51
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Lepore S, Lettini G, Condelli V, Sisinni L, Piscazzi A, Simeon V, Zoppoli P, Pedicillo MC, Natalicchio MI, Pietrafesa M, Landriscina M. Comparative Gene Expression Profiling of Tobacco-Associated HPV-Positive versus Negative Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cell Lines. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:112-124. [PMID: 31929745 PMCID: PMC6945558 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.35133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: HPV-positive oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are specific biological and clinical entities, characterized by a more favorable prognosis compared to HPV-negative OSCCs and occurring generally in non-smoking and non-drinking younger individuals. However, poor information is available on the molecular and the clinical behavior of HPV-positive oral cancers occurring in smoking/drinking subjects. Thus, this study was designed to compare, at molecular level, two OSCC cell lines, both derived from drinking and smoking individuals and differing for presence/absence of HPV infection. Methods: HPV-negative UPCI-SCC-131 and HPV16-positive UPCI-SCC-154 cell lines were compared by whole genome gene expression profiling and subsequently studied for activation of Wnt/βCatenin signaling pathway by the expression of several Wnt-target genes, βCatenin intracellular localization, stem cell features and miRNA let-7e. Gene expression data were validated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) public datasets. Results: Gene expression analysis identified Wnt/βCatenin pathway as the unique signaling pathway more active in HPV-negative compared to HPV-positive OSCC cells and this observation was confirmed upon evaluation of several Wnt-target genes (i.e., Cyclin D1, Cdh1, Cdkn2a, Cd44, Axin2, c-Myc and Tcf1). Interestingly, HPV-negative OSCC cells showed higher levels of total βCatenin and its active form, increase of its nuclear accumulation and more prominent stem cell traits. Furthermore, miRNA let-7e was identified as potential upstream regulator responsible for the downregulation of Wnt/βCatenin signaling cascade since its silencing in UPCI-SCC-154 cell resulted in upregulation of Wnt-target genes. Finally, the analysis of two independent gene expression public datasets of human HNSCC cell lines and tumors confirmed that Wnt/βCatenin pathway is more active in HPV-negative compared to HPV-positive tumors derived from individuals with smoking habit. Conclusions: These data suggest that lack of HPV infection is associated with more prominent activation of Wnt/βCatenin signaling pathway and gain of stem-like traits in tobacco-related OSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lepore
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lettini
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Valentina Condelli
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Lorenza Sisinni
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Annamaria Piscazzi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Simeon
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
- Medical Statistics Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Zoppoli
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Pedicillo
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Clinic and Experimental Medicine; University of Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Michele Pietrafesa
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy
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Abstract
Recent advances in culturing of intestinal stem cells and pluripotent stem cells have led to the development of intestinal organoids. These are self-organizing 3D structures, which recapitulate the characteristics and physiological features of in vivo intestinal epithelium. Intestinal organoids have allowed the development of novel in vitro models to study various gastrointestinal diseases expanding our understanding of the pathophysiology of diseases and leading to the development of innovative therapies. This article aims to summarize the current usage of intestinal organoids as a model of gastrointestinal diseases and the potential applications of intestinal organoids in infants and children. Intestinal organoids allow the study of intestinal epithelium responses to stress factors. Mimicking intestinal injury such as necrotizing enterocolitis, intestinal organoids increases the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and shows disruption of tight junctions after they are injured by lipopolysaccharide and hypoxia. In cystic fibrosis, intestinal organoids derived from rectal biopsies have provided benefits in genetic studies and development of novel therapeutic gene modulation. Transplantation of intestinal organoids via enema has been shown to rescue damaged colonic epithelium in mice. In addition, tissue-engineered small intestine derived from intestinal organoids have been successfully established providing a potential novel treatment and a new hope for children with short bowel syndrome.
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Ben-Shahar Y, Abassi Z, Pollak Y, Bitterman A, Kreizman-Shefer H, Koppelman T, Fuhrer AE, Hayari L, Sukhotnik I. Accelerated cell turnover 48 h after intestinal ischemia is NOTCH independent. Pediatr Surg Int 2019; 35:1413-1420. [PMID: 31576469 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-019-04569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Notch signaling plays important roles in maintaining intestinal epithelial homeostasis. When Notch signaling is blocked, proliferation ceases and epithelial cells become secretory. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the role of Notch signaling pathway following intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups: Sham-24 and Sham-48 rats underwent laparotomy and were killed 24 or 48 h later, respectively; IR-24 and IR-48 rats underwent occlusion of SMA and portal vein for 30 min followed by 24 or 48 h of reperfusion, respectively. Enterocyte proliferation and enterocyte apoptosis were determined at killing. Notch-related gene and protein expression were determined using Real Time PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry 48 h followed IR. MAIN RESULTS IR-48 rats demonstrated significantly increased rates of cell proliferation and increased cell apoptosis in both jejunum and ileum compared to Sham rats. IR-48 rats exhibited a significant decrease in Notch-1 protein expression (Western blot) that was coincided with a significant decrease in the number of Notch-1 positive cells (immunohistochemistry) in jejunum (35% decrease, p < 0.05) and ileum (twofold decrease, p < 0.05) as well as Hes-1 positive cells in jejunum (28% decrease, p < 0.05) and ileum (31% decrease, p < 0.05) compared to Sham-48 rats. CONCLUSIONS Forty-eight hours following intestinal IR in rats, accelerated cell turnover was associated by inhibited Notch signaling pathway. Intestinal stem cells differentiation toward secretory progenitors rather than differentiation toward absorptive cells is important at this phase of intestinal recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ben-Shahar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery B, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann st, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel. .,Department of Physiology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Z Abassi
- Department of Physiology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Y Pollak
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A Bitterman
- Department of Physiology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - H Kreizman-Shefer
- Department of Physiology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - T Koppelman
- Department of Pediatric Surgery B, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann st, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - A E Fuhrer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery B, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann st, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - L Hayari
- Department of Physiology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - I Sukhotnik
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Pediatric Surgery B, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizmann st, 6423906, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Peterman E, Prekeris R. The postmitotic midbody: Regulating polarity, stemness, and proliferation. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3903-3911. [PMID: 31690620 PMCID: PMC6891101 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201906148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peterman and Prekeris review abscission and discuss the diverse roles for the postmitotic midbody in regulating polarity, tumorigenesis, and stemness. Abscission, the final stage of cell division, requires well-orchestrated changes in endocytic trafficking, microtubule severing, actin clearance, and the physical sealing of the daughter cell membranes. These processes are highly regulated, and any missteps in localized membrane and cytoskeleton dynamics often lead to a delay or a failure in cell division. The midbody, a microtubule-rich structure that forms during cytokinesis, is a key regulator of abscission and appears to function as a signaling platform coordinating cytoskeleton and endosomal dynamics during the terminal stages of cell division. It was long thought that immediately following abscission and the conclusion of cell division, the midbody is either released or rapidly degraded by one of the daughter cells. Recently, the midbody has gained prominence for exerting postmitotic functions. In this review, we detail the role of the midbody in orchestrating abscission, as well as discuss the relatively new field of postabscission midbody biology, particularly focusing on how it may act to regulate cell polarity and its potential to regulate cell tumorigenicity or stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Peterman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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55
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Dzobo K, Thomford NE, Senthebane DA. Targeting the Versatile Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Cancer Biology and Therapeutics: From Concept to Actionable Strategy. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 23:517-538. [PMID: 31613700 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2019.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This expert review offers a critical synthesis of the latest insights and approaches at targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in various cancers such as colorectal cancer, melanoma, leukemia, and breast and lung cancers. Notably, from organogenesis to cancer, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling displays varied and highly versatile biological functions in animals, with virtually all tissues requiring the Wnt/β-catenin signaling in one way or the other. Aberrant expression of the members of the Wnt/β-catenin has been implicated in many pathological conditions, particularly in human cancers. Mutations in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes have been noted in diverse cancers. Biochemical and genetic data support the idea that inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is beneficial in cancer therapeutics. The interaction of this important pathway with other signaling systems is also noteworthy, but remains as an area for further research and discovery. In addition, formation of different complexes by components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the precise roles of these complexes in the cytoplasmic milieu are yet to be fully elucidated. This article highlights the latest medical technologies in imaging, single-cell omics, use of artificial intelligence (e.g., machine learning techniques), genome sequencing, quantum computing, molecular docking, and computational softwares in modeling interactions between molecules and predicting protein-protein and compound-protein interactions pertinent to the biology and therapeutic value of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We discuss these emerging technologies in relationship to what is currently needed to move from concept to actionable strategies in translating the Wnt/β-catenin laboratory discoveries to Wnt-targeted cancer therapies and diagnostics in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dimakatso A Senthebane
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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56
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Saleeb RM, Farag M, Ding Q, Downes M, Bjarnason G, Brimo F, Plant P, Rotondo F, Lichner Z, Finelli A, Yousef GM. Integrated Molecular Analysis of Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma and Precursor Lesions Unfolds Evolutionary Process from Kidney Progenitor-Like Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2046-2060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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57
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Kaunitz JD, Akiba Y. Control of Intestinal Epithelial Proliferation and Differentiation: The Microbiome, Enteroendocrine L Cells, Telocytes, Enteric Nerves, and GLP, Too. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:2709-2716. [PMID: 31435858 PMCID: PMC7211432 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-019-05778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Kaunitz
- Medical Service, West Los Angeles VAMC, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasutada Akiba
- Research Service, West Los Angeles VAMC, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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58
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Premanand A, Rajkumari BR. In silico analysis of gene expression data from bald frontal and haired occipital scalp to identify candidate genes in male androgenetic alopecia. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 311:815-824. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-01973-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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59
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Xu L, Lin W, Wen L, Li G. Lgr5 in cancer biology: functional identification of Lgr5 in cancer progression and potential opportunities for novel therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:219. [PMID: 31358061 PMCID: PMC6664754 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1288-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading lethal diseases worldwide. Identifying biomarkers of cancers might provide insights into the strategies for the development of novel targeted anti-cancer therapies. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) has been recently discovered as a candidate marker of cancer stem cell populations. Aberrant increased expression of Lgr5 may represent one of the most common molecular alterations in some human cancers, leading to long-term potentiation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling. On the other hand, however, Lgr5-mediated suppression in canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling has also been reported in certain cancers, such as B cell malignancies. Until now, therapeutic approaches targeting Lgr5-associated signaling axis are not yet clinically available. Increasing evidence have indicated that endogenous Lgr5+ cell population is implicated in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. This review is to summarize our current knowledge about the importance of Lgr5 in cancer biology and the underlying molecular mechanisms of Lgr5-mediated tumor-promoting/suppressive activities, as well as potentially useful preventive strategies in treating tumor. Therefore, targeted therapeutic modulation of Lgr5+ cancer cell population by targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling through targeted drug delivery system or targeted genome editing might be promising for potential novel anti-cancer treatments. Simultaneously, combination of therapeutics targeting both Lgr5+ and Lgr5- cancer cells may deserve further consideration considering the plasticity of cancer cells. Also, a more specific targeting of cancer cells using double biomarkers may be much safer and more effective for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiping Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR PRC
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR PRC
| | - Longping Wen
- Nanobio Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR PRC
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR PRC
- The CUHK-ACC Space Medicine Centre on Health Maintenance of Musculoskeletal System, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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Li Y, Ma S, Zhang Y, Yao M, Zhu X, Guan F. (−)-Epicatechin mitigates radiation-induced intestinal injury and promotes intestinal regeneration via suppressing oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:851-864. [PMID: 31234659 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1635692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Minghao Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangzhan Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Ahmed A, Schmidt C, Brunner T. Extra-Adrenal Glucocorticoid Synthesis in the Intestinal Mucosa: Between Immune Homeostasis and Immune Escape. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1438. [PMID: 31316505 PMCID: PMC6611402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones predominantly produced in the adrenal glands in response to physiological cues and stress. Adrenal GCs mediate potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions. Accumulating evidence in the past two decades has demonstrated other extra-adrenal organs and tissues capable of synthesizing GCs. This review discusses the role and regulation of GC synthesis in the intestinal epithelium in the regulation of normal immune homeostasis, inflammatory diseases of the intestinal mucosa, and the development of intestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ahmed
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Thomas Brunner
- Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Pivetti S, Fernandez-Perez D, D’Ambrosio A, Barbieri CM, Manganaro D, Rossi A, Barnabei L, Zanotti M, Scelfo A, Chiacchiera F, Pasini D. Loss of PRC1 activity in different stem cell compartments activates a common transcriptional program with cell type-dependent outcomes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav1594. [PMID: 31106267 PMCID: PMC6520019 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complexes are evolutionarily conserved complexes that maintain transcriptional repression during development and differentiation to establish and preserve cell identity. We recently described the fundamental role of PRC1 in preserving intestinal stem cell identity through the inhibition of non-lineage-specific transcription factors. To further elucidate the role of PRC1 in adult stem cell maintenance, we now investigated its role in LGR5+ hair follicle stem cells during regeneration. We show that PRC1 depletion severely affects hair regeneration and, different from intestinal stem cells, derepression of its targets induces the ectopic activation of an epidermal-specific program. Our data support a general role of PRC1 in preserving stem cell identity that is shared between different compartments. However, the final outcome of the ectopic activation of non-lineage-specific transcription factors observed upon loss of PRC1 is largely context-dependent and likely related to the transcription factors repertoire and specific epigenetic landscape of different cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pivetti
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro D’Ambrosio
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daria Manganaro
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rossi
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Barnabei
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Marika Zanotti
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Scelfo
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvio Chiacchiera
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
- University of Trento, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology–CIBIO, Trento, Italy
- Corresponding author. (F.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Diego Pasini
- European Institute of Oncology–IRCCS, Department of Experimental Oncology, Milan, Italy
- University of Milan, Department of Health Sciences, Milan, Italy
- Corresponding author. (F.C.); (D.P.)
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63
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Sonic hedgehog signaling controls gut epithelium homeostasis following intestinal ischemia-reperfusion in a rat. Pediatr Surg Int 2019; 35:255-261. [PMID: 30386903 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-018-4406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE One of the major regulators of gastrointestinal tract development is the hedgehog signaling pathway. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of sonic hedgehog (SHh) signaling 24 and 48 h following intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in a rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male rats were divided into four experimental groups: (1) Sham-24 h rats underwent laparotomy and were sacrificed after 24 h, (2) Sham-48h rats underwent laparotomy and were sacrificed after 48 h, (3) IR-24h rats underwent occlusion of both superior mesenteric artery and portal vein for 20 min followed by 24 h of reperfusion, and (4) IR-48 h rats underwent ischemia for 20 min followed by 48 h of reperfusion. Intestinal structural changes, enterocyte proliferation and enterocyte apoptosis were determined by immunohistochemistry 24 and 48 h following IR. SHh-related genes and protein expression were determined using real-time PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS IR-24 rats demonstrated a significant decrease in Shh, Ihh, GIL and Ptch2 mRNA in jejunum and ileum compared to Sham-24 animals that was accompanied by a significant decrease in the number of SHH-positive cells (Immunohistochemistry) in jejunum (2.5-fold decrease) and ileum (37%). After 48 h, IR rats demonstrated a significant increase in Dhh, Ihh, Gil and PTCH2 mRNA in jejunum as well as in Dhh, Ihh, SMO, GIL, PTCH2 mRNA in ileum compared to IR-24 animals that was coincided with increased number of SHH-positive cells in jejunum (2.6-fold increase) and ileum (1.4-fold increase). CONCLUSIONS 24 h following intestinal IR, inhibited cell turnover was associated with inhibited SHh signaling pathway. Signs of intestinal recovery appeared 48 h after IR and were correlated with increase in SHh signaling pathway activity.
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64
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Delgado ME, Brunner T. The many faces of tumor necrosis factor signaling in the intestinal epithelium. Genes Immun 2019; 20:609-626. [DOI: 10.1038/s41435-019-0057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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65
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Lgr5 Does Not Vary Throughout the Menstrual Cycle in Endometriotic Human Eutopic Endometrium. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010022. [PMID: 30577586 PMCID: PMC6337520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is characterized by the abnormal presence of endometrium outside of the uterus, resulting in pelvic pain and infertility. The leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) has been postulated to be a marker of stem cells in the endometrium. However, LGR5+ cells have a macrophage-like phenotype in this tissue, so it is unclear what role LGR5+ cells actually play in the endometrium. Macrophages serve an important function in the endometrium to maintain fertility, while LGR5+ cells generally have a role in tumor progression and are involved in invasion in some cancers. We sought to determine whether LGR5+ cells vary across the menstrual cycle in women with endometriosis and whether there are implications for LGR5 in the aggressiveness of endometriosis and reproductive outcomes. We performed immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and primary culture in vitro experiments on eutopic and ectopic endometrium from healthy and endometriosis patients and observed that neither LGR5+ cells nor LGR5 expression varied throughout the cycle. Interestingly, we observed that LGR5+ cell percentage overexpressing CD163 (anti-inflammatory marker) was higher in healthy endometrium, suggesting that in endometriosis, endometrium presents a more pro-inflammatory phenotype that likely leads to poor obstetric outcomes. We also observed higher levels of LGR5+ cells in ectopic lesions compared to eutopic endometrium and specifically in deep infiltrating endometriosis, indicating that LGR5 could be involved in progression and aggressiveness of the disease.
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Jang H, Lee J, Park S, Myung H, Kang J, Kim K, Kim H, Jang WS, Lee SJ, Shim S, Myung JK. Pravastatin Attenuates Acute Radiation-Induced Enteropathy and Improves Epithelial Cell Function. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1215. [PMID: 30459609 PMCID: PMC6232864 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Radiation-induced enteropathy is frequently observed after radiation therapy for abdominal and pelvic cancer or occurs secondary to accidental radiation exposure. The acute effects of irradiation on the intestine might be attributed to inhibition of mitosis in the crypts, as the loss of proliferative functions impairs development of the small intestinal epithelium and its barrier function. Especially, oxidative damage to intestinal epithelial cells is a key event in the initiation and progression of radiation-induced enteropathy. Pravastatin is widely used clinically to lower serum cholesterol levels and has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effects on endothelial cells. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effects of pravastatin on damaged epithelial cells after radiation-induced enteritis using in vitro and in vivo systems. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the effects of pravastatin on intestinal epithelial cells, we analyzed proliferation and senescence, oxidative damage, and inflammatory cytokine expression in an irradiated human intestinal epithelial cell line (InEpC). In addition, to investigate the therapeutic effects of pravastatin in mice, we performed histological analysis, bacterial translocation assays, and intestinal permeability assays, and also assessed inflammatory cytokine expression, using a radiation-induced enteropathy model. Results: Histological damage such as shortening of villi length and impaired intestinal crypt function was observed in whole abdominal-irradiated mice. However, damage was attenuated in pravastatin-treated animals, in which normalization of intestinal epithelial cell differentiation was also observed. Using in vitro and in vivo systems, we also showed that pravastatin improves the proliferative properties of intestinal epithelial cells and decreases radiation-induced oxidative damage to the intestine. In addition, pravastatin inhibited levels of epithelial-derived inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in irradiated InEpC cells. We also determined that pravastatin could rescue intestinal barrier dysfunction via anti-inflammatory effects using the mouse model. Conclusion: Pravastatin has a therapeutic effect on intestinal lesions and attenuates radiation-induced epithelial damage by suppressing oxidative stress and the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosun Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Janet Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunhoo Park
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunwook Myung
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jihoon Kang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyuchang Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Suk Jang
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun-Joo Lee
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sehwan Shim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae K Myung
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure & Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Pathology, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
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Pavlovic Z, Adams JJ, Blazer LL, Gakhal AK, Jarvik N, Steinhart Z, Robitaille M, Mascall K, Pan J, Angers S, Moffat J, Sidhu SS. A synthetic anti-Frizzled antibody engineered for broadened specificity exhibits enhanced anti-tumor properties. MAbs 2018; 10:1157-1167. [PMID: 30183492 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1515565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted Wnt ligands play a major role in the development and progression of many cancers by modulating signaling through cell-surface Frizzled receptors (FZDs). In order to achieve maximal effect on Wnt signaling by targeting the cell surface, we developed a synthetic antibody targeting six of the 10 human FZDs. We first identified an anti-FZD antagonist antibody (F2) with a specificity profile matching that of OMP-18R5, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits growth of many cancers by targeting FZD7, FZD1, FZD2, FZD5 and FZD8. We then used combinatorial antibody engineering by phage display to develop a variant antibody F2.A with specificity broadened to include FZD4. We confirmed that F2.A blocked binding of Wnt ligands, but not binding of Norrin, a ligand that also activates FZD4. Importantly, F2.A proved to be much more efficacious than either OMP-18R5 or F2 in inhibiting the growth of multiple RNF43-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines, including patient-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvezdan Pavlovic
- a Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Jarrett J Adams
- a Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Levi L Blazer
- a Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Amandeep K Gakhal
- a Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Nick Jarvik
- a Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Zachary Steinhart
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Mélanie Robitaille
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Keith Mascall
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - James Pan
- a Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Stephane Angers
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.,c Department of Biochemistry , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- a Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.,d Department of Molecular Genetics , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.,e Canadian Institute for Advanced Research , Toronto , Canada
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- a Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.,d Department of Molecular Genetics , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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Xu H, Li J, Chen H, Ghishan FK. NHE8 Deficiency Promotes Colitis-Associated Cancer in Mice via Expansion of Lgr5-Expressing Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:19-31. [PMID: 30465020 PMCID: PMC6240644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Lgr5 overexpression has been detected in colorectal cancers (CRCs), including some cases of colitis-associated CRCs. In colitis-associated CRCs, chronic inflammation is a contributing factor in carcinogenesis. We recently reported that intestinal Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 8 (NHE8) plays an important role in intestinal mucosal protection and that loss of NHE8 expression results in an ulcerative colitis-like condition. Therefore, we hypothesized that NHE8 may be involved in the development of intestinal tumors. METHODS We assessed NHE8 expression in human CRCs by immunohistochemistry and studied tumor burden in NHE8 knockout (KO) mice using an azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate colon cancer model. We also evaluated cell proliferation in HT29NHE8KO cells and assessed tumor growth in NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice xenografted with HT29NHE8KO cells. To verify if a relationship exists between Lgr5 and NHE8 expression, we analyzed Lgr5 expression in NHE8KO mice by polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Lgr5 expression and cell proliferation in the absence of NHE8 were confirmed in colonic organoid cultures. The expression of β-catenin and c-Myc also were analyzed to evaluate Wnt/β-catenin activation. RESULTS NHE8 was undetectable in human CRC tissues. Although only 9% of NHE8 wild-type mice showed tumorigenesis in the azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate colon cancer model, almost 10 times more NHE8KO mice (89%) developed tumors. In the absence of NHE8, a higher colony formation unit was discovered in HT29NHE8KO cells. In NSG mice, larger tumors developed at the site where HT29NHE8KO cells were injected compared with HT29NHE8 wild type cells. Furthermore, NHE8 deficiency resulted in increased Lgr5 expression in the colon, in HT29-derived tumors, and in colonoids. The absence of NHE8 also increased Wnt/β-catenin activation. CONCLUSIONS NHE8 might be an intrinsic factor that regulates Wnt/β-catenin in the intestine.
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Key Words
- AOM, azoxymethane
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- CRISPR/Cas9, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9
- Colorectal Tumor
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
- DSS, dextran sodium sulfate
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EdU, 5-ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorter
- KO, knockout
- Lgr5
- NHE, Na+/H+ exchanger
- NHE8
- NSG, NOD scid gamma
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- WT, wild type
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Fayez K. Ghishan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Fayez K. Ghishan, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85724. fax: (520) 626-4141.
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The FAM83 family of proteins: from pseudo-PLDs to anchors for CK1 isoforms. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:761-771. [PMID: 29871876 PMCID: PMC6008594 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The eight members of the FAM83 (FAMily with sequence similarity 83) family of poorly characterised proteins are only present in vertebrates and are defined by the presence of the conserved DUF1669 domain of unknown function at their N-termini. The DUF1669 domain consists of a conserved phospholipase D (PLD)-like catalytic motif. However, the FAM83 proteins display no PLD catalytic (PLDc) activity, and the pseudo-PLDc motif present in each FAM83 member lacks the crucial elements of the native PLDc motif. In the absence of catalytic activity, it is likely that the DUF1669 domain has evolved to espouse novel function(s) in biology. Recent studies have indicated that the DUF1669 domain mediates the interaction with different isoforms of the CK1 (casein kinase 1) family of Ser/Thr protein kinases. In turn, different FAM83 proteins, which exhibit unique amino acid sequences outside the DUF1669 domain, deliver CK1 isoforms to unique subcellular compartments. One of the first protein kinases to be discovered, the CK1 isoforms are thought to be constitutively active and are known to control a plethora of biological processes. Yet, their regulation of kinase activity, substrate selectivity and subcellular localisation has remained a mystery. The emerging evidence now supports a central role for the DUF1669 domain, and the FAM83 proteins, in the regulation of CK1 biology.
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WNT ligands control initiation and progression of human papillomavirus-driven squamous cell carcinoma. Oncogene 2018; 37:3753-3762. [PMID: 29662191 PMCID: PMC6033839 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common cancer in immunosuppressed patients. Despite indications suggesting that HPV promotes genomic instability during cSCC development, the molecular pathways underpinning HPV-driven cSCC development remain unknown. We compared the transcriptome of HPV-driven mouse cSCC with normal skin and observed higher amounts of transcripts for Porcupine and WNT ligands in cSCC, suggesting a role for WNT signaling in cSCC progression. We confirmed increased Porcupine expression in human cSCC samples. Blocking the secretion of WNT ligands by the Porcupine inhibitor LGK974 significantly diminished initiation and progression of HPV-driven cSCC. Administration of LGK974 to mice with established cSCC resulted in differentiation of cancer cells and significant reduction of the cancer stem cell compartment. Thus, WNT/β-catenin signaling is essential for HPV-driven cSCC initiation and progression as well as for maintaining the cancer stem cell niche. Interference with WNT secretion may thus represent a promising approach for therapeutic intervention.
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71
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Shin HS, Lee S, Hong HJ, Lim YC, Koh WG, Lim JY. Stem cell properties of human clonal salivary gland stem cells are enhanced by three-dimensional priming culture in nanofibrous microwells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:74. [PMID: 29566770 PMCID: PMC5863805 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) cultures recapitulate the microenvironment of tissue-resident stem cells and enable them to modulate their properties. We determined whether salivary gland-resident stem cells (SGSCs) are primed by a 3D spheroid culture prior to treating irradiation-induced salivary hypofunction using in-vitro coculture and in-vivo transplant models. METHODS 3D spheroid-derived SGSCs (SGSCs3D) were obtained from 3D culture in microwells consisting of a nanofiber bottom and cell-repellent hydrogel walls, and were examined for salivary stem or epithelial gene/protein expression, differentiation potential, and paracrine secretory function compared with monolayer-cultured SGSCs (SGSCs2D) in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS SGSCs3D expressed increased salivary stem cell markers (LGR5 and THY1) and pluripotency markers (POU5F1 and NANOG) compared with SGSCs2D. Also, SGSCs3D exhibited enhanced potential to differentiate into salivary epithelial cells upon differentiation induction and increased paracrine secretion as compared to SGSCs2D. Wnt signaling was activated by 3D spheroid formation in the microwells and suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway led to reduced stemness of SGSCs3D. Enhanced radioprotective properties of SGSCs3D against radiation-induced salivary hypofunction was confirmed by an organotypic 3D coculture and in-vivo transplantation experiments. CONCLUSION The 3D spheroid culture of SGSCs in nanofibrous microwells promotes stem cell properties via activation of Wnt signaling. This may contribute to SGSC priming prior to regenerative therapy to restore salivary hypofunction after radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Soo Shin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Songyi Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chang Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Gun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yol Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea.
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Jain R, Austin Pickens C, Fenton JI. The role of the lipidome in obesity-mediated colon cancer risk. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 59:1-9. [PMID: 29605789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a state of chronic inflammation influenced by lipids such as fatty acids and their secondary oxygenated metabolites deemed oxylipids. Many such lipid mediators serve as potent signaling molecules of inflammation, which can further alter lipid metabolism and lead to carcinogenesis. For example, sphingosine-1-phosphate activates cyclooxygenase-2 in endothelial cells resulting in the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). PGE2 promotes colon cancer cell growth. In contrast, the less studied path of AA oxygenation via cytochrome p450 enzymes produces epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EETs), whose anti-inflammatory properties cause shrinking of enlarged adipocytes, a characteristic of obesity, through the liberation of fatty acids. It is now thought that EET depletion occurs in obesity and may contribute to colon cell carcinogenesis. Meanwhile, gangliosides, a type of sphingolipid, are cell surface signaling molecules that contribute to the apoptosis of colon tumor cells. Many of these discoveries have been made recently and the mechanisms are still not fully understood, leading to an exciting new chapter of lipidomic research. In this review, mechanisms behind obesity-associated colon cancer are discussed with a focus on the role of small lipid signaling molecules in the process. Specifically, changes in lipid metabolite levels during obesity and the development of colon cancer, as well as novel biomarkers and targets for therapy, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Jain
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - C Austin Pickens
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jenifer I Fenton
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Wu W, Cao J, Ji Z, Wang J, Jiang T, Ding H. Co-expression of Lgr5 and CXCR4 characterizes cancer stem-like cells of colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:81144-81155. [PMID: 27835894 PMCID: PMC5348382 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies designed to target cancer stem cells (CSCs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) may improve treatment outcomes. Different markers have been used to identify CSCs or CSC-like cells in CRC, but the enrichment of CSCs using these markers has yet to be optimized. We recently reported the importance of Lgr5-positive CRC cells in cancer growth. Here, we studied the possibility of using Lgr5 and CXCR4 as CSC markers for CRC. We detected high Lgr5 and CXCR4 levels in stage IV CRC specimens. Both high Lgr5 and CXCR4 levels were associated with poor prognosis in stage IV CRC patients. In vitro, Lgr5+CXCR4-, CXCR4+Lgr5- and Lgr5+CXCR4+ cells were purified in human CRC cell lines and examined for their CSC properties. We found that compared to the unsorted cells, CXCR4+Lgr5-, Lgr5+CXCR4-, and Lgr5+/CXCR4+ cells showed significantly greater cancer mass after subcutaneous transplantation, greater tumor sphere formation, higher resistance to chemotherapy, and higher incidence of tumor formation after serial adoptive transplantation into NOD/SCID mice. Taken together, our data suggest that the combined use of Lgr5 and CXCR4 may facilitate the enrichment of CSCs in CRC, and that treating Lgr5+/CXCR4+ CRC cells may improve the outcome of CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zhengyi Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jingjue Wang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Honghua Ding
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
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Zhang H, Wong E. Identification of cells expressing OLFM4 and LGR5 mRNA by in situ hybridization in the yolk sac and small intestine of embryonic and early post-hatch chicks. Poult Sci 2018; 97:628-633. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Khan Z, Arafah M, Shaik JP, Mahale A, Alanazi MS. High-frequency deregulated expression of Wnt signaling pathway members in breast carcinomas. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:323-335. [PMID: 29391809 PMCID: PMC5769582 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s154395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Breast carcinoma is the most common malignancy and leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide including Saudi Arabia. Breast cancer in Saudi women develops at a much early age with median age of onset of 49 years compared to 62 years observed in patients from USA. Aberrations in wingless and integration site growth factor (Wnt) signaling pathway have been pathologically implicated in development of breast cancers and hence its role was examined in Saudi patients. Materials and methods We immunohistochemically examined various components of Wnt signaling pathway including β-catenin, tumor suppressor proteins, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and Axin, expression of naturally occurring pathway antagonists such as Dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor 3 (DKK3), FRP2, and WIF1, as well as Wnt target cyclin D1 and c-Myc to establish if the pathway is constitutively activated in breast cancers arising in Saudi women. Results Cytoplasmic β-catenin, indicative of activation of the pathway, was observed in 24% of cases. Expression of APC and Axin, which are components of β-catenin destruction complex, was lost in 5% and 10% of tumors, respectively. Additionally, Wnt signaling inhibitors DKK3, FRP2, and Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) were not expressed in 8%, 14%, and 5% breast tumors, respectively. Overall, accumulation of cytoplasmic β-catenin and downregulation of other Wnt pathway proteins (APC/Axin/DKK3/FRP2/WIF1) were found in approximately half of the breast cancers (47%) in our cohort. Consistent with this, analysis of Wnt target genes demonstrated moderate-to-strong expression of c-Myc in 58% and cyclin D1 in 50% of breast cancers. Deregulation of Wnt pathway was not associated with age of onset of the disease, tumor grade, and triple-negative status of breast cancers. Conclusions High level of deregulated expression of Wnt pathway proteins suggests its important role in pathogenesis of breast cancers arising in Saudi women who may benefit from development of therapeutic drugs targeting this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Khan
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh
| | - Maha Arafah
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh
| | | | - Alka Mahale
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Saud Alanazi
- Genome Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh
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Sanz-Navarro M, Seidel K, Sun Z, Bertonnier-Brouty L, Amendt BA, Klein OD, Michon F. Plasticity within the niche ensures the maintenance of a Sox2+ stem cell population in the mouse incisor. Development 2018; 145:dev.155929. [PMID: 29180573 DOI: 10.1242/dev.155929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In mice, the incisors grow throughout the animal's life, and this continuous renewal is driven by dental epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells. Sox2 is a principal marker of the epithelial stem cells that reside in the mouse incisor stem cell niche, called the labial cervical loop, but relatively little is known about the role of the Sox2+ stem cell population. In this study, we show that conditional deletion of Sox2 in the embryonic incisor epithelium leads to growth defects and impairment of ameloblast lineage commitment. Deletion of Sox2 specifically in Sox2+ cells during incisor renewal revealed cellular plasticity that leads to the relatively rapid restoration of a Sox2-expressing cell population. Furthermore, we show that Lgr5-expressing cells are a subpopulation of dental Sox2+ cells that also arise from Sox2+ cells during tooth formation. Finally, we show that the embryonic and adult Sox2+ populations are regulated by distinct signalling pathways, which is reflected in their distinct transcriptomic signatures. Together, our findings demonstrate that a Sox2+ stem cell population can be regenerated from Sox2- cells, reinforcing its importance for incisor homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sanz-Navarro
- Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Orthodontics, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kerstin Seidel
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Zhao Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ludivine Bertonnier-Brouty
- Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Département de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Brad A Amendt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Craniofacial Anomalies Research Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.,College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Frederic Michon
- Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland .,Keele Medical School and Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
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Gómez-Escudero J, Moreno V, Martín-Alonso M, Hernández-Riquer MV, Feinberg T, Colmenar Á, Calvo E, Camafeita E, Martínez F, Oudhoff MJ, Weiss SJ, Arroyo AG. E-cadherin cleavage by MT2-MMP regulates apical junctional signaling and epithelial homeostasis in the intestine. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:4013-4027. [PMID: 29061881 PMCID: PMC5769589 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-based intercellular adhesions are essential players in epithelial homeostasis, but their dynamic regulation during tissue morphogenesis and remodeling remain largely undefined. Here, we characterize an unexpected role for the membrane-anchored metalloproteinase MT2-MMP in regulating epithelial cell quiescence. Following co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, the MT2-MMP cytosolic tail was found to interact with the zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) at the apical junctions of polarized epithelial cells. Functionally, MT2-MMP localizes in the apical domain of epithelial cells where it cleaves E-cadherin and promotes epithelial cell accumulation, a phenotype observed in 2D polarized cells as well as 3D cysts. MT2-MMP-mediated cleavage subsequently disrupts apical E-cadherin-mediated cell quiescence resulting in relaxed apical cortical tension favoring cell extrusion and re-sorting of Src kinase activity to junctional complexes, thereby promoting proliferation. Physiologically, MT2-MMP loss of function alters E-cadherin distribution, leading to impaired 3D organoid formation by mouse colonic epithelial cells ex vivo and reduction of cell proliferation within intestinal crypts in vivo Taken together, these studies identify an MT2-MMP-E-cadherin axis that functions as a novel regulator of epithelial cell homeostasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Gómez-Escudero
- Matrix Metalloproteinases in Angiogenesis and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanessa Moreno
- Matrix Metalloproteinases in Angiogenesis and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara Martín-Alonso
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - M Victoria Hernández-Riquer
- Matrix Metalloproteinases in Angiogenesis and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamar Feinberg
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ángel Colmenar
- Matrix Metalloproteinases in Angiogenesis and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Calvo
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Camafeita
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Menno J Oudhoff
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stephen J Weiss
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alicia G Arroyo
- Matrix Metalloproteinases in Angiogenesis and Inflammation Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Abd El-Hady AM, Gewefel HS, Badawi MA, Eltahawy NA. Gamma-aminobutyric acid ameliorates gamma rays-induced oxidative stress in the small intestine of rats. THE JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED ZOOLOGY 2017; 78:2. [DOI: 10.1186/s41936-017-0005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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79
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Michel L, Reygagne P, Benech P, Jean-Louis F, Scalvino S, Ly Ka So S, Hamidou Z, Bianovici S, Pouch J, Ducos B, Bonnet M, Bensussan A, Patatian A, Lati E, Wdzieczak-Bakala J, Choulot JC, Loing E, Hocquaux M. Study of gene expression alteration in male androgenetic alopecia: evidence of predominant molecular signalling pathways. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:1322-1336. [PMID: 28403520 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Male androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common form of hair loss in men. It is characterized by a distinct pattern of progressive hair loss starting from the frontal area and the vertex of the scalp. Although several genetic risk loci have been identified, relevant genes for AGA remain to be defined. OBJECTIVES To identify biomarkers associated with AGA. METHODS Molecular biomarkers associated with premature AGA were identified through gene expression analysis using cDNA generated from scalp vertex biopsies of hairless or bald men with premature AGA, and healthy volunteers. RESULTS This monocentric study reveals that genes encoding mast cell granule enzymes, inflammatory mediators and immunoglobulin-associated immune mediators were significantly overexpressed in AGA. In contrast, underexpressed genes appear to be associated with the Wnt/β-catenin and bone morphogenic protein/transforming growth factor-β signalling pathways. Although involvement of these pathways in hair follicle regeneration is well described, functional interpretation of the transcriptomic data highlights different events that account for their inhibition. In particular, one of these events depends on the dysregulated expression of proopiomelanocortin, as confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. In addition, lower expression of CYP27B1 in patients with AGA supports the notion that changes in vitamin D metabolism contributes to hair loss. CONCLUSIONS This study provides compelling evidence for distinct molecular events contributing to alopecia that may pave the way for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Michel
- Inserm UMR976, Skin Research Institute, F-75475, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, F-75475, Paris, France
| | - P Reygagne
- Centre Sabouraud, F-75475, Paris, France
| | - P Benech
- NICN UMR 7259 CNRS Faculté de Médecine, 13344, Marseille, France.,GENEX, 91160, Longjumeau, France
| | - F Jean-Louis
- Inserm UMR976, Skin Research Institute, F-75475, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, F-75475, Paris, France
| | - S Scalvino
- Laboratoire BIO-EC, 91160, Longjumeau, France
| | - S Ly Ka So
- Inserm UMR976, Skin Research Institute, F-75475, Paris, France
| | - Z Hamidou
- Centre Sabouraud, F-75475, Paris, France
| | | | - J Pouch
- Plateforme de qPCR à Haut Débit Genomic Paris Centre, IBENS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - B Ducos
- Plateforme de qPCR à Haut Débit Genomic Paris Centre, IBENS, 75005, Paris, France.,Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - M Bonnet
- Inserm UMR976, Skin Research Institute, F-75475, Paris, France
| | - A Bensussan
- Inserm UMR976, Skin Research Institute, F-75475, Paris, France.,University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, F-75475, Paris, France
| | | | - E Lati
- GENEX, 91160, Longjumeau, France.,Laboratoire BIO-EC, 91160, Longjumeau, France
| | | | | | - E Loing
- IEB-Lucas Meyer Cosmetics, 31520, Ramonville, France
| | - M Hocquaux
- IEB-Lucas Meyer Cosmetics, 31520, Ramonville, France
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80
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Cao W, Chen K, Bolkestein M, Yin Y, Verstegen MMA, Bijvelds MJC, Wang W, Tuysuz N, Ten Berge D, Sprengers D, Metselaar HJ, van der Laan LJW, Kwekkeboom J, Smits R, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Dynamics of Proliferative and Quiescent Stem Cells in Liver Homeostasis and Injury. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1133-1147. [PMID: 28716722 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Adult liver stem cells are usually maintained in a quiescent/slow-cycling state. However, a proliferative population, marked by leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), was recently identified as an important liver stem cell population. We aimed to investigate the dynamics and functions of proliferative and quiescent stem cells in healthy and injured livers. METHODS We studied LGR5-positive stem cells using diphtheria toxin receptor and green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in mice. In these mice, LGR5-positive cells specifically coexpress diphtheria toxin receptor and the GFP reporter. Lineage-tracing experiments were performed in mice in which LGR5-positive stem cells and their daughter cells expressed a yellow fluorescent protein/mTmG reporter. Slow-cycling stem cells were investigated using GFP-based, Tet-on controlled transgenic mice. We studied the dynamics of both stem cell populations during liver homeostasis and injury induced by carbon tetrachloride. Stem cells were isolated from mouse liver and organoid formation assays were performed. We analyzed hepatocyte and cholangiocyte lineage differentiation in cultured organoids. RESULTS We did not detect LGR5-expressing stem cells in livers of mice at any stage of a lifespan, but only following liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride. In the liver stem cell niche, where the proliferating LGR5+ cells are located, we identified a quiescent/slow-cycling cell population, called label-retaining cells (LRCs). These cells were present in the homeostatic liver, capable of retaining the GFP label over 1 year, and expressed a panel of progenitor/stem cell markers. Isolated single LRCs were capable of forming organoids that could be carried in culture, expanded for months, and differentiated into hepatocyte and cholangiocyte lineages in vitro, demonstrating their bona fide stem cell properties. More interestingly, LRCs responded to liver injury and gave rise to LGR5-expressing stem cells, as well as other potential progenitor/stem cell populations, including SOX9- and CD44-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS Proliferative LGR5 cells are an intermediate stem cell population in the liver that emerge only during tissue injury. In contrast, LRCs are quiescent stem cells that are present in homeostatic liver, respond to tissue injury, and can give rise to LGR5 stem cells, as well as SOX9- and CD44-positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlu Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Michiel Bolkestein
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuebang Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M A Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel J C Bijvelds
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wenshi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nesrin Tuysuz
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Derk Ten Berge
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dave Sprengers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herold J Metselaar
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J W van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Kwekkeboom
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Smits
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zhou X, Geng L, Wang D, Yi H, Talmon G, Wang J. R-Spondin1/LGR5 Activates TGFβ Signaling and Suppresses Colon Cancer Metastasis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6589-6602. [PMID: 28939678 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), an intestinal stem cell marker, is known to exhibit tumor suppressor activity in colon cancer, the mechanism of which is not understood. Here we show that R-spondin 1 (RSPO1)/LGR5 directly activates TGFβ signaling cooperatively with TGFβ type II receptor in colon cancer cells, enhancing TGFβ-mediated growth inhibition and stress-induced apoptosis. Knockdown of LGR5 attenuated downstream TGFβ signaling and increased cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis in an orthotopic model of colon cancer in vivo Upon RSPO1 stimulation, LGR5 formed complexes with TGFβ receptors. Studies of patient specimens indicate that LGR5 expression was reduced in advanced stages and positively correlated with markers of TGFβ activation in colon cancer. Our study uncovers a novel cross-talk between LGR5 and TGFβ signaling in colon cancer and identifies LGR5 as a new modulator of TGFβ signaling able to suppress colon cancer metastasis. Cancer Res; 77(23); 6589-602. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhou
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Liying Geng
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Degeng Wang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Haowei Yi
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Geoffrey Talmon
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Jing Wang
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska. .,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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82
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Vallvé-Juanico J, Suárez-Salvador E, Castellví J, Ballesteros A, Taylor HS, Gil-Moreno A, Santamaria X. Aberrant expression of epithelial leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5-positive cells in the eutopic endometrium in endometriosis and implications in deep-infiltrating endometriosis. Fertil Steril 2017; 108:858-867.e2. [PMID: 28923287 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5-positive (LGR5+) cells from the endometrium of women with endometriosis. DESIGN Prospective experimental study. SETTING University hospital/fertility clinic. PATIENT(S) Twenty-seven women with endometriosis who underwent surgery and 12 healthy egg donors, together comprising 39 endometrial samples. INTERVENTION(S) Obtaining of uterine aspirates by using a Cornier Pipelle. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURE(S) Immunofluorescence in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from mice and healthy and pathologic human endometrium using antibodies against LGR5, E-cadherin, and cytokeratin, and epithelial and stromal LGR5+ cells isolated from healthy and pathologic human eutopic endometrium by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and transcriptomic characterization by RNA high sequencing. RESULT(S) Immunofluorescence showed that LGR5+ cells colocalized with epithelial markers in the stroma of the endometrium only in endometriotic patients. The results from RNA high sequencing of LGR5+ cells from epithelium and stroma did not show any statistically significant differences between them. The LGR5+ versus LGR5- cells in pathologic endometrium showed 394 differentially expressed genes. The LGR5+ cells in deep-infiltrating endometriosis expressed inflammatory markers not present in the other types of the disease. CONCLUSION(S) Our results revealed the presence of aberrantly located LGR5+ cells coexpressing epithelial markers in the stromal compartment of women with endometriosis. These cells have a statistically significantly different expression profile in deep-infiltrating endometriosis in comparison with other types of endometriosis, independent of the menstrual cycle phase. Further studies are needed to elucidate their role and influence in reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Vallvé-Juanico
- Department of Gynecology, IVI Barcelona S.L., Barcelona, Spain; Group of Biomedical Research in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Josep Castellví
- Department of Pathology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Hugh S Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Antonio Gil-Moreno
- Group of Biomedical Research in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Gynecology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Santamaria
- Department of Gynecology, IVI Barcelona S.L., Barcelona, Spain; Group of Biomedical Research in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Research Institute (VHIR) and University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
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83
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Sukhotnik I, Coran AG, Pollak Y, Kuhnreich E, Berkowitz D, Saxena AK. Activated Notch signaling cascade is correlated with stem cell differentiation toward absorptive progenitors after massive small bowel resection in a rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G247-G255. [PMID: 28619728 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00139.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling is thought to act to drive cell versification in the lining of the small intestine. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the role of the Notch signaling pathway in stem cell differentiation in the late stages of intestinal adaptation after massive small bowel resection in a rat. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups of eight rats each: Sham rats underwent bowel transection and reanastomosis, while SBS rats underwent 75% small bowel resection. Rats were euthanized on day 14 Illumina's Digital Gene Expression (DGE) analysis was used to determine Notch signaling gene expression profiling. Notch-related gene and protein expression was determined using real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. From seven investigated Notch-related (by DGE analysis) genes, six genes were upregulated in SBS vs. control animals with a relative change in gene expression level of 20% or more. A significant upregulation of Notch signaling-related genes in resected animals was accompanied by a significant increase in Notch-1 protein levels (Western blot analysis) and a significant increase in the number of Notch1 and Hes1 (target gene)-positive cells (immunohistochemistry) compared with sham animals. Evaluation of cell differentiation has shown a strong increase in total number of absorptive cells (unchanged secretory cells) compared with control rats. In conclusion, 2 wk after bowel resection in rats, stimulated Notch signaling directs the crypt cell population toward absorptive progenitors.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides novel insight into the mechanisms of cell proliferation following massive small bowel resection. We show that 2 wk after bowel resection in rats, enhanced stem cell activity was associated with stimulated Notch signaling pathway. We demonstrate that activated Notch signaling cascade directs the crypt cell population toward absorptive progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Sukhotnik
- The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Intestinal Adaptation and Recovery, Haifa, Israel; .,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Arnold G Coran
- Section of Pediatric Surgery C. S. Mott Children's Hospital and University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yulia Pollak
- The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Intestinal Adaptation and Recovery, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eviatar Kuhnreich
- The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Intestinal Adaptation and Recovery, Haifa, Israel
| | - Drora Berkowitz
- The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Intestinal Adaptation and Recovery, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amulya K Saxena
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chelsea Children's Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster Healthcare, National Health Service Foundation Trust, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and
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Mills KM, Szczerkowski JLA, Habib SJ. Wnt ligand presentation and reception: from the stem cell niche to tissue engineering. Open Biol 2017; 7:rsob.170140. [PMID: 28814649 PMCID: PMC5577451 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells reside in niches where spatially restricted signals maintain a delicate balance between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. Wnt family proteins are particularly suited for this role as they are modified by lipids, which constrain and spatially regulate their signalling range. In recent years, Wnt/β-catenin signalling has been shown to be essential for the self-renewal of a variety of mammalian stem cells. In this review, we discuss Wnt-responsive stem cells in their niche, and mechanisms by which Wnt ligands are presented to responsive cells. We also highlight recent progress in molecular visualization that has allowed for the monitoring of Wnt signalling within the stem cell compartment and new approaches to recapitulate this niche signalling in vitro Indeed, new technologies that present Wnt in a localized manner and mimic the three-dimensional microenvironment of stem cells will advance our understanding of Wnt signalling in the stem cell niche. These advances will expand current horizons to exploit Wnt ligands in the rapidly evolving fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate M Mills
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - James L A Szczerkowski
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Shukry J Habib
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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85
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Afelik S, Rovira M. Pancreatic β-cell regeneration: Facultative or dedicated progenitors? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 445:85-94. [PMID: 27838399 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The adult pancreas is only capable of limited regeneration. Unlike highly regenerative tissues such as the skin, intestinal crypts and hematopoietic system, no dedicated adult stem cells or stem cell niche have so far been identified within the adult pancreas. New β cells have been shown to form in the adult pancreas, in response to high physiological demand or experimental β-cell ablation, mostly by replication of existing β cells. The possibility that new β cells are formed from other sources is currently a point of major controversy. Under particular injury conditions, fully differentiated pancreatic duct and acinar cells have been shown to dedifferentiate into a progenitor-like state, however the extent, to which ductal, acinar or other endocrine cells contribute to restoring pancreatic β-cell mass remains to be resolved. In this review we focus on regenerative events in the pancreas with emphasis on the restoration of β-cell mass. We present an overview of regenerative responses noted within the different pancreatic lineages, following injury. We also highlight the intrinsic plasticity of the adult pancreas that allows for inter-conversion of fully differentiated pancreatic lineages through manipulation of few genes or growth factors. Taken together, evidence from a number of studies suggest that differentiated pancreatic lineages could act as facultative progenitor cells, but the extent to which these contribute to β-cell regeneration in vivo is still a matter of contention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Afelik
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 South Wood Street, CSB 920 (Rm 502), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Meritxell Rovira
- Genomic Programming of Beta-Cells Laboratory, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain.
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86
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Lu R, Voigt RM, Zhang Y, Kato I, Xia Y, Forsyth CB, Keshavarzian A, Sun J. Alcohol Injury Damages Intestinal Stem Cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2017; 41:727-734. [PMID: 28195397 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption is associated with intestinal injury including intestinal leakiness and the risk of developing progressive gastrointestinal cancer. Alcoholics have disruption of intestinal barrier dysfunction that persists weeks after stopping alcohol intake, and this occurs in spite of the fact that intestinal epithelial cells turn over every 3 to 5 days. The renewal and functional regulation of the intestinal epithelium largely relies on intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Chronic inflammation and tissue damage in the intestine can injure stem cells including accumulation of mutations that may result in ISC dysfunction and transformation. ISCs are a key element in intestinal function and pathology; however, very little is known about the effects of alcohol on ISCs. We hypothesize that dysregulation of ISCs is one mechanism by which alcohol induces long-lasting intestinal damage. METHODS In Vivo: Small intestinal samples from alcohol- and control-fed mice were assessed for ISC markers (Lgr5 and Bmi1) and the changes of the β-catenin signaling using immunofluorescent microscopy, Western blotting, and RT-PCR. Ex Vivo: Organoids were generated from small intestine tissue and subsequently exposed to alcohol and analyzed for ISC markers, β-catenin signaling. RESULTS Chronic alcohol consumption significantly decreased the expression of stem cell markers, Bmi1 in the small intestine of the alcohol-fed mice and also resulted in dysregulation of the β-catenin signaling-an essential regulator of its target gene Lgr5 and ISC function. Exposure of small intestine-derived organoids to 0.2% alcohol significantly reduced the growth of the organoids, including budding, and total surface area of the organoid cultures. Alcohol also significantly decreased the expression of Lgr5, p-β-catenin (ser552), and Bmi1 in the organoid model. CONCLUSIONS Both chronic alcohol feeding and acute exposure of alcohol resulted in ISC dysregulation which might be one mechanism for alcohol-induced long-lasting intestinal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robin M Voigt
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yongguo Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ikuko Kato
- Departments of Oncology and Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Yinglin Xia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Christopher B Forsyth
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ali Keshavarzian
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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87
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Behavior of leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5-expressing cells in the reprogramming process. Stem Cell Res 2017; 20:1-9. [PMID: 28192743 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It remains unclear what cells are proper for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) is well known as a tissue stem cell and progenitor marker, both of which are reported to be sensitive to reprogramming. In the present study, we examined the reprogramming behavior of Lgr5-expressing cells (Lgr5+ cells). First, we compared reprogramming behavior using mouse Lgr5+ and Lgr5 negative (Lgr5-) hair follicles (HFs). The number of alkaline phosphatase staining-positive cells was lesser in a well of Lgr5+ HFs than in Lgr5- HFs; however, the ratio of Nanog+ SSEA1+ cells in the cell mixture derived from Lgr5+ HFs was much higher than that from Lgr5- HFs. Lgr5+ cells could be induced from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) after transduction with Yamanaka factors. As shown in HFs, the progeny of Lgr5+ cells arising from MEFs highly converted into Nanog+ cells and did not form Nanog- colonies. The progeny represented the status of the late reprogramming phase to a higher degree than the nonprogeny. We also confirmed this using human Lg5+ cells. Our findings suggest that the use of Lgr5+ cells will minimize sorting efforts for obtaining superior iPSCs.
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88
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Ansa-Addo EA, Thaxton J, Hong F, Wu BX, Zhang Y, Fugle CW, Metelli A, Riesenberg B, Williams K, Gewirth DT, Chiosis G, Liu B, Li Z. Clients and Oncogenic Roles of Molecular Chaperone gp96/grp94. Curr Top Med Chem 2017; 16:2765-78. [PMID: 27072698 DOI: 10.2174/1568026616666160413141613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As an endoplasmic reticulum heat shock protein (HSP) 90 paralogue, glycoprotein (gp) 96 possesses immunological properties by chaperoning antigenic peptides for activation of T cells. Genetic studies in the last decade have unveiled that gp96 is also an essential master chaperone for multiple receptors and secreting proteins including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), integrins, the Wnt coreceptor, Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 6 (LRP6), the latent TGFβ docking receptor, Glycoprotein A Repetitions Predominant (GARP), Glycoprotein (GP) Ib and insulin-like growth factors (IGF). Clinically, elevated expression of gp96 in a variety of cancers correlates with the advanced stage and poor survival of cancer patients. Recent preclinical studies have also uncovered that gp96 expression is closely linked to cancer progression in multiple myeloma, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer and inflammation-associated colon cancer. Thus, gp96 is an attractive therapeutic target for cancer treatment. The chaperone function of gp96 depends on its ATPase domain, which is structurally distinct from other HSP90 members, and thus favors the design of highly selective gp96-targeted inhibitors against cancer. We herein discuss the strategically important oncogenic clients of gp96 and their underlying biology. The roles of cell-intrinsic gp96 in T cell biology are also discussed, in part because it offers another opportunity of cancer therapy by manipulating levels of gp96 in T cells to enhance host immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29466, USA.
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89
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Pakula H, Xiang D, Li Z. A Tale of Two Signals: AR and WNT in Development and Tumorigenesis of Prostate and Mammary Gland. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:E14. [PMID: 28134791 PMCID: PMC5332937 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers and among the leading causes of cancer deaths for men in industrialized countries. It has long been recognized that the prostate is an androgen-dependent organ and PCa is an androgen-dependent disease. Androgen action is mediated by the androgen receptor (AR). Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard treatment for metastatic PCa. However, almost all advanced PCa cases progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after a period of ADT. A variety of mechanisms of progression from androgen-dependent PCa to CRPC under ADT have been postulated, but it remains largely unclear as to when and how castration resistance arises within prostate tumors. In addition, AR signaling may be modulated by extracellular factors among which are the cysteine-rich glycoproteins WNTs. The WNTs are capable of signaling through several pathways, the best-characterized being the canonical WNT/β-catenin/TCF-mediated canonical pathway. Recent studies from sequencing PCa genomes revealed that CRPC cells frequently harbor mutations in major components of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Moreover, the finding of an interaction between β-catenin and AR suggests a possible mechanism of cross talk between WNT and androgen/AR signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of both AR and WNT pathways in prostate development and tumorigenesis, and their interaction during development of CRPC. We also review the possible therapeutic application of drugs that target both AR and WNT/β-catenin pathways. Finally, we extend our review of AR and WNT signaling to the mammary gland system and breast cancer. We highlight that the role of AR signaling and its interaction with WNT signaling in these two hormone-related cancer types are highly context-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Pakula
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Room 466, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Room 466, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Zhe Li
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Room 466, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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90
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Khan Z, Orr A, Michalopoulos GK, Ranganathan S. Immunohistochemical Analysis of the Stem Cell Marker LGR5 in Pediatric Liver Disease. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2017; 20:16-27. [PMID: 28276299 PMCID: PMC5040613 DOI: 10.1177/1093526616686244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims In regenerating liver, hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) are recruited in response to injury; however, few highly specific human HPC markers exist for the hepatocyte lineage. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), a Wnt-associated stem cell marker, has been extensively studied in intestinal stem cells, but little is known about its expression in human liver. We hypothesized that LGR5+ HPCs are induced in the regenerative response to pediatric liver injury. Methods and results Immunohistochemistry was used to characterize LGR5 expression in pediatric liver explants (n = 36). We found cytoplasmic LGR5 expression in all cases; although, much less was observed in acute hepatic necrosis compared to chronic liver diseases. In the latter cases, >50% of hepatocytes were LGR5+, signifying a robust regenerative response mainly in the periphery of regenerative nodules. Only weak LGR5 staining was noted in bile ducts, suggesting hepatocyte-specific expression at the interface. Conclusions Although we observed some degree of regenerative response in all cases, LGR5 was highly expressed in chronic liver disease, possibly due to alternate regeneration and reprogramming pathways. LGR5 is predominant in peri-septal hepatocytes rather than epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) positive ductular reactions in chronic pediatric liver diseases and may represent a transitional HPC phenotype for the hepatocyte lineage. These studies are the first to support a unique role for LGR5 in human hepatocyte regeneration and as a potential predictive biomarker for recovery of liver function in children. Future work will also investigate the molecular mechanisms behind LGR5 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahida Khan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Anne Orr
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - George K Michalopoulos
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Sarangarajan Ranganathan
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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91
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Gasser M, Kim M, Rehder R, Frank N, Frank M, Grimmig T, Moench R, Ribas C, Illert B, Germer CT, Rosenwald A, Waaga-Gasser AM. Clinical Significance of Disseminated Pluripotent Tumor Cell Signature Expression in the Bone Marrow from Patients with Colorectal Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 9:669-674. [PMID: 34221246 PMCID: PMC8248589 DOI: 10.4172/1948-5956.1000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) are critically involved in tumor relapse and survival in several invasive tumors. We previously showed that the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, ABCB5, is a chemoresistance mediator expressed on specific cell subsets in colorectal cancer (CRC) and other malignancies. This study evaluated the molecular signature expression and its clinical relevance of DTCs in bone marrow from patients with colon cancer. Methods: This study included 49 consecutive patients (UICC stage I-IV) that underwent curatively intended or palliative surgery for CRC. We analyzed cells from bone marrow aspirates obtained before surgery and derived from patients that had completed minimally a 5-year follow-up. The gene expression of ABCB5 in comparison to CD133 (molecule for identifying cancer initiating cells), Lgr5 (an intestinal stem cell marker) as well as Cytokeratin (CK) 20 (terminally differentiated tumor cells of epithelial origin) in these cells was evaluated. Results: Bone marrow analysis showed differential expression between the analyzed genes. ABCB5 and Lgr5 and to lesser extent CD133 and CK20 genes were significantly expressed in the analyzed cells from bone marrow aspirates while only ABCB5 and Lgr5 were significantly negative associated with tumor progress and overall survival. Conclusion: Overexpression of ABCB5 and Lgr5 in bone marrow negatively influenced patient survival pointing to a specific chemo resistant and pluripotent cell subgroup of DTCs in the bone marrow. ABCB5 like Lgr5 positive cells seem to be involved in limited tumor related patient survival, suggesting that ABCB5- and Lgr5-positive cells may be relevant for specific clinical intervention strategies
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gasser
- Department of Surgery I, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mia Kim
- Department of Surgery I, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Roberta Rehder
- Medical School, Evangelic Faculty of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Natasha Frank
- Transplantation Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Markus Frank
- Transplantation Research Center, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Tanja Grimmig
- Department of Surgery I, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Romana Moench
- Department of Surgery I, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Carmen Ribas
- Medical School, Evangelic Faculty of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bertram Illert
- Department of Surgery I, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Ana Maria Waaga-Gasser
- Department of Surgery I, Molecular Oncology and Immunology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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92
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A Comparative Perspective on Wnt/β-Catenin Signalling in Cell Fate Determination. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 61:323-350. [PMID: 28409312 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53150-2_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is an ancient and highly conserved signalling pathway that plays fundamental roles in the regulation of embryonic development and adult homeostasis. This pathway has been implicated in numerous cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, morphological changes and apoptosis. In this chapter, we aim to illustrate with specific examples the involvement of Wnt/β-catenin signalling in cell fate determination. We discuss the roles of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in specifying cell fate throughout evolution, how its function in patterning during development is often reactivated during regeneration and how perturbation of this pathway has negative consequences for the control of cell fate.The origin of all life was a single cell that had the capacity to respond to cues from the environment. With evolution, multicellular organisms emerged, and as a result, subsets of cells arose to form tissues able to respond to specific instructive signals and perform specialised functions. This complexity and specialisation required two types of messages to direct cell fate: intra- and intercellular. A fundamental question in developmental biology is to understand the underlying mechanisms of cell fate choice. Amongst the numerous external cues involved in the generation of cellular diversity, a prominent pathway is the Wnt signalling pathway in all its forms.
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93
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Accelerated intestinal epithelial cell turnover after bowel resection in a rat is correlated with inhibited hedgehog signaling cascade. Pediatr Surg Int 2016; 32:1133-1140. [PMID: 27644702 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-016-3969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is one of the key regulators of gastrointestinal tract development. Recent studies point to the role of hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of intestinal stem cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of Hh signaling during intestinal adaptation in a rat model of short bowel syndrome (SBS). METHODS Male rats were divided into two groups: Sham rats underwent bowel transection and SBS rats underwent a 75 % bowel resection. Parameters of intestinal adaptation, enterocyte proliferation, and apoptosis were determined 2 weeks after operation. Illumina's Digital Gene Expression analysis was used to determine the Hh signaling gene expression profiling. Hh-related genes and protein expression were determined using Real-Time PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Massive small bowel resection resulted in a significant increase in enterocyte proliferation and concomitant increase in cell apoptosis. From the total number of 20,000 probes, 13 genes related to Hh signaling were investigated. In jejunum, eight genes were down-regulated, three genes up-regulated, and two genes remained unchanged. In ileum, five genes were down-regulated and six genes were unchanged in SBS vs sham animals. SBS rats also demonstrated a significant three- to fourfold decrease in SMO, GIL, and PTCH mRNA, and protein levels (determined by Real-Time PCR and Western blot) compared to control animals. CONCLUSION Two weeks following massive bowel resection in rats, the accelerated cell turnover was accompanied by an inhibited Hh signaling pathway. Hh signaling may serve as an important mediator of reciprocal interactions between the epithelium and the underlying mesenchymal stroma during intestinal adaptation following massive bowel resection in a rat.
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94
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Junttila MR, Mao W, Wang X, Wang BE, Pham T, Flygare J, Yu SF, Yee S, Goldenberg D, Fields C, Eastham-Anderson J, Singh M, Vij R, Hongo JA, Firestein R, Schutten M, Flagella K, Polakis P, Polson AG. Targeting LGR5+ cells with an antibody-drug conjugate for the treatment of colon cancer. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:314ra186. [PMID: 26582901 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aac7433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are hypothesized to actively maintain tumors similarly to how their normal counterparts replenish differentiated cell types within tissues, making them an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. Because most CSC markers also label normal tissue stem cells, it is unclear how to selectively target them without compromising normal tissue homeostasis. We evaluated a strategy that targets the cell surface leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), a well-characterized tissue stem cell and CSC marker, with an antibody conjugated to distinct cytotoxic drugs. One antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) demonstrated potent tumor efficacy and safety in vivo. Furthermore, the ADC decreased tumor size and proliferation, translating to improved survival in a genetically engineered model of intestinal tumorigenesis. These data demonstrate that ADCs can be leveraged to exploit differences between normal and cancer stem cells to successfully target gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Junttila
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Weiguang Mao
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Bu-Er Wang
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thinh Pham
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - John Flygare
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sharon Yee
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - David Goldenberg
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Carter Fields
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Mallika Singh
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Rajesh Vij
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jo-Anne Hongo
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ron Firestein
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Melissa Schutten
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kelly Flagella
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Paul Polakis
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Andrew G Polson
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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95
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Lu B, Green BA, Farr JM, Lopes FCM, Van Raay TJ. Wnt Drug Discovery: Weaving Through the Screens, Patents and Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8090082. [PMID: 27598201 PMCID: PMC5040984 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8090082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is intricately involved in many aspects of development and is the root cause of an increasing number of diseases. For example, colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of death in the industrialized world and aberration of Wnt signaling within the colonic stem cell is the cause of more than 90% of these cancers. Despite our advances in successfully targeting other pathways, such as Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2), there are no clinically relevant therapies available for Wnt-related diseases. Here, we investigated where research activities are focused with respect to Wnt signaling modulators by searching the United States Patent and Trade Office (USPTO) for patents and patent applications related to Wnt modulators and compared this to clinical trials focusing on Wnt modulation. We found that while the transition of intellectual property surrounding the Wnt ligand-receptor interface to clinical trials is robust, this is not true for specific inhibitors of β-catenin, which is constitutively active in many cancers. Considering the ubiquitous use of the synthetic T-cell Factor/Lymphoid Enhancer Factor (TCF/Lef) reporter system and its success in identifying novel modulators in vitro, we speculate that this model of drug discovery does not capture the complexity of in vivo Wnt signaling that may be required if we are to successfully target the Wnt pathway in the clinic. Notwithstanding, increasingly more complex models are being developed, which may not be high throughput, but more pragmatic in our pursuit to control Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Brooke A Green
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jacqueline M Farr
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Flávia C M Lopes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Terence J Van Raay
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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96
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Smith AA, Li J, Liu B, Hunter D, Pyles M, Gillette M, Dhamdhere GR, Abo A, Oro A, Helms JA. Activating Hair Follicle Stem Cells via R-spondin2 to Stimulate Hair Growth. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1549-1558. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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97
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Quist SR, Eckardt M, Kriesche A, Gollnick HP. Expression of epidermal stem cell markers in skin and adnexal malignancies. Br J Dermatol 2016; 175:520-30. [PMID: 26914519 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal stem cells are multipotent cells that maintain the skin epidermis. Potential markers for stem cells have been identified in mammalian skin from mouse experiments; however, it is unclear if stem cells also contribute to tumour formation in human skin. OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression of potential stem cell markers, such as leucine-rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor (Lgr) 5, Lgr6, leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domain protein 1 (Lrig1) and cytokeratin 15 (CK15) in basal cell carcinomas and tumours of the skin appendages. METHODS We tested 45 human basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), including superficial, nodular, adenoid, infiltrating and sclerosing types, and 38 human tumours of skin appendages, including 13 sebaceous adenomas and carcinomas, 20 eccrine sweat gland tumours and five pilomatricomas, for the expression of hair follicle stem cell markers such as Lgr5, Lrig1, CK15, β-catenin and SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9 (SOX9), and compared these findings with those of healthy age-matched human epidermis. RESULTS We detected the expression of stem cell markers in all tumours tested. Regarding Lgr5, Lrig1, CK15 and SOX9, expression seemed to be lower in more aggressive tumour types, such as in the most advanced parts of infiltrating BCC, in sebaceous carcinoma and late-stage porocarcinoma, compared with less aggressive superficial or nodular BCC or early-stage porocarcinoma and sebaceous gland tumours. In aggressive, sclerosing BCC, Lrig1 and Lgr5 were downregulated but CK15, SOX9 and nuclear β-catenin were upregulated. CONCLUSIONS Expression of potential stem cell markers of the epidermis and hair follicles was observed in skin tumours of appendages and BCCs. However, during tumour progression, many of these markers seemed to be downregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Quist
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany.
| | - M Eckardt
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - A Kriesche
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
| | - H P Gollnick
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse, Magdeburg, 39120, Germany
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98
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Chen X, Hao J, Fu T, Liu J, Yu M, He S, Qian R, Zhang F. Temporal and Spatial Expression of LGR5 After Acute Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Rats. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2645-2654. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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99
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Bastakoty D, Young PP. Wnt/β-catenin pathway in tissue injury: roles in pathology and therapeutic opportunities for regeneration. FASEB J 2016; 30:3271-3284. [PMID: 27335371 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600502r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is an evolutionarily conserved set of signals with critical roles in embryonic and neonatal development across species. In mammals the pathway is quiescent in many organs. It is reactivated in response to injury and is reported to play complex and contrasting roles in promoting regeneration and fibrosis. We review the current understanding of the role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in injury of various mammalian organs and discuss the current advances and potential of Wnt inhibitory therapeutics toward promoting tissue regeneration and reducing fibrosis.-Bastakoty, D., Young, P. P. Wnt/β-catenin pathway in tissue injury: roles in pathology and therapeutic opportunities for regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikshya Bastakoty
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and
| | - Pampee P Young
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; and Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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100
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Long-term renewable human intestinal epithelial stem cells as monolayers: A potential for clinical use. J Pediatr Surg 2016; 51:995-1000. [PMID: 26995514 PMCID: PMC4921284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2016.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Current culture schema for human intestinal stem cells (hISCs) frequently rely on a 3D culture system using Matrigel™, a laminin-rich matrix derived from murine sarcoma that is not suitable for clinical use. We have developed a novel 2D culture system for the in vitro expansion of hISCs as an intestinal epithelial monolayer without the use of Matrigel. METHODS Cadaveric duodenal samples were processed to isolate intestinal crypts from the mucosa. Crypts were cultured on a thin coat of type I collagen or laminin. Intestinal epithelial monolayers were supported with growth factors to promote self-renewal or differentiation of the hISCs. Proliferating monolayers were sub-cultured every 4-5days. RESULTS Intestinal epithelial monolayers were capable of long-term cell renewal. Less differentiated monolayers expressed high levels of gene marker LGR5, while more differentiated monolayers had higher expressions of CDX2, MUC2, LYZ, DEF5, and CHGA. Furthermore, monolayers were capable of passaging into a 3D culture system to generate spheroids and enteroids. CONCLUSION This 2D system is an important step to expand hISCs for further experimental studies and for clinical cell transplantation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Experimental.
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