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Skardal A, Devarasetty M, Kang HW, Seol YJ, Forsythe SD, Bishop C, Shupe T, Soker S, Atala A. Bioprinting Cellularized Constructs Using a Tissue-specific Hydrogel Bioink. J Vis Exp 2016:e53606. [PMID: 27166839 DOI: 10.3791/53606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting has emerged as a versatile biofabrication approach for creating tissue engineered organ constructs. These constructs have potential use as organ replacements for implantation in patients, and also, when created on a smaller size scale as model "organoids" that can be used in in vitro systems for drug and toxicology screening. Despite development of a wide variety of bioprinting devices, application of bioprinting technology can be limited by the availability of materials that both expedite bioprinting procedures and support cell viability and function by providing tissue-specific cues. Here we describe a versatile hyaluronic acid (HA) and gelatin-based hydrogel system comprised of a multi-crosslinker, 2-stage crosslinking protocol, which can provide tissue specific biochemical signals and mimic the mechanical properties of in vivo tissues. Biochemical factors are provided by incorporating tissue-derived extracellular matrix materials, which include potent growth factors. Tissue mechanical properties are controlled combinations of PEG-based crosslinkers with varying molecular weights, geometries (linear or multi-arm), and functional groups to yield extrudable bioinks and final construct shear stiffness values over a wide range (100 Pa to 20 kPa). Using these parameters, hydrogel bioinks were used to bioprint primary liver spheroids in a liver-specific bioink to create in vitro liver constructs with high cell viability and measurable functional albumin and urea output. This methodology provides a general framework that can be adapted for future customization of hydrogels for biofabrication of a wide range of tissue construct types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Skardal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Univeristy Health Sciences;
| | - Mahesh Devarasetty
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Univeristy Health Sciences
| | - Hyun-Wook Kang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Univeristy Health Sciences
| | - Young-Joon Seol
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Univeristy Health Sciences
| | - Steven D Forsythe
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Univeristy Health Sciences
| | - Colin Bishop
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Univeristy Health Sciences
| | - Thomas Shupe
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Univeristy Health Sciences
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Univeristy Health Sciences
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest Univeristy Health Sciences
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ABEDINI HASSAN, MOVAHED SAEID, ABOLFATHI NABIOLLAH. NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF PRESSURE-INDUCED CELL PRINTING. J MECH MED BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519415500657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, because of great biomedical applications of state-of-the art prototyping (bio-printing), many studies have been conducted in this field with focus on three-dimensional prototyping. There are several mechanisms for bio-printing of live cells such as piezoelectric and thermal and pneumatic inkjeting systems. Cell viability should be preserved during the bio-printing process. Lots of researches have been carried out to investigate and compare cell viability through different prototyping mechanisms. In order to quantify percentage of the cells that are killed during the proto-typing process, applied stresses on the cell and consequently its deformation should be calculated. A maximum strain energy density that the cell can tolerate is reported in the range of 25 Kj ⋅ m-3 to 100 Kj ⋅ m-3. This can be considered as a criteria to find the percentage of the damaged cells during the bio-printing processes. In this study, the bio-printing of the cell has been modeled and the cell viability have been investigated. Firstly, it is shown that in modeling of the bio-printing process, the effects of dynamic flow on calculating the applied stress on the cell is not negligible and must be considered. In the next step, the percentage of damaged endothelial cell aggregate under 80 kPa applied pressure (64 MPa/m) and 200 micron nozzle diameter is reported. Based on findings of this study, the percentage of endothelial cells viability under mentioned condition is reported 76%. The proposed method of this study can be utilized to examine the cell viability and performance of each prototyping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- HASSAN ABEDINI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, AmirKabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - SAEID MOVAHED
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, AmirKabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - NABIOLLAH ABOLFATHI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, AmirKabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
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Skardal A, Devarasetty M, Kang HW, Mead I, Bishop C, Shupe T, Lee SJ, Jackson J, Yoo J, Soker S, Atala A. A hydrogel bioink toolkit for mimicking native tissue biochemical and mechanical properties in bioprinted tissue constructs. Acta Biomater 2015. [PMID: 26210285 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Advancement of bioprinting technology is limited by the availability of materials that both facilitate bioprinting logistics as well as support cell viability and function by providing tissue-specific cues. Herein we describe a modular hyaluronic acid (HA) and gelatin-based hydrogel toolbox comprised of a 2-crosslinker, 2-stage polymerization technique, and the capability to provide tissue specific biochemically and mechanically accurate signals to cells within biofabricated tissue constructs. First, we prepared and characterized several tissue-derived decellularized extracellular matrix-based solutions, which contain complex combinations of growth factors, collagens, glycosaminoglycans, and elastin. These solutions can be incorporated into bioinks to provide the important biochemical cues of different tissue types. Second, we employed combinations of PEG-based crosslinkers with varying molecular weights, geometries (linear, 4-arm, and 8-arm), and functional groups to yield hydrogel bioinks that supported extrusion bioprinting and the capability to achieve final construct shear stiffness values ranging from approximately 100 Pa to 20 kPa. Lastly, we integrated these hydrogel bioinks with a 3-D bioprinting platform, and validated their use by bioprinting primary liver spheroids in a liver-specific bioink to create in vitro liver constructs with high cell viability and measurable functional albumin and urea output. This hydrogel bioink system has the potential to be a versatile tool for biofabrication of a wide range of tissue construct types. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Biochemical and mechanical factors both have important implications in guiding the behavior of cells in vivo, yet both realms are rarely considered together in the context of biofabrication in vitro tissue construct models. We describe a modular hydrogel system that (1) facilitates extrusion bioprinting of cell-laden hydrogels, (2) incorporates tissue-specific factors derived from decellularized tissue extracellular matrix, thus mimicking biochemical tissue profile, and (3) allows control over mechanical properties to mimic the tissue stiffness. We believe that employing this technology to attend to both the biochemical and mechanical profiles of tissues, will allow us to more accurately recapitulate the in vivo environment of tissues while creating functional 3-D in vitro tissue constructs that can be used as disease models, personalized medicine, and in vitro drug and toxicology screening systems.
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Gao Q, He Y, Fu JZ, Liu A, Ma L. Coaxial nozzle-assisted 3D bioprinting with built-in microchannels for nutrients delivery. Biomaterials 2015; 61:203-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Bioprinting offers the ability to create highly complex 3D architectures with living cells. This cutting-edge technique has significantly gained popularity and applicability in several fields. Bioprinting methods have been developed to effectively and rapidly pattern living cells, biological macromolecules, and biomaterials. These technologies hold great potential for applications in cancer research. Bioprinted cancer models represent a significant improvement over previous 2D models by mimicking 3D complexity and facilitating physiologically relevant cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Here we review bioprinting methods based on inkjet, microextrusion, and laser technologies and compare 3D cancer models with 2D cancer models. We discuss bioprinted models that mimic the tumor microenvironment, providing a platform for deeper understanding of cancer pathology, anticancer drug screening, and cancer treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Knowlton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Sevgi Onal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Chu Hsiang Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 260 Glenbrook Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, 191 Auditorium Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Abstract
The modeling, fabrication, cell loading, and mechanical and in vitro biological testing of biomimetic, interlockable, laser-made, concentric 3D scaffolds are presented. The scaffolds are made by multiphoton polymerization of an organic-inorganic zirconium silicate. Their mechanical properties are theoretically modeled using finite elements analysis and experimentally measured using a Microsquisher(®). They are subsequently loaded with preosteoblastic cells, which remain live after 24 and 72 h. The interlockable scaffolds have maintained their ability to fuse with tissue spheroids. This work represents a novel technological platform, enabling the rapid, laser-based, in situ 3D tissue biofabrication.
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Liaudanskaya V, Gasperini L, Maniglio D, Motta A, Migliaresi C. Assessing the Impact of Electrohydrodynamic Jetting on Encapsulated Cell Viability, Proliferation, and Ability to Self-Assemble in Three-Dimensional Structures. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:631-8. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Volha Liaudanskaya
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Biotech Research Center, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Trento, Italy
| | - Luca Gasperini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Biotech Research Center, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Trento, Italy
| | - Devid Maniglio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Biotech Research Center, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Trento, Italy
| | - Antonella Motta
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Biotech Research Center, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Trento, Italy
| | - Claudio Migliaresi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Biotech Research Center, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Trento, Italy
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Abstract
Complex three-dimensional (3D)-shaped particles could play unique roles in biotechnology, structural mechanics and self-assembly. Current methods of fabricating 3D-shaped particles such as 3D printing, injection moulding or photolithography are limited because of low-resolution, low-throughput or complicated/expensive procedures. Here, we present a novel method called optofluidic fabrication for the generation of complex 3D-shaped polymer particles based on two coupled processes: inertial flow shaping and ultraviolet (UV) light polymerization. Pillars within fluidic platforms are used to deterministically deform photosensitive precursor fluid streams. The channels are then illuminated with patterned UV light to polymerize the photosensitive fluid, creating particles with multi-scale 3D geometries. The fundamental advantages of optofluidic fabrication include high-resolution, multi-scalability, dynamic tunability, simple operation and great potential for bulk fabrication with full automation. Through different combinations of pillar configurations, flow rates and UV light patterns, an infinite set of 3D-shaped particles is available, and a variety are demonstrated. The current methods of fabricating three-dimensional particles include photolithography, layer-by-layer printing and several others. Here, Paulsen et al. demonstrate an optofluidic approach, whereby masked ultraviolet light is illuminated on photosensitive fluids whose cross-sections are shaped by fluid inertia.
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59
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3D Printing and Biofabrication for Load Bearing Tissue Engineering. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 881:3-14. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22345-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Li CC, Kharaziha M, Min C, Maas R, Nikkhah M. Microfabrication of Cell-Laden Hydrogels for Engineering Mineralized and Load Bearing Tissues. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 881:15-31. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22345-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Skardal A, Atala A. Biomaterials for integration with 3-D bioprinting. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:730-46. [PMID: 25476164 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting has emerged in recent years as an attractive method for creating 3-D tissues and organs in the laboratory, and therefore is a promising technology in a number of regenerative medicine applications. It has the potential to (i) create fully functional replacements for damaged tissues in patients, and (ii) rapidly fabricate small-sized human-based tissue models, or organoids, for diagnostics, pathology modeling, and drug development. A number of bioprinting modalities have been explored, including cellular inkjet printing, extrusion-based technologies, soft lithography, and laser-induced forward transfer. Despite the innovation of each of these technologies, successful implementation of bioprinting relies heavily on integration with compatible biomaterials that are responsible for supporting the cellular components during and after biofabrication, and that are compatible with the bioprinting device requirements. In this review, we will evaluate a variety of biomaterials, such as curable synthetic polymers, synthetic gels, and naturally derived hydrogels. Specifically we will describe how they are integrated with the bioprinting technologies above to generate bioprinted constructs with practical application in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Skardal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA,
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62
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Ringeisen BR, Rincon K, Fitzgerald LA, Fulmer PA, Wu PK. Printing soil: a single‐step, high‐throughput method to isolate micro‐organisms and near‐neighbour microbial consortia from a complex environmental sample. Methods Ecol Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R. Ringeisen
- Chemistry Division Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. SW Washington DC 20375 USA
| | - Karina Rincon
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Florida International University 10555 West Flagler St, EC 3900 Miami FL 33174 USA
| | - Lisa A. Fitzgerald
- Chemistry Division Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. SW Washington DC 20375 USA
| | - Preston A. Fulmer
- Chemistry Division Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. SW Washington DC 20375 USA
| | - Peter K. Wu
- Department of Physics and Engineering Southern Oregon University 1250 Siskiyou Blvd Ashland OR 97520 USA
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63
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Beachley V, Kasyanov V, Nagy-Mehesz A, Norris R, Ozolanta I, Kalejs M, Stradins P, Baptista L, da Silva K, Grainjero J, Wen X, Mironov V. The fusion of tissue spheroids attached to pre-stretched electrospun polyurethane scaffolds. J Tissue Eng 2014; 5:2041731414556561. [PMID: 25396042 PMCID: PMC4229054 DOI: 10.1177/2041731414556561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective cell invasion into thick electrospun biomimetic scaffolds is an unsolved problem. One possible strategy to biofabricate tissue constructs of desirable thickness and material properties without the need for cell invasion is to use thin (<2 µm) porous electrospun meshes and self-assembling (capable of tissue fusion) tissue spheroids as building blocks. Pre-stretched electrospun meshes remained taut in cell culture and were able to support tissue spheroids with minimal deformation. We hypothesize that elastic electrospun scaffolds could be used as temporal support templates for rapid self-assembly of cell spheroids into higher order tissue structures, such as engineered vascular tissue. The aim of this study was to investigate how the attachment of tissue spheroids to pre-stretched polyurethane scaffolds may interfere with the tissue fusion process. Tissue spheroids attached, spread, and fused after being placed on pre-stretched polyurethane electrospun matrices and formed tissue constructs. Efforts to eliminate hole defects with fibrogenic tissue growth factor-β resulted in the increased synthesis of collagen and periostin and a dramatic reduction in hole size and number. In control experiments, tissue spheroids fuse on a non-adhesive hydrogel and form continuous tissue constructs without holes. Our data demonstrate that tissue spheroids attached to thin stretched elastic electrospun scaffolds have an interrupted tissue fusion process. The resulting tissue-engineered construct phenotype is a direct outcome of the delicate balance of the competing physical forces operating during the tissue fusion process at the interface of the pre-stretched elastic scaffold and the attached tissue spheroids. We have shown that with appropriate treatments, this process can be modulated, and thus, a thin pre-stretched elastic polyurethane electrospun scaffold could serve as a supporting template for rapid biofabrication of thick tissue-engineered constructs without the need for cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vince Beachley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | | | - Agnes Nagy-Mehesz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Russell Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Iveta Ozolanta
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Martins Kalejs
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia ; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Peteris Stradins
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia ; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Leandra Baptista
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Inmetro, Xerém, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karina da Silva
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Inmetro, Xerém, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jose Grainjero
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Inmetro, Xerém, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Vladimir Mironov
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA ; Division of 3D Technologies, Renato Archer Center for Information Technology, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lowe SB, Tan VTG, Soeriyadi AH, Davis TP, Gooding JJ. Synthesis and High-Throughput Processing of Polymeric Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:1581-601. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500310v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - J. Justin Gooding
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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65
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Zhao Z, Gu J, Zhao Y, Guan Y, Zhu XX, Zhang Y. Hydrogel Thin Film with Swelling-Induced Wrinkling Patterns for High-Throughput Generation of Multicellular Spheroids. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3306-12. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500722g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of
Functional Polymer Materials, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Institute of Polymer Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianjun Gu
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of
Functional Polymer Materials, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Institute of Polymer Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yening Zhao
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of
Functional Polymer Materials, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Institute of Polymer Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ying Guan
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of
Functional Polymer Materials, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Institute of Polymer Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - X. X. Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Key Laboratory of
Functional Polymer Materials, The Co-Innovation Center of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Institute of Polymer Chemistry,
College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Kolakovic R, Viitala T, Ihalainen P, Genina N, Peltonen J, Sandler N. Printing technologies in fabrication of drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 10:1711-23. [PMID: 24256326 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.859134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There has been increased activity in the field recently regarding the development and research on various printing techniques in fabrication of dosage forms and drug delivery systems. These technologies may offer benefits and flexibility in manufacturing, potentially paving the way for personalized dosing and tailor-made dosage forms. AREAS COVERED In this review, the most recent observations and advancements in fabrication of drug delivery systems by utilizing printing technologies are summarized. A general overview of 2D printing techniques is presented including a review of the most recent literature where printing techniques are used in fabrication of drug delivery systems. The future perspectives and possible impacts on formulation strategies, flexible dosing and personalized medication of using printing techniques for fabrication of drug delivery systems are discussed. EXPERT OPINION It is evident that there is an urgent need to meet the challenges of rapidly growing trend of personalization of medicines through development of flexible drug-manufacturing approaches. In this context, various printing technologies, such as inkjet and flexography, can play an important role. Challenges on different levels exist and include: i) technological development of printers and production lines; ii) printable formulations and carrier substrates; iii) quality control and characterization; and iv) regulatory perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzica Kolakovic
- Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biosciences, Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory , Tykistökatu 6 A, Turku, 20520 , Finland
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HE JIANKANG, XU FENG, LIU YAXIONG, JIN ZHONGMIN, LI DICHEN. ADVANCED TISSUE ENGINEERING STRATEGIES FOR VASCULARIZED PARENCHYMAL CONSTRUCTS. J MECH MED BIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519414300014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of vascularized parenchymal organs to alleviate donor shortage in organ transplantation is the holy grail of tissue engineering. However, conventional tissue-engineering strategies have encountered huge challenges in recapitulating complex structural organization of native organs (e.g., orderly arrangement of multiple cell types and vascular network), which plays an important role in engineering functional vascularized parenchymal constructs in vitro. Recent developments of various advanced tissue-engineering strategies have exhibited great promise in replicating organ-specific architectures into artificial constructs. Here, we review the recent advances in top-down and bottom-up strategies for the fabrication of vascularized parenchymal constructs. We highlight the fabrication of microfluidic scaffolds potential for nutrient transport or vascularization as well as the controlled multicellular arrangement. The advantages as well as the limitations associated with these strategies will be discussed. It is envisioned that the combination of microfluidic concept in top-down strategies and multicellular arrangement concept in bottom-up strategies could potentially generate new insights for the fabrication of vascularized parenchymal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- JIANKANG HE
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - FENG XU
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - YAXIONG LIU
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - ZHONGMIN JIN
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - DICHEN LI
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
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Czajka CA, Mehesz AN, Trusk TC, Yost MJ, Drake CJ. Scaffold-free tissue engineering: organization of the tissue cytoskeleton and its effects on tissue shape. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 42:1049-61. [PMID: 24531747 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-0986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Work described herein characterizes tissues formed using scaffold-free, non-adherent systems and investigates their utility in modular approaches to tissue engineering. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that all tissues formed using scaffold-free, non-adherent systems organize tissue cortical cytoskeletons that appear to be under tension. Tension in these tissues was also evident when modules (spheroids) were used to generate larger tissues. Real-time analysis of spheroid fusion in unconstrained systems illustrated modular motion that is compatible with alterations in tensions, due to the process of disassembly/reassembly of the cortical cytoskeletons required for module fusion. Additionally, tissues generated from modules placed within constrained linear molds, which restrict modular motion, deformed upon release from molds. That tissue deformation is due in full or in part to imbalanced cortical actin cytoskeleton tensions resulting from the constraints imposed by mold systems is suggested from our finding that treatment of forming tissues with Y-27632, a selective inhibitor of ROCK phosphorylation, reduced tissue deformation. Our studies suggest that the deformation of scaffold-free tissues due to tensions mediated via the tissue cortical cytoskeleton represents a major and underappreciated challenge to modular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Czajka
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB 626, MSC 508, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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Huotilainen E, Paloheimo M, Salmi M, Paloheimo KS, Björkstrand R, Tuomi J, Markkola A, Mäkitie A. Imaging requirements for medical applications of additive manufacturing. Acta Radiol 2014; 55:78-85. [PMID: 23901144 DOI: 10.1177/0284185113494198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), formerly known as rapid prototyping, is steadily shifting its focus from industrial prototyping to medical applications as AM processes, bioadaptive materials, and medical imaging technologies develop, and the benefits of the techniques gain wider knowledge among clinicians. This article gives an overview of the main requirements for medical imaging affected by needs of AM, as well as provides a brief literature review from existing clinical cases concentrating especially on the kind of radiology they required. As an example application, a pair of CT images of the facial skull base was turned into 3D models in order to illustrate the significance of suitable imaging parameters. Additionally, the model was printed into a preoperative medical model with a popular AM device. Successful clinical cases of AM are recognized to rely heavily on efficient collaboration between various disciplines - notably operating surgeons, radiologists, and engineers. The single main requirement separating tangible model creation from traditional imaging objectives such as diagnostics and preoperative planning is the increased need for anatomical accuracy in all three spatial dimensions, but depending on the application, other specific requirements may be present as well. This article essentially intends to narrow the potential communication gap between radiologists and engineers who work with projects involving AM by showcasing the overlap between the two disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mika Salmi
- BIT Research Centre, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | | | | | - Jukka Tuomi
- BIT Research Centre, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Antti Markkola
- Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Mäkitie
- BIT Research Centre, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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70
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Affiliation(s)
- Goeun Lim
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongho Choi
- Department of Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eric B. Richardson
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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71
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Oh WK, Lim KS, Lee TS. Additive Manufacturing of Patient-specific Femur Via 3D Printer Using Computed Tomography Images. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7742/jksr.2013.7.5.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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72
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An Organ Biofabrication Line: Enabling Technology for Organ Printing. Part I: from Biocad to Biofabricators of Spheroids. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING-MEDITSINSKAYA TEKNIKA 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10527-013-9348-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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73
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Malda J, Visser J, Melchels FP, Jüngst T, Hennink WE, Dhert WJA, Groll J, Hutmacher DW. 25th anniversary article: Engineering hydrogels for biofabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5011-28. [PMID: 24038336 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1074] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
With advances in tissue engineering, the possibility of regenerating injured tissue or failing organs has become a realistic prospect for the first time in medical history. Tissue engineering - the combination of bioactive materials with cells to generate engineered constructs that functionally replace lost and/or damaged tissue - is a major strategy to achieve this goal. One facet of tissue engineering is biofabrication, where three-dimensional tissue-like structures composed of biomaterials and cells in a single manufacturing procedure are generated. Cell-laden hydrogels are commonly used in biofabrication and are termed "bioinks". Hydrogels are particularly attractive for biofabrication as they recapitulate several features of the natural extracellular matrix and allow cell encapsulation in a highly hydrated mechanically supportive three-dimensional environment. Additionally, they allow for efficient and homogeneous cell seeding, can provide biologically-relevant chemical and physical signals, and can be formed in various shapes and biomechanical characteristics. However, despite the progress made in modifying hydrogels for enhanced bioactivation, cell survival and tissue formation, little attention has so far been paid to optimize hydrogels for the physico-chemical demands of the biofabrication process. The resulting lack of hydrogel bioinks have been identified as one major hurdle for a more rapid progress of the field. In this review we summarize and focus on the deposition process, the parameters and demands of hydrogels in biofabrication, with special attention to robotic dispensing as an approach that generates constructs of clinically relevant dimensions. We aim to highlight this current lack of effectual hydrogels within biofabrication and initiate new ideas and developments in the design and tailoring of hydrogels. The successful development of a "printable" hydrogel that supports cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation will significantly advance this exciting and promising approach for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508, GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of TechnologyKelvin Grove Urban Village, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 112, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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74
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Müller M, Becher J, Schnabelrauch M, Zenobi-Wong M. Printing thermoresponsive reverse molds for the creation of patterned two-component hydrogels for 3D cell culture. J Vis Exp 2013:e50632. [PMID: 23892955 PMCID: PMC3732096 DOI: 10.3791/50632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting is an emerging technology that has its origins in the rapid prototyping industry. The different printing processes can be divided into contact bioprinting(1-4) (extrusion, dip pen and soft lithography), contactless bioprinting(5-7) (laser forward transfer, ink-jet deposition) and laser based techniques such as two photon photopolymerization(8). It can be used for many applications such as tissue engineering(9-13), biosensor microfabrication(14-16) and as a tool to answer basic biological questions such as influences of co-culturing of different cell types(17). Unlike common photolithographic or soft-lithographic methods, extrusion bioprinting has the advantage that it does not require a separate mask or stamp. Using CAD software, the design of the structure can quickly be changed and adjusted according to the requirements of the operator. This makes bioprinting more flexible than lithography-based approaches. Here we demonstrate the printing of a sacrificial mold to create a multi-material 3D structure using an array of pillars within a hydrogel as an example. These pillars could represent hollow structures for a vascular network or the tubes within a nerve guide conduit. The material chosen for the sacrificial mold was poloxamer 407, a thermoresponsive polymer with excellent printing properties which is liquid at 4 °C and a solid above its gelation temperature ~20 °C for 24.5% w/v solutions(18). This property allows the poloxamer-based sacrificial mold to be eluted on demand and has advantages over the slow dissolution of a solid material especially for narrow geometries. Poloxamer was printed on microscope glass slides to create the sacrificial mold. Agarose was pipetted into the mold and cooled until gelation. After elution of the poloxamer in ice cold water, the voids in the agarose mold were filled with alginate methacrylate spiked with FITC labeled fibrinogen. The filled voids were then cross-linked with UV and the construct was imaged with an epi-fluorescence microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Müller
- Department of Health Science & Technology, Cartilage Engineering & Regeneration
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76
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Whatley BR, Li X, Zhang N, Wen X. Magnetic-directed patterning of cell spheroids. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:1537-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Whatley
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson-MUSC Bioengineering Program; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson-MUSC Bioengineering Program; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson-MUSC Bioengineering Program; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology; Orthopaedic Surgery; Neuroscience; Dental Medicine; and Hollings Cancer Center; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston South Carolina 29425
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond Virginia 23284
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Bioengineering; Clemson-MUSC Bioengineering Program; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology; Orthopaedic Surgery; Neuroscience; Dental Medicine; and Hollings Cancer Center; Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston South Carolina 29425
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond Virginia 23284
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77
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Biofabrication of Hydrogel Constructs. DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES POTENTIALLY APPLICABLE IN PERSONALISED TREATMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6010-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Rezende R, Pereira F, Kasyanov V, Kemmoku D, Maia I, da Silva J, Mironov V. Scalable Biofabrication of Tissue Spheroids for Organ Printing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2013.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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79
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80
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Design of vascular tree for organ bioprinting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63234-0.50026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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81
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Henkel J, Hutmacher DW. Design and fabrication of scaffold-based tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/bnm-2013-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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82
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Tasoglu S, Demirci U. Bioprinting for stem cell research. Trends Biotechnol 2012; 31:10-9. [PMID: 23260439 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been growing interest in applying bioprinting techniques to stem cell research. Several bioprinting methods have been developed utilizing acoustics, piezoelectricity, and lasers to deposit living cells onto receiving substrates. Using these technologies, spatially defined gradients of immobilized biomolecules can be engineered to direct stem cell differentiation into multiple subpopulations of different lineages. Stem cells can also be patterned in a high-throughput manner onto flexible implementation patches for tissue regeneration or onto substrates with the goal of accessing encapsulated stem cells of interest for genomic analysis. Here, we review recent achievements with bioprinting technologies in stem cell research, and identify future challenges and potential applications including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, wound healing, and genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savas Tasoglu
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine Lab, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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83
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Murphy SV, Skardal A, Atala A. Evaluation of hydrogels for bio-printing applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 101:272-84. [PMID: 22941807 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the United States alone, there are approximately 500,000 burn injuries that require medical treatment every year. Limitations of current treatments necessitate the development of new methods that can be applied quicker, result in faster wound regeneration, and yield skin that is cosmetically similar to undamaged skin. The development of new hydrogel biomaterials and bioprinting deposition technologies has provided a platform to address this need. Herein we evaluated characteristics of twelve hydrogels to determine their suitability for bioprinting applications. We chose hydrogels that are either commercially available, or are commonly used for research purposes. We evaluated specific hydrogel properties relevant to bioprinting applications, specifically; gelation time, swelling or contraction, stability, biocompatibility and printability. Further, we described regulatory, commercial and financial aspects of each of the hydrogels. While many of the hydrogels screened may exhibit characteristics suitable for other applications, UV-crosslinked Extracel, a hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel, had many of the desired properties for our bioprinting application. Taken together with commercial availability, shelf life, potential for regulatory approval and ease of use, these materials hold the potential to be further developed into fast and effective wound healing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean V Murphy
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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84
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Melchels FP, Domingos MA, Klein TJ, Malda J, Bartolo PJ, Hutmacher DW. Additive manufacturing of tissues and organs. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 833] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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85
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Xu C, Chai W, Huang Y, Markwald RR. Scaffold-free inkjet printing of three-dimensional zigzag cellular tubes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:3152-60. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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86
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Frame M, Huntley JS. Rapid prototyping in orthopaedic surgery: a user's guide. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:838575. [PMID: 22666160 PMCID: PMC3361341 DOI: 10.1100/2012/838575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid prototyping (RP) is applicable to orthopaedic problems involving three dimensions, particularly fractures, deformities, and reconstruction. In the past, RP has been hampered by cost and difficulties accessing the appropriate expertise. Here we outline the history of rapid prototyping and furthermore a process using open-source software to produce a high fidelity physical model from CT data. This greatly mitigates the expense associated with the technique, allowing surgeons to produce precise models for preoperative planning and procedure rehearsal. We describe the method with an illustrative case.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James S. Huntley
- Orthopaedic Department, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill, Glasgow G3 8SJ, UK
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87
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Lantada AD, Morgado PL. Rapid prototyping for biomedical engineering: current capabilities and challenges. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2012; 14:73-96. [PMID: 22524389 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071811-150112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A new set of manufacturing technologies has emerged in the past decades to address market requirements in a customized way and to provide support for research tasks that require prototypes. These new techniques and technologies are usually referred to as rapid prototyping and manufacturing technologies, and they allow prototypes to be produced in a wide range of materials with remarkable precision in a couple of hours. Although they have been rapidly incorporated into product development methodologies, they are still under development, and their applications in bioengineering are continuously evolving. Rapid prototyping and manufacturing technologies can be of assistance in every stage of the development process of novel biodevices, to address various problems that can arise in the devices' interactions with biological systems and the fact that the design decisions must be tested carefully. This review focuses on the main fields of application for rapid prototyping in biomedical engineering and health sciences, as well as on the most remarkable challenges and research trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Díaz Lantada
- Product Development Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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88
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Abstract
To create composite synthetic scaffolds with the same degree of complexity and multilevel organization as biological tissue, we need to integrate multilevel biomaterial processing in rapid prototyping systems. The scaffolds then encompass the entire range of properties, which characterize biological tissue. A multilevel microfabrication system, PAM(2), has been developed to address this gap in material processing. It is equipped with different modules, each covering a range of material properties and spatial resolutions. Together, the modules in PAM(2) can be used to realize complex and composite scaffolds for tissue engineering, bringing us a step closer to real clinical applications. This chapter describes the PAM(2) system and discusses some of the practical issues associated with scaffold microfabrication and biomaterial processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Vozzi
- Centro E. Piaggio, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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89
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Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly emerging technology dealing with so-called nanomaterials which at least in one dimension have size smaller than 100 nm. One of the most potentially promising applications of nanotechnology is in the area of tissue engineering, including biofabrication of 3D human tissues and organs. This paper focused on demonstrating how nanomaterials with nanolevel size can contribute to development of 3D human tissues and organs which have macrolevel organization. Specific nanomaterials such as nanofibers and nanoparticles are discussed in the context of their application for biofabricating 3D human tissues and organs. Several examples of novel tissue and organ biofabrication technologies based on using novel nanomaterials are presented and their recent limitations are analyzed. A robotic device for fabrication of compliant composite electrospun vascular graft is described. The concept of self-assembling magnetic tissue spheroids as an intermediate structure between nano- and macrolevel organization and building blocks for biofabrication of complex 3D human tissues and organs is introduced. The design of in vivo robotic bioprinter based on this concept and magnetic levitation of tissue spheroids labeled with magnetic nanoparticles is presented. The challenges and future prospects of applying nanomaterials and nanotechnological strategies in organ biofabrication are outlined.
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90
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Fedorovich NE, Kuipers E, Gawlitta D, Dhert WJ, Alblas J. Scaffold Porosity and Oxygenation of Printed Hydrogel Constructs Affect Functionality of Embedded Osteogenic Progenitors. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2473-86. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natalja E. Fedorovich
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elske Kuipers
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Gawlitta
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J.A. Dhert
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Alblas
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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91
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Organ printing: from bioprinter to organ biofabrication line. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2011; 22:667-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2011.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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92
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Liberski AR, Delaney JT, Schäfer H, Perelaer J, Schubert US. Organ weaving: woven threads and sheets as a step towards a new strategy for artificial organ development. Macromol Biosci 2011; 11:1491-8. [PMID: 21916011 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The concept of "organ weaving" is presented, a fabrication technique that can be an attractive option for the development of artificial tissues and organs. "Living threads" are created by immersing threads that are soaked in a CaCl(2) solution into a sodium-alginate-loaded cell suspension bath, encapsulating the cells and creating a bio-friendly, easily manageable starting material for building up larger scaffold structures. Such living threads have the advantage of being a particularly mild culturing medium for mammalian cells, protecting the cells during subsequent processing steps from dehydration and other rapid changes in the chemistry of the surrounding environment. Connecting different types of threads into 3D objects gives unique opportunities to address tissue engineering challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert R Liberski
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
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93
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Hoque ME, Chuan YL, Pashby I. Extrusion based rapid prototyping technique: an advanced platform for tissue engineering scaffold fabrication. Biopolymers 2011; 97:83-93. [PMID: 21830198 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Advances in scaffold design and fabrication technology have brought the tissue engineering field stepping into a new era. Conventional techniques used to develop scaffolds inherit limitations, such as lack of control over the pore morphology and architecture as well as reproducibility. Rapid prototyping (RP) technology, a layer-by-layer additive approach offers a unique opportunity to build complex 3D architectures overcoming those limitations that could ultimately be tailored to cater for patient-specific applications. Using RP methods, researchers have been able to customize scaffolds to mimic the biomechanical properties (in terms of structural integrity, strength, and microenvironment) of the organ or tissue to be repaired/replaced quite closely. This article provides intensive description on various extrusion based scaffold fabrication techniques and review their potential utility for TE applications. The extrusion-based technique extrudes the molten polymer as a thin filament through a nozzle onto a platform layer-by-layer and thus building 3D scaffold. The technique allows full control over pore architecture and dimension in the x- and y- planes. However, the pore height in z-direction is predetermined by the extruding nozzle diameter rather than the technique itself. This review attempts to assess the current state and future prospects of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Enamul Hoque
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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94
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Fedorovich NE, Wijnberg HM, Dhert WJ, Alblas J. Distinct Tissue Formation by Heterogeneous Printing of Osteo- and Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2113-21. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natalja E. Fedorovich
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M. Wijnberg
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J.A. Dhert
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Alblas
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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95
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Myon L, Ferri J, Chai F, Blanchemain N, Raoul G. [Oro-maxillofacial bone tissue engineering combining biomaterials, stem cells, and gene therapy]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 112:201-11. [PMID: 21798570 DOI: 10.1016/j.stomax.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Improvements have been made in regenerative medicine, due to the development of tissue engineering and cellular therapy. Bone regeneration is an ambitious project, leading to many applications involving skull, maxillofacial, and orthopaedic surgery. Scaffolds, stem cells, and signals support bone tissue engineering. The scaffold physical and chemical properties promote cell invasion, guide their differentiation, and enable signal transmission. Scaffold may be inorganic or organic. Their conception was improved by the use of new techniques: self-assembled nanofibres, electrospinning, solution-phase separation, micropatterned hydrogels, bioprinting, and rapid prototyping. Cellular biology processes allow us to choose between embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells for regenerative medicine. Finally, communication between cells and their environment is essential; they use various signals to do so. The study of signals and their transmission led to the discovery and the use of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP). The development of cellular therapy led to the emergence of a specific field: gene therapy. It relies on viral vectors, which include: retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated vectors (AAV). Non-viral vectors include plasmids and lipoplex. Some BMP genes have successfully been transfected. The ability to control transfected cells and the capacity to combine and transfect many genes involved in osseous healing will improve gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Myon
- Université Lille Nord de France, UDSL, 59000 Lille, France
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96
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Hajdu Z, Mironov V, Mehesz AN, Norris RA, Markwald RR, Visconti RP. Tissue spheroid fusion-based in vitro screening assays for analysis of tissue maturation. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 4:659-64. [PMID: 20603872 DOI: 10.1002/term.291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organ printing or computer-aided robotic layer-by-layer additive biofabrication of thick three-dimensional (3D) living tissue constructs employing self-assembling tissue spheroids is a rapidly evolving alternative to classic solid scaffold-based approaches in tissue engineering. However, the absence of effective methods of accelerated tissue maturation immediately after bioprinting is the main technological imperative and potential impediment for further progress in the development of this emerging organ printing technology. Identification of the optimal combination of factors and conditions that accelerate tissue maturation ('maturogenic' factors) is an essential and necessary endeavour. Screening of maturogenic factors would be most efficiently accomplished using high-throughput quantitative in vitro tissue maturation assays. We have recently reviewed the formation of solid scaffold-free tissue constructs through the fusion of bioprinted tissue spheroids that have measurable material properties. We hypothesize that the fusion kinetics of these tissue spheroids will provide an efficacious in vitro assay of the level of tissue maturation. We report here the results of experimental testing of two simple quantitative tissue spheroid fusion-based in vitro high-throughput screening assays of tissue maturation: (a) a tissue spheroid envelopment assay; and (b) a tissue spheroid fusion kinetics assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Hajdu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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97
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Mehesz AN, Brown J, Hajdu Z, Beaver W, da Silva JVL, Visconti RP, Markwald RR, Mironov V. Scalable robotic biofabrication of tissue spheroids. Biofabrication 2011; 3:025002. [PMID: 21562365 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/3/2/025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Development of methods for scalable biofabrication of uniformly sized tissue spheroids is essential for tissue spheroid-based bioprinting of large size tissue and organ constructs. The most recent scalable technique for tissue spheroid fabrication employs a micromolded recessed template prepared in a non-adhesive hydrogel, wherein the cells loaded into the template self-assemble into tissue spheroids due to gravitational force. In this study, we present an improved version of this technique. A new mold was designed to enable generation of 61 microrecessions in each well of a 96-well plate. The microrecessions were seeded with cells using an EpMotion 5070 automated pipetting machine. After 48 h of incubation, tissue spheroids formed at the bottom of each microrecession. To assess the quality of constructs generated using this technology, 600 tissue spheroids made by this method were compared with 600 spheroids generated by the conventional hanging drop method. These analyses showed that tissue spheroids fabricated by the micromolded method are more uniform in diameter. Thus, use of micromolded recessions in a non-adhesive hydrogel, combined with automated cell seeding, is a reliable method for scalable robotic fabrication of uniform-sized tissue spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nagy Mehesz
- Advanced Tissue Biofabrication Center, Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
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98
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Novosel EC, Kleinhans C, Kluger PJ. Vascularization is the key challenge in tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:300-11. [PMID: 21396416 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 666] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The main limitation in engineering in vitro tissues is the lack of a sufficient blood vessel system - the vascularization. In vivo almost all tissues are supplied by these endothelial cell coated tubular networks. Current strategies to create vascularized tissues are discussed in this review. The first strategy is based on the endothelial cells and their ability to form new vessels known as neoangiogenesis. Herein prevascularization techniques are compared to approaches in which biomolecules, such as growth factors, cytokines, peptides and proteins as well as cells are applied to generate new vessels. The second strategy is focused on scaffold-based techniques. Naturally-derived scaffolds, which contain vessels, are distinguished from synthetically manufactured matrices. Advantages and pitfalls of the approaches to create vascularized tissues in vitro are outlined and feasible future strategies are discussed.
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99
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Substrate stiffness influences high resolution printing of living cells with an ink-jet system. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 112:79-85. [PMID: 21497548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The adaptation of inkjet printing technology for the realisation of controlled micro- and nano-scaled biological structures is of great potential in tissue and biomaterial engineering. In this paper we present the Olivetti BioJet system and its applications in tissue engineering and cell printing. BioJet, which employs a thermal inkjet cartridge, was used to print biomolecules and living cells. It is well known that high stresses and forces are developed during the inkjet printing process. When printing living particles (i.e., cell suspensions) the mechanical loading profile can dramatically damage the processed cells. Therefore computational models were developed to predict the velocity profile and the mechanical load acting on a droplet during the printing process. The model was used to investigate the role of the stiffness of the deposition substrate during droplet impact and compared with experimental investigations on cell viability after printing on different materials. The computational model and the experimental results confirm that impact forces are highly dependent on the deposition substrate and that soft and viscous surfaces can reduce the forces acting on the droplet, preventing cell damage. These results have high relevance for cell bioprinting; substrates should be designed to have a good compromise between substrate stiffness to conserve spatial patterning without droplet coalescence but soft enough to absorb the kinetic energy of droplets in order to maintain cell viability.
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100
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Huang GY, Zhou LH, Zhang QC, Chen YM, Sun W, Xu F, Lu TJ. Microfluidic hydrogels for tissue engineering. Biofabrication 2011; 3:012001. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/3/1/012001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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