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Neben CL, Roberts RR, Dipple KM, Merrill AE, Klein OD. Modeling craniofacial and skeletal congenital birth defects to advance therapies. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:R86-R93. [PMID: 27346519 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development is an intricate process of patterning, morphogenesis, and growth that involves many tissues within the developing embryo. Genetic misregulation of these processes leads to craniofacial malformations, which comprise over one-third of all congenital birth defects. Significant advances have been made in the clinical management of craniofacial disorders, but currently very few treatments specifically target the underlying molecular causes. Here, we review recent studies in which modeling of craniofacial disorders in primary patient cells, patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and mice have enhanced our understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of these disorders while also advancing therapeutic avenues for their prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Neben
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ryan R Roberts
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katrina M Dipple
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine and InterDepartmental Program Biomedical Engineering, Henry Samulei School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Polyester type polyHIPE scaffolds with an interconnected porous structure for cartilage regeneration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28695. [PMID: 27340110 PMCID: PMC4919626 DOI: 10.1038/srep28695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of artificial materials for the facilitation of cartilage regeneration remains an important challenge in orthopedic practice. Our study investigates the potential for neocartilage formation within a synthetic polyester scaffold based on the polymerization of high internal phase emulsions. The fabrication of polyHIPE polymer (PHP) was specifically tailored to produce a highly porous (85%) structure with the primary pore size in the range of 50–170 μm for cartilage tissue engineering. The resulting PHP scaffold was proven biocompatible with human articular chondrocytes and viable cells were observed within the materials as evaluated using the Live/Dead assay and histological analysis. Chondrocytes with round nuclei were organized into multicellular layers on the PHP surface and were observed to grow approximately 300 μm into the scaffold interior. The accumulation of collagen type 2 was detected using immunohistochemistry and chondrogenic specific genes were expressed with favorable collagen type 2 to 1 ratio. In addition, PHP samples are biodegradable and their baseline mechanical properties are similar to those of native cartilage, which enhance chondrocyte cell growth and proliferation.
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Terabe K, Takahashi N, Takemoto T, Knudson W, Ishiguro N, Kojima T. Simvastatin inhibits CD44 fragmentation in chondrocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 604:1-10. [PMID: 27242325 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In human osteoarthritic chondrocytes, the hyaluronan receptor CD44 undergoes proteolytic cleavage at the cell surface. CD44 cleavage is thought to require transit of CD44 into cholesterol-rich lipid rafts. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether statins exert a protective effect on articular chondrocytes due to diminution of cholesterol. Three model systems of chondrocytes were examined including human HCS-2/8 chondrosarcoma cells, human osteoarthritic chondrocytes and normal bovine articular chondrocytes. Treatment with IL-1β + Oncostatin M resulted in a substantial increase in CD44 fragmentation in each of the three chondrocyte models. Pre-incubation with simvastatin prior to treatment with IL-1β + Oncostatin M decreased the level of CD44 fragmentation, decreased the proportion of CD44 that transits into the lipid raft fractions, decreased ADAM10 activity and diminished the interaction between CD44 and ADAM10. In HCS-2/8 cells and bovine articular chondrocytes, fragmentation of CD44 was blocked by the knockdown of ADAM10. Inhibition of CD44 fragmentation by simvastatin also resulted in improved retention of pericellular matrix. Addition of cholesterol and farnesyl-pyrophosphate reversed the protective effects of simvastatin. Thus, the addition of simvastatin exerts positive effects on chondrocytes including reduced CD44 fragmentation and enhanced the retention of pericellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Terabe
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Nobunori Takahashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Toki Takemoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Warren Knudson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kojima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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Li H, George DM, Jaarsma RL, Mao X. Metabolic syndrome and components exacerbate osteoarthritis symptoms of pain, depression and reduced knee function. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016; 4:133. [PMID: 27162783 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2016.03.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its co-morbidities in patients with primary knee osteoarthritis and to assess if the severity of metabolic syndrome, and components, correlates with the severity of osteoarthritis symptoms. METHODS A case controlled analysis of 70 patients with osteoarthritis compared to a control group of 81 patients. Each patient underwent clinical review including history, examination, and pathology tests. The case-group all had stage IV osteoarthritis as determined by radiographs and intra-operative assessment. In addition a visual analogue scale (VAS), Hospital for Special Surgery knee score (HSS), and Hamilton Depression scores were completed. RESULTS The prevalence of hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in the patients with osteoarthritis compared to the control group. There is a significant correlation between the degree of hypertension, the presence of dyslipidemia or hyperglycemia and the severity of osteoarthritis symptoms. Variables hypertension, low HDL-C levels, and the number of co-morbidities were all identified as risk factors for increased osteoarthritis symptoms. CONCLUSIONS There is a correlation between the number of metabolic disorders, the severity of hypertension and severity of osteoarthritis symptoms. Hypertension and decreased HDL-cholesterol were positive risk factors for increased osteoarthritis symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Li
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang 422000, China ; 2 Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia ; 3 Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia ; 4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Daniel M George
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang 422000, China ; 2 Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia ; 3 Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia ; 4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Ruurd L Jaarsma
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang 422000, China ; 2 Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia ; 3 Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia ; 4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xinzhan Mao
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang 422000, China ; 2 Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia ; 3 Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia ; 4 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410011, China
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55
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Yang KC, Chen HT, Wu CC, Lian YJ, Chen LL, Sumi S, Huang TL. l -glutamine regulates the expression of matrix proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines and catabolic enzymes in interleukin-1beta-stimulated human chondrocytes. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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SUMIYOSHI N, ISHITOBI H, MIYAKI S, MIYADO K, ADACHI N, OCHI M. The role of tetraspanin CD9 in osteoarthritis using three different mouse models . Biomed Res 2016; 37:283-291. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.37.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko SUMIYOSHI
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Hiroyuki ISHITOBI
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
| | - Shigeru MIYAKI
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Hiroshima University Hospital
| | - Kenji MIYADO
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development
| | - Nobuo ADACHI
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Mitsuo OCHI
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Wang Y, Tonkin A, Jones G, Hill C, Ding C, Wluka AE, Forbes A, Cicuttini FM. Does statin use have a disease modifying effect in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis? Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2015; 16:584. [PMID: 26700937 PMCID: PMC4688994 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-1122-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major clinical and public health problem, with no current medications approved as having disease modifying effects. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or “statins”, a drug class widely used to prevent cardiovascular events, could potentially affect OA progression via a number of mechanisms including their effects on lipid metabolism and inflammation. The aim of this multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial is to determine whether atorvastatin reduces the progression of knee structural changes and symptoms over 2 years in patients with symptomatic knee OA. Methods/design 350 patients with symptomatic knee OA will be recruited through the OA Clinical Trial Network (in Melbourne, Hobart and Adelaide). They will be randomly allocated to the two arms of the study, receiving either 40 mg of atorvastatin or identical placebo once daily for 2 years. Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee will be performed at baseline and 2 years later. Knee structure, symptoms and function will be assessed using validated methods. The primary outcome is annual percentage change in knee cartilage volume. Secondary outcomes include progression of cartilage defects, bone marrow lesions, knee pain and function. The primary analysis will be by intention to treat, but per protocol analyses will also be performed. Discussion The study will provide high-quality evidence to address whether atorvastatin has a novel disease modifying effect in OA by delaying the structural and symptomatic progression of knee OA. Thus, the trial has major public health and clinical importance, as if found to be beneficial, atorvastatin could produce substantial cost savings by delaying and possibly reducing the need for joint replacement surgery, and provide marked improvements in quality of life for people with OA. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12613000190707, registered on 18 February 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.
| | - Andrew Tonkin
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.
| | - Graeme Jones
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia.
| | - Catherine Hill
- The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA, 5011, Australia. .,Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
| | - Changhai Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, 3004, Australia. .,Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 23, Hobart, TAS, 7000, Australia.
| | - Anita E Wluka
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.
| | - Andrew Forbes
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.
| | - Flavia M Cicuttini
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, 3004, Australia.
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58
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Liu S, Uppal H, Demaria M, Desprez PY, Campisi J, Kapahi P. Simvastatin suppresses breast cancer cell proliferation induced by senescent cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17895. [PMID: 26658759 PMCID: PMC4677323 DOI: 10.1038/srep17895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence suppresses cancer by preventing the proliferation of damaged cells, but senescent cells can also promote cancer though the pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Simvastatin, an HMG-coA reductase inhibitor, is known to attenuate inflammation and prevent certain cancers. Here, we show that simvastatin decreases the SASP of senescent human fibroblasts by inhibiting protein prenylation, without affecting the senescent growth arrest. The Rho family GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 were activated in senescent cells, and simvastatin reduced both activities. Further, geranylgeranyl transferase, Rac1 or Cdc42 depletion reduced IL-6 secretion by senescent cells. We also show that simvastatin mitigates the effects of senescent conditioned media on breast cancer cell proliferation and endocrine resistance. Our findings identify a novel activity of simvastatin and mechanism of SASP regulation. They also suggest that senescent cells, which accumulate after radio/chemo therapy, promote endocrine resistance in breast cancer and that simvastatin might suppress this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Liu
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | | | - Marco Demaria
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Pierre-Yves Desprez
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA.,California Pacific Medical Center, Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA.,Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Pankaj Kapahi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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Fernández-Arroyo S, Huete-Toral F, Pérez de Lara MJ, de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea M, Legeai-Mallet L, Micol V, Segura-Carretero A, Joven J, Pintor J. The impact of polyphenols on chondrocyte growth and survival: a preliminary report. Food Nutr Res 2015; 59:29311. [PMID: 26445212 PMCID: PMC4595466 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v59.29311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Imbalances in the functional binding of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) to their receptors (FGFRs) have consequences for cell proliferation and differentiation that in chondrocytes may lead to degraded cartilage. The toxic, proinflammatory, and oxidative response of cytokines and FGFs can be mitigated by dietary polyphenols. Objective We explored the possible effects of polyphenols in the management of osteoarticular diseases using a model based on the transduction of a mutated human FGFR3 (G380R) in murine chondrocytes. This mutation is present in most cases of skeletal dysplasia and is responsible for the overexpression of FGFR3 that, in the presence of its ligand, FGF9, results in toxic effects leading to altered cellular growth. Design Different combinations of dietary polyphenols derived from plant extracts were assayed in FGFR3 (G380R) mutated murine chondrocytes, exploring cell survival, chloride efflux, extracellular matrix (ECM) generation, and grade of activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Results Bioactive compounds from Hibiscus sabdariffa reversed the toxic effects of FGF9 and restored normal growth, suggesting a probable translation to clinical requests in humans. Indeed, these compounds activated the intracellular chloride efflux, increased ECM generation, and stimulated cell proliferation. The inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation was interpreted as the main mechanism governing these beneficial effects. Conclusions These findings support the rationale behind the encouragement of the development of drugs that repress the overexpression of FGFRs and suggest the dietary incorporation of supplementary nutrients in the management of degraded cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Fernández-Arroyo
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Fernando Huete-Toral
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Pérez de Lara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea
- Functional Food Research and Development Center, Health Science Technological Park, Granada, Spain.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Micol
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Functional Food Research and Development Center, Health Science Technological Park, Granada, Spain.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jesús Pintor
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;
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Abstract
Animal models of osteoarthritis are extensively used for investigating disease pathways and for preclinical testing of novel therapies. Their predictive utility, however, has often been questioned, mainly because preclinical efficacy of novel therapeutics is poorly translated in clinical trials. In the current narrative review, we consider the preclinical models that were used to support undertaking clinical trials for disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs, and compare outcomes between clinical and preclinical studies. We discuss this in light of the 1999 Food and Drug Administration draft guidelines for industry for use in the development of drugs, devices, and biological products intended for the treatment of osteoarthritis, which raised five considerations on the usefulness of osteoarthritis models. We systematically discuss what has been learnt regarding these five points since 1999, with emphasis on replicating distinct risk factors and subtypes of human osteoarthritis, and on comprehensive evaluation of the disease in animals, including pathology of all joint tissues, biomarker analysis, and assessment of pain and joint function. Finally, we discuss lessons learnt and propose some recommendations for how the evidence from preclinical research might be strengthened with a view to improving success in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie Malfait
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, and Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Christopher B Little
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
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Pathak NN, Lingaraju MC, Balaganur V, Kant V, More AS, Kumar D, Kumar D, Tandan SK. Anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective effects of atorvastatin in a cartilage explant model of osteoarthritis. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:161-9. [PMID: 25596949 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the chondroprotective potential of atorvastatin in rat's cartilage explant culture model of osteoarthritis, stimulated by interleukin-1β (IL-1β). MATERIALS AND METHODS The cartilage explants were treated with 20 ng/ml IL-1β alone or with 20 ng/ml IL-1β + various concentration of atorvastatin (1, 3, or 10 µM dissolved in DMSO) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Also, control (0.25% DMSO), stimulated (20 ng IL-1β) and treatment (atorvastatin 10 µM) cartilage explants were incubated without and with 1400W (10 µM). After 24 h of incubation, TNF-α, PGE2, MMP-13, TIMP-1, NO, and superoxide anion formation (O2(-)) concomitant with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were estimated in the medium. RESULTS Atorvastatin inhibited IL-1β-induced GAGs release, TNF-α, MMP-13, and O2(-) with no effect on TIMP-1 and NO. In addition, the source of NO in normal and atorvastatin-treated cartilage was eNOS, while for IL-1β-stimulated cartilage it was iNOS. The cartilage degradation was associated with the combined effects of increased NO and O2 (-) rather than only NO. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that atorvastatin has the ability to protect cartilage degradation following IL-1β-stimulated cartilage in in vitro OA model and supports additional therapeutic application of atorvastatin in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya N Pathak
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243 122, UP, India
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Combination of ADMSCs and chondrocytes reduces hypertrophy and improves the functional properties of osteoarthritic cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1894-901. [PMID: 25128628 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Adipose derived MSCs (ADMSCs) in combination with chondrocytes in counteracting oxidative stress in chondrocytes in vitro and in rat model of osteoarthritis (OA). METHOD Cultured chondrocytes were exposed to oxidative stress with 200 μM Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), followed by co-culture with ADMSCs or chondrocytes or combination of both cell types in a transwell culture system for 36 h. The cytoprotective effect was assessed by immunocytochemistry and gene expression analysis. In vivo study evaluated therapeutic effect of the above mentioned three treatments after transplantation in OA rats. RESULTS The Combination of ADMSCs + Chondrocytes decreased the extent of oxidative stress-induced damage of chondrocytes. Enhanced expression level of Acan and Collagen type-II alpha (Col2a1) with a correspondingly decreased expression of Collagen type-I alpha (Col1a1) and Matrix metallopeptidase 13 (Mmp13) was maximally observed in this group. Moreover, reduced count of annexin-V positive cells, Caspase (Casp3) gene expression and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release with concomitantly enhanced viability and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene was observed. In vivo study showed that homing of cells and proteoglycan contents of knee joints were significantly better in ADMSCs + Chondrocytes transplanted rats. Increased expression of Acan and Col2a1 along with decreased expression of Col1a1 and Mmp13 indicated formation of hyaline cartilage in this group. These rats also demonstrated significantly reduced expression of Casp3 while increased expression of PCNA genes than the other cell transplanted groups. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that a combination of ADMSCs and chondrocytes may be a more effective therapeutic strategy against OA than the use of ADMSCs or chondrocytes separately.
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Yamashita A, Morioka M, Kishi H, Kimura T, Yahara Y, Okada M, Fujita K, Sawai H, Ikegawa S, Tsumaki N. Statin treatment rescues FGFR3 skeletal dysplasia phenotypes. Nature 2014; 513:507-11. [PMID: 25231866 DOI: 10.1038/nature13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 gene (FGFR3) result in skeletal dysplasias, such as thanatophoric dysplasia and achondroplasia (ACH). The lack of disease models using human cells has hampered the identification of a clinically effective treatment for these diseases. Here we show that statin treatment can rescue patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models and a mouse model of FGFR3 skeletal dysplasia. We converted fibroblasts from thanatophoric dysplasia type I (TD1) and ACH patients into iPSCs. The chondrogenic differentiation of TD1 iPSCs and ACH iPSCs resulted in the formation of degraded cartilage. We found that statins could correct the degraded cartilage in both chondrogenically differentiated TD1 and ACH iPSCs. Treatment of ACH model mice with statin led to a significant recovery of bone growth. These results suggest that statins could represent a medical treatment for infants and children with TD1 and ACH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Yamashita
- Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Miho Morioka
- Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kishi
- Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kimura
- 1] Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan [2] Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Yahara
- Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Minoru Okada
- Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kaori Fujita
- Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hideaki Sawai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrated Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Tsumaki
- 1] Cell Induction and Regulation Field, Department of Cell Growth and Differentiation, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan [2] Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
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Shah SR, Werlang CA, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Novel applications of statins for bone regeneration. Natl Sci Rev 2014; 2:85-99. [PMID: 26543666 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwu028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of statins for bone regeneration is a promising and growing area of research. Statins, originally developed to treat high cholesterol, are inhibitors of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl, the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. Because the mevalonate pathway is responsible for the synthesis of a wide variety of important biochemical molecules, including cholesterol and other isoprenoids, the effects of statins are pleiotropic. In particular, statins can greatly affect the process of bone turnover and regeneration via effects on important cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and osteoclasts. Statins have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties that may be useful since infection can derail normal bone healing. This review will explore the pleiotropic effects of statins, discuss the current use of statins for bone regeneration, particularly with regard to biomaterials-based controlled delivery, and offer perspectives on the challenges and future directions of this emerging area of bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita R Shah
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
| | - Caroline A Werlang
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
| | - F Kurtis Kasper
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA
| | - Antonios G Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA ; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
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65
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Chang CH, Hsu YM, Chen YC, Lin FH, Sadhasivam S, Loo ST, Savitha S. Anti-inflammatory effects of hydrophilic and lipophilic statins with hyaluronic acid against LPS-induced inflammation in porcine articular chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:557-65. [PMID: 24302463 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study is to understand the therapeutic effects of lipophilic (simvastatin) and hydrophilic statins (pravastatin) combined with/without hyaluronic acid for osteoarthritis by an in vitro LPS-induced inflammatory model of articular chondrocytes. HA in combination with different doses of simvastatin or pravastatin were used. Beside cytotoxicity, the influence of statins on NO production, pro-inflammatory cytokine, inflammatory mediators, and NF-κB p50 protein were analyzed. Finally, TUNEL assay was performed to detect DNA strand breakage. Two statins were less able to lower NF-κB activity when they were administrated along without HA. The gene expression demonstrates that simvastatin and pravastatin had the ability to decrease pro-inflammatory and inflammatory mediator levels. High dose simvastatin with or without HA down regulated inflammatory cytokines, but resulted in higher cytotoxicity. TUNEL assay confirms the regulatory effect of statins with or without HA over the apoptosis of chondrocytes, especially in hydrophilic statins. The significant down-regulation of inflammatory mediators suggests that intra-articular injection of HA in combination with statins might feasibly slow the progress of osteoarthritis. Administration of simvastatin or pravastatin with hyaluronic acid may produce beneficial effects for OA treatment, but with better results when hydrophilic statin was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Chang
- Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, No. 21, Nan-Ya South Road, Sec. 2 Pan-Chia Dict., New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wei W, Clockaerts S, Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM, Gierman LM, Botter SM, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA, Weinans H, Verhaar JAN, Kloppenburg M, Zuurmond AM, van Osch GJVM. Statins and fibrates do not affect development of spontaneous cartilage damage in STR/Ort mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:293-301. [PMID: 24280247 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since statins and fibrates are capable of improving the metabolic profile of patients as well as decreasing inflammation, they are considered as potential drugs for preventing osteoarthritis (OA). The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of these drugs in the STR/Ort spontaneous OA mouse model. DESIGN Male STR/Ort mice received control diet or control diet containing two different dosages of simvastatin or fenofibrate or a combination of both. Mice were euthanized after 16 weeks of treatment at the age of 24 weeks. Serum analysis for metabolic and inflammatory markers, histologic OA grading and micro computed tomography (μCT) analysis of subchondral bone plate were performed. RESULTS Simvastatin treatment did not have a statistically significant effect on any of the measured parameters. Fenofibrate treated mice gained less body weight (BW) and had lower serum amyloid A (SAA) levels, but higher Interleukin (IL)-1α and MIP1α than other mice. Mice treated with 200 mg/kg BW/day fenofibrate had less subchondral bone plate volume than control, but no statistically significant reduction in cartilage damage. In the combination treatment group, BW and SAA were lower than control. Overall, bodyweight, synovium membrane cell layers and SAA levels correlated to subchondral bone plate changes and subchondral bone plate changes correlated to cartilage damage. CONCLUSIONS Statins and fibrates did not affect development of cartilage damage in the STR/Ort spontaneous OA mouse model. Fenofibrates however, had an effect on BW, serum inflammation markers and subchondral bone plate morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - S Clockaerts
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | | - L M Gierman
- TNO, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - S M Botter
- Laboratory for Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - S M A Bierma-Zeinstra
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - H Weinans
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands; Department of Orthopaedics, Utrecht University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - J A N Verhaar
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Kloppenburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - G J V M van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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67
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Villalvilla A, Gómez R, Largo R, Herrero-Beaumont G. Lipid transport and metabolism in healthy and osteoarthritic cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20793-808. [PMID: 24135873 PMCID: PMC3821643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is an avascular tissue and cartilage metabolism depends on molecule diffusion from synovial fluid and subchondral bone. Thus, nutrient availability is limited by matrix permeability according to the size and charge of the molecules. Matrix composition limits the access of molecules to chondrocytes, determining cell metabolism and cartilage maintenance. Lipids are important nutrients in chondrocyte metabolism and are available for these cells through de novo synthesis but also through diffusion from surrounding tissues. Cartilage status and osteoarthritis development depend on lipid availability. This paper reviews lipid transport and metabolism in cartilage. We also analyze signalling pathways directly mediated by lipids and those that involve mTOR pathways, both in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Villalvilla
- Osteoarticular Pathology Laboratory, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mails: (R.L.); (G.H.-B.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-915-504-800; Fax: +34-915-442-636
| | - Rodolfo Gómez
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Raquel Largo
- Osteoarticular Pathology Laboratory, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mails: (R.L.); (G.H.-B.)
| | - Gabriel Herrero-Beaumont
- Osteoarticular Pathology Laboratory, IIS Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid 28040, Spain; E-Mails: (R.L.); (G.H.-B.)
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68
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Gao SG, Zeng C, Li LJ, Luo W, Zhang FJ, Tian J, Cheng C, Tu M, Xiong YL, Jiang W, Xu M, Lei GH. Correlation between senescence-associated beta-galactosidase expression in articular cartilage and disease severity of patients with knee osteoarthritis. Int J Rheum Dis 2013; 19:226-32. [PMID: 26112901 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purposes of this study were to investigate senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) levels in articular cartilage of knee osteoarthritis (OA) and the relationship with severity of the disease. METHODS All the 50 cartilage tissues, including normal (controls) and OA cartilage were ascribed to four groups of normal, mild lesions, moderate lesions and severe lesions on the basis of the modified Mankin score. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the SA-beta-Gal expression in articular cartilage. RESULTS No SA-beta-Gal staining was observed in the normal articular cartilage samples. SA-beta-Gal staining was found in a subset of the chondrocytes close to the lesion site of mild, moderate and severe damaged knee OA cartilage. The percentage of SA-beta-Gal-positive chondrocytes in articular cartilage was 0% in controls, 13.00 ± 5.77% in mild lesions, 31.65 ± 6.91% in moderate lesions and 51.95 ± 6.21% in severe lesions. SA-beta-Gal expression in mild lesions, moderate lesions and severe lesions was higher compared with that of controls (P < 0.0001). SA-beta-Gal expression in moderate lesions and severe lesions were higher with respect to mild lesion samples (P < 0.0001). SA-beta-Gal expression in severe lesions was elevated compared with those of moderate lesions (P < 0.0001). Subsequent analysis showed that articular cartilage SA-beta-Gal levels correlated with severity of disease (Spearman's ρ = 0.94, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION SA-beta-Gal expression in articular cartilage is associated with progressive knee OA joint damage and is a potential indictor of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Guang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Orthopaedics Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liang-Jun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Min Tu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi-Lin Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mai Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guang-Hua Lei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Orthopaedics Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Lovastatin protects chondrocytes derived from Wharton's jelly of human cord against hydrogen-peroxide-induced in vitro injury. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 351:433-43. [PMID: 23271636 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to improve the survival and reduce the apoptosis of chondrocytes derived from mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton's jelly of human umbilical cord (WJMSCs) by Lovastatin supplementation under hydrogen-peroxide-induced injury conditions to simulate the osteoarthritic micro-environment. Chondrocytes were differentiated in vitro from WJMSCs. The cultured WJMSCs expressed CD90 (84.07%), CD105 (80.84%), OCT4 (26.90%), CD45 (0.42%) and CD34 (0.48%) as determined by flow cytometry. Increased aggregation of proteoglycans observed by Safranin-O staining accompanied by increased expression of COL2A1, ACAN, SOX9 and BGN shown by immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed the chondrogenic differentiation of the WJMSCs. The in vitro differentiated chondrocytes were subjected to oxidative stress by exposure to 200 μM hydrogen peroxide, either in the presence or absence of Lovastatin (2 μM) for 5 h. Lovastatin treatment resulted in decreased apoptosis, senescence and LDH release and in increased viability and proliferation of WJMSC-derived chondrocytes. Real time PCR analysis showed markedly up-regulated expression of prosurvival, proliferation and chondrogenic genes (BCL2L1, BCL2, AKT, PCNA, COL2A1, ACAN, SOX9 and BGN) and significantly down-regulated expression of pro-apoptotic genes (BAX, FADD) in the Lovastatin-treated group in comparison with injured cells. The reduced expression of VEGF and p53 as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and PCR suggests the suitability of the use of Lovastatin in adjunct to WJMSC-derived chondrocytes for the treatment of osteoarthritis. We conclude that Lovastatin protects WJMSC-derived chondrocytes from hydrogen-peroxide-induced in vitro injury.
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Abstract
Metabolic osteoarthritis (OA) has now been characterized as a subtype of OA, and links have been discovered between this phenotype and metabolic syndrome (MetS)--both with individual MetS components and with MetS as a whole. Hypertension associates with OA through subchondral ischaemia, which can compromise nutrient exchange into articular cartilage and trigger bone remodelling. Ectopic lipid deposition in chondrocytes induced by dyslipidemia might initiate OA development, exacerbated by deregulated cellular lipid metabolism in joint tissues. Hyperglycaemia and OA interact at both local and systemic levels; local effects of oxidative stress and advanced glycation end-products are implicated in cartilage damage, whereas low-grade systemic inflammation results from glucose accumulation and contributes to a toxic internal environment that can exacerbate OA. Obesity-related metabolic factors, particularly altered levels of adipokines, contribute to OA development by inducing the expression of proinflammatory factors as well as degradative enzymes, leading to the inhibition of cartilage matrix synthesis and stimulation of subchondral bone remodelling. In this Review, we summarize the shared mechanisms of inflammation, oxidative stress, common metabolites and endothelial dysfunction that characterize the aetiologies of OA and MetS, and nominate metabolic OA as the fifth component of MetS. We also describe therapeutic opportunities that might arise from uniting these concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhuo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxing Road 28#, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, People's Republic of China
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Li J, Pei M. Cell Senescence: A Challenge in Cartilage Engineering and Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 18:270-87. [PMID: 22273114 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingting Li
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Age-dependent rescue by simvastatin of Alzheimer's disease cerebrovascular and memory deficits. J Neurosci 2012; 32:4705-15. [PMID: 22492027 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0169-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is now established as a progressive compromise not only of the neurons but also of the cerebral vasculature. Increasing evidence also indicates that cerebrovascular dysfunction may be a key or an aggravating pathogenic factor in AD, emphasizing the importance to properly control this deficit when aiming for effective therapy. Here, we report that simvastatin (3-6 months, 40 mg/kg/d) completely rescued cerebrovascular reactivity, basal endothelial nitric oxide synthesis, and activity-induced neurometabolic and neurovascular coupling in adult (6 months) and aged (12 months) transgenic mice overexpressing the Swedish and Indiana mutations of the human amyloid precursor protein (AD mice). Remarkably, simvastatin fully restored short- and long-term memory in adult, but not in aged AD mice. These beneficial effects occurred without any decreasing effect of simvastatin on brain amyloid-β (Aβ) levels or plaque load. However, in AD mice with recovered memory, protein levels of the learning- and memory-related immediate early genes c-Fos and Egr-1 were normalized or upregulated in hippocampal CA1 neurons, indicative of restored neuronal function. In contrast, the levels of phospholipase A2, enkephalin, PSD-95, synaptophysin, or glutamate NMDA receptor subunit type 2B were either unaltered in AD mice or unaffected by treatment. These findings disclose new sites of action for statins against Aβ-induced neuronal and cerebrovascular deficits that could be predictive of therapeutic benefit in AD patients. They further indicate that simvastatin and, possibly, other brain penetrant statins bear high therapeutic promise in early AD and in patients with vascular diseases who are at risk of developing AD.
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73
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Gierman LM, van der Ham F, Koudijs A, Wielinga PY, Kleemann R, Kooistra T, Stoop R, Kloppenburg M, van Osch GJVM, Stojanovic-Susulic V, Huizinga TW, Zuurmond AM. Metabolic stress-induced inflammation plays a major role in the development of osteoarthritis in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 64:1172-81. [PMID: 22034049 DOI: 10.1002/art.33443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is associated with systemic inflammation and is a risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA) development. We undertook this study to test the hypothesis that metabolic stress-induced inflammation, and not mechanical overload, is responsible for the development of high-fat diet-induced OA in mice. METHODS Human C-reactive protein (CRP)-transgenic mice received a high-fat diet without or with 0.005% (weight/weight) rosuvastatin or 0.018% (w/w) rosiglitazone, 2 different drugs with antiinflammatory properties. Mice fed chow were included as controls. After 42 weeks, mice were killed and histologic OA grading of the knees was performed. To monitor the overall inflammation state, systemic human CRP levels were determined. RESULTS Male mice on a high-fat diet had significantly higher OA grades than mice on chow and showed no correlation between OA severity and body weight. In male mice, high-fat diet-induced OA was significantly inhibited by rosuvastatin or rosiglitazone to OA grades observed in control mice. Both treatments resulted in reduced human CRP levels. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the relative individual induction of human CRP evoked by a high-fat diet on day 3 and OA grade at end point. CONCLUSION High-fat diet-induced OA in mice is due to low-grade inflammation and not to mechanical overload, since no relationship between body weight and OA grade was observed. Moreover, the OA process was inhibited to a great extent by treatment with 2 drugs with antiinflammatory properties. The inflammatory response to a metabolic high-fat challenge may predict individual susceptibility to developing OA later in life. The use of statins or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists (e.g., rosiglitazone) could be a strategy for interfering with the progression of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Gierman
- TNO and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Heidari B. Knee osteoarthritis diagnosis, treatment and associated factors of progression: part II. CASPIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2011; 2:249-255. [PMID: 24049581 PMCID: PMC3770501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis can be confirmed based on clinical and/or radiological features. The potential of a progressive disease can be prevented or decreased by earlier recognition and correction of associated factors. Obesity and alignment especially varus malalignment are recognized factors of a progressive disease. Both nonpharmalogical as well as pharmacological modalities of treatment are useful in managing the symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. Surgery should be considered only in patients who do not respond to medical therapy. The prevalence and risk factors of knee osteoarthritis have been described in the first part of this review. In this issue, the diagnosis progressive factors and management of knee osteoarthritis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Heidari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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