51
|
Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV, Orekhov AN. Neutrophil's weapons in atherosclerosis. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:663-71. [PMID: 26551083 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are important components of immunity associated with inflammatory responses against a broad spectrum of pathogens. These cells could be rapidly activated by proinflammatory stimuli and migrate to the inflamed and infected sites where they release a variety of cytotoxic molecules with antimicrobial activity. Neutrophil antibacterial factors include extracellular proteases, redox enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, and small bioactive molecules. In resting neutrophils, these factors are stored in granules and released upon activation during degranulation. These factors could be also secreted in a neutrophil-derived microparticle-dependent fashion. Neutrophils exhibit a unique property to produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of decondensed chromatin and granular proteins to catch and kill bacteria. Neutrophil-released factors are efficient in inactivation and elimination of pathogens through oxidation-dependent or independent damage of bacterial cells, inactivation and neutralization of virulence factors and other mechanisms. However, in chronic atherosclerosis-associated inflammation, protective function of neutrophils could be impaired and misdirected against own cells. This could lead to deleterious effects and progressive vascular injury. In atherogenesis, a pathogenic role of neutrophils could be especially seen in early stages associated with endothelial dysfunction and induction of vascular inflammation and in late atherosclerosis associated with plaque rupture and atherothrombosis. Assuming a prominent impact of neutrophils in cardiovascular pathology, developing therapeutic strategies targeting neutrophil-specific antigens could have a promising clinical potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics and Cell Biology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children's Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia.
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia; Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia; Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
|
53
|
Warnatsch A, Ioannou M, Wang Q, Papayannopoulos V. Inflammation. Neutrophil extracellular traps license macrophages for cytokine production in atherosclerosis. Science 2015; 349:316-20. [PMID: 26185250 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 823] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Secretion of the cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by macrophages, a major driver of pathogenesis in atherosclerosis, requires two steps: Priming signals promote transcription of immature IL-1β, and then endogenous "danger" signals activate innate immune signaling complexes called inflammasomes to process IL-1β for secretion. Although cholesterol crystals are known to act as danger signals in atherosclerosis, what primes IL-1β transcription remains elusive. Using a murine model of atherosclerosis, we found that cholesterol crystals acted both as priming and danger signals for IL-1β production. Cholesterol crystals triggered neutrophils to release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs primed macrophages for cytokine release, activating T helper 17 (TH17) cells that amplify immune cell recruitment in atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, danger signals may drive sterile inflammation, such as that seen in atherosclerosis, through their interactions with neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Warnatsch
- Mill Hill Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Marianna Ioannou
- Mill Hill Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- Mill Hill Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Wezel A, Lagraauw HM, van der Velden D, de Jager SCA, Quax PHA, Kuiper J, Bot I. Mast cells mediate neutrophil recruitment during atherosclerotic plaque progression. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:289-96. [PMID: 26062988 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Activated mast cells have been identified in the intima and perivascular tissue of human atherosclerotic plaques. As mast cells have been described to release a number of chemokines that mediate leukocyte fluxes, we propose that activated mast cells may play a pivotal role in leukocyte recruitment during atherosclerotic plaque progression. METHODS AND RESULTS Systemic IgE-mediated mast cell activation in apoE(-/-)μMT mice resulted in an increase in atherosclerotic lesion size as compared to control mice, and interestingly, the number of neutrophils was highly increased in these lesions. In addition, peritoneal mast cell activation led to a massive neutrophil influx into the peritoneal cavity in C57Bl6 mice, whereas neutrophil numbers in mast cell deficient Kit(W(-sh)/W(-sh)) mice were not affected. Within the newly recruited neutrophil population, increased levels of CXCR2(+) and CXCR4(+) neutrophils were observed after mast cell activation. Indeed, mast cells were seen to contain and release CXCL1 and CXCL12, the ligands for CXCR2 and CXCR4. Intriguingly, peritoneal mast cell activation in combination with anti-CXCR2 receptor antagonist resulted in decreased neutrophil recruitment, thus establishing a prominent role for the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis in mast cell-mediated neutrophil recruitment. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that chemokines, and in particular CXCL1, released from activated mast cells induce neutrophil recruitment to the site of inflammation, thereby aggravating the ongoing inflammatory response and thus affecting plaque progression and destabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Wezel
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Maxime Lagraauw
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël van der Velden
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C A de Jager
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul H A Quax
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Marino F, Tozzi M, Schembri L, Ferraro S, Tarallo A, Scanzano A, Legnaro M, Castelli P, Cosentino M. Production of IL-8, VEGF and Elastase by Circulating and Intraplaque Neutrophils in Patients with Carotid Atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124565. [PMID: 25893670 PMCID: PMC4404350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in atherosclerotic plaques have been identified only recently, and their contribution to plaque development is not yet fully understood. In this study, production of elastase, interleukin (IL)-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by PMN was investigated in subjects with carotid stenosis undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Methods The study enrolled 50 patients (Pts) and 10 healthy subjects (HS). Circulating PMN (cPMN) isolated from venous blood (in both Pts and HS) and from plaques (pPMN, in Pts) were cultured, alone or with 0.1 μM fMLP. Elastase, IL-8 and VEGF mRNA were analyzed by real-time PCR. In CEA specimens, PMN were localized by immunohistochemistry. Results In both Pts cPMN and pPMN, IL-8 mRNA was higher at rest but lower after fMLP (P<0.01 vs HS), and VEGF mRNA was higher both at rest and after fMLP (P<0.01 vs HS), while elastase mRNA was not significantly different. On the contrary, protein production was always higher in cPMN of HS with respect to values measured in cells of Pts. In CEA specimens, CD66b+ cells localized to areas with massive plaque formation close to neovessels. Pts with soft and mix plaques, as defined by computed tomography, did not differ in cPMN or pPMN IL-8, VEGF or elastase mRNA, or in intraplaque CD66b+ cell density. However, Pts with soft plaques had higher white blood cell count due to increased PMN. Conclusions In Pts with carotid plaques, both circulating and intraplaque PMN produce IL-8, VEGF and elastase, which are crucial for plaque development and progression. These findings suggest mechanistic explanations to the reported correlation between PMN count and cardiovascular mortality in carotid ATH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Matteo Tozzi
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Schembri
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferraro
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Antonino Tarallo
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Angela Scanzano
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Legnaro
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Patrizio Castelli
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis: a protector or culprit? Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 63:135-44. [PMID: 25451562 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In addition to inducing tumor cell apoptosis, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) shows broad biological functions both in vitro and in vivo. TRAIL gene deletion enhanced atherogenesis in hyperlipidemic mice, supporting that endogenous TRAIL has protective actions in maintaining blood vessel homeostasis and repressing atherosclerosis. The mechanisms of this beneficial effect are not understood. It remains to be determined whether the athero-protective action of TRAIL is via direct impacts on residential vascular cells or indirectly by modulating systemic immune functions. However, in vitro experiments indicate that excessive TRAIL may stimulate endothelial cell apoptosis, smooth muscle proliferation and migration, and inflammatory responses. Moreover, TRAIL can stimulate lipid uptake and foam cell formation in cultured macrophages. Here we provide a critical review on the potential relationships between TRAIL and atherosclerosis. We propose that increased TRAIL production may also have potential detrimental effects on vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Further in vivo experiments are warranted to elucidate the effects of exogenous TRAIL on atherogenesis.
Collapse
|
57
|
Gremlin-1 inhibits macrophage migration inhibitory factor-dependent monocyte function and survival. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:923-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
58
|
Nilsson L, Wieringa WG, Pundziute G, Gjerde M, Engvall J, Swahn E, Jonasson L. Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio is associated with non-calcified plaque burden in patients with coronary artery disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108183. [PMID: 25268632 PMCID: PMC4182451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elevations in soluble markers of inflammation and changes in leukocyte subset distribution are frequently reported in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Lately, the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio has emerged as a potential marker of both CAD severity and cardiovascular prognosis. Objectives The aim of the study was to investigate whether neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and other immune-inflammatory markers were related to plaque burden, as assessed by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), in patients with CAD. Methods Twenty patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) and 30 patients with stable angina (SA) underwent CCTA at two occasions, immediately prior to coronary angiography and after three months. Atherosclerotic plaques were classified as calcified, mixed and non-calcified. Blood samples were drawn at both occasions. Leukocyte subsets were analyzed by white blood cell differential counts and flow cytometry. Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin(IL)-6 were measured in plasma. Blood analyses were also performed in 37 healthy controls. Results Plaque variables did not change over 3 months, total plaque burden being similar in NSTE-ACS and SA. However, non-calcified/total plaque ratio was higher in NSTE-ACS, 0.25(0.09–0.44) vs 0.11(0.00–0.25), p<0.05. At admission, levels of monocytes, neutrophils, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios, CD4+ T cells, CRP and IL-6 were significantly elevated, while levels of NK cells were reduced, in both patient groups as compared to controls. After 3 months, levels of monocytes, neutrophils, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios and CD4+ T cells remained elevated in patients. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios and neutrophil counts correlated significantly with numbers of non-calcified plaques and also with non-calcified/total plaque ratio (r = 0.403, p = 0.010 and r = 0.382, p = 0.024, respectively), but not with total plaque burden. Conclusions Among immune-inflammatory markers in NSTE-ACS and SA patients, neutrophil counts and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios were significantly correlated with non-calcified plaques. Data suggest that these easily measured biomarkers reflect the burden of vulnerable plaques in CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Nilsson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Wouter G. Wieringa
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabija Pundziute
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus Gjerde
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Engvall
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Eva Swahn
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lena Jonasson
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Döring Y, Drechsler M, Soehnlein O, Weber C. Neutrophils in atherosclerosis: from mice to man. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 35:288-95. [PMID: 25147339 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infiltration of leukocyte subsets is a driving force of atherosclerotic lesion growth, and during the past decade, neutrophils have received growing attention in chronic inflammatory processes, such as atherosclerosis. Equipped with various ready to be released mediators, evolved to fight invading pathogens, neutrophils may also hold key functions in affecting sterile inflammation, such as in atherosclerosis. Many of their secretion products might instruct or activate other immune cells (particularly monocytes) to, for example, enter atherosclerotic lesions or release proinflammatory mediators. Despite the emerging evidence for the mechanistic contribution of neutrophils to early atherosclerosis in mice, their role in human atherogenesis, atheroprogression, and atherosclerotic plaque destabilization is still poorly understood. This brief review will summarize latest findings on the role of neutrophils in atherosclerosis and will pay special attention to studies describing a translation approach by combining measurements in mouse and human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Döring
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.D., M.D., O.S., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.D., O.S.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (O.S., C.W.)
| | - Maik Drechsler
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.D., M.D., O.S., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.D., O.S.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (O.S., C.W.)
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.D., M.D., O.S., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.D., O.S.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (O.S., C.W.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany (Y.D., M.D., O.S., C.W.); Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (M.D., O.S.); and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany (O.S., C.W.).
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases; University of Calgary; Calgary Alberta Canada
- Department of Immunochemistry; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Department of Immunochemistry; Research Institute for Microbial Diseases; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry; World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center; Osaka University; Osaka Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology; Japan Science and Technology Agency; Saitama Japan
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Morel S, Chanson M, Nguyen TD, Glass AM, Richani Sarieddine MZ, Meens MJ, Burnier L, Kwak BR, Taffet SM. Titration of the gap junction protein Connexin43 reduces atherogenesis. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:390-401. [PMID: 24828015 DOI: 10.1160/th13-09-0773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitous reduction of the gap junction protein Connexin43 (Cx43) in mice provides beneficial effects on progression and composition of atherosclerotic lesions. Cx43 is expressed in multiple atheroma-associated cells but its function in each cell type is not known. To examine specifically the role of Cx43 in immune cells, we have lethally irradiated low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice and reconstituted with Cx43+/+, Cx43+/- or Cx43-/- haematopoietic fetal liver cells. Progression of atherosclerosis was significantly lower in aortic roots of Cx43+/- chimeras compared with Cx43+/+ and Cx43-/- chimeras, and their plaques contained significantly less neutrophils. The relative proportion of circulating leukocytes was similar between the three groups. Interestingly, the chemoattraction of neutrophils, which did not express Cx43, was reduced in response to supernatant secreted by Cx43+/- macrophages in comparison with the ones of Cx43+/+ and Cx43-/- macrophages. Cx43+/- macrophages did not differ from Cx43+/+ and Cx43-/- macrophages in terms of M1/M2 polarisation but show modified gene expression for a variety chemokines and complement components. In conclusion, titration of Cx43 expression in bone marrow-derived macrophages reduces atherosclerotic plaque formation and chemoattraction of neutrophils to the lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - B R Kwak
- Brenda R. Kwak, PhD, Dept. of Pathology and Immunology, Dept of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, University of Geneva, CMU, Rue Michel-Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland, Tel.: +41 22 379 57 37, Fax: +41 22 379 57 46, E-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Fu J, Chen YF, Zhao X, Creighton JR, Guo Y, Hage FG, Oparil S, Xing DD. Targeted delivery of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells overexpressing interleukin-8 receptors attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1539-47. [PMID: 24790141 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interleukin-8 (IL-8) receptors IL8RA and IL8RB (IL8RA/B) on neutrophil membranes bind to IL-8 with high affinity and play a critical role in neutrophil recruitment to sites of injury and inflammation. This study tested the hypothesis that administration of rat pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (ECs) overexpressing IL8RA/B can accelerate the adhesion of ECs to the injured lung and inhibit monocrotaline-induced pulmonary inflammation, arterial thickening and hypertension, and right ventricular hypertrophy. APPROACH AND RESULTS The treatment groups included 10-week-old ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats that received subcutaneous injection of PBS (vehicle), a single injection of monocrotaline (monocrotaline alone, 60 mg/kg, SC), monocrotaline followed by intravenous transfusion of ECs transduced with the empty adenoviral vector (null-EC), and monocrotaline followed by intravenous transfusion of ECs overexpressing IL8RA/B (1.5 × 10(6) cells/rat). Two days or 4 weeks after monocrotaline treatment, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-2β (IL-8 equivalent in rat), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression, neutrophil and macrophage infiltration into pulmonary arterioles, and arteriolar and alveolar morphology were measured by histological and immunohistochemical techniques. Proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine protein levels were measured by Multiplex rat-specific magnetic bead-based sandwich immunoassay in total lung homogenates. Transfusion of ECs overexpressing IL8RA/B significantly reduced monocrotaline-induced neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory mediator (IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2) expression in lungs and pulmonary arterioles and alveoli, pulmonary arterial pressure, and pulmonary arterial and right ventricular hypertrophy and remodeling. CONCLUSIONS These provocative findings suggest that targeted delivery of ECs overexpressing IL8RA/B is effective in repairing the injured pulmonary vasculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Fu
- From the Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (J.F., Y.-F.C., X.Z., Y.G., F.G.H., S.O., D.D.X.) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.R.C.); Department of Biochemistry and the Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, China (J.F.); and Section of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran's Administration Medical Center, AL (F.G.H.)
| | - Yiu-Fai Chen
- From the Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (J.F., Y.-F.C., X.Z., Y.G., F.G.H., S.O., D.D.X.) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.R.C.); Department of Biochemistry and the Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, China (J.F.); and Section of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran's Administration Medical Center, AL (F.G.H.)
| | - Xiangmin Zhao
- From the Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (J.F., Y.-F.C., X.Z., Y.G., F.G.H., S.O., D.D.X.) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.R.C.); Department of Biochemistry and the Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, China (J.F.); and Section of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran's Administration Medical Center, AL (F.G.H.)
| | - Judy R Creighton
- From the Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (J.F., Y.-F.C., X.Z., Y.G., F.G.H., S.O., D.D.X.) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.R.C.); Department of Biochemistry and the Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, China (J.F.); and Section of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran's Administration Medical Center, AL (F.G.H.)
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- From the Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (J.F., Y.-F.C., X.Z., Y.G., F.G.H., S.O., D.D.X.) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.R.C.); Department of Biochemistry and the Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, China (J.F.); and Section of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran's Administration Medical Center, AL (F.G.H.)
| | - Fadi G Hage
- From the Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (J.F., Y.-F.C., X.Z., Y.G., F.G.H., S.O., D.D.X.) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.R.C.); Department of Biochemistry and the Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, China (J.F.); and Section of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran's Administration Medical Center, AL (F.G.H.)
| | - Suzanne Oparil
- From the Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (J.F., Y.-F.C., X.Z., Y.G., F.G.H., S.O., D.D.X.) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.R.C.); Department of Biochemistry and the Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, China (J.F.); and Section of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran's Administration Medical Center, AL (F.G.H.)
| | - Daisy D Xing
- From the Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (J.F., Y.-F.C., X.Z., Y.G., F.G.H., S.O., D.D.X.) and Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham (J.R.C.); Department of Biochemistry and the Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, China (J.F.); and Section of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran's Administration Medical Center, AL (F.G.H.).
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Knight JS, Luo W, O'Dell AA, Yalavarthi S, Zhao W, Subramanian V, Guo C, Grenn RC, Thompson PR, Eitzman DT, Kaplan MJ. Peptidylarginine deiminase inhibition reduces vascular damage and modulates innate immune responses in murine models of atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2014; 114:947-56. [PMID: 24425713 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.303312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation promotes vascular damage, thrombosis, and activation of interferon-α-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells in diseased arteries. Peptidylarginine deiminase inhibition is a strategy that can decrease in vivo NET formation. OBJECTIVE To test whether peptidylarginine deiminase inhibition, a novel approach to targeting arterial disease, can reduce vascular damage and inhibit innate immune responses in murine models of atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Apolipoprotein-E (Apoe)(-/-) mice demonstrated enhanced NET formation, developed autoantibodies to NETs, and expressed high levels of interferon-α in diseased arteries. Apoe(-/-) mice were treated for 11 weeks with daily injections of Cl-amidine, a peptidylarginine deiminase inhibitor. Peptidylarginine deiminase inhibition blocked NET formation, reduced atherosclerotic lesion area, and delayed time to carotid artery thrombosis in a photochemical injury model. Decreases in atherosclerosis burden were accompanied by reduced recruitment of netting neutrophils and macrophages to arteries, as well as by reduced arterial interferon-α expression. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological interventions that block NET formation can reduce atherosclerosis burden and arterial thrombosis in murine systems. These results support a role for aberrant NET formation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis through modulation of innate immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason S Knight
- From the Department of Rheumatology (J.S.K., A.A.O., S.Y., R.C.G.) and Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI (W.L., C.G., D.T.E.); Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (W.Z., M.J.K.); and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL (V.S., P.R.T.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Morrison M, van der Heijden R, Heeringa P, Kaijzel E, Verschuren L, Blomhoff R, Kooistra T, Kleemann R. Epicatechin attenuates atherosclerosis and exerts anti-inflammatory effects on diet-induced human-CRP and NFκB in vivo. Atherosclerosis 2014; 233:149-56. [PMID: 24529136 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies investigating flavanol-rich foods provide indications for potential cardioprotective effects of these foods, but the effects of individual flavanols remain unclear. We investigated whether the flavanol epicatechin can reduce diet-induced atherosclerosis, with particular emphasis on the cardiovascular risk factors dyslipidaemia and inflammation. METHODS ApoE*3-Leiden mice were fed a cholesterol-containing atherogenic diet with or without epicatechin (0.1% w/w) to study effects on early- and late-stage atherosclerosis (8 w and 20 w). In vivo effects of epicatechin on diet-induced inflammation were studied in human-CRP transgenic mice and NFκB-luciferase reporter mice. RESULTS Epicatechin attenuated atherosclerotic lesion area in ApoE*3-Leiden mice by 27%, without affecting plasma lipids. This anti-atherogenic effect of epicatechin was specific to the severe lesion types, with no effect on mild lesions. Epicatechin mitigated diet-induced increases in plasma SAA (in ApoE*3-Leiden mice) and plasma human-CRP (in human-CRP transgenic mice). Microarray analysis of aortic gene expression revealed an attenuating effect of epicatechin on several diet-induced pro-atherogenic inflammatory processes in the aorta (e.g. chemotaxis of cells, matrix remodelling), regulated by NFκB. These findings were confirmed immunohistochemically by reduced lesional neutrophil content in HCE, and by inhibition of diet-induced NFκB activity in epicatechin-treated NFκB-luciferase reporter mice. CONCLUSION Epicatechin attenuates development of atherosclerosis and impairs lesion progression from mild to severe lesions in absence of an effect on dyslipidaemia. The observed reduction of circulating inflammatory risk factors by epicatechin (e.g. SAA, human-CRP), as well as its local anti-inflammatory activity in the vessel wall, provide a rationale for epicatechin's anti-atherogenic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martine Morrison
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Roel van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Heeringa
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Kaijzel
- Molecular Endocrinology and Molecular Imaging, Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rune Blomhoff
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Teake Kooistra
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kleemann
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Zernikedreef 9, 2333 CK Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Carbone F, Montecucco F. The role of the intraplaque vitamin d system in atherogenesis. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:620504. [PMID: 24459602 PMCID: PMC3888771 DOI: 10.1155/2013/620504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D has been shown to play critical activities in several physiological pathways not involving the calcium/phosphorus homeostasis. The ubiquitous distribution of the vitamin D receptor that is expressed in a variety of human and mouse tissues has strongly supported research on these "nonclassical" activities of vitamin D. On the other hand, the recent discovery of the expression also for vitamin D-related enzymes (such as 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 α -hydroxylase and the catabolic enzyme 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase) in several tissues suggested that the vitamin D system is more complex than previously shown and it may act within tissues through autocrine and paracrine pathways. This updated model of vitamin D axis within peripheral tissues has been particularly investigated in atherosclerotic pathophysiology. This review aims at updating the role of the local vitamin D within atherosclerotic plaques, providing an overview of both intracellular mechanisms and cell-to-cell interactions. In addition, clinical findings about the potential causal relationship between vitamin D deficiency and atherogenesis will be analysed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Cardiology Division, Foundation for Medical Researches, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Geneva, 64, Avenue de la Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa School of Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino-IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, 6 Viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall characterized by innate and adaptive immune system involvement. A key component of atherosclerotic plaque inflammation is the persistence of different innate immune cell types including mast cells, neutrophils, natural killer cells, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Several endogenous signals such as oxidized low-density lipoproteins, and exogenous signals such as lipopolysaccharides, trigger the activation of these cells. In particular, these signals orchestrate the early and late inflammatory responses through the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and contribute to plaque evolution through the formation of foam cells, among other events. In this review we discuss how innate immune system cells affect atherosclerosis pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
67
|
Venegas-Pino DE, Banko N, Khan MI, Shi Y, Werstuck GH. Quantitative analysis and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions in the murine aortic sinus. J Vis Exp 2013:50933. [PMID: 24335758 DOI: 10.3791/50933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a disease of the large arteries and a major underlying cause of myocardial infarction and stroke. Several different mouse models have been developed to facilitate the study of the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of this disease. In this manuscript we describe specific techniques for the quantification and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions in the murine aortic sinus and ascending aorta. The advantage of this procedure is that it provides an accurate measurement of the cross-sectional area and total volume of the lesion, which can be used to compare atherosclerotic progression across different treatment groups. This is possible through the use of the valve leaflets as an anatomical landmark, together with careful adjustment of the sectioning angle. We also describe basic staining methods that can be used to begin to characterize atherosclerotic progression. These can be further modified to investigate antigens of specific interest to the researcher. The described techniques are generally applicable to a wide variety of existing and newly created dietary and genetically-induced models of atherogenesis.
Collapse
|
68
|
Gomes Quinderé AL, Benevides NMB, Carbone F, Mach F, Vuilleumier N, Montecucco F. Update on selective treatments targeting neutrophilic inflammation in atherogenesis and atherothrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2013; 111:634-46. [PMID: 24285257 DOI: 10.1160/th13-08-0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the most common pathological process underlying cardiovascular diseases. Current therapies are largely focused on alleviating hyperlipidaemia and preventing thrombotic complications, but do not completely eliminate risk of suffering recurrent acute ischaemic events. Specifically targeting the inflammatory processes may help to reduce this residual risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in atherosclerotic patients. The involvement of neutrophils in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is an emerging field, where evidence for their causal contribution during various stages of atherosclerosis is accumulating. Therefore, the identification of neutrophils as a potential therapeutic target may offer new therapeutic perspective to reduce the current atherosclerotic burden. This narrative review highlights the expanding role of neutrophils in atherogenesis and discusses on the potential treatment targeting neutrophil-related inflammation and associated atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Fabrizio Montecucco, MD, PhD, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Genetics and Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland, Tel: +41 22 38 27 238, Fax: +41 22 38 27 245, E mail:
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Legein B, Temmerman L, Biessen EAL, Lutgens E. Inflammation and immune system interactions in atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3847-69. [PMID: 23430000 PMCID: PMC11113412 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for 16.7 million deaths each year. The underlying cause of the majority of CVD is atherosclerosis. In the past, atherosclerosis was considered to be the result of passive lipid accumulation in the vessel wall. Today's picture is far more complex. Atherosclerosis is considered a chronic inflammatory disease that results in the formation of plaques in large and mid-sized arteries. Both cells of the innate and the adaptive immune system play a crucial role in its pathogenesis. By transforming immune cells into pro- and anti-inflammatory chemokine- and cytokine-producing units, and by guiding the interactions between the different immune cells, the immune system decisively influences the propensity of a given plaque to rupture and cause clinical symptoms like myocardial infarction and stroke. In this review, we give an overview on the newest insights in the role of different immune cells and subtypes in atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Legein
- Experimental Vascular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieve Temmerman
- Experimental Vascular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A. L. Biessen
- Experimental Vascular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Experimental Vascular Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian’s University, Pettenkoferstrasse 8a/9, 80336 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Mayadas TN, Cullere X, Lowell CA. The multifaceted functions of neutrophils. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2013; 9:181-218. [PMID: 24050624 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020712-164023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 818] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils and neutrophil-like cells are the major pathogen-fighting immune cells in organisms ranging from slime molds to mammals. Central to their function is their ability to be recruited to sites of infection, to recognize and phagocytose microbes, and then to kill pathogens through a combination of cytotoxic mechanisms. These include the production of reactive oxygen species, the release of antimicrobial peptides, and the recently discovered expulsion of their nuclear contents to form neutrophil extracellular traps. Here we discuss these primordial neutrophil functions, which also play key roles in tissue injury, by providing details of neutrophil cytotoxic functions and congenital disorders of neutrophils. In addition, we present more recent evidence that interactions between neutrophils and adaptive immune cells establish a feed-forward mechanism that amplifies pathologic inflammation. These newly appreciated contributions of neutrophils are described in the setting of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya N Mayadas
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 20115;
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Zhao X, Zhang W, Xing D, Li P, Fu J, Gong K, Hage FG, Oparil S, Chen YF. Endothelial cells overexpressing IL-8 receptor reduce cardiac remodeling and dysfunction following myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H590-8. [PMID: 23771691 PMCID: PMC3891247 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00571.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium is a dynamic component of the cardiovascular system that plays an important role in health and disease. This study tested the hypothesis that targeted delivery of endothelial cells (ECs) overexpressing neutrophil membrane IL-8 receptors IL8RA and IL8RB reduces acute myocardial infarction (MI)-induced left ventricular (LV) remodeling and dysfunction and increases neovascularization in the area at risk surrounding the infarcted tissue. MI was created by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery in 12-wk-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. Four groups of rats were studied: group 1: sham-operated rats without MI or EC transfusion; group 2: MI rats with intravenous vehicle; group 3: MI rats with transfused ECs transduced with empty adenoviral vector (Null-EC); and group 4: MI rats with transfused ECs overexpressing IL8RA/RB (1.5 × 10⁶ cells post-MI). Two weeks after MI, LV function was assessed by echocardiography; infarct size was assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (live tissue) and picrosirus red (collagen) staining, and capillary density and neutrophil infiltration in the area at risk were measured by CD31 and MPO immunohistochemical staining, respectively. When compared with the MI + vehicle and MI-Null-EC groups, transfusion of IL8RA/RB-ECs decreased neutrophil infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and increased capillary density in the area at risk, decreased infarct size, and reduced MI-induced LV dysfunction. These findings provide proof of principle that targeted delivery of ECs is effective in repairing injured cardiac tissue. Targeted delivery of ECs to infarcted hearts provides a potential novel strategy for the treatment of acute MI in humans.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/transplantation
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunohistochemistry
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Male
- Myocardial Infarction/genetics
- Myocardial Infarction/immunology
- Myocardial Infarction/metabolism
- Myocardial Infarction/pathology
- Myocardial Infarction/physiopathology
- Myocardial Infarction/therapy
- Myocardium/immunology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Neutrophil Infiltration
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Interleukin-8/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-8/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Time Factors
- Transduction, Genetic
- Transfection
- Up-Regulation
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/genetics
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/immunology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/prevention & control
- Ventricular Function, Left
- Ventricular Remodeling
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangmin Zhao
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article provides an updated review on mechanistic and molecular studies relating to the effects of n-3 fatty acids (FA) on inhibiting atherogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS The effects of n-3 FA on modulating arterial lipoprotein lipase levels link to changes in lipid deposition in the arterial wall. Lipoprotein lipase expression in the arterial wall also relates to local macrophage-mediated inflammatory processes. Increasing evidence suggests that n-3 FA ameliorate inflammation, another key component in the development of atherosclerosis, including decreases in proinflammatory cytokine production. n-3 FA inhibit atherogenic signaling pathways and modulate the phenotypes of inflammatory leukocytes and their recruitment in the arterial wall. SUMMARY New mechanistic insights into the antiatherogenic action of n-3 FA have emerged. These studies may contribute to future therapeutic advances in preventing mortality and morbidity associated with atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuchun L Chang
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in several countries. The underlying process is atherosclerosis, a slowly progressing chronic disorder that can lead to intravascular thrombosis. There is overwhelming evidence for the underlying importance of our immune system in atherosclerosis. Monocytes, which comprise part of the innate immune system, can be recruited to inflamed endothelium and this recruitment has been shown to be proportional to the extent of atherosclerotic disease. Monocytes undergo migration into the vasculature, they differentiate into macrophage phenotypes, which are highly phagocytic and can scavenge modified lipids, leading to foam cell formation and development of the lipid-rich atheroma core. This increased influx leads to a highly inflammatory environment and along with other immune cells can increase the risk in the development of the unstable atherosclerotic plaque phenotype. The present review provides an overview and description of the immunological aspect of innate and adaptive immune cell subsets in atherosclerosis, by defining their interaction with the vascular environment, modified lipids and other cellular exchanges. There is a particular focus on monocytes and macrophages, but shorter descriptions of dendritic cells, lymphocyte populations, neutrophils, mast cells and platelets are also included.
Collapse
|
74
|
Tülübaş F, Gürel A, Akkoyun DC, Alpsoy Ş, Akyüz A, Erdoğan H, Yılmaz A. MCV and MCH Values in Coronary Artery Patients with Positive Gensini Score. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2013. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
75
|
Mócsai A. Diverse novel functions of neutrophils in immunity, inflammation, and beyond. J Exp Med 2013; 210:1283-99. [PMID: 23825232 PMCID: PMC3698517 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils have long been considered simple suicide killers at the bottom of the hierarchy of the immune response. That view began to change 10-20 yr ago, when the sophisticated mechanisms behind how neutrophils locate and eliminate pathogens and regulate immunity and inflammation were discovered. The last few years witnessed a new wave of discoveries about additional novel and unexpected functions of these cells. Neutrophils have been proposed to participate in protection against intracellular pathogens such as viruses and mycobacteria. They have been shown to intimately shape the adaptive immune response at various levels, including marginal zone B cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells and T cell populations, and even to control NK cell homeostasis. Neutrophils have been shown to mediate an alternative pathway of systemic anaphylaxis and to participate in allergic skin reactions. Finally, neutrophils were found to be involved in physiological and pathological processes beyond the immune system, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, and thrombus formation. Many of those functions appear to be related to their unique ability to release neutrophil extracellular traps even in the absence of pathogens. This review summarizes those novel findings on versatile functions of neutrophils and how they change our view of neutrophil biology in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Mócsai
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University School of Medicine, 1094 Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Karimi P, Rashtchizadeh N. Oxidative Versus Thrombotic Stimulation of Platelets Differentially activates Signalling Pathways. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2013; 5:61-5. [PMID: 24251013 DOI: 10.5681/jcvtr.2013.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atherosclerosis is one of the inflammatory underlying disease associated by oxidative stress and thrombotic agents. This study aimed to evaluate the potential role of cupper oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and thrombin for inducing mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in platelets. METHODS Phosphorylation of P38MAPK, Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK), and Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and P-selectin expression were determined in lysates of washed human platelets pretreated with low doses of thrombin and cu2+-OxLDL By Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pharmacological inhibition was performed by SB203580, PD980559 and SP6000125 for P38MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK activity, respectively. The ratio of phosphorylated to total protein was used for normalizing the phospho proteins contents of cells. RESULTS OxLDL and thrombin significantly and differentially increased P-selectin expression (P<0.05), P38MAPK (P<0.05) and c-JNK (P<0.05) and ERK1/2 (P<0.05) phosphorylation in platelets. SB 203580 and SP6000125 significantly decreased P-selectin expression in both oxidative (P<0.05) and thrombotic (P<0.05) activated platelets. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that MAPK inhibitors can reduce atherothrombotic events via alterations in P-selectin expression suggesting that these inhibitors may be useful in the inhibition of atheroma development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pouran Karimi
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Iwata
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (H.I.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.I., I.M., R.N.); and Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan (R.N.)
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (H.I.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.I., I.M., R.N.); and Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan (R.N.)
| | - Ryozo Nagai
- From the Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (H.I.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.I., I.M., R.N.); and Jichi Medical University, Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan (R.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils and instability of the atherosclerotic plaque: a causative role? Inflamm Res 2013; 62:537-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
79
|
Soehnlein O, Swirski FK. Hypercholesterolemia links hematopoiesis with atherosclerosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:129-36. [PMID: 23228326 PMCID: PMC4302393 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the progressive accumulation of lipids and leukocytes in the arterial wall. Leukocytes such as macrophages accumulate oxidized lipoproteins in the growing atheromata and give rise to foam cells, which can then contribute to the necrotic core of lesions. Lipids and leukocytes also interact in other important ways. In experimental models, systemic hypercholesterolemia is associated with severe neutrophilia and monocytosis. Recent evidence indicates that cholesterol-sensing pathways control the proliferation of hematopoietic stem-cell progenitors. Here we review some of the studies that are forging this particular link between metabolism and inflammation, and propose several strategies that could target this axis for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Soehnlein
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Kadoglou NPE, Moustardas P, Katsimpoulas M, Kapelouzou A, Kostomitsopoulos N, Schafer K, Kostakis A, Liapis CD. The beneficial effects of a direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate, on the development and stability of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice : dabigatran etexilate and atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2013; 26:367-74. [PMID: 22940777 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-012-6411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dabigatran etexilate (DE) constitutes a novel, direct thrombin inhibitor. Regarding the association of thrombin with atherogenesis, we assessed the effects of DE on the development and stability of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein-E deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. MATERIALS-METHODS Fifty male ApoE-/- mice were randomized to receive western-type diet either supplemented with DE 7.5 mg DE/g chow) (DE-group, n = 25) or matching placebo as control (CO-group, n = 25) for 12 weeks. After this period, all mice underwent carotid artery injury with ferric chloride and the time to thrombotic total occlusion (TTO) was measured. Then, mice were euthanatized and each aortic arch was analyzed for the mean plaque area, the content of macrophages, elastin, collagen, nuclear factor kappaB (NFκB), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and its inhibitor (TIMP-1). RESULTS DE-group showed significantly longer TTO compared to CO-group (8.9 ± 2.3 min vs 3.5 ± 1.1 min, p < 0.001) and the mean plaque area was smaller in DE-group than CO-group (441.00 ± 160.01 × 10(3) μm(2) vs 132.12 ± 32.17 × 10(3) μm(2), p < 0.001). Atherosclerotic lesions derived from DE-treated mice showed increased collagen (p = 0.043) and elastin (p = 0.031) content, thicker fibrous caps (p < 0.001) and reduced number of internal elastic lamina ruptures per mm of arterial girth (p < 0.001) when compared to CO-group. Notably, DE treatment seemed to promote plaque stability possibly by reducing concentrations of NFκB, VCAM-1, macrophages and MMP-9 and increasing TIMP-1 within atherosclerotic lesions (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS DE attenuates arterial thrombosis, reduces lesion size and may promote plaque stability in ApoE-/- mice. The plaque-stabilizing effects of chronic thrombin inhibition might be the result of the favorable modification of inflammatory mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P E Kadoglou
- Center of Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessioustr, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Borissoff JI, Otten JJT, Heeneman S, Leenders P, van Oerle R, Soehnlein O, Loubele STBG, Hamulyák K, Hackeng TM, Daemen MJAP, Degen JL, Weiler H, Esmon CT, van Ryn J, Biessen EAL, Spronk HMH, ten Cate H. Genetic and pharmacological modifications of thrombin formation in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice determine atherosclerosis severity and atherothrombosis onset in a neutrophil-dependent manner. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55784. [PMID: 23409043 PMCID: PMC3567111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variations in the blood coagulation activity, determined genetically or by medication, may alter atherosclerotic plaque progression, by influencing pleiotropic effects of coagulation proteases. Published experimental studies have yielded contradictory findings on the role of hypercoagulability in atherogenesis. We therefore sought to address this matter by extensively investigating the in vivo significance of genetic alterations and pharmacologic inhibition of thrombin formation for the onset and progression of atherosclerosis, and plaque phenotype determination. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We generated transgenic atherosclerosis-prone mice with diminished coagulant or hypercoagulable phenotype and employed two distinct models of atherosclerosis. Gene-targeted 50% reduction in prothrombin (FII(-/WT):ApoE(-/-)) was remarkably effective in limiting disease compared to control ApoE(-/-) mice, associated with significant qualitative benefits, including diminished leukocyte infiltration, altered collagen and vascular smooth muscle cell content. Genetically-imposed hypercoagulability in TM(Pro/Pro):ApoE(-/-) mice resulted in severe atherosclerosis, plaque vulnerability and spontaneous atherothrombosis. Hypercoagulability was associated with a pronounced neutrophilia, neutrophil hyper-reactivity, markedly increased oxidative stress, neutrophil intraplaque infiltration and apoptosis. Administration of either the synthetic specific thrombin inhibitor Dabigatran etexilate, or recombinant activated protein C (APC), counteracted the pro-inflammatory and pro-atherogenic phenotype of pro-thrombotic TM(Pro/Pro):ApoE(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We provide new evidence highlighting the importance of neutrophils in the coagulation-inflammation interplay during atherogenesis. Our findings reveal that thrombin-mediated proteolysis is an unexpectedly powerful determinant of atherosclerosis in multiple distinct settings. These studies suggest that selective anticoagulants employed to prevent thrombotic events may also be remarkably effective in clinically impeding the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian I Borissoff
- Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Agardh HE, Gertow K, Salvado DM, Hermansson A, van Puijvelde GH, Hansson GK, n-Berne GP, Gabrielsen A. Fatty acid binding protein 4 in circulating leucocytes reflects atherosclerotic lesion progression in Apoe(-/-) mice. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:303-10. [PMID: 23387955 PMCID: PMC3822593 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of novel biomarkers for atherosclerosis is important to aid in early diagnosis of pre-symptomatic patients at high risk of cardiovascular events. The aim of the present study was therefore to identify potential biomarkers in circulating cells reflecting atherosclerotic lesion progression in the vessel wall. We performed gene arrays on circulating leucocytes from atherosclerosis prone Apoe(-/-) mice with increasing ages, using C57BL/6 mice as healthy controls. We identified fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) mRNA to be augmented in mice with established disease compared with young Apoe(-/-) or controls. Interestingly, the transcript FABP4 correlated significantly with lesion size, further supporting a disease associated increase. In addition, validation of our finding on protein level showed augmented FABP4 in circulating leucocytes whereas, importantly, no change could be observed in plasma. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated FABP4 to be present mainly in circulating neutrophils and to some extent in monocytes. Moreover, FABP4-positive neutrophils and macrophages could be identified in the subintimal space in the plaque. Using human circulating leucocytes, we confirmed the presence of FABP4 protein in neutrophils and monocytes. In conclusion, we have showed that cellular levels of FABP4 in circulating leucocytes associate with lesion development in the experimental Apoe(-/-) model. The increased expression is primarily localized to neutrophils, but also in monocytes. We have identified FABP4 in leucocytes as a potential and easy accessible biomarker of atherosclerosis which could be of future clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna E Agardh
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
de Jager SCA, Bot I, Kraaijeveld AO, Korporaal SJA, Bot M, van Santbrink PJ, van Berkel TJC, Kuiper J, Biessen EAL. Leukocyte-specific CCL3 deficiency inhibits atherosclerotic lesion development by affecting neutrophil accumulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:e75-83. [PMID: 23288165 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite common disbelief that neutrophils are involved in atherosclerosis, evidence is accumulating for a causal role of neutrophils in atherosclerosis. CC chemokine ligand (CCL)3 is an inflammatory chemokine and its expression is significantly increased during atherosclerotic lesion formation in mice. It has recently been shown that under conditions of inflammation neutrophils can migrate along a CCL3 gradient. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of leukocyte-derived CCL3 in atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Irradiated low density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) mice, reconstituted with CCL3(-/-) or littermate bone marrow showed markedly reduced CCL3 response to lipopolysaccharide treatment, establishing the critical relevance of leukocytes as source of CCL3. Hematopoietic deficiency of CCL3 significantly reduced aortic sinus lesion formation by 31% after 12 weeks of western-type diet. Interestingly, whereas plaque macrophage, collagen, and vascular smooth muscle cell content were unchanged, neutrophil adhesion to and presence in plaques was significantly attenuated in CCL3(-/-) chimeras. These mice had reduced circulating neutrophil numbers, which could be ascribed to an increased neutrophil turnover and CCL3(-/-) neutrophils were shown to be less responsive toward the neutrophil chemoattractant CXC chemokine ligand 1. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that under conditions of acute inflammation leukocyte-derived CCL3 can induce neutrophil chemotaxis toward the atherosclerotic plaque, thereby accelerating lesion formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia C A de Jager
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Lenglet S, Thomas A, Soehnlein O, Montecucco F, Burger F, Pelli G, Galan K, Cravatt B, Staub C, Steffens S. Fatty acid amide hydrolase deficiency enhances intraplaque neutrophil recruitment in atherosclerotic mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 33:215-23. [PMID: 23241405 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endocannabinoid levels are elevated in human and mouse atherosclerosis, but their causal role is not well understood. Therefore, we studied the involvement of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) deficiency, the major enzyme responsible for endocannabinoid anandamide degradation, in atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. METHODS AND RESULTS We assessed atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) and ApoE(-/-)FAAH(-/-) mice. Before and after 5, 10, and 15 weeks on high-cholesterol diet, we analyzed weight, serum cholesterol, and endocannabinoid levels, and atherosclerotic lesions in thoracoabdominal aortas and aortic sinuses. Serum levels of FAAH substrates anandamide, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and oleoylethanolamide (OEA) were 1.4- to 2-fold higher in case of FAAH deficiency. ApoE(-/-)FAAH(-/-) mice had smaller plaques with significantly lower content of smooth muscle cells, increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression, and neutrophil content. Circulating and bone marrow neutrophil counts were comparable between both genotypes, whereas CXC ligand1 levels were locally elevated in aortas of FAAH-deficient mice. We observed enhanced recruitment of neutrophils, but not monocytes, to large arteries of ApoE(-/-) mice treated with FAAH inhibitor URB597. Spleens of ApoE(-/-)FAAH(-/-) mice had reduced CD4+FoxP3+regulatory T-cell content, and in vitro stimulation of splenocytes revealed significantly elevated interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α production in case of FAAH deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Increased anandamide and related FAAH substrate levels are associated with the development of smaller atherosclerotic plaques with high neutrophil content, accompanied by an increased proinflammatory immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lenglet
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Researches, 64 Ave Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Businaro R. Neuroimmunology of the atherosclerotic plaque: a morphological approach. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 8:15-27. [PMID: 23150034 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process, lasting for several decades until the onset of its clinical manifestations. The progression of the atherosclerotic lesion to a stable fibrotic plaque, narrowing the vascular lumen, or to a vulnerable plaque leading to main vascular complications, is associated to the involvement of several cell subpopulations of the innate as well as of the adaptive immunity, and to the release of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Emerging evidence outlines that the cardiovascular risk is dependent on stress-mediators influencing cell migration and vascular remodeling. The view that atherosclerosis is initiated by monocytes and lymphocytes adhering to dysfunctional endothelial cells is substantiated by experimental and clinical observations. Macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, granulocytes accumulating into the subendothelial space secrete and are stimulated by soluble factors, including peptides, proteases and cytokines acting synergistically. The final step of the disease, leading to plaque destabilization and rupture, is induced by the release, at the level of the fibrous cap, of metalloproteinases and elastases by the activated leukocytes which accumulate locally. Recruitment of specific cell subpopulations as well as the progression of atherosclerotic lesions towards a stable or an unstable phenotype, are related to the unbalance between pro-atherogenic and anti-atherogenic factors. In this connection stress hormones deserve particular attention, since their role in vascular remodeling, via vascular smooth cell proliferation, as well as in neoangiogenesis, via stimulation of endothelial cell proliferation and migration, has been already established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Businaro
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Azab B, Chainani V, Shah N, McGinn JT. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of major adverse cardiac events among diabetic population: a 4-year follow-up study. Angiology 2012; 64:456-65. [PMID: 22904109 DOI: 10.1177/0003319712455216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is an inflammatory marker of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) in both acute coronary syndromes and stable coronary artery disease. The use of NLR as a predictive tool for MACEs among diabetic patients has not been elucidated. An observational study included 338 diabetic patients followed at our clinic between 2007 and 2011. Patients were arranged into equal tertiles according to the 2007 NLR. The MACEs included acute myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, and mortality. The lowest NLR tertile (NLR < 1.6) had fewer MACEs compared with the highest NLR tertile (NLR > 2.36; MACEs were 6 of 113 patients vs 24 of 112 patients, respectively; P < .0001). In a multivariate model, the adjusted hazard ratio of third NLR tertile compared with first NLR tertile was 2.8 (95% confidence interval 1.12-6.98, P = .027). The NLR is a significant independent predictor of MACEs in diabetic patients. Further studies with larger numbers are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basem Azab
- Department of Surgery, Staten Island University Hospital, Staten Island, NY 10305, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ in Vascular Inflammation. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:508416. [PMID: 22888436 PMCID: PMC3409528 DOI: 10.1155/2012/508416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular inflammation plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis, and its regulation is important to prevent cerebrovascular and coronary artery disease. The inflammatory process in atherogenesis involves a variety of immune cells including monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, which all express peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). PPAR-γ is a nuclear receptor and transcription factor in the steroid superfamily and is known to be a key regulator of adipocyte differentiation. Increasing evidence from mainly experimental studies has demonstrated that PPAR-γ activation by endogenous and synthetic ligands is involved in lipid metabolism and anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, recent clinical studies have shown a beneficial effect of thiazolidinediones, synthetic PPAR-γ ligands, on cardiovascular disease beyond glycemic control. These results suggest that PPAR-γ activation is an important regulator in vascular inflammation and is expected to be a therapeutic target in the treatment of atherosclerotic complications. This paper reviews the recent findings of PPAR-γ involvement in vascular inflammation and the therapeutic potential of regulating the immune system in atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
88
|
Bhatnagar P, Lu X, Evans MK, Laveist TA, Zonderman AB, Carter DL, Arking DE, Fletcher CA. Genetic variants in platelet factor 4 modulate inflammatory and platelet activation biomarkers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 5:412-21. [PMID: 22763266 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.111.961813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans suffer from higher prevalence and severity of atherosclerosis compared with whites, highlighting racial and ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease. Previous studies have pointed to the role of vascular inflammation and platelet activation in the formation of atherosclerotic lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS We explored the role of genetic variation in 4 chemokine/chemokine receptor genes (CX3CR1, CX3CL1, CXCR3, and PF4) on systemic inflammation and platelet activation serum biomarkers (fractalkine, platelet P-selectin, platelet factor 4 [PF4], and tumor necrosis factor-α). In total, 110 single nucleotide polymorphisms were tested among 1042 African Americans and 763 whites. The strongest association with serum PF4 levels was observed for rs168449, which was significant in both racial groups (P value: African Americans=0.0017, whites=0.014, combined=1.2 × 10(-4)), and remained significant after permutation-based multiple corrections (P(c) value: combined=0.0013). After accounting for the effect of rs168449, we identified another significant single nucleotide polymorphism (rs1435520), suggesting a second independent signal regulating serum PF4 levels (conditional P value: African Americans=0.02, whites=0.02). Together, these single nucleotide polymorphisms explained 0.98% and 1.23% of serum PF4 variance in African Americans and whites, respectively. Additionally, in African Americans, we found an additional PF4 variant (rs8180167), uncorrelated with rs168449 and rs1435520, associated with serum tumor necrosis factor-α levels (P=0.008, P(c)=0.048). CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the importance of PF4 variants in the regulation of platelet activation (PF4) and systemic inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α) serum biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallav Bhatnagar
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Döring Y, Soehnlein O, Drechsler M, Shagdarsuren E, Chaudhari SM, Meiler S, Hartwig H, Hristov M, Koenen RR, Hieronymus T, Zenke M, Weber C, Zernecke A. Hematopoietic Interferon Regulatory Factor 8-Deficiency Accelerates Atherosclerosis in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1613-23. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.236539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Inflammatory leukocyte accumulation drives atherosclerosis. Although monocytes/macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMN) contribute to lesion formation, sequelae of myeloproliferative disease remain to be elucidated.
Methods and Results—
We used mice deficient in interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8
−/−
) in hematopoietic cells that develop a chronic myelogenous leukemia-like phenotype. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice reconstituted with IRF8
−/−
or IRF8
−/−
apolipoprotein E-deficient bone marrow displayed an exacerbated atherosclerotic lesion formation compared with controls. The chronic myelogenous leukemia-like phenotype in mice with IRF8
−/−
bone marrow, reflected by an expansion of PMN in the circulation, was associated with an increased lesional accumulation and apoptosis of PMN, and enlarged necrotic cores. IRF8
−/−
compared with IRF8
+/+
PMN displayed unaffected reactive oxygen species formation and discharge of PMN granule components. In contrast, accumulating in equal numbers at sites of inflammation, IRF8
−/−
macrophages were defective in efferocytosis, lipid uptake, and interleukin-10 cytokine production. Importantly, depletion of PMN in low-density lipoprotein receptor or apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with IRF8
−/−
or IRF8
−/−
apolipoprotein E-deficient bone marrow abrogated increased lesion formation.
Conclusion—
These findings indicate that a chronic myelogenous leukemia-like phenotype contributes to accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. Among proatherosclerotic effects of other cell types, this, in part, is linked to an expansion of functionally intact PMN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Döring
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Maik Drechsler
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Erdenechimeg Shagdarsuren
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Sweena M. Chaudhari
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Svenja Meiler
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Helene Hartwig
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Mihail Hristov
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Rory R. Koenen
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Thomas Hieronymus
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Martin Zenke
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Alma Zernecke
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Connexins in atherosclerosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1828:157-66. [PMID: 22609170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall, involves multiple cell types of different origins, and complex interactions and signaling pathways between them. Autocrine and paracrine communication pathways provided by cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and lipid mediators are central to atherogenesis. However, it is becoming increasingly recognized that a more direct communication through both hemichannels and gap junction channels formed by connexins also plays an important role in atherosclerosis development. Three main connexins are expressed in cells involved in atherosclerosis: Cx37, Cx40 and Cx43. Cx37 is found in endothelial cells, monocytes/macrophages and platelets, Cx40 is predominantly an endothelial connexin, and Cx43 is found in a large variety of cells such as smooth muscle cells, resident and circulating leukocytes (neutrophils, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, activated macrophages, mast cells) and some endothelial cells. Here, we will systematically review the expression and function of connexins in cells and processes underlying atherosclerosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Communicating junctions, roles and dysfunctions.
Collapse
|
91
|
Abstract
Because of their rare detection in atherosclerotic lesions, the involvement of neutrophils in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis has been largely denied. However, over the past couple of years, studies have provided convincing evidence for the presence of neutrophils in atherosclerotic plaques and further revealed the causal contribution of neutrophils during various stages of atherosclerosis. This review describes mechanisms underlying hyperlipidemia-mediated neutrophilia and how neutrophils may enter atherosclerotic lesions. It also highlights possible mechanisms of neutrophil-driven atherogenesis and plaque destabilization. Knowledge of the contribution of neutrophils to atherosclerosis will allow for exploration of new avenues in the treatment of atherogenesis and atherothrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Wågsäter D, Johansson D, Fontaine V, Vorkapic E, Bäcklund A, Razuvaev A, Mäyränpää MI, Hjerpe C, Caidahl K, Hamsten A, Franco-Cereceda A, Wilbertz J, Swedenborg J, Zhou X, Eriksson P. Serine protease inhibitor A3 in atherosclerosis and aneurysm disease. Int J Mol Med 2012; 30:288-94. [PMID: 22580763 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in both atherosclerosis and aneurysm disease. Serine protease inhibitor A3 (serpinA3) is an inhibitor of several proteases such as elastase, cathepsin G and chymase derived from mast cells and neutrophils. In this study, we investigated the putative role of serpinA3 in atherosclerosis and aneurysm formation. SerpinA3 was expressed in endothelial cells and medial smooth muscle cells in human atherosclerotic lesions and a 14-fold increased expression of serpinA3n mRNA was found in lesions from Apoe-/- mice compared to lesion-free vessels. In contrast, decreased mRNA expression (-80%) of serpinA3 was found in biopsies of human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) compared to non-dilated aortas. Overexpression of serpinA3n in transgenic mice did not influence the development of atherosclerosis or CaCl2-induced aneurysm formation. In situ zymography analysis showed that the transgenic mice had lower cathepsin G and elastase activity, and more elastin in the aortas compared to wild-type mice, which could indicate a more stable aortic phenotype. Differential vascular expression of serpinA3 is clearly associated with human atherosclerosis and AAA but serpinA3 had no major effect on experimentally induced atherosclerosis or AAA development in mouse. However, serpinA3 may be involved in a phenotypic stabilization of the aorta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dick Wågsäter
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Döring Y, Drechsler M, Wantha S, Kemmerich K, Lievens D, Vijayan S, Gallo RL, Weber C, Soehnlein O. Lack of neutrophil-derived CRAMP reduces atherosclerosis in mice. Circ Res 2012; 110:1052-6. [PMID: 22394519 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.265868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neutrophils have been reported to contribute to early atherosclerotic lesion formation. Mechanisms of neutrophil-driven atherosclerosis remain unclear so far. OBJECTIVE Investigation of the role of the neutrophil granule protein cathelicidin (CRAMP in mouse, LL37 in human) in atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Compared to Apoe(-/-) mice, Cramp(-/-) Apoe(-/-) mice exhibit reduced lesion sizes with lower macrophage numbers. In atherosclerotic aortas, we could detect CRAMP specifically in neutrophils, but not in monocytes or macrophages. By use of intravital microscopy, CRAMP was found to be deposited by activated neutrophils on inflamed endothelium of large arteries. In this location cathelicidins promote adhesion of classical monocytes and neutrophils, but not nonclassical monocytes in a formyl-peptide receptor-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Cathelicidins promote atherosclerosis by enhancement of the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians University München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Xing D, Li P, Gong K, Yang Z, Yu H, Hage FG, Oparil S, Chen YF. Endothelial cells overexpressing interleukin-8 receptors reduce inflammatory and neointimal responses to arterial injury. Circulation 2012; 125:1533-41. [PMID: 22361324 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.078436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-8 (IL8) receptors IL8RA and IL8RB on neutrophil membranes bind to IL8 and direct neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation, including acutely injured arteries. This study tested whether administration of IL8RA- and/or IL8RB-transduced rat aortic endothelial cells (ECs) accelerates adhesion of ECs to the injured surface, thus suppressing inflammation and neointima formation in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries. We tested the hypothesis that targeted delivery of ECs by overexpressing IL8RA and IL8RB receptors prevents inflammatory responses and promotes structural recovery of arteries after endoluminal injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Young adult male rats received balloon injury of the right carotid artery and were transfused intravenously with ECs (total, 1.5×10(6) cells at 1, 3, and 5 hours after injury) transduced with adenoviral vectors carrying IL8RA, IL8RB, and IL8RA/RB (dual transduction) genes, AdNull (empty vector), or vehicle (no EC transfusion). ECs overexpressing IL8Rs inhibited proinflammatory mediators expression significantly (by 60% to 85%) and reduced infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages into injured arteries at 1 day after injury, as well as stimulating a 2-fold increase in reendothelialization at 14 days after injury. IL8RA-EC, IL8RB-EC, and IL8RA/RB-EC treatment reduced neointima formation dramatically (by 80%, 74%, and 95%) at 28 days after injury. CONCLUSIONS ECs with overexpression of IL8RA and/or IL8RB mimic the behavior of neutrophils that target and adhere to injured tissues, preventing inflammation and neointima formation. Targeted delivery of ECs to arteries with endoluminal injury provides a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqi Xing
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 703 19th Street S., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Averill MM, Kerkhoff C, Bornfeldt KE. S100A8 and S100A9 in cardiovascular biology and disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:223-9. [PMID: 22095980 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.236927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is recent and widespread interest in the damage-associated molecular pattern molecules S100A8 and S100A9 in cardiovascular science. These proteins have a number of interesting features and functions. For example, S100A8 and S100A9 (S100A8/A9) have both intracellular and extracellular actions, they are abundantly expressed in inflammatory and autoimmune states, primarily by myeloid cells but also by other vascular cells, and they modulate inflammatory processes, in part through Toll-like receptor 4 and the receptor for advanced glycation end products. S100A8/A9 also have anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory actions. Furthermore, increased plasma levels of S100A8/A9 predict cardiovascular events in humans, and deletion of these proteins partly protects Apoe(-)(/)(-) mice from atherosclerosis. Understanding the roles of S100A8 and S100A9 in vascular cell types and the mechanisms whereby these proteins mediate their biological effects may offer new therapeutic strategies to prevent, treat, and predict cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Averill
- Department of Pathology, Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, 815 Mercer St, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109-8055, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Eriksson EE. Intravital Microscopy on Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice Establishes Microvessels as Major Entry Pathways for Leukocytes to Advanced Lesions. Circulation 2011; 124:2129-38. [PMID: 21986280 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.030627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background—
There has been considerable speculation about the role of lesion microvessels in the accumulation of leukocytes in atherosclerosis. However, direct study of microvascular recruitment of leukocytes in lesions has not been performed, and the quantitative role for this route of entry is unclear.
Methods and Results—
Here, microvascular recruitment of leukocytes was studied in advanced lesions in 12- to 24-month-old apolipoprotein E–deficient (ApoE
−/−
) mice. Histology and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of mainly adventitial, but also intimal, microvessels. Interactions between leukocytes and endothelium occurred in lesion venules. Leukocyte rolling was largely P-selectin dependent; however, residual rolling was mediated by L-selectin and endothelial P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1. Leukocyte adhesion was significant and was attenuated in mice treated with antibodies against P-selectin, CD18, or both before preparation for intravital microscopy, suggesting acute activation of these 2 molecules by surgical trauma. Nonetheless, the density of firmly arrested leukocytes was 100-fold higher in lesion venules compared with the arterial lumen even in mice pretreated with antibodies against P-selectin and CD18, indicating strong recruitment of cells from venules that is unrelated to experimental manipulation. Fluorescent myelomonocytic cells in ApoE
−/−
mice carrying a knock-in mutation for enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in the lysozyme M locus (ApoE
−/−
/lysM
EGFP/EGFP
mice) were distributed specifically around lesion venules, but not around arterioles or capillaries, further indicating ongoing extravasation from venules into plaque tissue.
Conclusions—
These findings provide strong data for microvascular recruitment of leukocytes in atherosclerosis and indicate roles for L-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Einar E Eriksson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) arising from atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. The underlying pathogenesis involves an imbalanced lipid metabolism and a maladaptive immune response entailing a chronic inflammation of the arterial wall. The disturbed equilibrium of lipid accumulation, immune responses and their clearance is shaped by leukocyte trafficking and homeostasis governed by chemokines and their receptors. New pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways linking lipid and inflammation biology have been discovered, and genetic profiling studies have unveiled variations involved in human CAD. The growing understanding of the inflammatory processes and mediators has uncovered an intriguing diversity of targetable mechanisms that can be exploited to complement lipid-lowering therapies. Here we aim to systematically survey recently identified molecular mechanisms, translational developments and clinical strategies for targeting lipid-related inflammation in atherosclerosis and CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Kyaw T, Tipping P, Toh BH, Bobik A. Current understanding of the role of B cell subsets and intimal and adventitial B cells in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2011; 22:373-9. [PMID: 21881498 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32834adaf3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Inflammation, in addition to high cholesterol is a major factor contributing to atherosclerosis-associated adverse cardiovascular events. Thus, there is a pressing need for additional therapeutic strategies to reduce inflammation, by targeting immune cells and cytokines. Here we review B cell subsets and adventitial and intimal B cells in atherosclerosis development and discuss potential B cell-targeted anti-inflammatory therapies for atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS B cell subsets can have opposing proatherogenic and atheroprotective roles in atherosclerosis. CD-20-targeted B cell depletion has been shown to decrease murine atherosclerotic lesions. The accumulation of intimal and adventitial B cells associated with atherosclerotic lesions is consistent with their participation in local inflammatory responses. As B2 B cells are proatherogenic, blocking its survival factor B cell activating factor may selectively delete this proatherogenic subset. SUMMARY Both intimal and adventitial B cells appear important in atherosclerosis. B2 B cells are proatherogenic and other subsets such as regulatory B cells are antiatherogenic. Future B cell-targeted therapy for atherosclerosis should be customized to selectively deplete damaging B2 B cells while sparing or expanding protective B cell subsets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tin Kyaw
- Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Little PJ, Chait A, Bobik A. Cellular and cytokine-based inflammatory processes as novel therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:255-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
100
|
Wu G, Wei G, Huang J, Pang S, Liu L, Yan B. Decreased gene expression of LC3 in peripheral leucocytes of patients with coronary artery disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2011; 41:958-63. [PMID: 21812771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a common and multifactorial arterial disease that is mainly caused by atherosclerosis. Macrophages, lymphocytes and neutrophils have been implicated in atherosclerotic plaque development. Autophagy, a highly conserved cellular process for the removal of long-lived protein and organelles, plays a variety of pathophysiological roles. However, the roles of autophagy in peripheral leucocytes in atherosclerosis and CAD have not been explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS LC3 is a marker gene for autophagy, and LC3-II, a conjugated form of LC3 protein, is a membrane marker for autophagosome and autophagolysosomes. In this study, LC3 gene expression levels and LC3-II protein levels in peripheral leucocytes were measured in patients with CAD (n = 146) and healthy controls (n = 87). RESULTS In patients with CAD, LC3 gene expression levels in the peripheral leucocytes were significantly decreased compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls (P < 0·01). LC3-II protein levels were also significantly decreased in patients with CAD (P < 0·01). Multivariate logistic analyses showed that decreased LC3 gene expression levels were strongly associated with CAD. There were no differences in LC3 transcripts and LC3-II protein levels between subgroups of patients with CAD. CONCLUSIONS LC3 gene expression in the peripheral leucocytes was significantly decreased in patients with CAD, indicating that autophagosome formation is decreased. These data suggest that autophagy in circulating leucocytes may be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Jining Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|