher Campbell
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sergey Berg
- Conservation Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Amairia S, Rouatbi M, Rjeibi MR, Nouasri H, Sassi L, Mhadhbi M, Gharbi M. Molecular prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in goats' milk and seroprevalence in Northwest Tunisia. Vet Med Sci 2016; 2:154-160. [PMID: 29067190 PMCID: PMC5645871 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis with high impact on human and animal health. Consumption of unpasteurized milk is a risk factor of human toxoplasmosis. The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence and molecular prevalence of T. gondii in goats’ milk in Northwest of Tunisia (Jendouba Governorate). A total number of 77 blood samples were collected from six herds were screened with a commercial ELISA kit for T. gondii antibodies. For the same goats’ samples, a nested PCR was performed to detect T. gondii DNA in milk. The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was 31.2% (±0.05) while the molecular prevalence of this parasite in milk was estimated to 7.8% (±0.03). A very low value of kappa showed that there is not agreement between seroprevalence and parasite prevalence in milk. These results suggest that the consumption of raw milk from naturally infected goats is a potential source of human infection. An extension programme should be implemented to decrease related to goats’ raw milk consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safa Amairia
- Laboratoire de ParasitologieUniv. ManoubaInstitution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur AgricolesÉcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi Thabet2020Tunisia
| | - Mariem Rouatbi
- Laboratoire de ParasitologieUniv. ManoubaInstitution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur AgricolesÉcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi Thabet2020Tunisia
| | - Mohamed R Rjeibi
- Laboratoire de ParasitologieUniv. ManoubaInstitution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur AgricolesÉcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi Thabet2020Tunisia
| | - Hanen Nouasri
- Laboratoire de ParasitologieUniv. ManoubaInstitution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur AgricolesÉcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi Thabet2020Tunisia
| | - Limam Sassi
- Laboratoire de ParasitologieUniv. ManoubaInstitution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur AgricolesÉcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi Thabet2020Tunisia
| | - Moez Mhadhbi
- Laboratoire de ParasitologieUniv. ManoubaInstitution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur AgricolesÉcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi Thabet2020Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Gharbi
- Laboratoire de ParasitologieUniv. ManoubaInstitution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur AgricolesÉcole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi ThabetSidi Thabet2020Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Sechi P, Ciampelli A, Cambiotti V, Veronesi F, Cenci-Goga BT. Seroepidemiological Study of Toxoplasmosis in Sheep in Rural Areas of the Grosseto District, Tuscany, Italy. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2013.e39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
81
|
Arab-Mazar Z, Fallahi S, Koochaki A, Haghighi A, Seyyed Tabaei SJ. Immunodiagnosis and molecular validation of Toxoplasma gondii-recombinant dense granular (GRA) 7 protein for the detection of toxoplasmosis in patients with cancer. Microbiol Res 2015; 183:53-9. [PMID: 26805618 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Serological assays for the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis mostly rely on the tachyzoite specific antigens of Toxoplasma gondii, which are difficult to produce by conventional methods. The aim of this study was to clone and express of GRA7 protein of T. gondii and evaluate its potential for immunodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in cancer patients. As well as validate the results using a new molecular assay, LAMP technique. The GRA7 gene was successfully cloned, expressed and purified by affinity chromatography and the production was evaluated by SDS PAGE, dot blot and western blot analyses. The rGRA7 was used for developing an ELISA based on the rGRA7 using sera from patients with toxoplasmosis and healthy controls. Furthermore, 50 serum samples from leukemic children infected with toxoplasmosis and 50 seronegative controls were included to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of rGRA7 based ELISA. Finally, the LAMP technique was used to assess the accuracy and validity of the results obtained by rGRA7 based ELISA. The consistency of the results of two tests was determined by using the Kappa coefficient of agreement. The rGRA7 showed higher and optimum immunoreactivity with 1:100 dilution of serum from Toxoplasma infected patients. The sensitivity and specificity of test were calculated as 92 and 94%, respectively. According to the Kappa coefficient of agreement, there was a significant conformance between the results obtained by ELISA based on the rGRA7 and the results of LAMP technique (≈96%, P<0.001). Findings of the present study showed that rGRA7 can be used as a potential immunogenic antigen for developing immunodiagnostic tools for immunodiagnosis of toxoplasmosis in patients including patients with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Arab-Mazar
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medial Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirzad Fallahi
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Science, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Ameneh Koochaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Haghighi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Aroussi A, Vignoles P, Dalmay F, Wimel L, Dardé ML, Mercier A, Ajzenberg D. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in horse meat from supermarkets in France and performance evaluation of two serological tests. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:14. [PMID: 25809058 PMCID: PMC4374124 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2015014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In France, some cases of severe toxoplasmosis have been linked to the consumption of horse meat that had been imported from the American continent where atypical strains of Toxoplasma gondii are more common than in Europe. Many seroprevalence studies are presented in the literature but risk assessment of T. gondii infection after horse meat consumption is not possible in the absence of validated serological tests and the unknown correlation between detection of antibodies against T. gondii and presence of tissue cysts. We performed magnetic-capture polymerase chain reaction (MC-PCR) to detect T. gondii DNA in 231 horse meat samples purchased in supermarkets in France and evaluated the performance and level of agreement of the modified agglutination test (MAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the meat juices. The serological tests lacked sensitivity, specificity, and agreement between them, and there was no correlation with the presence of T. gondii DNA in horse meat, raising concerns about the reliability of T. gondii seroprevalence data in horses from the literature. T. gondii DNA was detected in 43% of horse meat samples but the absence of strain isolation in mice following inoculation of more than 100 horse meat samples suggests a low distribution of cysts in skeletal muscles and a low risk of T. gondii infection associated with horse meat consumption. However, to avoid any risk of toxoplasmosis, thorough cooking of horse meat is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkrim Aroussi
- INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR-S 1094, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Philippe Vignoles
- INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR-S 1094, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - François Dalmay
- INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR-S 1094, Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Laurence Wimel
- Institut Français du Cheval et de l'Équitation, Station Expérimentale, Domaine de la Valade, 19370 Chamberet, France
| | - Marie-Laure Dardé
- INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR-S 1094, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, 87000 Limoges, France - Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, CHU Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Aurélien Mercier
- INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR-S 1094, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Daniel Ajzenberg
- INSERM, Univ. Limoges, CHU Limoges, UMR-S 1094, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, 87000 Limoges, France - Toxoplasma Biological Resource Center, CHU Limoges, 87042 Limoges, France
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Luptakova L, Benova K, Rencko A, Petrovova E. DNA detection of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep milk and blood samples in relation to phase of infection. Vet Parasitol 2015; 208:250-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
84
|
Alvarado-Esquivel C, Pacheco-Vega SJ, Hernández-Tinoco J, Salcedo-Jáquez M, Sánchez-Anguiano LF, Berumen-Segovia LO, Rábago-Sánchez E, Liesenfeld O. Toxoplasma gondii infection in interstate truck drivers: a case-control seroprevalence study. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:77. [PMID: 25651797 PMCID: PMC4322546 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Toxoplasma gondii can be acquired via the ingestion of undercooked or raw meat containing tissue cysts, or via ingestion of water contaminated with oocysts. Professional long distance truck driving may have epidemiological importance for food-borne infections since drivers eat out of home and in places where hygiene and cooking practices are uncertain. We aimed to determine whether interstate truck drivers in Durango, Mexico have an increased risk of infection with T. gondii as indicated by seropositivity; and to determine the socio-demographic, work, clinical, and behavioral characteristics associated with T. gondii seropositivity in interstate truck drivers. Methods Through a case–control study design, 192 truck drivers and 192 controls from the general population of the same region matched by gender and age were examined with enzyme-linked immunoassays for the presence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies. Socio-demographic, work, clinical and behavioral characteristics from the truck drivers were obtained. Results Anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies were found in 23 (12.0%) of 192 truck drivers and in 13 (6.8%) of 192 controls (OR = 21.0; 95% CI: 1.23-358.38; P = 0.002). Anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies were found in 7 (3.6%) cases and in 7 (3.6%) controls (P = 1.00). The seroprevalence of T. gondii infection was higher in drivers with reflex impairment than in those without this impairment (4/13, 30.8% vs 19/179, 10.6%, respectively; P = 0.05), and in drivers with hearing impairment than in those without this impairment (3/7, 42.9% vs 20/185, 10.8%, respectively; P = 0.03). Multivariate analysis of work and behavioral characteristics of truck drives showed positive associations of T. gondii exposure with trips to the south of Mexico (OR = 3.11; 95% CI: 1.02-9.44; P = 0.04) and consumption of horse meat (OR = 5.18; 95% CI: 1.62-16.55; P = 0.005). Conclusions Results suggest that interstate truck drivers may have an increased risk for T. gondii infection, and that T. gondii exposure may be impacting neurological functions in truck drivers. Contributing factors for T. gondii exposure should be taken into account for the design of optimal prevention measures against T. gondii infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cosme Alvarado-Esquivel
- Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000, Durango, Dgo, Mexico.
| | - Sandy Janet Pacheco-Vega
- Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000, Durango, Dgo, Mexico.
| | - Jesús Hernández-Tinoco
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000, Durango, Durango, Mexico.
| | - Misael Salcedo-Jáquez
- Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000, Durango, Dgo, Mexico.
| | - Luis Francisco Sánchez-Anguiano
- Institute for Scientific Research "Dr. Roberto Rivera Damm", Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000, Durango, Durango, Mexico.
| | - Luis Omar Berumen-Segovia
- Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000, Durango, Dgo, Mexico.
| | - Elizabeth Rábago-Sánchez
- Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juárez University of Durango State, Avenida Universidad S/N, 34000, Durango, Dgo, Mexico. .,General Hospital, Secretary of Health, Avenida 5 de febrero 220, 34000, Durango, Mexico.
| | - Oliver Liesenfeld
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité Medical School, Hindenburgdamm 27, D-12203, Berlin, Germany. .,Current address: Medical and Scientific Affairs, Roche Molecular Systems, Pleasanton, CA, 94588, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Sarvi S, Daryani A, Rahimi MT, Aarabi M, Shokri A, Ahmadpour E, Mizani A, Sharif M. Cattle toxoplasmosis in Iran: a systematic review and meta–analysis. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:120-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
86
|
Toxoplasma gondii infection among sheep and goats in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
87
|
Gebremedhin EZ, Yunus HA, Tesfamaryam G, Tessema TS, Dawo F, Terefe G, Di Marco V, Vitale M. First report of Toxoplasma gondii in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Ethiopia: bioassay and seroepidemiological investigation. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:222. [PMID: 25266944 PMCID: PMC4189602 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasmosis is a major public health concern in many countries of the world. A cross-sectional and follow up experimental study designs were used for seroepidemiological and bioassay studies, respectively from November 2012 to April 2013. The objectives were to estimate the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection, to assess risk factors and to isolate the parasite from camels in the Fentale district, Ethiopia. A direct agglutination test (DAT) and indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were used to test camel sera. Hearts and tongues (each 25 g) from 31 seropositive camels were bioassayed in mice. Associations between seroprevalence and potential risk factors (collected using a questionnaire survey) were analyzed using logistic regression. Results An overall T. gondii prevalence of 49.62% (220/455) by DAT and 40.49% (179/451) by indirect ELISA test were detected. Herd level seroprevalence of 96.77% (30/31) (95% CI: 83.30– 99.92) by DAT was recorded and it was significantly higher in areas where wild felids are present (P = 0.038). Multivariable logistic regression showed that the likelihood of acquiring T. gondii infection was significantly higher in camels in the Ilala pastoral association [PA] (82.26%) (Adjusted Odds ratio [aOR] = 10.8; P < 0.001) than camels in the Galcha PA (31.43%), in camels of ≥ 8 years old (56.52%; aOR = 1.88; P = 0,033) than camels of ≤ 4 years old (34.26%) and in areas where domestic cats are present (aOR = 4.16; P = 0.006). All camel owners were uneducated, handle aborted fetus with bare hands, and drink raw camel milk. DAT and ELISA tests had moderate agreement (Kappa = 0.41). Viable T. gondii were isolated from 16.13% (5/31) of DAT positive camels. One DAT positive but ELISA negative camel sample gave a cyst positive result. Conclusions T. gondii infection of camels in the study district is widespread. Age, presence of domestic cats and study PA are independent predictors of T. gondii seropositivity. Isolation of viable parasites from edible tissues of camels and the very poor knowledge of pastoralists about toxoplasmosis suggest the need for prevention of toxoplasmosis through bio-security measures, education and further investigation to unravel the impact of camel toxoplasmosis deserves consideration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-014-0222-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
88
|
Ahmed HA, Shafik SM, Ali MEM, Elghamry ST, Ahmed AA. Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in milk and risk factors analysis of seroprevalence in pregnant women at Sharkia, Egypt. Vet World 2014. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.594-600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
89
|
Li K, Gao J, Shahzad M, Han Z, Nabi F, Liu M, Zhang D, Li J. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in yaks (Bos grunniens) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:354-6. [PMID: 25085769 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), a zoonotic parasite infects almost all warm-blooded animals and causes significant economic losses. To date, however, it is still unclear whether yaks from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau of China are exposed to T. gondii. On the present study, a survey was conducted for the first time, to investigate the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in yaks (Bos grunniens) on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (Qinghai, Tibet, Hongyuan area of Sichuan province). A total of 905 and 736 serum samples were collected from yaks in these areas in 2012 and 2013, respectively and assayed for T. gondii antibodies by an indirect hemagglutination test (IHA). The results showed that seroprevalence on plateau was 21.7% and 29.1% in 2012 and 2013, respectively with the prevalence of 22.4%, 19.4% and 25.5% in 2012 for Qinghai, Tibet and Hongyuan of Sichuan, respectively and of 26.4%, 27.0% and 33.7% for these three regions in 2013, respectively. The present survey indicated that the infection with T. gondii in yaks was widely spread in recent years on the plateau causing a high risk factor for animals and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoqing Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fazal Nabi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Detection and Monitoring of Highland Animal Disease, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi 860000, Tibet, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Paştiu AI, Ajzenberg D, Györke A, Şuteu O, Balea A, Rosenthal BM, Kalmár Z, Domşa C, Cozma V. Traditional goat husbandry may substantially contribute to human toxoplasmosis exposure. J Parasitol 2014; 101:45-9. [PMID: 25003793 DOI: 10.1645/13-483.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Raising goats in settings that are highly contaminated with oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii may contribute significantly to human exposure to this zoonotic parasite. Increasing consumption of young goats in countries where goats are frequently reared in backyards that are also homes to cats (the definitive host of this parasite) elevates such concern. To date, there has been little attention to either the prevalence or genotypic characteristics of T. gondii isolates in young ruminant food animals in Europe. Here, we estimated the prevalence of T. gondii goat-kids raised in backyards and slaughtered for human consumption during Easter. We collected 181 paired samples of serum and diaphragm. Serum samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibodies against T. gondii , and muscle tissues were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction to detect T. gondii DNA. Thirty-two diaphragm samples were also bioassayed in mice, and the isolates were genotyped using microsatellite markers. The overall seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in goat-kids was 33.1% (60/181; 95% confidence interval [CI] 26.3-40.5%), and T. gondii DNA was found in 6.1% (11/181; 95% CI 3.1-10.6) of the diaphragm samples. We isolated the parasite from 2 of 32 goat-kids, and the T. gondii strains belonged to genotype II. The results showed that 1/3 of 3-mo-old goats may be infected with T. gondii, and their consumption during Easter (as barbecue) may seriously compromise food safety as a result.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anamaria I Paştiu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases Department, 3-5 Mănăştur Street, cod 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Da Silva AS, Tonin AA, Camillo G, Weber A, Lopes LS, Cazarotto CJ, Balzan A, Bianchi AE, Stefani LM, Lopes ST, Vogel FF. Ovine toxoplasmosis: Indirect immunofluorescence for milk samples as a diagnostic tool. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
92
|
Daryani A, Sharif M, Dadimoghaddam Y, Souteh MBH, Ahmadpour E, Khalilian A, Sarvi S, Farazmand T, Kalani H, Rasouli M. Determination of parasitic load in different tissues of murine toxoplasmosis after immunization by excretory-secretory antigens using Real time QPCR. Exp Parasitol 2014; 143:55-9. [PMID: 24852216 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Excretory-secretory antigens (ESAs) of Toxoplasma gondii are one of the candidates for immunization against toxoplasmosis. For evaluation of immunization, we determined the kinetics of the distribution of Toxoplasma and parasite load in different tissues of mice immunized by ESAs. In this experimental study, 36 mice in case (n=18) and control (n=18) groups were immunized with ESAs and PBS, respectively. After 2weeks, mice were challenged intraperitoneally with Toxoplasma virulent RH strain. Blood and different tissues (brain, spleen, liver, heart, kidney, and muscle) were collected daily after challenge (1, 2, 3 and last day before death). Parasite load was calculated using Real time QPCR targeted at the B1 gene. ESAs as vaccine in different tissues showed various effects. However, infected mice which received the vaccine in comparison with control group, displayed a drastically decreasing in parasite burden, in their blood and tissues (P=0.000). These results indicated that ESAs with reduction of parasite load in different tissues of host could be evaluable candidate for the development of immunization strategies against toxoplasmosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Daryani
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Parasitology and Mycology Department, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sharif
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Parasitology and Mycology Department, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Yousef Dadimoghaddam
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Parasitology and Mycology Department, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Bagher Hashemi Souteh
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Parasitology and Mycology Department, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Alireza Khalilian
- Biostatistics Department, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Parasitology and Mycology Department, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Touraj Farazmand
- Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamed Kalani
- Parasitology and Mycology Department, Sari Medical School, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rasouli
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Steinparzer R, Reisp K, Grünberger B, Köfer J, Schmoll F, Sattler T. Comparison of Different Commercial Serological Tests for the Detection ofToxoplasma gondiiAntibodies in Serum of Naturally Exposed Pigs. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:119-24. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Steinparzer
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health; Institute for Veterinary Public Health; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - K. Reisp
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control; Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES); Mödling Austria
| | - B. Grünberger
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health; Institute for Veterinary Public Health; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - J. Köfer
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health; Institute for Veterinary Public Health; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - F. Schmoll
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health; Institute for Veterinary Public Health; University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Institute for Veterinary Disease Control; Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES); Mödling Austria
| | - T. Sattler
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Carellos EVM, de Andrade GMQ, Vasconcelos-Santos DV, Januário JN, Romanelli RMC, Abreu MNS, da Silva FM, Loures IRC, de Andrade JQ, Caiaffa WT. Adverse socioeconomic conditions and oocyst-related factors are associated with congenital toxoplasmosis in a population-based study in Minas Gerais, Brazil. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88588. [PMID: 24523920 PMCID: PMC3921220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Congenital toxoplasmosis is a public health problem in Brazil. This study aimed to determine risk factors associated with congenital toxoplasmosis in Minas Gerais which is the second largest Brazilian State based on number of inhabitants, and its territorial extension is larger than that of France. METHODS Population-based case-control study to assess the association between congenital toxoplasmosis and maternal exposure to infection risk factors. The study included mothers/children participating in the Minas Gerais Newborn Screening Program. The cases consisted of 175 mothers of infected children, and the controls consisted of 278 mothers of children without suspected infection. The associations were assessed through binomial logistic regression with p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS The variables associated with lower probability of toxoplasmosis were: older mother age (OR = 0.89; CI95% = 0.85-0.93), higher level of education (OR = 0.85; CI95% = 0.78-0.92), access to potable water (OR = 0.21; CI95% = 0.08-0.51), and home with flush toilet (OR = 0.18; CI95% = 0.04-078). The variables associated with higher probability of infection were: cats in the neighborhood (OR = 2.27; CI95% = 1.27-4.06), owning or visiting homes with domestic cats (OR = 1.90; CI95% = 1.09-3.31), handling the soil (OR = 2.29; CI95% = 1.32-3.96), and eating fresh meat not previously frozen (OR = 3.97; CI95% = 2.17-7.25). After stratification according region of residence (rural or urban/peri-urban), home with flush toilet and consumption of treated water were protective against the disease only in the rural stratum. CONCLUSIONS In Minas Gerais, congenital toxoplasmosis has been associated with poor socioeconomic conditions. Considering maternal exposure to sources of Toxoplasma gondii, the predominating risk factors were those related to the ingestion of oocysts. It is expected that these results will contribute to development of a program for prevention of congenital toxoplasmosis adapted to the reality of the population of Minas Gerais. The differences between populations living in rural and urban areas regarding the main risk factors for toxoplasmosis point to the need of considering regional specificities in planning strategies to control congenital toxoplasmosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ericka Viana Machado Carellos
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - José Nélio Januário
- Center for Newborn Screening and Genetic Diagnosis, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberta Maia Castro Romanelli
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mery Natali Silva Abreu
- School of Nursing, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Maria da Silva
- Hospital Infantil João Paulo II, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivy Rosa Coelho Loures
- Hospital Infantil João Paulo II, Fundação Hospitalar do Estado de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Waleska Teixeira Caiaffa
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Observatory of Urban Health, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Toxoplasma gondii within skeletal muscle cells: a critical interplay for food-borne parasite transmission. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:91-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
96
|
Boughattas S, Ayari K, Sa T, Aoun K, Bouratbine A. Survey of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii in human consumed ovine meat in Tunis City. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85044. [PMID: 24427300 PMCID: PMC3888417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis has been recognized as parasitic zoonosis with the highest human incidence. The human infection by the parasite can lead to severe clinical manifestations in congenital toxoplasmosis and immunocompromised patients. Contamination occurs mainly by foodborne ways especially consumption of raw or undercooked meat. In contrast to other foodborne infections, toxoplasmosis is a chronic infection which would make its economic and social impact much higher than even previously anticipated. Ovine meat was advanced as a major risk factor, so we investigated its parasite survey, under natural conditions. Serological MAT technique and touchdown PCR approaches were used for prevalence determination of the parasite in slaughtered sheep intended to human consumption in Tunis City. The genotyping was carried by SNPs analysis of SAG3 marker. Anti-Toxoplasma antibodies were present in 38.2% of young sheep and in 73.6% of adult sheep. Molecular detection revealed the contamination of 50% of ewes' tissue. Sequencing and SNPs analysis enabled unambiguous typing of meat isolates and revealed the presence of mixed strains as those previously identified from clinical samples in the same area. Our findings conclude that slaughtered sheep are highly infected, suggesting them as a major risk factor of Toxoplasma gondii transmission by meat consumption. Special aware should target consequently this factor when recommendations have to be established by the health care commanders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Boughattas
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea (Republic of)
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Ayari
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Tongmin Sa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Life and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, South Korea (Republic of)
| | - Karim Aoun
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aida Bouratbine
- Parasitology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Araujo ECB, Barbosa BF, Coutinho LB, Barenco PVC, Sousa LA, Milanezi CM, Bonfá G, Pavanelli WR, Silva JS, Ferro EAV, Silva DAO, Cunha-Junior JP, Silva NM. Heme oxygenase-1 activity is involved in the control of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the lung of BALB/c and C57BL/6 and in the small intestine of C57BL/6 mice. Vet Res 2013; 44:89. [PMID: 24088531 PMCID: PMC3851451 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an enzyme that catabolizes free heme, which induces an intense inflammatory response. The expression of HO-1 is induced by different stimuli, triggering an anti-inflammatory response during biological stress. It was previously verified that HO-1 is able to induce indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that is induced by IFN-γ in Toxoplasma gondii infection. To verify the role of HO-1 during in vivo T. gondii infection, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were infected with the ME49 strain and treated with zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX) or hemin, which inhibit or induce HO-1 activity, respectively. The results show that T. gondii infection induced high levels of HO-1 expression in the lung of BALB/c and C57BL6 mice. The animals treated with ZnPPIX presented higher parasitism in the lungs of both lineages of mice, whereas hemin treatment decreased the parasite replication in this organ and in the small intestine of infected C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, C57BL/6 mice infected with T. gondii and treated with hemin showed higher levels of IDO expression in the lungs and small intestine than uninfected mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that HO-1 activity is involved in the control of T. gondii in the lungs of both mouse lineages, whereas the hemin, a HO-1 inducer, seems to be involved in the control of parasitism in the small intestine of C57BL/6 mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester C B Araujo
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Bezerra MJG, Kim PCP, Moraes ÉPBX, Sá SG, Albuquerque PPF, Silva JG, Alves BHLS, Mota RA. Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in the milk of naturally infected goats in the Northeast of Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:421-4. [PMID: 24034351 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to detect the genomic DNA of Toxoplasma gondii in milk samples from naturally infected goats in the state of Pernambuco, (Brazil). In total, 248 blood serum samples were collected and processed from lactating goats and then submitted to a search for antibodies to T. gondii through the indirect immunofluorescence reaction. Samples with a score of 64 or more were considered positive. In total, 248 milk samples were collected and processed from the same group of goats in order to study the DNA of T. gondii using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. In the serum samples, 56/248 (22.58%) of the animals were positive, whereas the DNA of the parasite was detected in 15/248 (6.05%) of the milk samples. Five of these 15 samples were animals who were also positive in the serology. This study reports the first occurrence of the elimination of T. gondii from the milk of naturally infected goats in the north-east of Brazil. It is suggested that the consumption of in natura goat milk may constitute a potential risk to the health of milk consumers in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J G Bezerra
- Médico Veterinário da Superintendência de Desenvolvimento do Nordeste - SUDENE, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - P C P Kim
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - É P B X Moraes
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - S G Sá
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - P P F Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - J G Silva
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - B H L S Alves
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - R A Mota
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Seroprevalence, detection of DNA in blood and milk, and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in a goat population in Italy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:905326. [PMID: 24093106 PMCID: PMC3777175 DOI: 10.1155/2013/905326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of a major zoonosis with cosmopolitan distribution and is known to be transmitted mainly by the ingestion of undercooked or raw animal products. Drinking unpasteurized goat's milk is a risk factor associated with human toxoplasmosis. However, very little is known about the excretion of DNA in goat milk. Aim of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection using a modified agglutination test (MAT), to detect T. gondii DNA by nested-PCR (n-PCR) in samples of blood and milk from seropositive goats, and to genotype DNA isolates using 11 molecular markers in 127 adult lactating goats from 6 farms in Italy. Positive MAT results were found in 60.6% of goats while 13% of blood and milk samples from seropositive goats were positive to n-PCR. A kappa coefficient of 1 indicated a perfect agreement between blood and milk n-PCR. Genetic characterization of isolates revealed the occurrence of genotype III (n = 7), genotype I (n = 1), and atypical genotypes with hints for genotype I (n = 2). Our results suggest that the risk of excretion of Toxoplasma tachyzoites might frequently occur in milk of seropositive goats testing positive to n-PCR on blood.
Collapse
|
100
|
Anwar S, Mahdy E, El-Nesr KA, El-Dakhly KM, Shalaby A, Yanai T. Monitoring of parasitic cysts in the brains of a flock of sheep in Egypt. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2013; 22:323-30. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612013000300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral parasitic cysts constitute a major problem for livestock. Among these, coenurosis and toxoplasmosis are predominant. Here, a total number of 60 sheep obtained from a private farm in Suez province, Egypt, were examined postmortem to detect visible parasitic cysts, and microscopically to detect small-sized entities. Necropsy revealed bladder-like cysts measuring 0.5-6.5 cm in diameter that were filled with a translucent fluid containing a large number of protoscolices. Accordingly, the cysts were identified as the metacestodeCoenurus cerebralis. Among the sheep examined, 11 animals (7 males and 4 females) (18.3%) were infected. Most of the cysts were located in the cerebral hemispheres, with numbers ranging from one to three per infected animal. The effect of the presence of cysts in the brain tissue was evaluated. Histopathologically, pseudocysts of the apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii were found in two animals with no detectable inflammatory cell reactions. In conclusion, coenurosis and toxoplasmosis are serious parasitic problems that play a significant role in sheep management in Egypt, as a result of close contact between livestock and dogs and cats, which play a critical role in the life cycle of these parasites.
Collapse
|