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Koukouraki P, Tsoupras A, Sotiroudis G, Demopoulos CA, Sotiroudis TG. Antithrombotic properties of Spirulina extracts against platelet-activating factor and thrombin. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abdel-Daim MM, Shaaban Ali M, Madkour FF, Elgendy H. Oral Spirulina Platensis Attenuates Hyperglycemia and Exhibits Antinociceptive Effect in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Neuropathy Rat Model. J Pain Res 2020; 13:2289-2296. [PMID: 32982392 PMCID: PMC7507773 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s267347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diabetic neuropathy is a common consequence of diabetes. Hyperalgesia is one of the main symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. In response to noxious stimuli, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats show exaggerated hyperalgesic behavior, while Spirulina platensis has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and insulin-like effects. To assess the antinociceptive effect of oral Spirulina platensis (SP) powder on formalin-induced nociceptive responses in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Methods Sixty mature male albino rats were randomly allocated into six equal groups (10 in each group). Group 1 (control non-diabetic group) received 0.9% saline; group 2 was given oral pure SP powder-treated as a non-diabetic control group, group 3 was sodium salicylate-treated rats and used as a positive non-diabetic control group, group 4 managed as vehicle-treated diabetic rats, group 5 considered as SP-treated-diabetic group, and sodium salicylate-treated-diabetic rats used as a diabetic positive control group (group 6). STZ-diabetic rats were orally given SP in a dose of 500 mg kg/day for 1 month. The formalin test was implemented in two phases: the early phase in the first 10-min post-formalin injection, and the late phase was considered in the 15–60 min post-formalin injection time interval. Results Pain scores were increased in the diabetic groups during both phases of the experiment. Blood glucose was significantly reduced in diabetic rats that received oral SP, P < 0.01. Besides, SP-treated rats had lower pain scores during both phases of the experiment than untreated diabetic ones. However, in the sodium salicylate group, the pain score was reduced only during the second phase. An exaggerated nociceptive response occurred in diabetic rats after the formalin test. A significant antinociceptive effect appeared in SP-treated control and diabetic rats. Discussion The findings suggest that oral Spirulina platensis could have a potential therapeutic role for managing induced painful diabetic neuropathy in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | | | - Fedekar F Madkour
- Marine Science Department, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
| | - Hamed Elgendy
- Anesthesia Department, Assiut University Hospitals, Assiut, Egypt.,Anesthesia Department, HAMAD Medical Corporation & Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar & Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Chittora D, Meena M, Barupal T, Swapnil P. Cyanobacteria as a source of biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 22:100737. [PMID: 32083191 PMCID: PMC7021550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous increase in global human population and depletion of natural resources of energy posing threat to environment needs, sustainable supply of food and energy. The most ecofriendly approach 'green technology' has been exploited for biofertilizer preparation. Cyanobacteria are the most successful and sustained prokaryotic organism during the course of evolution. They are considered as one of the primitive life forms found on our planet. Cyanobacteria are emerging candidates for efficiently conversion of radiant energy into chemical energy. This biological system produces oxygen as a by-product. Cyanobacterial biomass can also be used for the large scale production of food, energy, biofertilizers, secondary metabolites, cosmetics and medicines. Therefore, cyanobacteria are used in ecofriendly sustainable agricultural practice for production of biomass of very high value and decreasing the level of CO2. This review article describes the methods of mass production of cyanobacterial biofertilizers and their applications in agriculture and industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Chittora
- Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mukesh Meena
- Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Tansukh Barupal
- Department of Botany, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Prashant Swapnil
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Ding KX, Gao TL, Xu R, Cai J, Zhang HQ, Sun YY, Zhong F, Ma AG. Quantifying the Effect of Supplementation with Algae and Its Extracts on Glycolipid Metabolism: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1712. [PMID: 32521609 PMCID: PMC7352414 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The effect of algae and its extract supplementation on glycolipid metabolism has not been finalized. Therefore, the purpose of the meta-analyses was to assess the effects of its supplementation on glycolipid metabolism concentration. METHODS We have systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library and Embase to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the impact of algae and its extracts supplementation on glycolipid metabolism. Effect size analysis was performed using weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% CI between the methods of the experiment group and the control group. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the possible influences of study characteristics. Publication bias and sensitivity analysis were also performed. RESULTS A total of 27 RCTs (31 trials) with 1221 participants were finally selected for the meta-analysis. The algae and its extract intervention significantly decreased glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c, WMD = -0.18%; 95% CI: -0.27 to -0.10; p < 0.001), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, WMD = -0.22 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.38 to -0.06; p = 0.008), and triglycerides (TC, WMD = -0.31 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.37 to -0.25; p < 0.001) levels and increased insulin (WMD = 6.05 pmol/mL; 95% CI: 4.01 to 8.09; p < 0.001) levels. It did not significantly change the blood glucose, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), 2-h post-meal blood glucose (2hPBG) and other lipid profiles. Subgroup analyses based on the duration of intervention and subjects demonstrated that the intervention of algae and its extracts for 10 weeks or fewer and more than 40 subjects decreased TC levels (p < 0.05). Moreover, the intervention reduced TC and 2hPBG concentrations for East Asians (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provided evidence that algae and its extract interventions were beneficial for the regulation of human glycolipid metabolism. More precise RCTs on subjects are recommended to further clarify the effect of algae, seaweed polysaccharide, seaweed polypeptide, algae polyphenol and its products intervention on glycolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-xiang Ding
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Tian-lin Gao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Rui Xu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Hua-qi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yong-ye Sun
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Feng Zhong
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Ai-guo Ma
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
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Ishiguro S, Upreti D, Robben N, Burghart R, Loyd M, Ogun D, Le T, Delzeit J, Nakashima A, Thakkar R, Nakashima A, Suzuki K, Comer J, Tamura M. Water extract from Euglena gracilis prevents lung carcinoma growth in mice by attenuation of the myeloid-derived cell population. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110166. [PMID: 32361165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The partially purified water extract from Euglena gracilis (EWE) was evaluated for its antitumor and immunomodulatory effects in cell cultures and in a mouse orthotopic lung carcinoma allograft model. In two-dimensional cell culture, the EWE treatment inhibited cell growth of both murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and human lung carcinoma cells (A549 and H1299) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In contrast, the growth of mouse bone marrow cells (BMCs), but not mouse splenocytes (SPLs), was stimulated by the treatment with EWE. In three-dimensional spheroid culture, spheroid growth of LLC cells was significantly attenuated by EWE treatment. In a mouse LLC orthotopic allograft model, pretreatment with EWE (150-200 mg/kg/day, via drinking water) three weeks prior to the LLC cell inoculation, but not post-treatment after LLC cell inoculation, significantly attenuated the growth of LLC tumors in immunocompetent syngeneic mouse lung. This tumor growth attenuation coincided with a significant decrease in the population of myeloid-derived cells, primarily neutrophils. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the EWE treatment significantly attenuated growth of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (gMDSC) in BMCs and that this decrease was due to induction of gMDSC-specific apoptosis and differentiation of monocytic MDSCs (mMDSC) to macrophages. The present study provides evidence that EWE pretreatment inhibits lung carcinoma growth mainly by stimulating host antitumor immunity through attenuation of growth of gMDSCs and decreasing the number of peripheral granulocytes. This study suggests that the partially purified extract derived from Euglena gracilis contains significant bioactive materials that prevent lung carcinoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ishiguro
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Deepa Upreti
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Nicole Robben
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Riley Burghart
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Mayme Loyd
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Damilola Ogun
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Tran Le
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Jennifer Delzeit
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Arashi Nakashima
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Ravindra Thakkar
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | | | - Kengo Suzuki
- Euglena Co., Ltd., Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0014, Japan.
| | - Jeffrey Comer
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Masaaki Tamura
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
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A Critical Review on the Role of Food and Nutrition in the Energy Balance. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041161. [PMID: 32331288 PMCID: PMC7231187 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mass media has increasingly frequently suggested to the general population that specific foods or nutritional schemes are able to affect both human metabolism and energy expenditure, thus facilitating weight loss. This critical review is aimed at assessing available evidence on the roles of nutrients, food and dietary regimens in energy intake and energy expenditure. We queried the National Library of Medicine, the Cochrane Library, Excerpta Medica dataBASEand the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature database, and a search strategy was performed by using database-specific subject headings and keywords. We found that available scientific evidence on these topics is scarce, and that the limited number of available studies often have poor methodological quality. Only a few foods show beneficial effects on metabolism and energy expenditure, as the human energy balance is complex and multifactorial. Finally, microbiota may interfere with the intake, use and expenditure of energy in the human body. Conclusive evidence is still lacking, and, at present, it is not possible to identify a food or a diet with a significant impact on human energy expenditure.
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Duliński R, Byczyński Ł, Karbowski A. The effect of Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) addition on the content of selected mineral elements, carotenes, and antioxidant potential in alginate gel beads. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2019-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlginate, a heteropolysaccharide extracted from brown algae Laminaria digitata, has non-toxic status and good physical and chemical properties, was used in this study for encapsulation of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis. Results indicated that adding A. platensis to alginate beads increased the level of mineral elements: magnesium by 55–60 mg/kg, iron by 38–40 mg/kg, and iodine by 88–107 μg/kg, as compared to respective control samples without microalgae addition. Adding A. platensis within alginate beads resulted in an increased antioxidative potential and consequent higher inhibition of the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) by 15–25% compared to the respective control alginate beads. Finally, the content of beta-carotene in alginate beads fortified with A. platensis biomass amounts on average to 51 μg/g. Due to their health-promoting potential, alginate beads enriched with A. platensis biomass can, therefore, be used as a functional ingredient in the nutraceutical sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Duliński
- Department of Biotechnology and General Technology of Food, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 122, PL-30-149, Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Byczyński
- Department of Biotechnology and General Technology of Food, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 122, PL-30-149, Kraków, Poland
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Hajati H, Zaghari M, Oliveira HC. Arthrospira (Spirulina) Platensis Can Be Considered as a Probiotic Alternative to Reduce Heat Stress in Laying Japanese Quails. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Niccolai A, Venturi M, Galli V, Pini N, Rodolfi L, Biondi N, D'Ottavio M, Batista AP, Raymundo A, Granchi L, Tredici MR. Development of new microalgae-based sourdough "crostini": functional effects of Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) addition. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19433. [PMID: 31857609 PMCID: PMC6923427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of Arthrospira platensis F&M-C256 (spirulina) incorporation on the nutritional and functional properties of "crostini", a leavened bakery product largely consumed in Italy and Europe. Sourdough was used as leavening and fermentation agent and three concentrations of A. platensis F&M-C256 were tested: 2%, 6% and 10% (w/w). Despite a lower volume increase compared to the control, the A. platensis F&M-C256 "crostini" doughs reached a technological appropriate volume after fermentation. At the end of fermentation, no significant differences in microorganisms concentrations were observed. A. platensis F&M-C256 "crostini" showed higher protein content compared to the control. Considering the European Commission Regulation on nutritional claims, "crostini" incorporated with 6% and 10% biomass can be claimed to be a "source of protein". Six and ten percent A. platensis "crostini" also presented significantly higher antioxidant capacity and phenolics. A significantly lower value of in vitro dry matter and protein digestibility between A. platensis F&M-C256 "crostini" and the control was found. The overall acceptability decreased with increasing A. platensis F&M-C256 addition. The combination of spirulina biomass addition and the sourdough technology led to the development of a novel microalgae-based bakery product with nutritional and functional features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Niccolai
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Viola Galli
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Pini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Liliana Rodolfi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Fotosintetica & Microbiologica S.r.l, Florence, Italy
| | - Natascia Biondi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo D'Ottavio
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ana Paula Batista
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anabela Raymundo
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lisa Granchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario R Tredici
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Batista AP, Niccolai A, Bursic I, Sousa I, Raymundo A, Rodolfi L, Biondi N, Tredici MR. Microalgae as Functional Ingredients in Savory Food Products: Application to Wheat Crackers. Foods 2019; 8:foods8120611. [PMID: 31771197 PMCID: PMC6963871 DOI: 10.3390/foods8120611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Crackers are widely consumed snack foods and there is an increasing trend in adding functional ingredients to their composition. In the present work, the dried biomasses of four microalgae strains—Arthrospira platensis F&M-C256, Chlorella vulgaris Allma, Tetraselmis suecica F&M-M33, and Phaeodactylum tricornutum F&M-M40—were used as a source of proteins, antioxidants, and other bioactive molecules in artisanal wheat crackers. Two incorporation levels were tested: 2% (w/w) and 6% (w/w). The impact of microalgae addition was evaluated in terms of physical properties, biochemical composition, antioxidant activity, in vitro digestibility, and sensory characteristics. Microalgae crackers presented stable color and texture throughout eight weeks of storage. Microalgae crackers were slightly thinner and lighter than the control but presented a similar density in agreement with scanning electron microscope images, indicating that gas retention was not greatly affected by microalgae addition. Regarding biochemical composition, 6% A. platensis and C. vulgaris crackers presented a significantly higher protein content (13.2–13.5%), for which they could be claimed to be a “source of protein” according to the Regulation (EC) No. 1924/2006. A. platensis crackers showed the highest antioxidant activity and attained better sensory analysis scores. T. suecica and P. tricornutum crackers showed high phenolic content and antioxidant activity but attained low sensory scores mainly because of their unattractive fishy off-flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Batista
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.P.B.); (I.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Alberto Niccolai
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 24, 50144 Florence, Italy; (L.R.); (N.B.); (M.R.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39 055-4574005
| | - Ivana Bursic
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.P.B.); (I.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Isabel Sousa
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.P.B.); (I.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Anabela Raymundo
- LEAF—Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.P.B.); (I.S.); (A.R.)
| | - Liliana Rodolfi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 24, 50144 Florence, Italy; (L.R.); (N.B.); (M.R.T.)
- Fotosintetica & Microbiologica S.r.l., Via dei Della Robbia 54, 50132 Florence, Italy
| | - Natascia Biondi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 24, 50144 Florence, Italy; (L.R.); (N.B.); (M.R.T.)
| | - Mario R. Tredici
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 24, 50144 Florence, Italy; (L.R.); (N.B.); (M.R.T.)
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Supplementation with Spirulina platensis Modulates Aortic Vascular Reactivity through Nitric Oxide and Antioxidant Activity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7838149. [PMID: 31772708 PMCID: PMC6854921 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7838149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The possible mechanism is involved in the effects of Spirulina platensis on vascular reactivity. Animals were divided into sedentary group (SG) and sedentary groups supplemented with S. platensis at doses of 50 (SG50), 150 (SG150), and 500 mg/kg (SG500). To evaluate reactivity, cumulative concentration-response curves were constructed for phenylephrine and acetylcholine. To evaluate the involvement of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, aorta tissue was preincubated with L-NAME and a new curve was then obtained for phenylephrine. Biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate nitrite levels, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant activity. To contractile reactivity, only SG500 (pD2 = 5.6 ± 0.04 vs. 6.1 ± 0.06, 6.2 ± 0.02, and 6.2 ± 0.04) showed reduction in phenylephrine contractile potency. L-NAME caused a higher contractile response to phenylephrine in SG150 and SG500. To relaxation, curves for SG150 (pD2 = 7.0 ± 0.08 vs. 6.4 ± 0.06) and SG500 (pD2 = 7.3 ± 0.02 vs. 6.4 ± 0.06) were shifted to the left, more so in SG500. Nitrite was increased in SG150 and SG500. Lipid peroxidation was reduced, and oxidation inhibition was increased in all supplemented groups, indicating enhanced antioxidant activity. Chronic supplementation with S. platensis (150/500 mg/kg) caused a decrease in contractile response and increase in relaxation and nitrite levels, indicating greater NO production, due to decreased oxidative stress and increased antioxidant activity.
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Moradi S, Ziaei R, Foshati S, Mohammadi H, Nachvak SM, Rouhani MH. Effects of Spirulina supplementation on obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2019; 47:102211. [PMID: 31780031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence has suggested that Spirulina supplementation may affect anthropometric indices. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to summarize published randomized clinical trials which assess the effect of Spirulina supplementation on obesity. SETTING Pertinent studies were identified using Embase, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, PubMed and Cochrane library databases up to May 2019. Mean Differences (MD) were pooled using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were reported using standard methods. RESULTS Results of 5 studies (7 treatment arms) showed a significant reduction in weight (MD: -1.56 Kg, 95% CI: -1.98 to -1.14) after Spirulina supplementation. Subgroup analysis based on health status revealed that weight change in obese subjects (MD: -2.06 Kg, 95% CI: -2.45 to -1.68) was greater than overweight participants (MD: -1.28 Kg, 95% CI: -1.62 to -0.93) following Spirulina supplementation. Also, pooled analysis showed that Spirulina supplementation led to a significant reduction in body fat percent (MD: -1.02, 95% CI: -1.49 to -0.54) and waist circumference (MD: -1.40, 95% CI: -1.40 to -1.39), but not in body mass index and waist to hip ratio. CONCLUSION Spirulina supplementation significantly reduces body weight, especially in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Moradi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rahele Ziaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sahar Foshati
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Students' Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Nachvak
- Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Rouhani
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Chew KW, Chia SR, Krishnamoorthy R, Tao Y, Chu DT, Show PL. Liquid biphasic flotation for the purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis microalga. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 288:121519. [PMID: 31128541 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biphasic flotation (LBF), an integrated process of liquid biphasic system (LBS) and adsorptive bubbles flotation, was used for the purification of C-phycocyanin from S. platensis microalgae. Various experimental parameters such as type of phase forming polymer and salt, concentration of phase forming components, system pH, volume ratio, air flotation time and crude extract concentration were evaluated to maximise the C-phycocyanin recovery yield and purity. The optimal conditions for the LBF system achieving C-phycocyanin purification fold of 3.49 compared to 2.43 from the initial LBF conditions was in polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 and potassium phosphate combination, with 250 g/L of polymer and salt concentration each, volume ratio of 1:0.85, system pH of 7.0, air flotation duration of 7 min and phycocyanin crude extract concentration of 0.625 %w/w. The LBF has effectively enhanced the purification of C-phycocyanin in a cost effective and simple processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Wayne Chew
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shir Reen Chia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rambabu Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India
| | - Yang Tao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Institute for Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang, Viet Nam; School of Odonto Stomatology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia.
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64
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Hamedifard Z, Milajerdi A, Reiner Ž, Taghizadeh M, Kolahdooz F, Asemi Z. The effects of spirulina on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins in patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2609-2621. [PMID: 31359513 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of spirulina on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related disorders. Two independent authors systematically searched online database including EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception until April 30, 2019. The Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool was applied to assess the methodological quality of included trials. The heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed using Cochrane's Q test and I-square (I2 ) statistic. Pooling effect sizes from studies showed a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose (FPG; weighted mean difference [WMD]: -10.31; 95% confidence interval, CI [-16.21, -4.42]) and insulin concentrations (WMD: -0.53; 95% CI [-0.62, -0.44]) following the administration of spirulina. Pooled analysis showed also a significant reduction in total cholesterol (WMD: -20.50; 95% CI [-38.25, -2.74]), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; WMD: -19.02; 95% CI [-36.27, -1.78]), and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) concentrations (WMD: -6.72; 95% CI [-9.19, -4.26]) and a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (WMD: 1.42; 95% CI [0.16, 2.68]) following spirulina therapy. This meta-analysis demonstrated the beneficial effects of spirulina supplementation on improving FPG, insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and HDL-C levels in patients with MetS and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hamedifard
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Alireza Milajerdi
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Fariba Kolahdooz
- Indigenous and Global Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
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65
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Rezaei N, Eftekhari MH, Tanideh N, Mokhtari M, Bagheri Z. Comparison of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Honey and Spirulina platensis with Sulfasalazine and Mesalazine on Acetic Acid-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats. Galen Med J 2019; 8:e1095. [PMID: 34466462 PMCID: PMC8343697 DOI: 10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Antioxidant therapy has gained attention for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). The excessive generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species in the gastrointestinal tract increases oxidative stress, thereby leading to antioxidant defense depletion, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, tissue damage, and ulceration. Spirulina platensis (SP) and honey are excellent sources of potent antioxidants such as polyphenols and other bioactive compounds. We aimed to investigate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of honey and SP in comparison with sulfasalazine (SSZ) and mesalazine on acetic acid-induced colitis (AA-colitis) in rats. Materials and Methods: Fifty-six Sprague Dawley male rats were allocated to seven groups, with each group comprising eight rats. UC was induced, except in normal controls (NC). All groups received oral treatments for seven days. The normal saline solution of 2 mL was intrarectally administered to the NC group. The AA-colitis and NC groups received 2 mL acetic acid intrarectally as a single dose and 2 mL normal saline for seven consecutive days orally. The mesalazine group received 100 mg/kg mesalazine, the SSZ group 360 mg/kg SSZ, the honey or H group 1 mL honey diluted with 1 mL distilled water, the SH group 1g/kg SP and 1 mL honey, and the SP group 1g/kg SP. After clinical activity score assessment, the rats were sacrificed. Colonic weight/length ratio, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured. Colonic histopathological changes were observed microscopically. Results: Treatment of UC with SP, honey, and combination regimen significantly reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MDA, MPO, NO, and PGE2, and increased TAC, GSH, GPx, and SOD in interventional groups compared to the AA-colitis group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Honey and SP might be beneficial food supplements for medical nutrition therapy in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Eftekhari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Correspondence to: Mohammad Hassan Eftekhari, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Telephone Number: +989177088717 Email Address:
| | - Nader Tanideh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maral Mokhtari
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Bagheri
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Ma Z, Ahmed F, Yuan B, Zhang W. Fresh living Arthrospira as dietary supplements: Current status and challenges. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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67
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Jung F, Krüger-Genge A, Waldeck P, Küpper JH. Spirulina platensis, a super food? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/jcb-189012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Jung
- Institute of Clinical Haemostasiology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - A. Krüger-Genge
- Department of Biomaterials and Healthcare, Fraunhofer Institute Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Division of Life Science and Bioprocesses, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - P. Waldeck
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - J.-H. Küpper
- Institute of Biotechnology, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
- Carbon Biotech Social Enterprise Stiftungs AG, Senftenberg, Germany
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68
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Yousefi R, Saidpour A, Mottaghi A. The effects of Spirulina supplementation on metabolic syndrome components, its liver manifestation and related inflammatory markers: A systematic review. Complement Ther Med 2019; 42:137-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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69
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Galal MK, Elleithy EMM, Abdrabou MI, Yasin NAE, Shaheen YM. Modulation of caspase-3 gene expression and protective effects of garlic and spirulina against CNS neurotoxicity induced by lead exposure in male rats. Neurotoxicology 2019; 72:15-28. [PMID: 30703413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a ubiquitous environmental and industrial pollutant with worldwide health problems. The present study was designed to investigate the neurotoxic effects of Pb in albino rats and to evaluate the ameliorative role of garlic as well as Spirulina maxima against such toxic effects. Forty adult male rats were used in this investigation (10 rats/group). Group I: served as control, Group II: rats received lead acetate (100 mg/kg), Group III: rats received both lead acetate (100 mg/kg) and garlic (600 mg/kg) and Group IV: rats received both lead acetate (100 mg/kg) and spirulina (500 mg/kg) daily by oral gavage for one month. Exposure to Pb acetate adversely affected the measured acetyl cholinesterase enzyme activity, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation parameters as well as caspase-3 gene expression in brain tissue (cerebrum and cerebellum). Light and electron microscopical examination of the cerebrum and cerebellum showed various lesions after exposure to Pb which were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. On the other hand, administration of garlic and spirulina concomitantly with lead acetate ameliorated most of the undesirable effects. It could be concluded that, the adverse effects induced by lead acetate, were markedly ameliorated by co-treatment with S. maxima more than garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona K Galal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ebtihal M M Elleithy
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I Abdrabou
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha A E Yasin
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Youssef M Shaheen
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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70
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Chang YK, Show PL, Lan JCW, Tsai JC, Huang CR. Isolation of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis microalga using Ionic liquid based aqueous two-phase system. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 270:320-327. [PMID: 30241065 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) with ionic liquids (ILs) was used for the isolate of C-phycocyanin (CPC) from Spirulina platensis microalga. Various imidazolium ILs and potassium salts were studied. The effect of ILs-ATPS on the extraction efficiency of CPC was also studied. The experimental parameters like pH, loading volume, algae concentration, temperature, and alkyl chain length of IL were well-covered in this report. The experimental results showed that the extraction efficiency, the partition coefficient, and the separation factor for CPC were 99%, 36.6, and 5.8, respectively, for an optimal pH value of 7 and a temperature of 308 K. The order of extraction efficiency for CPC using IL-ATPS was: 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (C8MIM-Br) > 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (C6MIM-Br) > 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (C4MIM-Br). The isolation process followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model and the thermodynamic results were obviously spontaneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kaung Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Bioseparation Research Group, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - John Chi-Wei Lan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chin Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Rong Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Biochemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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71
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Park JH, Lee SI, Kim IH. Effect of dietary Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis on the growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activity, nutrient digestibility, cecal microflora, excreta noxious gas emission, and breast meat quality of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2451-2459. [PMID: 29672750 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of dietary Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activity, nutrient digestibility, cecal microflora, excreta noxious gas emission, organ weight and breast meat quality in broiler chickens. In total, 800 Ross 308 male broiler chickens (1-d-old) were randomly divided into 5 dietary treatments with 10 replicate cages (16 birds/replicate) per treatment for 5 wk. The dietary treatments were a control basal diet without Spirulina or with 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, or 1.0% Spirulina. Body weight gain, feed conversion, and/or European production efficiency index improved linearly with supplementation of Spirulina during d 8 to 21, 22 to 35, and overall d 1 to 35 (P < 0.05). Dietary Spirulina supplementation caused a significant increase in the serum enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (linear, P < 0.05). Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen showed a linear increase in Spirulina supplementation (P < 0.05). Cecal Lactobacillus count linearly increased and excreta ammonia gas emission linearly decreased, as dietary Spirulina supplementation increased (P < 0.05). There were no significant effects on relative organ weight and breast meat quality of broilers fed with Spirulina diets; however, 7 d drip loss linearly decreased in treatment groups fed with Spirulina (P < 0.05). These results indicate that adding Spirulina to the diet of broilers can improve antioxidant enzyme activity, dry matter and nitrogen digestibility, cecal Lactobacillus population, excreta ammonia gas emission, and 7 d drip loss of breast meat. In addition, dietary inclusion of 1.0% Spirulina powder might provide a good alternative to improve broiler chicken production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Park
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - S I Lee
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - I H Kim
- Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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72
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Manali KM, Arunraj R, Ramakrishnan GS, Ramya M. Development of sensitive and specific multiplex PCR method for the detection of microcystin producing cyanobacteria in spirulina food supplements. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 28:609-614. [PMID: 30956874 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirulina has emerged as the next-generation dietary supplement owing to its health benefits. Despite the advantages, there have been reports of contamination by cyanotoxins such as microcystins that can adversely affect human health. Hence, there is a need to develop a robust, efficient, and cost-effective method to detect microcystin-producing cyanobacteria in these food supplements. In this study, we have demonstrated a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for identification of microcystin-contamination in spirulina dietary supplements. This method involves simultaneous amplification of phycocyanin and microcystin B encoding genes (pcb, mcyB). The sensitivity of the multiplex PCR was assessed, and the limit of detecting mcyB along with pcb was found to be 250 fg/µL. The presence of microcystin was detected in five out of seven fish food supplements indicating poor culture conditions. Hence, rigorous quality control is required for monitoring the spirulina food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamath Mukund Manali
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankkulathur, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Rex Arunraj
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankkulathur, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Gautham Subramaniam Ramakrishnan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankkulathur, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - Mohandass Ramya
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankkulathur, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
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73
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Dehghani J, Adibkia K, Movafeghi A, Barzegari A, Pourseif MM, Maleki Kakelar H, Golchin A, Omidi Y. Stable transformation of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis: a promising microalga for production of edible vaccines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9267-9278. [PMID: 30159589 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The planktonic blue-green microalga Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis possesses important features (e.g., high protein and vital lipids contents as well as essential vitamins) and can be consumed by humans and animals. Accordingly, this microalga gained growing attention as a new platform for producing edible-based pharmaceutical proteins. However, there are limited successful strategies for the transformation of S. platensis, in part because of an efficient expression of strong endonucleases in its cytoplasm. In the current work, as a pilot step for the expression of therapeutic proteins, an Agrobacterium-based system was established to transfer gfp:gus and hygromycin resistance (hygr) genes into the genome of S. platensis. The presence of acetosyringone in the transfection medium significantly reduced the transformation efficiency. The PCR and real-time RT-PCR data confirmed the successful integration and transcription of the genes. Flow cytometry and β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity experiments confirmed the successful production of GFP and the enzyme. Moreover, the western blot analysis showed a ~ 90 kDa band in the transformed cells, indicating the successful production of the GFP:GUS protein. Three months after the transformation, the gene expression stability was validated by histochemical, flow cytometry, and hygromycin B resistance analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Dehghani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Movafeghi
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad M Pourseif
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Maleki Kakelar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Asal Golchin
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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74
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Mohanty D, Samanta L. Dietary supplementation of Spirulina ameliorates iron-induced oxidative stress in Indian knife fish Notopterus Notopterus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 61:71-78. [PMID: 29852372 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron though an essential cofactor for many proteins including haemoglobin and cytochromes, when in excess (>1 ppm in water and 100 ppm in fish tissue) elicits toxicity via Fenton reaction inducing oxidative stress. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dietary Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) supplementation on waterborne-iron induced oxidative stress in the tissues of Notopterus notopterus. Juvenile fishes were divided randomly into 4 groups, namely, Group-I: control fed with commercial diet only, Group-II, III and IV treated with 0.75 ppm FeCl3 where Group-II fed with commercial diet only, Group-III with 10% (w/w) Spirulina supplemented commercial diet and Group-IV with 100% (w/w) Spirulina diet only; for 7 and 28 days (n = 6 per group). Tissue oxidative stress biomarkers like lipid peroxidation (LPx), protein carbonylation (PC) and protein thionylation (protein and nonprotein-SH content); antioxidant defence (superoxide dismutase: SOD; catalase; CAT; glutathione peroxidase/reductase: GPx/GR; glutathione s-transferase: GST; metalothionine: MT and reduced glutathione: GSH) and iron accumulation in the gill, liver and muscles tissue were analysed. The augmented oxidative predominance in the tissues with respect to LPx and PC along with decline in antioxidant defence (SOD, CAT, GPx, GR, GST, MT, PSH, NPSH and GSH) by iron was neutralized by Spirulina supplementation in the diet in a dose and duration dependent manner where 100% Spirulina diet for 28 days completely ameliorated iron-induced oxidative stress in fish tissues. Thus, Spirulina can be used as a dietary supplement for fishes cultured in water bodies with iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Mohanty
- Redox Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, 753003, Odisha, India
| | - Luna Samanta
- Redox Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, 753003, Odisha, India.
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Kishibuchi R, Nishibori N, Sagara T, Morita K. Putative Effect of Spirulina Extract on Enzyme Activities Participating in Lipid and Carbohydrate Digestion Processes. J Diet Suppl 2018; 16:521-529. [PMID: 29958046 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2018.1472166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Excessive calorie intake is generally accepted as a primary cause of metabolic syndrome, and therefore a well-balanced diet and moderate exercise can be expected to be the most effective measures to avoid the disorder of energy utilization and storage. Furthermore, as any other way to improve the disorder of energy balance, it may be effective to delay and lower the digestion and/or absorption of energy sources, lipids, and carbohydrates. As a primary screening of effective substances to delay and lower the digestion and absorption processes among natural materials, the protein-deprived extract was prepared from blue-green algae Spirulina platensis, and the effect of this extract on lipase and α-glucosidase activities was examined. The extract was shown to inhibit lipase activity but not α-glucosidase activity, thus proposing the possibility that the extract prevented the postprandial elevation of blood triglyceride (TG) levels as a result of reducing the digestion and absorption of lipids in the intestinal tract. Therefore, it seems possible to speculate that nonprotein components of Spirulina may be able to effectively improve the disorder of energy balance as a consequence of suppressing the excessive intake of calories by reducing the absorption of lipids in patients with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Kishibuchi
- Life Science Research Group, Shikoku University School of Health Sciences , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Nishibori
- Life Science Research Group, Shikoku University School of Health Sciences , Tokushima , Japan.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Shikoku Junior College , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Takefumi Sagara
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Shokei Junior College , Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Kyoji Morita
- Life Science Research Group, Shikoku University School of Health Sciences , Tokushima , Japan
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76
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Antioxidant activity of Spirulina platensis alleviates doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and reprotoxicity in male rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-018-0314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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77
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Bajpai VK, Shukla S, Kang SM, Hwang SK, Song X, Huh YS, Han YK. Developments of Cyanobacteria for Nano-Marine Drugs: Relevance of Nanoformulations in Cancer Therapies. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E179. [PMID: 29882898 PMCID: PMC6024944 DOI: 10.3390/md16060179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Current trends in the application of nanomaterials are emerging in the nano-biotechnological sector for development of medicines. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are photosynthetic prokaryotes that have applications to human health and numerous biological activities as dietary supplements. Cyanobacteria produce biologically active and chemically diverse compounds such as cyclic peptides, lipopeptides, fatty acid amides, alkaloids, and saccharides. More than 50% of marine cyanobacteria are potentially exploitable for the extraction of bioactive substances, which are effective in killing cancer cells by inducing apoptotic death. The current review emphasizes that not even 10% of microalgal bioactive components have reached commercialized platforms due to difficulties related to solubility. Considering these factors, they should be considered as a potential source of natural products for drug discovery and drug delivery approaches. Nanoformulations employing a wide variety of nanoparticles and their polymerized forms could be an emerging approach to the development of new cancer drugs. This review highlights recent research on microalgae-based medicines or compounds as well as their biomedical applications. This review further discusses the facts, limitations, and commercial market trends related to the use of microalgae for industrial and medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul 04620, Korea.
| | - Shruti Shukla
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul 04620, Korea.
| | - Sung-Min Kang
- WCSL of Integrated Human Airway-on-a-chip, Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Seung Kyu Hwang
- WCSL of Integrated Human Airway-on-a-chip, Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Xinjie Song
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Korea.
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- WCSL of Integrated Human Airway-on-a-chip, Department of Biological Engineering, Biohybrid Systems Research Center (BSRC), Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Young-Kyu Han
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul 04620, Korea.
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78
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Jadaun P, Yadav D, Bisen PS. Spirulina platensis prevents high glucose-induced oxidative stress mitochondrial damage mediated apoptosis in cardiomyoblasts. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:523-536. [PMID: 28702859 PMCID: PMC5851949 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was undertaken to study the effect of Spirulina platensis (Spirulina) extract on enhanced oxidative stress during high glucose induced cell death in H9c2 cells. H9c2 cultured under high glucose (33 mM) conditions resulted in a noteworthy increase in oxidative stress (free radical species) accompanied by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, increase in caspase activity and pro-apoptotic protein (Bax). Spirulina extract (1 μg/mL), considerably inhibited increased ROS and RNS levels, reduction in cytochrome c release, raise in mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased the over expression of proapoptotic protein Bax and suppressed the Bax/Bcl2 ratio with induced apoptosis without affecting cell viability. Overall results suggest that Spirulina extract plays preventing role against enhanced oxidative stress during high glucose induced apoptosis in cardiomyoblasts as well as related dysfunction in H9c2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratiksha Jadaun
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, 474011 MP India
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Kangwon-Do 712-749 Korea
| | - Prakash Singh Bisen
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, 474011 India
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79
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Al-Qahtani WH, Binobead MA. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antihepatotoxic effects of Spirulina platensis against d-galactosamine induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 2018; 26:647-652. [PMID: 31048987 PMCID: PMC6486513 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirulina platensis has been advocated as safe food for human use by several investigators. In this study its beneficial dietary effect against liver injuries caused by d-galactosamine (d-GalN) was studied ensuring safety to human health using animal model. Acute hepatotoxicity was induced in Wister rats with d-GalN followed by treatment with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and with Spirulina aqueous extract at various concentrations. The effect of Spirulina at different concentrations were tried and compared with BHT treatment. The animals treated with d-GalN on subsequent treatment by supplementation with Spirulina (6, 9%) in the diets, led to significant reversal in the levels of the antioxidant enzymes through hepatocytes by suppression of negative effect. Spirulina aqueous extract at 9% resulted in a significant decrease in the levels of alkaline phosphatase and infalmatory markers TNFα, IL6 and IL1β and also decreased TBARS, while it showed an increase in oxidative stress marker such as GR, GSH, GST, SOD, GPX and CAT and total protein when compared to the levels recorded with that group treated with d-GalN. Results also indicated that Spirulina aqueous extract at 9% concentration was equally effective in protecting liver damage as it was observed with BHT. Histological studies on liver treated with d-GalN, BHT and Spirulina aqueous extract showed that S. platensis is effective as diet in providing beneficial protective effect. The results obtained in the present study very clearly indicated the positive beneficial protective effect of Spirulina, when used as diet, on the safety and protection of liver from injuries caused by toxicants.
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80
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Huang H, Liao D, Pu R, Cui Y. Quantifying the effects of spirulina supplementation on plasma lipid and glucose concentrations, body weight, and blood pressure. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2018; 11:729-742. [PMID: 30532573 PMCID: PMC6241722 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s185672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Spirulina is generally used as a nutraceutical food supplement due to its nutrient profile, lack of toxicity, and therapeutic effects. Clinical trials have investigated the influence of spirulina on metabolic-related risk factors but have yielded conflicting results in humans. Here, we summarize the evidence of the effects of spirulina on serum lipid profile, glucose management, BP, and body weight by conducting a meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant studies were retrieved by systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus databases, and reference lists of relevant original studies from inception to July 2018. Data were extracted following a standardized protocol. Two investigators independently extracted study characteristics, outcomes measures, and appraised methodological quality. Effect sizes were performed using a random-effects model, with weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% CIs between the means for the spirulina intervention and control arms. Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the possible influences of study characteristics. Publication bias and sensitivity analysis were also performed. RESULTS A total of 1,868 records were identified of which 12 trials with 14 arms were eligible. The amount of spirulina ranged from 1 to 19 g/d, and intervention durations ranged from 2 to 48 weeks. Overall, data synthesis showed that spirulina supplements significantly lowered total cholesterol (WMD = -36.60 mg/dL; 95% CI: -51.87 to -21.33; P=0.0001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD = -33.16 mg/dL; 95% CI: -50.52 to -15.75; P=0.0002), triglycerides (WMD = -39.20 mg/dL; 95% CI: -52.71 to -25.69; P=0.0001), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD = -8.02 mg/dL; 95% CI: -8.77 to -7.26; P=0.0001), fasting blood glucose (WMD = -5.01 mg/dL; 95% CI: -9.78 to -0.24; P=0.04), and DBP (WMD = -7.17 mmHg; 95% CI: -8.57 to -5.78; P=0.001). These findings remained stable in the sensitivity analysis, and no obvious publication bias was detected. CONCLUSION Our findings provide substantial evidence that spirulina supplementation has favorable effect on select cardiovascular and metabolic biomarkers in humans, including lipid, glucose, and DBP management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohai Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China,
| | - Dan Liao
- Department of Gynaecology, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Pu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yejia Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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81
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Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Tang Q, Hu F, Feng L, Shen J, Huang B. The protective effects of selenium-enriched spirulina on the reproductive system of male zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to beta-cypermethrin. Food Funct 2018; 9:5791-5804. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01527a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Beta-cypermethrin (beta-CYP), which is widely used for the control of indoor and field pests, is a highly lipophilic insecticide with environmental estrogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Life Science
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- PR China
| | - Yuhang Zhou
- School of Life Science
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- PR China
| | - Qingyang Tang
- School of Life Science
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- PR China
| | - Feng Hu
- School of Life Science
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- PR China
| | - Lixue Feng
- Bozhou Decoction Pieces
- Factory of Tribute Medicine
- Bozhou 236800
- PR China
| | - Jinglian Shen
- Bozhou Decoction Pieces
- Factory of Tribute Medicine
- Bozhou 236800
- PR China
| | - Bei Huang
- School of Life Science
- Anhui University
- Hefei 230601
- PR China
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82
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83
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Safety evaluations and lipid-lowering activity of an Arthrospira platensis enriched diet: A 1-month study in rats. Food Res Int 2017; 102:380-386. [PMID: 29195962 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Arthrospira platensis (A. platensis) is worldwide consumed as dietary supplement, but its use in the form of whole biomass for food purposes may raise toxicity concerns. The aim of this study was to preliminarily evaluate the safety of an A. platensis F&M-C256-enriched diet (20% (weight/weight) corresponding to 12g/kg body weight/day), administered to rats for 1month. A. platensis F&M-C256-enriched diet was well tolerated: behavior, body weight, food consumption and growth curves were not affected; no discomfort, no deaths and no physical signs related to the treatment were observed during the administration period; food daily consumption and apparent digestibility were comparable to those of the standard laboratory AIN-76 control diet. Daily water consumption and urine excretion were, on the contrary, significantly higher (27.18±1.24 vs 21.53±1.68ml and 12.63±0.99 vs 7.00±1.29ml respectively), probably because of a slight increase in sodium intake in rats fed A. platensis F&M-C256-enriched diet. Biochemical markers of kidney and liver function were not varied but a significant increase in cholesterol-HDL and a decreased plasma triglycerides level was observed in rats fed A. platensis F&M-C256-enriched diet. These last changes were associated with an increased fecal lipids excretion and liver PPAR-α gene expression. These results indicate that A. platensis F&M-C256 is likely safe and well tolerated even at a high dosage in rodents and suggest that it may represent a promising functional food for preventing or even for managing dyslipidemias.
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84
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Li X, Chen Y, Ye J, Fu F, Pokhrel GR, Zhang H, Zhu Y, Yang G. Determination of different arsenic species in food-grade spirulina powder by ion chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3655-3661. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmei Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou China
| | - Yuxi Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou China
| | - Jun Ye
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health; Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen China
| | - Fengfu Fu
- Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety of Ministry of Education; Fujian Provincial Key Lab of Analysis and Detection for Food Safety, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University; Fuzhou China
| | - Ganga Raj Pokhrel
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou China
| | - Huang Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou China
| | - Yongguan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health; Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Xiamen China
| | - Guidi Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring; College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; Fuzhou China
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85
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In Vitro Effectiveness of Microspheres Based on Silk Sericin and Chlorella vulgaris or Arthrospira platensis for Wound Healing Applications. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10090983. [PMID: 28832540 PMCID: PMC5615638 DOI: 10.3390/ma10090983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Some natural compounds have recently been widely employed in wound healing applications due to their biological properties. One such compound is sericin, which is produced by Bombix mori, while active polyphenols, polysaccharides and proteins are synthetized by Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis microalgae. Our hypothesis was that sericin, as an optimal bioactive polymeric carrier for microencapsulation process, could also improve the regenerative effect of the microalgae. A solvent-free extraction method and spray drying technique were combined to obtain five formulations, based on algal extracts (C. vulgaris and A. platensis, Chl and Art, respectively) or silk sericin (Ser) or their mixtures (Chl-Ser and Art-Ser). The spray drying was a suitable method to produce microspheres with similar dimensions, characterized by collapsed morphology with a rough surface. Art and Art-Ser showed higher antioxidant properties than other formulations. All microspheres resulted in cytocompatibility on fibroblasts until 1.25 mg/mL and promoted cell migration and the complete wound closure; this positive effect was further highlighted after treatment with Art and Art-Ser. To our surprize the combination of sericin to Art did not improve the microalgae extract efficacy, at least in our experimental conditions.
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Radibratovic M, Minic S, Stanic-Vucinic D, Nikolic M, Milcic M, Cirkovic Velickovic T. Stabilization of Human Serum Albumin by the Binding of Phycocyanobilin, a Bioactive Chromophore of Blue-Green Alga Spirulina: Molecular Dynamics and Experimental Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167973. [PMID: 27959940 PMCID: PMC5154526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycocyanobilin (PCB) binds with high affinity (2.2 x 106 M-1 at 25°C) to human serum albumin (HSA) at sites located in IB and IIA subdomains. The aim of this study was to examine effects of PCB binding on protein conformation and stability. Using 300 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, CD, FT-IR, spectrofluorimetry, thermal denaturation and susceptibility to trypsin digestion, we studied the effects of PCB binding on the stability and rigidity of HSA, as well as the conformational changes in PCB itself upon binding to the protein. MD simulation results demonstrated that HSA with PCB bound at any of the two sites showed greater rigidity and lower overall and individual domain flexibility compared to free HSA. Experimental data demonstrated an increase in the α-helical content of the protein and thermal and proteolytic stability upon ligand binding. PCB bound to HSA undergoes a conformational change to a more elongated conformation in the binding pockets of HSA. PCB binding to HSA stabilizes the structure of this flexible transport protein, making it more thermostable and resistant to proteolysis. The results from this work explain at molecular level, conformational changes and stabilization of HSA structure upon ligand binding. The resultant increased thermal and proteolytic stability of HSA may provide greater longevity to HSA in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Radibratovic
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy - Center for Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Simeon Minic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Stanic-Vucinic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Nikolic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milos Milcic
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
- Center for Computational Chemistry and Bioinformatics, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail: (TCV); (MM)
| | - Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
- Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail: (TCV); (MM)
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87
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Li Q, Chang R, Sun Y, Li B. iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Spirulina platensis in Response to Low Temperature Stress. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166876. [PMID: 27902743 PMCID: PMC5130222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Low temperature (LT) is one of the most important abiotic stresses that can significantly reduce crop yield. To gain insight into how Spirulina responds to LT stress, comprehensive physiological and proteomic analyses were conducted in this study. Significant decreases in growth and pigment levels as well as excessive accumulation of compatible osmolytes were observed in response to LT stress. An isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomics approach was used to identify changes in protein abundance in Spirulina under LT. A total of 3,782 proteins were identified, of which 1,062 showed differential expression. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that differentially expressed proteins that were enriched in photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and translation are important for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and metabolic balance in Spirulina when subjected to LT stress. The up-regulation of proteins involved in gluconeogenesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis served as coping mechanisms of Spirulina in response to LT stress. Moreover, the down-regulated expression of proteins involved in glycolysis, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, photosynthesis, and translation were associated with reduced energy consumption. The findings of the present study allow a better understanding of the response of Spirulina to LT stress and may facilitate in the elucidation of mechanisms underlying LT tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingye Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Chang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yijun Sun
- College of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Bosheng Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian District, Beijing, China
- Institute of Spirulina Research, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Wells ML, Potin P, Craigie JS, Raven JA, Merchant SS, Helliwell KE, Smith AG, Camire ME, Brawley SH. Algae as nutritional and functional food sources: revisiting our understanding. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2016; 29:949-982. [PMID: 28458464 PMCID: PMC5387034 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-016-0974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Global demand for macroalgal and microalgal foods is growing, and algae are increasingly being consumed for functional benefits beyond the traditional considerations of nutrition and health. There is substantial evidence for the health benefits of algal-derived food products, but there remain considerable challenges in quantifying these benefits, as well as possible adverse effects. First, there is a limited understanding of nutritional composition across algal species, geographical regions, and seasons, all of which can substantially affect their dietary value. The second issue is quantifying which fractions of algal foods are bioavailable to humans, and which factors influence how food constituents are released, ranging from food preparation through genetic differentiation in the gut microbiome. Third is understanding how algal nutritional and functional constituents interact in human metabolism. Superimposed considerations are the effects of harvesting, storage, and food processing techniques that can dramatically influence the potential nutritive value of algal-derived foods. We highlight this rapidly advancing area of algal science with a particular focus on the key research required to assess better the health benefits of an alga or algal product. There are rich opportunities for phycologists in this emerging field, requiring exciting new experimental and collaborative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Wells
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
| | - Philippe Potin
- Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique Roscoff, CNRS-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - James S. Craigie
- National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1 Canada
| | - John A. Raven
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee (James Hutton Inst), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA Scotland UK
- Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Sabeeha S. Merchant
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Dr., East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569 USA
| | - Katherine E. Helliwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA UK
- Marine Biological Association of the UK, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB UK
| | - Alison G. Smith
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA UK
| | - Mary Ellen Camire
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
| | - Susan H. Brawley
- School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 USA
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Digestion by pepsin releases biologically active chromopeptides from C-phycocyanin, a blue-colored biliprotein of microalga Spirulina. J Proteomics 2016; 147:132-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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90
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Serban MC, Sahebkar A, Dragan S, Stoichescu-Hogea G, Ursoniu S, Andrica F, Banach M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of Spirulina supplementation on plasma lipid concentrations. Clin Nutr 2016; 35:842-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Pérez-Juárez A, Chamorro G, Alva-Sánchez C, Paniagua-Castro N, Pacheco-Rosado J. Neuroprotective effect of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis against kainic acid-neuronal death. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1408-1412. [PMID: 26799655 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1103756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis (SP) is a cyanobacterium which has attracted attention because of its nutritional value and pharmacological properties. It was previously reported that SP reduces oxidative stress in the hippocampus and protects against damaging neurobehavioural effects of systemic kainic acid (KA). It is widely known that the systemic administration of KA induces neuronal damage, specifically in the CA3 hippocampal region. Objective The present study determines if the SP sub-chronic treatment has neuroprotective properties against KA. Materials and methods Male SW mice were treated with SP during 24 d, at doses of 0, 200, and 800 mg/kg, once daily, and with KA (35 mg/kg, ip) as a single dose on day 14. After the treatment, a histological analysis was performed and the number of atrophic neuronal cells in CA3 hippocampal region was quantified. Results Pretreatment with SP does not protect against seizures induced by KA. However, mortality in the SP 200 and the SP 800 groups was of 20%, while for the KA group, it was of 60%. A single KA ip administration produced a considerable neuronal damage, whereas both doses of SP sub-chronic treatment reduced the number of atrophic neurons in CA3 hippocampal region with respect to the KA group. Discussion The SP neurobehaviour improvement after KA systemic administration correlates with the capacity of SP to reduce KA-neuronal death in CA3 hippocampal cells. This neuroprotection may be related to the antioxidant properties of SP. Conclusion SP reduces KA-neuronal death in CA3 hippocampal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Pérez-Juárez
- a Department of Pharmacy
- c Department of Physiology, Escuela Superior De Medicina , Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México , DF , México
| | | | - Claudia Alva-Sánchez
- b Department of Physiology , Escuela Nacional De Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos , México , DF , México
| | - Norma Paniagua-Castro
- b Department of Physiology , Escuela Nacional De Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos , México , DF , México
| | - Jorge Pacheco-Rosado
- b Department of Physiology , Escuela Nacional De Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos , México , DF , México
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92
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Martínez-Galero E, Pérez-Pastén R, Perez-Juarez A, Fabila-Castillo L, Gutiérrez-Salmeán G, Chamorro G. Preclinical antitoxic properties of Spirulina (Arthrospira). PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1345-1353. [PMID: 26439611 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1077464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Spirulina (Arthrospira) exerts a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities which are mainly attributed to its antioxidant effect. However, Spirulina has also been reported (both in preclinical and in clinical scenarios) to exhibit other bioactive effects, including an antitoxic potential. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review of the literature, conducted in TOXNET, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Science Direct-Scopus; all available years were included. Searching criteria included the effects of Spirulina on experimental poisonings from arsenic, cadmium, carbon tetrachloride, deltamethrin, fluoride, hexachlorocyclohexane, iron, lead, lindane, and mercury. RESULTS In all cases, it was established that the blue-green alga, and its isolated compounds, effectively counteracted these pollutants toxic effects on the exposed organisms. Some molecular mechanisms are proposed, although they have not been fully elucidated yet. CONCLUSION Spirulina could be a useful coadjuvant agent within clinical practice for treatment of these or other pollutants poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizdath Martínez-Galero
- a Departamento de Farmacia , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México DF , México and
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Pastén
- a Departamento de Farmacia , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México DF , México and
| | - Angélica Perez-Juarez
- a Departamento de Farmacia , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México DF , México and
| | - Luis Fabila-Castillo
- a Departamento de Farmacia , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México DF , México and
| | | | - German Chamorro
- a Departamento de Farmacia , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional , México DF , México and
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93
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Wu HL, Wang GH, Xiang WZ, Li T, He H. Stability and Antioxidant Activity of Food-Grade Phycocyanin Isolated from Spirulina platensis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2015.1038564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Lian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Zhou Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui He
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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94
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The antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina: an overview. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1817-40. [PMID: 27259333 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spirulina is a species of filamentous cyanobacteria that has long been used as a food supplement. In particular, Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima are the most important. Thanks to a high protein and vitamin content, Spirulina is used as a nutraceutical food supplement, although its other potential health benefits have attracted much attention. Oxidative stress and dysfunctional immunity cause many diseases in humans, including atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and hypertension. Thus, the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of these microalgae may play an important role in human health. Here, we discuss the antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory activities of Spirulina in both animals and humans, along with the underlying mechanisms. In addition, its commercial and regulatory status in different countries is discussed as well. Spirulina activates cellular antioxidant enzymes, inhibits lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, scavenges free radicals, and increases the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Notably, there appears to be a threshold level above which Spirulina will taper off the antioxidant activity. Clinical trials show that Spirulina prevents skeletal muscle damage under conditions of exercise-induced oxidative stress and can stimulate the production of antibodies and up- or downregulate the expression of cytokine-encoding genes to induce immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory responses. The molecular mechanism(s) by which Spirulina induces these activities is unclear, but phycocyanin and β-carotene are important molecules. Moreover, Spirulina effectively regulates the ERK1/2, JNK, p38, and IκB pathways. This review provides new insight into the potential therapeutic applications of Spirulina and may provide new ideas for future studies.
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95
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Singh JS, Kumar A, Rai AN, Singh DP. Cyanobacteria: A Precious Bio-resource in Agriculture, Ecosystem, and Environmental Sustainability. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:529. [PMID: 27148218 PMCID: PMC4838734 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Keeping in view, the challenges concerning agro-ecosystem and environment, the recent developments in biotechnology offers a more reliable approach to address the food security for future generations and also resolve the complex environmental problems. Several unique features of cyanobacteria such as oxygenic photosynthesis, high biomass yield, growth on non-arable lands and a wide variety of water sources (contaminated and polluted waters), generation of useful by-products and bio-fuels, enhancing the soil fertility and reducing green house gas emissions, have collectively offered these bio-agents as the precious bio-resource for sustainable development. Cyanobacterial biomass is the effective bio-fertilizer source to improve soil physico-chemical characteristics such as water-holding capacity and mineral nutrient status of the degraded lands. The unique characteristics of cyanobacteria include their ubiquity presence, short generation time and capability to fix the atmospheric N2. Similar to other prokaryotic bacteria, the cyanobacteria are increasingly applied as bio-inoculants for improving soil fertility and environmental quality. Genetically engineered cyanobacteria have been devised with the novel genes for the production of a number of bio-fuels such as bio-diesel, bio-hydrogen, bio-methane, synga, and therefore, open new avenues for the generation of bio-fuels in the economically sustainable manner. This review is an effort to enlist the valuable information about the qualities of cyanobacteria and their potential role in solving the agricultural and environmental problems for the future welfare of the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Shankar Singh
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar UniversityLucknow, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar UniversityLucknow, India
| | - Amar N. Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill UniversityShillong, India
| | - Devendra P. Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar UniversityLucknow, India
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96
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Yigit F, Gurel-Gurevin E, Isbilen-Basok B, Esener OBB, Bilal T, Keser O, Altiner A, Yilmazer N, Ikitimur-Armutak EI. Protective effect of Spirulina platensis against cell damage and apoptosis in hepatic tissue caused by high fat diet. Biotech Histochem 2016; 91:182-94. [PMID: 26820259 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2015.1114142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirulina platensis is a microalga that may be a source of antioxidants that can reduce body fat deposition. Consumption of a high fat diet produces elevated blood lipid levels, inflammation and apoptosis. We investigated the possible effects of S. platensis on the blood lipid profile, and liver inflammation and apoptosis in rats fed a high fat diet. Sixty-four young male rats were divided into eight equal groups. The control group was fed a basic diet. The experimental groups were fed a diet for 60 days that was prepared by mixing variable amounts of 43% vegetable oil and 10% cholesterol with or without 3% S. platensis mixed with the basal diet. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected from each animal. Serum samples were used to analyze lipid parameters, total antioxidant status and total oxidant status. iNOS and eNOS were determined by immunohistochemistry. TUNEL staining was used to detect apoptosis to investigate a possible connection between inflammation and apoptosis in the liver tissue. The relations between fat deposition and liver degeneration were assessed by Sirius red staining and alpha-smooth muscle actin immunostaining. S. platensis reduced serum HDL-C, LDL-C and triglyceride, increased HDL-C levels in rats fed a high fat diet to near control levels, and reduced iNOS levels and increased eNOS levels in the liver tissue compared to vegetable oil and cholesterol treated groups. The apoptotic index was reduced in the groups that were fed a high fat or a basic diet when supplemented with S. platensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yigit
- a Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology , Avcilar, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - E Gurel-Gurevin
- b Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology , Vezneciler, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - B Isbilen-Basok
- c Istanbul Medeniyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicinal Biochemistry , Goztepe, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - O B B Esener
- a Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology , Avcilar, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - T Bilal
- d Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition of Nutritional Disease , Avcilar, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - O Keser
- d Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Nutrition of Nutritional Disease , Avcilar, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - A Altiner
- e Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry , Avcilar, Istanbul , Turkey
| | - N Yilmazer
- f Namık Kemal University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology , Tekirdag , Turkey
| | - E I Ikitimur-Armutak
- a Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology , Avcilar, Istanbul , Turkey
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97
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Liu L, Guan N, Li J, Shin HD, Du G, Chen J. Development of GRAS strains for nutraceutical production using systems and synthetic biology approaches: advances and prospects. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 37:139-150. [PMID: 26699901 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1121461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals are food substances with medical and health benefits for humans. Limited by complicated procedures, high cost, low yield, insufficient raw materials, resource waste, and environment pollution, chemical synthesis and extraction are being replaced by microbial synthesis of nutraceuticals. Many microbial strains that are generally regarded as safe (GRAS) have been identified and developed for the synthesis of nutraceuticals, and significant nutraceutical production by these strains has been achieved. In this review, we systematically summarize recent advances in nutraceutical research in terms of physiological effects on health, potential applications, drawbacks of traditional production processes, characteristics of production strains, and progress in microbial fermentation. Recent advances in systems and synthetic biology techniques have enabled comprehensive understanding of GRAS strains and its wider applications. Thus, these microbial strains are promising cell factories for the commercial production of nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology and.,b Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,c Synergetic Innovation of Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China , and
| | - Ningzi Guan
- a Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology and.,c Synergetic Innovation of Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China , and
| | - Jianghua Li
- a Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology and.,b Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Hyun-Dong Shin
- d School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Guocheng Du
- a Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology and.,b Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,c Synergetic Innovation of Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China , and
| | - Jian Chen
- a Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology and.,b Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,c Synergetic Innovation of Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China , and
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98
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Daoud HM, Soliman EM. Evaluation of Spirulina platensis extract as natural antivirus against foot and mouth disease virus strains (A, O, SAT2). Vet World 2015; 8:1260-5. [PMID: 27047027 PMCID: PMC4774665 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.1260-1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This work was aimed to document the antiviral activates of Spirulina platensis extract against foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) different types to evaluate its replication in Baby Hamster Kidney (BHK) cell culture and in baby mice. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxicity assay studied for S. platensis extract on BHK cells to determine the non-toxic dose. The non-toxic dose of Spirulina extract was mixed with each type of FMDV (A, O, SAT2). Then 10-fold dilutions from each mixture were done. FMDV titer for each type of treated FMDV was calculated to evaluate the antiviral activity of the Spirulina extract against FMDV. Furthermore, old baby Swiss mice were inoculated with 0.1 ml intraperitonially from the mixture of FMDV different types and different concentration of Spirulina extracts. After 48 h post inoculation, all the baby mice examined to evaluate the antiviral action of Spirulina extract. Results: The result showed that the non-toxic doses of S. platensis (50 ug/ml) revealed 35.7%, 28.5%, and 31% reductions in FMDV titers Type O, A, and SAT2 on BHK cells, respectively. The same non-toxic dose gave 50% of the inhibitory concentration in baby mice without cytotoxic effect. Conclusion: This study confirmed the biological activity of the ethanol extract of S. platensis against FMDV Types O, A, and SAT2. From the results, S. platensis could be useful as antiviral lead to limitation of infection among animals during outbreaks but further studies need to evaluate the S. platensis on experimental or natural infected farm animals to establish the effective dose side affected period of treatment of S. platensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind M Daoud
- Department of Foot and Mouth, Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman M Soliman
- Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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Influence of the Systemic Application of Blue–Green Spirulina platensis Algae on the Cutaneous Carotenoids and Elastic Fibers in Vivo. COSMETICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics2030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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100
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Seo JH, Choi SJ, Lee SH, Lee JH. Characterization of Arthrospira platensis Cultured in Nano-bubble Hydrogen Water. APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING 2015. [DOI: 10.14478/ace.2015.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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