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Abstract
The ultimate goal of diabetes therapy is the restoration of physiologic metabolic control. For type 1 diabetes, research efforts are focused on the prevention or early intervention to halt the autoimmune process and preserve β cell function. Replacement of pancreatic β cells via islet transplantation reestablishes physiologic β cell function in patients with diabetes. Emerging research shows that microRNAs (miRNAs), noncoding small RNA molecules produced by a newly discovered class of genes, negatively regulate gene expression. MiRNAs recognize and bind to partially complementary sequences of target messenger RNA (mRNA), regulating mRNA translation and affecting gene expression. Correlation between miRNA signatures and genome-wide RNA expression allows identification of multiple miRNA-mRNA pairs in biological processes. Because miRNAs target functionally related genes, they represent an exciting and indispensable approach for biomarkers and drug discovery. We are studying the role of miRNA in the context of islet immunobiology. Our research aims at understanding the mechanisms underlying pancreatic β cell loss and developing clinically relevant approaches for preservation and restoration of β cell function to treat insulin-dependent diabetes. Herein, we discuss some of our recent efforts related to the study of miRNA in islet inflammation and islet engraftment. Our working hypothesis is that modulation of the expression of specific microRNAs in the transplant microenvironment will be of assistance in enhancing islet engraftment and promoting long-term function.
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Fotino C, Molano RD, Ricordi C, Pileggi A. Transdisciplinary approach to restore pancreatic islet function. Immunol Res 2014; 57:210-21. [PMID: 24233663 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The focus of our research is on islet immunobiology. We are exploring novel strategies that could be of assistance in the treatment and prevention of type 1 diabetes, as well as in the restoration of metabolic control via transplantation of insulin producing cells (i.e., islet cells). The multiple facets of diabetes and β-cell replacement encompass different complementary disciplines, such as immunology, cell biology, pharmacology, and bioengineering, among others. Through their interaction and integration, a transdisciplinary dimension is needed in order to address and overcome all aspects of the complex puzzle toward a successful clinical translation of a biological cure for diabetes.
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Rengifo HR, Giraldo JA, Labrada I, Stabler CL. Long-term survival of allograft murine islets coated via covalently stabilized polymers. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1061-70. [PMID: 24497465 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical islet transplantation (CIT) has emerged as a promising treatment option for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM); however, the antirejection drug regimen necessary to mitigate allograft islet rejection is undesirable. The use of polymeric coatings to immunocamouflage the transplant from host immune attack has great potential. Alginate and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based polymers, functionalized with azide and phosphine, respectively, which form spontaneous and chemoselective crosslinks via the bioorthogonal Staudinger ligation scheme, were recently developed. Here, the utility of these polymers to form immunoprotective, ultrathin coatings on murine primary pancreatic islets is explored. Resulting coatings are nontoxic, with unimpaired glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Transplantation of coated BALB/c (H-2(d) ) islets into streptozotozin-induced diabetic C57BL/6 (H-2(b) ) results in prompt achievement of normoglycemia, at a rate comparable to controls. A significant subset of animals receiving coated islets (57%) exhibits long-term (>100 d) function, with robust islets observed upon explantation. Control islets rejected after 15 d (±9 d). Results illustrate the capacity of chemoselectively functionalized polymers to form coatings on islets, imparting no detrimental effect to the underlying cells, with resulting coatings exhibiting significant protective effects in an allograft murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán R. Rengifo
- Diabetes Research Institute; Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; 1450 NW 10 Ave Miami FL 33136 USA
| | - Jaime A. Giraldo
- Diabetes Research Institute; Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; 1450 NW 10 Ave Miami FL 33136 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; College of Engineering; University of Miami; 1450 NW 10 Ave Miami FL 33136 USA
| | - Irayme Labrada
- Diabetes Research Institute; Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; 1450 NW 10 Ave Miami FL 33136 USA
| | - Cherie L. Stabler
- Diabetes Research Institute; Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; 1450 NW 10 Ave Miami FL 33136 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; College of Engineering; University of Miami; 1450 NW 10 Ave Miami FL 33136 USA
- Department of Surgery; Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; University of Miami; 1450 NW 10 Ave Miami FL 33136 USA
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Kanak MA, Takita M, Kunnathodi F, Lawrence MC, Levy MF, Naziruddin B. Inflammatory response in islet transplantation. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:451035. [PMID: 24883060 PMCID: PMC4021753 DOI: 10.1155/2014/451035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet cell transplantation is a promising beta cell replacement therapy for patients with brittle type 1 diabetes as well as refractory chronic pancreatitis. Despite the vast advancements made in this field, challenges still remain in achieving high frequency and long-term successful transplant outcomes. Here we review recent advances in understanding the role of inflammation in islet transplantation and development of strategies to prevent damage to islets from inflammation. The inflammatory response associated with islets has been recognized as the primary cause of early damage to islets and graft loss after transplantation. Details on cell signaling pathways in islets triggered by cytokines and harmful inflammatory events during pancreas procurement, pancreas preservation, islet isolation, and islet infusion are presented. Robust control of pre- and peritransplant islet inflammation could improve posttransplant islet survival and in turn enhance the benefits of islet cell transplantation for patients who are insulin dependent. We discuss several potent anti-inflammatory strategies that show promise for improving islet engraftment. Further understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in the inflammatory response will provide the basis for developing potent therapeutic strategies for enhancing the quality and success of islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar A. Kanak
- Institute for Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76712, USA
| | - Morihito Takita
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | - Faisal Kunnathodi
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
| | | | - Marlon F. Levy
- Baylor Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, 3410 Worth Street, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Bashoo Naziruddin
- Baylor Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, 3410 Worth Street, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
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55
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Lee JP, Kim DH, Yang SH, Hwang JH, An JN, Min SI, Ha J, Oh YK, Kim YS, Lim CS. Serum bilirubin affects graft outcomes through UDP-glucuronosyltransferase sequence variation in kidney transplantation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93633. [PMID: 24690955 PMCID: PMC3972238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is a major mediator of adverse outcome after kidney transplantation. Bilirubin is produced by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1), and has potential as an antioxidant. In this study, we investigated the effects of HO-1 and UGT1A1 sequence variations on kidney allograft outcomes. Methods Clinical data were collected from 429 Korean recipients who underwent kidney transplantation from 1990–2008. Genotyping for UGT1A1*28 and HO-1 (A−413T) was performed. Acute rejection and graft survival were monitored as end-points. Results Serum levels of total bilirubin were significantly increased after transplantation (0.41±0.19 mg/dL to 0.80±0.33 mg/dL, P<0.001). Post-transplant 1-year bilirubin level was higher in 6/7 or 7/7 carriers compared with 6/6 homozygotes in terms of the UGT1A1*28 polymorphism (6/6 vs. 6/7 vs. 7/7: 0.71±0.27 vs. 1.06±0.36 vs. 1.10±0.45 mg/dL, P<0.001). According to an additive model of genotype analysis, the 7-allele genotype had a protective effect on the development of acute rejection compared with the 6-allele (odds ratio 0.43, 95% CI 0.25–0.73, P for trend = 0.006). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that individuals carrying the 7-allele had a decreased risk of graft loss, by a factor of 0.36 (95% CI 0.15–0.85, P = 0.019). The HO-1 (A−413T) polymorphism had no effect on serum bilirubin levels or graft outcomes. Conclusions The UGT1A1*28 polymorphism is associated with changes in serum bilirubin and with graft outcome after kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Pyo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Hyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Hee Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Nam An
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Il Min
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongwon Ha
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Kyu Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chun Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Kondo K, Ishigaki Y, Gao J, Yamada T, Imai J, Sawada S, Muto A, Oka Y, Igarashi K, Katagiri H. Bach1 deficiency protects pancreatic β-cells from oxidative stress injury. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E641-8. [PMID: 23880309 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00120.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1) is a transcriptional repressor of antioxidative enzymes, such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Oxidative stress is reportedly involved in insulin secretion impairment and obesity-associated insulin resistance. However, the role of Bach1 in the development of diabetes is unclear. HO-1 expression in the liver, white adipose tissue, and pancreatic islets was markedly upregulated in Bach1-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, glucose and insulin tolerance tests showed no differences in obese wild-type (WT) and obese Bach1-deficient mice after high-fat diet loading for 6 wk, suggesting minimal roles of Bach1 in the development of insulin resistance. In contrast, Bach1 deficiency significantly suppressed alloxan-induced pancreatic insulin content reduction and the resultant glucose elevation. Furthermore, TUNEL-positive cells in pancreatic islets of Bach1-deficient mice were markedly decreased, by 60%, compared with those in WT mice. HO-1 expression in islets was significantly upregulated in alloxan-injected Bach1-deficient mice, whereas expression of other antioxidative enzymes, e.g., catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase, was not changed by either alloxan administration or Bach1 deficiency. Our results suggest that Bach1 deficiency protects pancreatic β-cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and that the enhancement of HO-1 expression plays an important role in this protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Kondo
- Division of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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57
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Brady AC, Martino MM, Pedraza E, Sukert S, Pileggi A, Ricordi C, Hubbell JA, Stabler CL. Proangiogenic hydrogels within macroporous scaffolds enhance islet engraftment in an extrahepatic site. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:2544-52. [PMID: 23790218 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of allogeneic islets in recent clinical trials has shown substantial promise as a therapy for type 1 diabetes; however, long-term insulin independence remains inadequate. This has been largely attributed to the current intravascular, hepatic transplant site, which exposes islets to mechanical and inflammatory stresses. A highly macroporous scaffold, housed within an alternative transplant site, can support an ideal environment for islet transplantation by providing three-dimensional distribution of islets, while permitting the infiltration of host vasculature. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the synergistic effect of a proangiogenic hydrogel loaded within the void space of a macroporous poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) scaffold on islet engraftment. The fibrin-based proangiogenic hydrogel tested presents platelet derived growth factor (PDGF-BB), via a fibronectin (FN) fragment containing growth factor and major integrin binding sites in close proximity. The combination of the proangiogenic hydrogel with PDMS scaffolds resulted in a significant decrease in the time to normoglycemia for syngeneic mouse islet transplants. This benefit was associated with an observed increase in competent vessel branching, as well as mature intraislet vessels. Overall, the addition of the proangiogenic factor PDGF-BB, delivered via the FN fragment-functionalized hydrogel, positively influenced the efficiency of engraftment. These characteristics, along with its ease of retrieval, make this combination of a biostable macroporous scaffold and a degradable proangiogenic hydrogel a supportive structure for insulin-producing cells implanted in extrahepatic sites.
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58
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Yin H, Park SY, Wang XJ, Misawa R, Grossman EJ, Tao J, Zhong R, Witkowski P, Bell GI, Chong AS. Enhancing pancreatic Beta-cell regeneration in vivo with pioglitazone and alogliptin. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65777. [PMID: 23762423 PMCID: PMC3675063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Hypothesis Pancreatic beta-cells retain limited ability to regenerate and proliferate after various physiologic triggers. Identifying therapies that are able to enhance beta-cell regeneration may therefore be useful for the treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Methods In this study we investigated endogenous and transplanted beta-cell regeneration by serially quantifying changes in bioluminescence from beta-cells from transgenic mice expressing firefly luciferase under the control of the mouse insulin I promoter. We tested the ability of pioglitazone and alogliptin, two drugs developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, to enhance beta-cell regeneration, and also defined the effect of the immunosuppression with rapamycin and tacrolimus on transplanted islet beta mass. Results Pioglitazone is a stimulator of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma while alogliptin is a selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor. Pioglitazone alone, or in combination with alogliptin, enhanced endogenous beta-cell regeneration in streptozotocin-treated mice, while alogliptin alone had modest effects. In a model of syngeneic islet transplantation, immunosuppression with rapamycin and tacrolimus induced an early loss of beta-cell mass, while treatment with insulin implants to maintain normoglycemia and pioglitazone plus alogliptin was able to partially promote beta-cell mass recovery. Conclusions/Interpretation These data highlight the utility of bioluminescence for serially quantifying functional beta-cell mass in living mice. They also demonstrate the ability of pioglitazone, used either alone or in combination with alogliptin, to enhance regeneration of endogenous islet beta-cells as well as transplanted islets into recipients treated with rapamycin and tacrolimus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yin
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Transplant Center, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- The Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ryosuke Misawa
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Cellular Transplantation, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America
| | - Eric J. Grossman
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jing Tao
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Piotr Witkowski
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Anita S. Chong
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abdulreda MH, Caicedo A, Berggren PO. Transplantation into the anterior chamber of the eye for longitudinal, non-invasive in vivo imaging with single-cell resolution in real-time. J Vis Exp 2013:e50466. [PMID: 23524511 DOI: 10.3791/50466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital imaging has emerged as an indispensable tool in biological research. In the process, many imaging techniques have been developed to study different biological processes in animals non-invasively. However, a major technical limitation in existing intravital imaging modalities is the inability to combine non-invasive, longitudinal imaging with single-cell resolution capabilities. We show here how transplantation into the anterior chamber of the eye circumvents such significant limitation offering a versatile experimental platform that enables non-invasive, longitudinal imaging with cellular resolution in vivo. We demonstrate the transplantation procedure in the mouse and provide representative results using a model with clinical relevance, namely pancreatic islet transplantation. In addition to enabling direct visualization in a variety of tissues transplanted into the anterior chamber of the eye, this approach provides a platform to screen drugs by performing long-term follow up and monitoring in target tissues. Because of its versatility, tissue/cell transplantation into the anterior chamber of the eye not only benefits transplantation therapies, it extends to other in vivo applications to study physiological and pathophysiological processes such as signal transduction and cancer or autoimmune disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midhat H Abdulreda
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, USA.
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60
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Brain death induces renal expression of heme oxygenase-1 and heat shock protein 70. J Transl Med 2013; 11:22. [PMID: 23356498 PMCID: PMC3568717 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Kidneys derived from brain dead donors have lower graft survival and higher graft-function loss compared to their living donor counterpart. Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) are a large family of stress proteins involved in maintaining cell homeostasis. We studied the role of stress-inducible genes Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1), HSP27, HSP40, and HSP70 in the kidney following a 4 hour period of brain death. Methods Brain death was induced in rats (n=6) by inflating a balloon catheter in the epidural space. Kidneys were analysed for HSPs using RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Results RT-PCR data showed a significant increase in gene expression for HO-1 and HSP70 in kidneys of brain dead rats. Western blotting revealed a massive increase in HO-1 protein in brain dead rat kidneys. Immunohistochemistry confirmed these findings, showing extensive HO-1 protein expression in the renal cortical tubules of brain dead rats. HSP70 protein was predominantly increased in renal distal tubules of brain dead rats treated for hypotension. Conclusion Renal stress caused by brain death induces expression of the cytoprotective genes HO-1 and HSP70, but not of HSP27 and HSP40. The upregulation of these cytoprotective genes indicate that renal damage occurs during brain death, and could be part of a protective or recuperative mechanism induced by brain death-associated stress.
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61
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Noninvasive in vivo model demonstrating the effects of autonomic innervation on pancreatic islet function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:21456-61. [PMID: 23236142 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211659110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system is thought to modulate blood glucose homeostasis by regulating endocrine cell activity in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The role of islet innervation, however, has remained elusive because the direct effects of autonomic nervous input on islet cell physiology cannot be studied in the pancreas. Here, we used an in vivo model to study the role of islet nervous input in glucose homeostasis. We transplanted islets into the anterior chamber of the eye and found that islet grafts became densely innervated by the rich parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous supply of the iris. Parasympathetic innervation was imaged intravitally by using transgenic mice expressing GFP in cholinergic axons. To manipulate selectively the islet nervous input, we increased the ambient illumination to increase the parasympathetic input to the islet grafts via the pupillary light reflex. This reduced fasting glycemia and improved glucose tolerance. These effects could be blocked by topical application of the muscarinic antagonist atropine to the eye, indicating that local cholinergic innervation had a direct effect on islet function in vivo. By using this approach, we found that parasympathetic innervation influences islet function in C57BL/6 mice but not in 129X1 mice, which reflected differences in innervation densities and may explain major strain differences in glucose homeostasis. This study directly demonstrates that autonomic axons innervating the islet modulate glucose homeostasis.
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Hatziavramidis DT, Karatzas TM, Chrousos GP. Pancreatic islet cell transplantation: an update. Ann Biomed Eng 2012; 41:469-76. [PMID: 23494147 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-012-0676-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transplantation of pancreatic islets, as a therapeutic modality for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), at this stage of its development, is reserved for patients with severe glycemic variability, progressive diabetic complications, and life threatening hypoglycemia unawareness, regardless of intensive insulin management. It has not succeeded to become the method of choice for treating T1DM because of limited supply and suboptimal yields of procurement and isolation of islets, graft failure, and relatively high requirements, i.e., at least 10,000 functional Islet Equivalents per kg of patient weight, to achieve prolonged insulin independence and glucose stability. Efforts aimed at making islet transplantation a competitive alternative to exogenous insulin injections for treating T1DM have focused on improving the longevity and functionality of islet cells. In order to succeed, these efforts need to be complemented by others to optimize the rate and efficiency of encapsulation.
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63
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Fraker CA, Cechin S, Álvarez-Cubela S, Echeverri F, Bernal A, Poo R, Ricordi C, Inverardi L, Domínguez-Bendala J. A physiological pattern of oxygenation using perfluorocarbon-based culture devices maximizes pancreatic islet viability and enhances β-cell function. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:1723-33. [PMID: 23068091 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional culture vessels are not designed for physiological oxygen (O2) delivery. Both hyperoxia and hypoxia-commonly observed when culturing cells in regular plasticware-have been linked to reduced cellular function and death. Pancreatic islets, used for the clinical treatment of diabetes, are especially sensitive to sub- and supraphysiological O2 concentrations. A result of current culture standards is that a high percentage of islet preparations are never transplanted because of cell death and loss of function in the 24-48 h postisolation. Here, we describe a new culture system designed to provide quasiphysiological oxygenation to islets in culture. The use of dishes where islets rest atop a perfluorocarbon (PFC)-based membrane, coupled with a careful adjustment of environmental O2 concentration to target the islet physiological pO2 range, resulted in dramatic gains in viability and function. These observations underline the importance of approximating culture conditions as closely as possible to those of the native microenvironment, and fill a widely acknowledged gap in our ability to preserve islet functionality in vitro. As stem cell-derived insulin-producing cells are likely to suffer from the same limitations as those observed in real islets, our findings are especially timely in the context of current efforts to define renewable sources for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris A Fraker
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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64
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Yeom HJ, Koo OJ, Yang J, Cho B, Hwang JI, Park SJ, Hurh S, Kim H, Lee EM, Ro H, Kang JT, Kim SJ, Won JK, O'Connell PJ, Kim H, Surh CD, Lee BC, Ahn C. Generation and characterization of human heme oxygenase-1 transgenic pigs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46646. [PMID: 23071605 PMCID: PMC3465346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenotransplantation using transgenic pigs as an organ source is a promising strategy to overcome shortage of human organ for transplantation. Various genetic modifications have been tried to ameliorate xenograft rejection. In the present study we assessed effect of transgenic expression of human heme oxygenase-1 (hHO-1), an inducible protein capable of cytoprotection by scavenging reactive oxygen species and preventing apoptosis caused by cellular stress during inflammatory processes, in neonatal porcine islet-like cluster cells (NPCCs). Transduction of NPCCs with adenovirus containing hHO-1 gene significantly reduced apoptosis compared with the GFP-expressing adenovirus control after treatment with either hydrogen peroxide or hTNF-α and cycloheximide. These protective effects were diminished by co-treatment of hHO-1 antagonist, Zinc protoporphyrin IX. We also generated transgenic pigs expressing hHO-1 and analyzed expression and function of the transgene. Human HO-1 was expressed in most tissues, including the heart, kidney, lung, pancreas, spleen and skin, however, expression levels and patterns of the hHO-1 gene are not consistent in each organ. We isolate fibroblast from transgenic pigs to analyze protective effect of the hHO-1. As expected, fibroblasts derived from the hHO-1 transgenic pigs were significantly resistant to both hydrogen peroxide damage and hTNF-α and cycloheximide-mediated apoptosis when compared with wild-type fibroblasts. Furthermore, induction of RANTES in response to hTNF-α or LPS was significantly decreased in fibroblasts obtained from the hHO-1 transgenic pigs. These findings suggest that transgenic expression of hHO-1 can protect xenografts when exposed to oxidative stresses, especially from ischemia/reperfusion injury, and/or acute rejection mediated by cytokines. Accordingly, hHO-1 could be an important candidate molecule in a multi-transgenic pig strategy for xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jung Yeom
- Transplantation Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ok Jae Koo
- Transplantation Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Designed Animal Resource Center and Biotransplant Research Institute, Seoul National University Green-Bio Research Complex, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Jaeseok Yang
- Transplantation Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bumrae Cho
- Transplantation Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Laboratory of G Protein Coupled Receptors, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sol Ji Park
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunghoon Hurh
- Transplantation Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwajung Kim
- Transplantation Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- Transplantation Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han Ro
- Transplantation Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Taek Kang
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Kyung Won
- Molecular Pathology Center, Seoul National University Cancer Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Philip J. O'Connell
- The Center for Transplant Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hyunil Kim
- Optifarm Solution Inc., Seonggeo-eup, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Charles D. Surh
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Byeong-Chun Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Designed Animal Resource Center and Biotransplant Research Institute, Seoul National University Green-Bio Research Complex, Gangwon-do, Korea
- * E-mail: (AC); (B-CL)
| | - Curie Ahn
- Transplantation Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Designed Animal Resource Center and Biotransplant Research Institute, Seoul National University Green-Bio Research Complex, Gangwon-do, Korea
- Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Nephrology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (AC); (B-CL)
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Inflammation-Mediated Regulation of MicroRNA Expression in Transplanted Pancreatic Islets. J Transplant 2012; 2012:723614. [PMID: 22655170 PMCID: PMC3359768 DOI: 10.1155/2012/723614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonspecific inflammation in the transplant microenvironment results in β-cell dysfunction and death influencing negatively graft outcome. MicroRNA (miRNA) expression and gene target regulation in transplanted islets are not yet well characterized. We evaluated the impact of inflammation on miRNA expression in transplanted rat islets. Islets exposed in vitro to proinflammatory cytokines and explanted syngeneic islet grafts were evaluated by miRNA arrays. A subset of 26 islet miRNAs was affected by inflammation both in vivo and in vitro. Induction of miRNAs was dependent on NF-κB, a pathway linked with cytokine-mediated islet cell death. RT-PCR confirmed expression of 8 miRNAs. The association between these miRNAs and mRNA target-predicting algorithms in genome-wide RNA studies of β-cell inflammation identified 238 potential miRNA gene targets. Several genes were ontologically associated with regulation of insulin signaling and secretion, diabetes, and islet physiology. One of the most activated miRNAs was miR-21. Overexpression of miR-21 in insulin-secreting MIN6 cells downregulated endogenous expression of the tumor suppressor Pdcd4 and of Pclo, a Ca2+ sensor protein involved in insulin secretion. Bioinformatics identified both as potential targets. The integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression profiles revealed potential targets that may identify molecular targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Oxidative stress and heme oxygenase-1 regulated human mesenchymal stem cells differentiation. Int J Hypertens 2012; 2012:890671. [PMID: 22518296 PMCID: PMC3296285 DOI: 10.1155/2012/890671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the effect of increased expression of HO-1 protein and increased levels of HO activity on differentiation of bone-marrow-derived human MSCs. MSCs are multipotent cells that proliferate and differentiate into many different cell types including adipocytes and osteoblasts. HO, the rate-limiting enzyme in heme catabolism, plays an important role during MSCs differentiation. HO catalyzes the stereospecific degradation of heme to biliverdin, with the concurrent release of iron and carbon monoxide. Upregulation of HO-1 expression and increased HO activity are essential for MSC growth and differentiation to the osteoblast lineage consistent with the role of HO-1 in hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. HO-1 participates in the MSC differentiation process shifting the balance of MSC differentiation in favor of the osteoblast lineage by decreasing PPARγ and increasing osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase and BMP-2. In this paper, we define HO-1 as a target molecule in the modulation of adipogenesis and osteogenesis from MSCs and examine the role of the HO system in diabetes, inflammation, osteoporosis, hypertension, and other pathologies, a burgeoning area of research.
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Advances and challenges in islet transplantation: islet procurement rates and lessons learned from suboptimal islet transplantation. J Transplant 2011; 2011:979527. [PMID: 22235361 PMCID: PMC3253477 DOI: 10.1155/2011/979527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial step in successful islet transplantation is procurement of healthy donor islets. Given the limited number of donor pancreata selected for islet isolation and that islets from multiple donors are typically required to obtain insulin independence, it is critical to improve pancreas procurement rates and yield of islets for transplantation. Islets are delicate microorgans that are susceptible to apoptosis, hypoxia, and ischemia during isolation, culture, and the peritransplant period. Once the islets are engrafted, both prompt revascularization and protection from beta-cell death and graft rejection are key to secure long-term survival and function. To facilitate the engraftment of more robust islets suitable for combating the challenging isolation period and proinflammatory transplantation milieu, numerous approaches have been employed to prevent beta-cell dysfunction and death including immune modulation, prevention of apoptosis and hypoxia, as well as stimulation of growth factors, angiogenesis, and reinnervation. In addition to briefly discussing islet isolation procedures, procurement rates, and islet transplantation, the relevant literature pertaining to successful suboptimal islet transplantation is reviewed to provide insight into potential approaches to balance the limited supply of available donor islets.
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Induction of protective genes leads to islet survival and function. J Transplant 2011; 2011:141898. [PMID: 22220267 PMCID: PMC3246756 DOI: 10.1155/2011/141898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation is the most valid approach to the treatment of type 1 diabetes. However, the function of transplanted islets is often compromised since a large number of β cells undergo apoptosis induced by stress and the immune rejection response elicited by the recipient after transplantation. Conventional treatment for islet transplantation is to administer immunosuppressive drugs to the recipient to suppress the immune rejection response mounted against transplanted islets. Induction of protective genes in the recipient (e.g., heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), A20/tumor necrosis factor alpha inducible protein3 (tnfaip3), biliverdin reductase (BVR), Bcl2, and others) or administration of one or more of the products of HO-1 to the donor, the islets themselves, and/or the recipient offers an alternative or synergistic approach to improve islet graft survival and function. In this perspective, we summarize studies describing the protective effects of these genes on islet survival and function in rodent allogeneic and xenogeneic transplantation models and the prevention of onset of diabetes, with emphasis on HO-1, A20, and BVR. Such approaches are also appealing to islet autotransplantation in patients with chronic pancreatitis after total pancreatectomy, a procedure that currently only leads to 1/3 of transplanted patients being diabetes-free.
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Juang JH, Tu CF, Kuo CH. Modest Effects of Fas-Ligand and Heme Oxygenase-1 Double Transgenic Mouse Islets on Transplantation Outcomes. Transplant Proc 2011; 43:3198-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Chhabra P, Brayman KL. Current status of immunomodulatory and cellular therapies in preclinical and clinical islet transplantation. J Transplant 2011; 2011:637692. [PMID: 22046502 PMCID: PMC3199196 DOI: 10.1155/2011/637692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical islet transplantation is a β-cell replacement strategy that represents a possible definitive intervention for patients with type 1 diabetes, offering substantial benefits in terms of lowering daily insulin requirements and reducing incidences of debilitating hypoglycemic episodes and unawareness. Despite impressive advances in this field, a limiting supply of islets, inadequate means for preventing islet rejection, and the deleterious diabetogenic and nephrotoxic side effects associated with chronic immunosuppressive therapy preclude its wide-spread applicability. Islet transplantation however allows a window of opportunity for attempting various therapeutic manipulations of islets prior to transplantation aimed at achieving superior transplant outcomes. In this paper, we will focus on the current status of various immunosuppressive and cellular therapies that promote graft function and survival in preclinical and clinical islet transplantation with special emphasis on the tolerance-inducing capacity of regulatory T cells as well as the β-cells regenerative capacity of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chhabra
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kenneth L. Brayman
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- The Center for Cellular Transplantation and Therapeutics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Lee EM, Lee YE, Lee E, Ryu GR, Ko SH, Moon SD, Song KH, Ahn YB. Protective Effect of Heme Oxygenase-1 on High Glucose-Induced Pancreatic β-Cell Injury. Diabetes Metab J 2011; 35:469-79. [PMID: 22111038 PMCID: PMC3221022 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose toxicity that is caused by chronic exposure to a high glucose concentration leads to islet dysfunction and induces apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been identified as an anti-apoptotic and cytoprotective gene. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether HO-1 up-regulation when using metalloprotophyrin (cobalt protoporphyrin, CoPP) could protect pancreatic β-cells from high glucose-induced apoptosis. METHODS Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the CoPP-induced mRNA expression of HO-1. Cell viability of INS-1 cells cultured in the presence of CoPP was examined by acridine orange/propidium iodide staining. The generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured using flow cytometry. Glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) was determined following incubation with CoPP in different glucose concentrations. RESULTS CoPP increased HO-1 mRNA expression in both a dose- and time-dependent manner. Overexpression of HO-1 inhibited caspase-3, and the number of dead cells in the presence of CoPP was significantly decreased when exposed to high glucose conditions (HG). CoPP also decreased the generation of intracellular ROS by 50% during 72 hours of culture with HG. However, decreased GSIS was not recovered even in the presence of CoPP. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that CoPP-induced HO-1 up-regulation results in protection from high glucose-induced apoptosis in INS-1 cells; however, glucose stimulated insulin secretion is not restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Esder Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyeong Ryul Ryu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Ko
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Dae Moon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Song
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu-Bae Ahn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Nyqvist D, Speier S, Rodriguez-Diaz R, Molano RD, Lipovsek S, Rupnik M, Dicker A, Ilegems E, Zahr-Akrawi E, Molina J, Lopez-Cabeza M, Villate S, Abdulreda MH, Ricordi C, Caicedo A, Pileggi A, Berggren PO. Donor islet endothelial cells in pancreatic islet revascularization. Diabetes 2011; 60:2571-7. [PMID: 21873551 PMCID: PMC3178280 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Freshly isolated pancreatic islets contain, in contrast to cultured islets, intraislet endothelial cells (ECs), which can contribute to the formation of functional blood vessels after transplantation. We have characterized how donor islet endothelial cells (DIECs) may contribute to the revascularization rate, vascular density, and endocrine graft function after transplantation of freshly isolated and cultured islets. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Freshly isolated and cultured islets were transplanted under the kidney capsule and into the anterior chamber of the eye. Intravital laser scanning microscopy was used to monitor the revascularization process and DIECs in intact grafts. The grafts' metabolic function was examined by reversal of diabetes, and the ultrastructural morphology by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS DIECs significantly contributed to the vasculature of fresh islet grafts, assessed up to 5 months after transplantation, but were hardly detected in cultured islet grafts. Early participation of DIECs in the revascularization process correlated with a higher revascularization rate of freshly isolated islets compared with cultured islets. However, after complete revascularization, the vascular density was similar in the two groups, and host ECs gained morphological features resembling the endogenous islet vasculature. Surprisingly, grafts originating from cultured islets reversed diabetes more rapidly than those originating from fresh islets. CONCLUSIONS In summary, DIECs contributed to the revascularization of fresh, but not cultured, islets by participating in early processes of vessel formation and persisting in the vasculature over long periods of time. However, the DIECs did not increase the vascular density or improve the endocrine function of the grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nyqvist
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Corresponding authors: Per-Olof Berggren, , and Daniel Nyqvist,
| | - Stephan Speier
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rayner Rodriguez-Diaz
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - R. Damaris Molano
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Saša Lipovsek
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Rupnik
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Andrea Dicker
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erwin Ilegems
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elsie Zahr-Akrawi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Judith Molina
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Maite Lopez-Cabeza
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Susana Villate
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Midhat H. Abdulreda
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Alejandro Caicedo
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Antonello Pileggi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, World Class University Program, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
- Corresponding authors: Per-Olof Berggren, , and Daniel Nyqvist,
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High-resolution, noninvasive longitudinal live imaging of immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:12863-8. [PMID: 21768391 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1105002108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital imaging emerged as an indispensible tool in biological research, and a variety of imaging techniques have been developed to noninvasively monitor tissues in vivo. However, most of the current techniques lack the resolution to study events at the single-cell level. Although intravital multiphoton microscopy has addressed this limitation, the need for repeated noninvasive access to the same tissue in longitudinal in vivo studies remains largely unmet. We now report on a previously unexplored approach to study immune responses after transplantation of pancreatic islets into the anterior chamber of the mouse eye. This approach enabled (i) longitudinal, noninvasive imaging of transplanted tissues in vivo; (ii) in vivo cytolabeling to assess cellular phenotype and viability in situ; (iii) local intervention by topical application or intraocular injection; and (iv) real-time tracking of infiltrating immune cells in the target tissue.
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Campbell PD, Weinberg A, Chee J, Mariana L, Ayala R, Hawthorne WJ, O'Connell PJ, Loudovaris T, Cowley MJ, Kay TW, Grey ST, Thomas HE. Expression of pro- and antiapoptotic molecules of the Bcl-2 family in human islets postisolation. Cell Transplant 2011; 21:49-60. [PMID: 21535910 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x566262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human islets are subjected to a number of stresses before and during their isolation that may influence their survival and engraftment after transplantation. Apoptosis is likely to be activated in response to these stresses. Apoptosis due to intrinsic stresses is regulated by pro- and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family. While the role of the Bcl-2 family in apoptosis of rodent islets is becoming increasingly understood, little is known about which of these molecules are expressed or required for apoptosis of human islets. This study investigated the expression of the Bcl-2 family of molecules in isolated human islets. RNA and protein lysates were extracted from human islets immediately postisolation. At the same time, standard quality control assays including viability staining and β-cell content were performed on each islet preparation. Microarrays, RT-PCR, and Western blotting were performed on islet RNA and protein. The prosurvival molecules Bcl-xl and Mcl-1, but not Bcl-2, were highly expressed. The multidomain proapoptotic effector molecule Bax was expressed at higher levels than Bak. Proapoptotic BH3-only molecules were expressed at low levels, with Bid being the most abundant. The proapoptotic molecules BNIP3, BNIP3L, and Beclin-1 were all highly expressed, indicating exposure of islets to oxygen and nutrient deprivation during isolation. Our data provide a comprehensive analysis of expression levels of pro- and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members in isolated human islets. Knowledge of which molecules are expressed will guide future research to understand the apoptotic pathways activated during isolation or after transplantation. This is crucial for the design of methods to achieve improved transplantation outcomes.
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Solomon M, Flodström-Tullberg M, Sarvetnick N. Beta-cell specific expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1) delays islet allograft rejection by down-regulating Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 (IRF-1) signaling. Transpl Immunol 2011; 24:181-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Katana E, Skoura L, Giakoustidis D, Takoudas D, Malisiovas N, Daniilidis M. Association between the heme oxygenase-1 promoter polymorphism and renal transplantation outcome in Greece. Transplant Proc 2011; 42:2479-85. [PMID: 20832528 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.05.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is the enzyme that catabolizes heme into carbon monoxide, biliverdin, and free iron. The induction of this enzyme is an important cytoprotective mechanism, which occurs as an adaptive and beneficial response to a wide variety of oxidant stimuli. HO-1 has recently been suggested to protect transplants from ischemia/reperfusion and immunologic injury. HO-1 inducibility is mainly modulated by a (GT)(n) repeat polymorphism in the promoter region, and has been shown that short repeats (S) are associated with greater upregulation of HO-1, compared with long repeats (L). In the present study we investigated the influence of this HO-1 gene polymorphism on clinical outcome after transplantation and on renal transplant function. METHODS DNA from 175 donor/recipient pairs who underwent transplantation between October 2002 and June 2007 was genotyped. We divided the HO-1 alleles into 2 subclasses, the S ≤ 27 repeats and L > 27 repeats. RESULTS There has been significant relevance between the genotype of the donor and the outcome of the graft, as far as recipients with normal graft function and recipients with deteriorated graft function are concerned (P = .021). In patients with normal graft function, grafts from L-homozygotes were found in 24%, whereas in patients with deteriorated function, grafts from L-homozygotes exhibited in higher rate (50%). Neither the donor's nor the recipient's polymorphism influenced the graft survival (log-rank test P = .228 for the donors and log-rank test P = 0.844 for the recipients). There was no evidence of a gene-dose effect on graft survival (P = .469). Recipients of allografts from S-carriers donors had significantly lower serum creatinine levels at 24 months compared with recipients of allografts from L-homozygotes donors (P = .016).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Katana
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Molecular Biology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 inhibits apoptosis of islet grafts through caspase 3 and apoptosis-inducing factor pathways in rats. Transplant Proc 2011; 42:2658-61. [PMID: 20832564 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A significant portion of pancreatic islet grafts can be destroyed by apoptosis, failing to engraft in the early period after transplantation. Recently, we observed that overexpression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) in islet grafts achieved an antiapoptotic effect, prolonging graft survival in a rat transplant model. Caspase 3 is the central executioner caspase that is activated by upstream cascades in a caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway. Apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) is a key protein that can be released from mitochondria, translocating to the nucleus in the caspase-independent apoptosis pathway. In this study, we investigated whether these two pathways were involved in cytoprotection afforded by SOCS1 on islet grafts. We used a chimeric adenovirus vector (Ad5F35-SOCS1) to enhance SOCS1 expression in isolated Sprague-Dawley rat islets, which were transplanted into recipients experiencing streptozotocin-induced diabetes. We analyzed the expressions of active (cleaved) caspase 3 and AIF on islets. The Ad5F35-SOCS1-infected islets with higher SOCS1 expression showed decreased levels of active caspase 3 and intranuclear AIF after treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α and cycloheximide in vitro. The diabetic recipients transplanted with Ad5F35-SOCS1-infected islets showed longer periods of normoglycemia versus recipients transplanted with mock-infected islets (P < .05) due to prolonged graft survival. A histological analysis indicated that the Ad5F35-SOCS1-infected islet grafts displayed decreased caspase 3 activation and AIF translocation (to nucleus) in the early posttransplant period. These results demonstrated that the expression of SOCS1 in islet grafts protected them from apoptosis through caspase 3 dependent and AIF caspase-independent-pathways.
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Chen C, Moreno R, Samikannu B, Bretzel RG, Schmitz ML, Linn T. Improved intraportal islet transplantation outcome by systemic IKK-beta inhibition: NF-κB activity in pancreatic islets depends on oxygen availability. Am J Transplant 2011; 11:215-24. [PMID: 21219576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Intraportal islet transplantation suffers from low efficiency caused by substantial islet mass loss after transplantation. How this process is regulated is still unclear. Here, we show that NF-κB activation was detectable in islet grafts shortly after transplantation of porcine islets to diabetic NMRI nu/nu mice, and systemic NF-κB inhibition in transplanted animals significantly prolonged islet graft survival. Proinflammatory cytokines alone did not cause evident cell death in pancreatic islet within 24 h, while the combination of cytokines with hypoxia resulted in a strong induction of cell death that could be blocked dose-dependently by a selective IKK-β inhibitor. Under hypoxia, NF-κB activity impaired expression of antiapoptotic gene BCL-xL, c-FLIP and survivin. NF-κB activation in isolated islets was reduced by hypoxia in a time-dependent manner, accordingly, NF-κB activation in transplanted islets diminished by time. Our data indicate that, while NF-κB has an antiapoptotic role under normoxia, low oxygen conditions decrease its activity and transform it to a proapoptotic transcription factor in pancreatic islets. We conclude that NF-κB inhibition represents a potential strategy to improve islet transplantation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chen
- Third Medical Department Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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80
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Chen X, Zhang Z, Su C, Gu W, Li H, Zhou G. Protective Effect of Heme Oxygenase-1 to Pancreas Islet Xenograft. J Surg Res 2010; 164:336-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Exogenous biliverdin improves the function of lung grafts from brain dead donors in rats. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:1602-9. [PMID: 20620483 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 12/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliverdin, a product of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), ameliorates the posttransplant functions of heart, kidney, and liver. In this study, we investigated the effects of biliverdin on lung grafts from brain dead (BD) rat donors. METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. The sham group (n = 7), did not undergo BD. Both donor and recipient rats in the BD biliverdin group (n = 8) were injected with biliverdin (35 mg/kg in 1 mL) intraperitoneally after confirmed BD and transplantation. In the BD group (n = 8), both donor and recipient rats received the same volume of saline (35 mg/kg in 1 mL) as the BD biliverdin group. All donor rats were observed for 1.5 hours before undergoing lung transplantation. Two hours after transplantation, we obtained blood and lung graft samples. RESULTS Biliverdin reversed the aggravation of Pa(O(2)) in recipients, reduced the grafts wet/dry ratio, decreased the severity of lung injury measured by histologic examination, reduced serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-8 levels and inhibited myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) in the grafts. Furthermore, it significantly decreased malonaldehyde levels and increased superoxide dismutase levels. Biliverdin reduced cell apoptosis, activated protein expression of biliverdin reductase, and inhibited expression of HO-1 and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB in lung grafts. CONCLUSION Biliverdin exerts protective effects on lung grafts from BD donors through anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.
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Diannexin decreases inflammatory cell infiltration into the islet graft, reduces β-cell apoptosis, and improves early graft function. Transplantation 2010; 90:709-16. [PMID: 20634785 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181ed55d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major unmet challenge is to reduce the islet mass needed for insulin independence in type 1 diabetic recipients after islet transplantation. The recombinant homodimer of human annexin V, diannexin, has completed a Phase II Clinical Trial in Kidney Transplantation (NCT00615966). METHODS We developed a marginal islet mass transplantation model (10-12 islets per gram of recipient body weight) and investigated whether diannexin prevents β-cell apoptosis and improves islet graft function. Diannexin was administered to islet cell donors shortly before pancreas harvest, added to isolation reagents, and infused into recipients at the time of transplantation and repeated daily until day 4. RESULTS In the syngeneic marginal islet mass transplantation model, the median time needed to achieve normoglycemia was reduced from 17.0 days among untreated controls to 3.5 days among diannexin-treated recipients (P=0.004). Histologic analysis of islet grafts harvested on day 3 posttransplantation revealed decreased macrophage (44.7%±9.8% vs. 19.2%±3.2%, P=0.007) and T-cell infiltration (25.9%±5.5% vs. 9.1%±1.1%, P=0.004), and a lower rate of islet cell apoptosis (20.5%±2.8% vs. 7.6%±2.3%, P=0.01) with diannexin treatment. Expression profiling of the islet grafts showed significantly lower levels of mRNA for the proapoptotic molecule Bid, but higher levels of interleukin-6, interferon-γ, and immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that diannexin improves the early function of marginal mass islet grafts, and its effects are associated with reductions in inflammatory cell infiltration and β-cell death by apoptosis after islet transplantation.
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Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in heme catabolism that converts heme to Fe++, carbon monoxide and biliverdin. HO-1 acts anti-inflammatory and modulates apoptosis in many pathological conditions. In transplantation, HO-1 is overexpressed in organs during brain death, when undergoing ischemic damage and rejection. However, intentionally induced, it ameliorates pathological processes like ischemia reperfusion injury, allograft, xenograft or islet rejection, facilitates donor specific tolerance and alleviates chronic allograft changes. We herein consistently summarize the huge amount of data on HO-1 and transplantation that have been generated in multiple laboratories during the last 15years and suggest possible clinical implications and applications for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Öllinger
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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84
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Maternal protein restriction affects gene expression profiles in the kidney at weaning with implications for the regulation of renal function and lifespan. Clin Sci (Lond) 2010; 119:373-84. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nutritionally induced alterations in early growth can influence health and disease in later adult life. We have demonstrated previously that low birthweight resulting from maternal protein restriction during pregnancy followed by accelerated growth in rodents was associated with shortened lifespan, whereas protein restriction and slow growth during lactation increased lifespan. Thus early life events can also have a long lasting impact on longevity. In the present study, we show that long-lived PLP (postnatal low protein) mice were protected from developing albuminuria, whereas short-lived recuperated mice demonstrated an age-dependent increase in albuminuria in old age. Microarray analysis of kidneys from 21-day-old mice revealed that gene expression profiles were differentially affected depending on whether protein restriction was imposed during pregnancy or lactation. The differentially expressed genes were involved in diverse biological functions such as cytoprotective functions, vitamin D synthesis, protein homoeostasis, regulation of antioxidant enzymes and cellular senescence. Significantly, up-regulation of Hmox1 (haem oxygenase 1) in kidneys from PLP mice suggests that tissues of long-lived mice are equipped with a better cytoprotective function. In contrast, up-regulation of Nuak2 (NUAK family, SNF1-like kinase 2) and down-regulation of Lonp2 (Lon peptidase 2), Foxo3a (forkhead box O3a), Sod1 (copper/zinc superoxide dismutase) and Sesn1 (sestrin 1) in the kidneys of recuperated offspring suggest that protein homoeostasis and resistance to oxidative stress are compromised, leading to accelerated cellular senescence in these shorter-lived mice.
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85
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Tsubokawa T, Yagi K, Nakanishi C, Zuka M, Nohara A, Ino H, Fujino N, Konno T, Kawashiri MA, Ishibashi-Ueda H, Nagaya N, Yamagishi M. Impact of anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with transient overexpression of heme oxygenase-1 on myocardial ischemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 298:H1320-9. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01330.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have therapeutic potential for tissue injury, intolerance and poor cell viability limit their reparative capability. Therefore, we examined the impact of bone marrow-derived MSCs, in which heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was transiently overexpressed, on the repair of an ischemic myocardial injury. When MSCs and HO-1-overexpressed MSCs (MSCHO-1) were exposed to serum deprivation/hypoxia or H2O2-induced oxidative stress, MSCHO-1 exhibited increased resistance to cell apoptosis compared with MSCs (17 ± 1 vs. 30 ± 2%, P < 0.05) and were markedly resistant to cell death (2 ± 1 vs. 32 ± 2%, P < 0.05). Under these conditions, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production was 2.1-fold greater in MSCHO-1 than in MSCs. Pretreatment of MSCs and MSCHO-1 with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway inhibitors such as LY-294002 (50 μM) or wortmannin (100 nM) significantly decreased VEGF production. In a rat infarction model with MSCs or MSCHO-1 (5 × 106 ± 0.1 × 106 cells/rat) transplantation, the number of TdT-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling-positive cells was significantly lower in the MSCHO-1 group than in the MSC group (12.1 ± 1.0 cells/field vs. 26.5 ± 2.6, P < 0.05) on the 4th day after cell transplantation. On the 28th day, increased capillary density associated with decreased infarction size was observed in the MSCHO-1 group (1,415 ± 47/mm2 with 21.6 ± 2.3%) compared with those in the MSCs group (1,215 ± 43/mm2 with 28.2 ± 2.3%, P < 0.05), although infarction size relative to area at risk was not different in each group at 24 h after transplantation. These results demonstrate that MSCHO-1 exhibit markedly enhanced anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative capabilities compared with MSCs, thus contributing to improved repair of ischemic myocardial injury through cell survival and VEGF production associated with the PI 3-kinase/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Masahiko Zuka
- Department of Forensic and Social Environmental Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Ishikawa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Noritoshi Nagaya
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
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Abdel Aziz MT, El-Asmar MF, El Nadi EG, Wassef MA, Ahmed HH, Rashed LA, Obaia EM, Sabry D, Hassouna AA, Abdel Aziz AT. The effect of curcumin on insulin release in rat-isolated pancreatic islets. Angiology 2010; 61:557-66. [PMID: 20395228 DOI: 10.1177/0003319709356424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin exerts a hypoglycemic action and induces heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1). We evaluated the effect of curcumin on isolated islets of Langerhans and studied whether its action on insulin secretion is mediated by inducible HO-1. Islets were isolated from rats and divided into control islets, islets incubated in different curcumin concentrations, islets incubated in hemin, islets incubated in curcumin and HO inhibitor, stannous mesoporphyrin (SnMP), islets incubated in hemin and SnMP, islets incubated in SnMP only, and islets incubated in 16.7 mmol/L glucose. Heme-oxygenase activity, HO-1 expression, and insulin estimation was assessed. Insulin secretion, HO-1 gene expression and HO activity were significantly increased in islets incubated in curcumin, hemin, and glucose compared with controls. This increase in insulin secretion was significantly decreased by incubation of islets in SnMP. The action of curcumin on insulin secretion from the isolated islets may be, in part, mediated through increased HO-1 gene expression.
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87
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Tarry-Adkins JL, Chen JH, Jones RH, Smith NH, Ozanne SE. Poor maternal nutrition leads to alterations in oxidative stress, antioxidant defense capacity, and markers of fibrosis in rat islets: potential underlying mechanisms for development of the diabetic phenotype in later life. FASEB J 2010; 24:2762-71. [PMID: 20388698 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-156075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Low birth weight is associated with glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in later life. Good evidence indicates that the environment plays an important role in this relationship. However, the mechanisms underlying these relationships are defined poorly. Islets are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress, and this condition combined with fibrosis is thought to be instrumental in T2D pathogenesis. Here we use our maternal low-protein (LP) rat model to determine the effect of early diet on oxidative stress and fibrosis in pancreatic islets of male offspring at 3 and 15 mo of age. Islet xanthine oxidase (XO) expression was increased in 15-mo LP offspring, which suggests increased oxidative-stress. Manganese superoxide-dismutase (MnSOD), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) (antioxidant enzymes) were reduced significantly in LP offspring, which indicated impairment of oxidative defense. Expression of fibrosis markers collagen I and collagen III also increased in 15-mo LP offspring. Angiotensin II receptor type I (AT(II)R(1)), induced by hyperglycemia and oxidative-stress, was significantly up-regulated in 15-mo LP offspring. Lipid peroxidation was also increased in 15-mo LP animals. We conclude that maternal protein restriction causes age-associated increased oxidative stress, impairment of oxidative defense, and fibrosis. These findings provide mechanisms by which suboptimal early nutrition can lead to T2D development later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane L Tarry-Adkins
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Level 4, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Treatment Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd., Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK.
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88
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Trophic molecules derived from human mesenchymal stem cells enhance survival, function, and angiogenesis of isolated islets after transplantation. Transplantation 2010; 89:694-701. [PMID: 20125064 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181c7dc99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), also known as multipotent progenitor cells, release several factors that support cell survival and enhance wound healing. We hypothesized that MSC-secreted molecules would induce a trophic effect in pancreatic islet culture conditions. METHODS Pancreatic islets were co-cultured with MSCs, and ADP/ATP ratios, glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), and DNA fragmentation were evaluated to measure islet quality and viability in vitro. The induction of signal molecules related to the control of survival, function, and angiogenesis was also analyzed. Cell quality assays, DNA fragmentation assays, and islet transplantation into streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were performed using MSC-conditioned medium (CM)-cultured islets. Furthermore, we identified soluble molecules within MSC-CM. RESULTS Islets co-cultured with MSCs demonstrated lower ADP/ATP ratios, and higher GSIS indexes and viability. Furthermore, co-cultured islets revealed higher levels of anti-apoptotic signal molecules (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, and heat shock protein-32) and demonstrated increased vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and Tie-2 mRNA expression and increased levels of phosphorylated Tie-2 and focal adhesion kinase protein. Islets cultured in MSC-CM demonstrated lower ADP/ATP ratios, less apoptosis, and a higher GSIS indexes. Diabetic mice that received islet transplants (200 islet equivalent) cultured in MSC-CM for 48 hr demonstrated significantly lower blood glucose levels and enhanced blood vessel formation. In addition, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, hepatocyte growth factor, and transforming growth factor-beta were detected at significant levels in MSC-CM. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the trophic factors secreted by human MSCs enhance islet survival and function after transplantation.
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89
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Vendrame F, Pileggi A, Laughlin E, Allende G, Martin-Pagola A, Molano RD, Diamantopoulos S, Standifer N, Geubtner K, Falk BA, Ichii H, Takahashi H, Snowhite I, Chen Z, Mendez A, Chen L, Sageshima J, Ruiz P, Ciancio G, Ricordi C, Reijonen H, Nepom GT, Burke GW, Pugliese A. Recurrence of type 1 diabetes after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation, despite immunosuppression, is associated with autoantibodies and pathogenic autoreactive CD4 T-cells. Diabetes 2010; 59:947-57. [PMID: 20086230 PMCID: PMC2844842 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate if recurrent autoimmunity explained hyperglycemia and C-peptide loss in three immunosuppressed simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplant recipients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We monitored autoantibodies and autoreactive T-cells (using tetramers) and performed biopsy. The function of autoreactive T-cells was studied with in vitro and in vivo assays. RESULTS Autoantibodies were present pretransplant and persisted on follow-up in one patient. They appeared years after transplantation but before the development of hyperglycemia in the remaining patients. Pancreas transplant biopsies were taken within approximately 1 year from hyperglycemia recurrence and revealed beta-cell loss and insulitis. We studied autoreactive T-cells from the time of biopsy and repeatedly demonstrated their presence on further follow-up, together with autoantibodies. Treatment with T-cell-directed therapies (thymoglobulin and daclizumab, all patients), alone or with the addition of B-cell-directed therapy (rituximab, two patients), nonspecifically depleted T-cells and was associated with C-peptide secretion for >1 year. Autoreactive T-cells with the same autoantigen specificity and conserved T-cell receptor later reappeared with further C-peptide loss over the next 2 years. Purified autoreactive CD4 T-cells from two patients were cotransplanted with HLA-mismatched human islets into immunodeficient mice. Grafts showed beta-cell loss in mice receiving autoreactive T-cells but not control T-cells. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the cardinal features of recurrent autoimmunity in three such patients, including the reappearance of CD4 T-cells capable of mediating beta-cell destruction. Markers of autoimmunity can help diagnose this underappreciated cause of graft loss. Immune monitoring during therapy showed that autoimmunity was not resolved by the immunosuppressive agents used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vendrame
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Antonello Pileggi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Gloria Allende
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Ainhoa Martin-Pagola
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - R. Damaris Molano
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Stavros Diamantopoulos
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Nathan Standifer
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
- Clinical Immunology, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Ben A. Falk
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hirohito Ichii
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Hidenori Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Isaac Snowhite
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Armando Mendez
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Linda Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Junichiro Sageshima
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Phillip Ruiz
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Gaetano Ciancio
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | | | | | - George W. Burke
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Corresponding author: Alberto Pugliese,
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90
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Rocuts F, Zhang X, Yan J, Yue Y, Thomas M, Bach FH, Czismadia E, Wang H. Bilirubin Promotes De Novo Generation of T Regulatory Cells. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:443-51. [DOI: 10.3727/096368909x484680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that bilirubin administration to the recipient induces tolerance towards islet cell transplants across a complete MHC mismatch in a mouse model. Here we assess the mechanisms of such protection. Bilirubin treatment of recipients improved function of islet allografts by suppressing expressions of proinflammatory and proapoptotic genes in those islets and by increasing Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells at the site of transplanted islets at various days after transplantation. No prolongation of graft survival was observed in recipients treated with bilirubin when CD4+CD25+ T cells were predepleted from those recipients, indicating that Treg cells are necessary for the protective effect of bilirubin. Adoptive transfer of Treg cells from tolerant mice into Rag1-/- recipients resulted in long-term acceptance of skin allografts in an alloantigen-specific manner, suggesting that Treg cells are sufficient to induce tolerance. In addition, bilirubin treatment promoted de novo generation of Treg cells in Rag1-/- recipients. Thus, bilirubin treatment to the recipients prolongs islet allograft survival via a Treg-dependent manner in which CD4+CD25+ Treg cells are both necessary and sufficient for tolerance induction and graft acceptance. Bilirubin treatment promotes de novo generation of Treg cells that might account for the protective effects of bilirubin given to recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredy Rocuts
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yinan Yue
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Thomas
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fritz H. Bach
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eva Czismadia
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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91
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Lee DY, Byun Y. Pancreatic islet PEGylation as an immunological polymeric restraint. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-009-3063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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92
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Abstract
Apoptosis of beta cells is a feature of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes as well as loss of islets after transplantation. In type 1 diabetes, beta cells are destroyed by immunological mechanisms. In type 2 diabetes abnormal levels of metabolic factors contribute to beta cell failure and subsequent apoptosis. Loss of beta cells after islet transplantation is due to many factors including the stress associated with islet isolation, primary graft non-function and allogeneic graft rejection. Irrespective of the exact mediators, highly conserved intracellular pathways of apoptosis are triggered. This review will outline the molecular mediators of beta cell apoptosis and the intracellular pathways activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Thomas
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia.
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93
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Lacraz G, Figeac F, Movassat J, Kassis N, Portha B. Diabetic GK/Par rat beta-cells are spontaneously protected against H2O2-triggered apoptosis. A cAMP-dependent adaptive response. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E17-27. [PMID: 19843875 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90871.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The alteration of the beta-cell population in the Goto-Kakizaki rat (GK/Par line), a model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes, has been ascribed to significantly decreased beta-cell replication and neogenesis, while beta-cell apoptosis is surprisingly not enhanced and remains in the normal range. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which those beta-cells are protected from death, we studied ex vivo the apoptotic activity and the expression of a large set of pro/antiapoptotic and pro/antioxidant genes in GK/Par islet cells. This was done in vitro in freshly isolated islets as well as in response to culture conditions and calibrated reactive oxygen species (ROS) exposure (i.e., H2O2). We also investigated the intracellular mechanisms of the diabetic beta-cell response to ROS, the role if any of the intracellular cAMP metabolism, and finally the kinetic of ROS response, taking advantage of the GK/Par rat normoglycemia until weaning. Our results show that the peculiar GK/Par beta-cell phenotype was correlated with an increased expression of a large panel of antioxidant genes as well as pro/antiapoptotic genes. We demonstrate that such combination confers resistance to cytotoxic H2O2 exposure in vitro, raising the possibility that at least some of the activated stress/defense genes have protective effects against H2O2-triggered beta-cell death. We also present some evidence that the GK/Par beta-cell resistance to H2O2 is at least partly cAMP dependent. Finally, we show that such a phenotype is not innate but is spontaneously acquired after diabetes onset as the result of an adaptive response to the diabetic environment.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/physiology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/genetics
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Division/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Heme Oxygenase-1/genetics
- Heme Oxygenase-1/metabolism
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/metabolism
- Insulin-Secreting Cells/pathology
- Male
- Oxidants/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Mutant Strains
- Rats, Wistar
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Lacraz
- Laboratoire Biologie et Pathologie du Pancréas Endocrine, Unité Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptive, Equipe 1, Université Paris-Diderot et CNRS EAC-4413, Paris, France
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94
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Modulation of Early Inflammatory Reactions to Promote Engraftment and Function of Transplanted Pancreatic Islets in Autoimmune Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:725-47. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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95
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Chou FC, Sytwu HK. Overexpression of thioredoxin in islets transduced by a lentiviral vector prolongs graft survival in autoimmune diabetic NOD mice. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:71. [PMID: 19671194 PMCID: PMC2736160 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Pancreatic islet transplantation is considered an appropriate treatment to achieve insulin independence in type I diabetic patients. However, islet isolation and transplantation-induced oxidative stress and autoimmune-mediated destruction are still the major obstacles to the long-term survival of graft islets in this potential therapy. To protect islet grafts from inflammatory damage and prolong their survival, we transduced islets with an antioxidative gene thioredoxin (TRX) using a lentiviral vector before transplantation. We hypothesized that the overexpression of TRX in islets would prolong islet graft survival when transplanted into diabetic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Methods Islets were isolated from NOD mice and transduced with lentivirus carrying TRX (Lt-TRX) or enhanced green fluorescence protein (Lt-eGFP), respectively. Transduced islets were transplanted under the left kidney capsule of female diabetic NOD mice, and blood glucose concentration was monitored daily after transplantation. The histology of the islet graft was assessed at the end of the study. The protective effect of TRX on islets was investigated. Results The lentiviral vector effectively transduced islets without altering the glucose-stimulating insulin-secretory function of islets. Overexpression of TRX in islets reduced hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. After transplantation into diabetic NOD mice, euglycemia was maintained for significantly longer in Lt-TRX-transduced islets than in Lt-eGFP-transduced islets; the mean graft survival was 18 vs. 6.5 days (n = 9 and 10, respectively, p < 0.05). Conclusion We successfully transduced the TRX gene into islets and demonstrated that these genetically modified grafts are resistant to inflammatory insult and survived longer in diabetic recipients. Our results further support the concept that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger and antiapoptotic functions of TRX are critical to islet survival after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Cheng Chou
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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96
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Chen C, Kuehn C, Bretzel RG, Linn T. Anti-inflammatory thalidomide improves islet grafts survival and functions in a xenogenic environment. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6312. [PMID: 19617916 PMCID: PMC2708353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide possesses both anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties. This study investigates its potential application in islet transplantation with a xenogenic transplantation model. Transplantation was performed using C57Bl/6 mice and NMRI nu/nu mice as recipients of porcine islets. Moreover, islet graft vasculature and inflammation were investigated to identify the mechanisms of thalidomide action. In the immunocompetent environment of C57Bl/6 mice, a fast graft rejection was observed. The group treated with thalidomide 200 mg/kg BW per day achieved and maintained euglycemia in the complete observation period for 42 days. The treated mice had more functional islet graft mass with less leukocyte infiltration. The pro-inflammatory TNF-α and VEGF content in islet grafted kidneys was significantly lowered by the treatment. By comparison, thalidomide was not effective in improving graft survival in immunocompromised nude mice. It strongly inhibited the VEGF and TNF-α-induced endothelial proliferation of isolated pig islets in a dose dependent manner. The magnitude of thalidomide's inhibitory effect was nearly identical to the effect of VEGF- receptor 2 inhibitor SU416 and anti-TNF-receptor 1 neutralizing antibody, and was reversed by sphingosine-1-phosphate. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory effect of thalidomide improved islet graft survival and function in a transplantation model with a maximum immune barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunguang Chen
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 3, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carina Kuehn
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 3, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Reinhard G. Bretzel
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 3, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Linn
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic 3, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Islet transplantation success depends on the number and quality of islets transplanted. This study aimed at exploring the molecular mechanisms associated with cold pancreas preservation and their impact on islet cell survival and function. METHODS Rat pancreata were stored in cold University of Wisconsin preservation solution for short (3 hr; control) or long (18 hr) cold ischemia times (CIT). RESULTS Pancreata exposed to long CIT yielded lower islet numbers and showed reduced cellular viability; isolated islets displayed higher levels of phosphorylated stress-activated protein kinase (c-jun N-terminal Kinase and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-p38), and chemokine (C-C) ligand-3, and lower levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukins (IL)-9 and IL-10. Islets obtained from long-CIT pancreata were functionally impaired after transplantation. Differential proteomic expression in pancreatic tissue after CIT included increased eukaryotic translation elongation factor-1-alpha-1 (apoptosis related) and reduced Clade-B (serine protease inhibitor). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that cold ischemia stimulates inflammatory pathways (chemokine (c-c)ligand-3, phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal Kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase-p38, and eukaryotic translation elongation factor-1-alpha-1) and decreases repair/cytoprotective pathways (IL-10, vascular endothelial growth factor, and Clade-B), all of which may negatively affect the quality and mass of islets obtained from a donor pancreas.
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98
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Morse D, Lin L, Choi AMK, Ryter SW. Heme oxygenase-1, a critical arbitrator of cell death pathways in lung injury and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1-12. [PMID: 19362144 PMCID: PMC3078523 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Increases in cell death by programmed (i.e., apoptosis, autophagy) or nonprogrammed mechanisms (i.e., necrosis) occur during tissue injury and may contribute to the etiology of several pulmonary or vascular disease states. The low-molecular-weight stress protein heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) confers cytoprotection against cell death in various models of lung and vascular injury by inhibiting apoptosis, inflammation, and cell proliferation. HO-1 serves a vital metabolic function as the rate-limiting step in the heme degradation pathway and in the maintenance of iron homeostasis. The transcriptional induction of HO-1 occurs in response to multiple forms of chemical and physical cellular stress. The cytoprotective functions of HO-1 may be attributed to heme turnover, as well as to beneficial properties of its enzymatic reaction products: biliverdin-IXalpha, iron, and carbon monoxide (CO). Recent studies have demonstrated that HO-1 or CO inhibits stress-induced extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in vitro. A variety of signaling molecules have been implicated in the cytoprotection conferred by HO-1/CO, including autophagic proteins, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins, nuclear factor-kappaB, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, and others. Enhanced HO-1 expression or the pharmacological application of HO end-products affords protection in preclinical models of tissue injury, including experimental and transplant-associated ischemia/reperfusion injury, promising potential future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Morse
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ling Lin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Augustine M. K. Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Stefan W. Ryter
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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99
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Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) is important in attenuating the overall production of reactive oxygen species through its ability to degrade heme and to produce carbon monoxide, biliverdin/bilirubin, and release of free iron. Excess free heme catalyzes the formation of reactive oxygen species, which leads to endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction as seen in numerous pathologic vascular conditions including systemic hypertension and diabetes, as well as in ischemia/reperfusion injury.The up-regulation of HO-1 can be achieved through the use of pharmaceutical agents such as metalloporphyrins and statins. In addition, atrial natriuretic peptide and nitric oxide donors are important modulators of the heme-HO system, either through induction of HO-1 or the increased biologic activity of its products. Gene therapy and gene transfer, including site- and organ-specific targeted gene transfer have become powerful tools for studying the potential role of the 2 isoforms of HO, HO-1/HO-2, in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, as well as diabetes. HO-1 induction by pharmacological agents or the in vitro gene transfer of human HO-1 into ECs increases cell cycle progression and attenuates angiotensin II, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and heme-mediated DNA damage; administration in vivo corrects blood pressure elevation after angiotensin II exposure. Delivery of human HO-1 to hyperglycemic rats significantly lowers superoxide levels and prevents EC damage and sloughing of vascular EC into the circulation. In addition, administration of human HO-1 to rats in advance of ischemia/reperfusion injury considerably reduces tissue damage.The ability to up-regulate HO-1 either through pharmacological means or through the use of gene therapy may offer therapeutic strategies for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in the future. This review discusses the implications of HO-1 delivery during the early stages of cardiovascular system injury or in early vascular pathology, and suggests that pharmacological agents that regulate HO activity or HO-1 gene delivery itself may become powerful tools for preventing the onset or progression of various cardiovascular diseases.
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100
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Cheng G, Zhu L, Mahato RI. Caspase-3 gene silencing for inhibiting apoptosis in insulinoma cells and human islets. Mol Pharm 2009; 5:1093-102. [PMID: 18828606 DOI: 10.1021/mp800093f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although islet transplantation has great potential to treat type I diabetes, most islet grafts do not function due to the host immune rejection, nonspecific inflammatory response and poor revascularization. Since caspase-3 plays a crucial role in apoptosis of transplanted islet cells, we used chemically synthesized small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to silence caspase-3 in insulinoma (INS-1E) cells and human islets, and then determined whether caspase-3 gene silencing can prevent these cells from cytokine-induced apoptosis. Transfection of INS-1E cells and islets with siRNAs reduced caspase-3 transcripts by 50-67% and 50%, respectively. Additionally, apoptosis in transfected insulinoma cells was markedly inhibited. Since gene silencing did not last beyond two days, we converted potent siRNA into shRNA and constructed replication deficient adenoviral (Adv) vectors encoding these shRNAs driven by a U6 or H1 promoter. Compared to chemically synthesized siRNA, Adv-caspase-3-shRNA efficiently transduced islets, showed relatively higher and prolonged levels of gene silencing beyond five days, with higher gene silencing with a U6 promoter, and protected islets from cytokine-induced apoptosis. Finally, return to normoglycemia was achieved at 1 day post-transplantation of Adv-caspase-3-shRNA transduced islets under the kidney capsules of streptozotocin induced nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD-SCID) mice and maintained beyond two weeks. Blood glucose levels returned to > or = 325 mg/dL upon removal of the islet graft-bearing kidney at 32 days after transplantation, confirming that transplanted islets were functional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Cheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, USA.
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