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Emerging Strategies for the Treatment of Tumor Stem Cells in Central Nervous System Malignancies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 853:167-87. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16537-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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52
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Gu W, McMillan N, Yu C. Silencing of E6/E7 expression in cervical cancer stem-like cells. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1249:173-182. [PMID: 25348305 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2013-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the concept that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for the tumor recurrence and metastasis, the two major causes of cancer-related death. Therefore, CSC-targeted cancer therapy is important for the future development of more effective and advanced cancer therapy. One of the approaches is to specifically silence oncogene expression in CSCs and inhibit their growth. The significance of this approach is its specificity and ability to avoid multi-drug resistance of CSCs. In this chapter, we will describe a method of silencing HPV oncogenes E6/E7 in human cervical CSCs using HeLa cells as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Gu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Roads (Building 75), Brisbane, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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53
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Zhang Y, Wang SX, Ma JW, Li HY, Ye JC, Xie SM, Du B, Zhong XY. EGCG inhibits properties of glioma stem-like cells and synergizes with temozolomide through downregulation of P-glycoprotein inhibition. J Neurooncol 2014; 121:41-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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54
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Díaz-Carballo D, Gustmann S, Jastrow H, Acikelli AH, Dammann P, Klein J, Dembinski U, Bardenheuer W, Malak S, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Schultheis B, Aldinger C, Strumberg D. Atypical cell populations associated with acquired resistance to cytostatics and cancer stem cell features: the role of mitochondria in nuclear encapsulation. DNA Cell Biol 2014; 33:749-74. [PMID: 25126674 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2014.2375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, acquired resistance to cytostatics had mostly been attributed to biochemical mechanisms such as decreased intake and/or increased efflux of therapeutics, enhanced DNA repair, and altered activity or deregulation of target proteins. Although these mechanisms have been widely investigated, little is known about membrane barriers responsible for the chemical imperviousness of cell compartments and cellular segregation in cytostatic-treated tumors. In highly heterogeneous cross-resistant and radiorefractory cell populations selected by exposure to anticancer agents, we found a number of atypical recurrent cell types in (1) tumor cell cultures of different embryonic origins, (2) mouse xenografts, and (3) paraffin sections from patient tumors. Alongside morphologic peculiarities, these populations presented cancer stem cell markers, aberrant signaling pathways, and a set of deregulated miRNAs known to confer both stem-cell phenotypes and highly aggressive tumor behavior. The first type, named spiral cells, is marked by a spiral arrangement of nuclei. The second type, monastery cells, is characterized by prominent walls inside which daughter cells can be seen maturing amid a rich mitochondrial environment. The third type, called pregnant cells, is a giant cell with a syncytium-like morphology, a main nucleus, and many endoreplicative functional progeny cells. A rare fourth cell type identified in leukemia was christened shepherd cells, as it was always associated with clusters of smaller cells. Furthermore, a portion of resistant tumor cells displayed nuclear encapsulation via mitochondrial aggregation in the nuclear perimeter in response to cytostatic insults, probably conferring imperviousness to drugs and long periods of dormancy until nuclear eclosion takes place. This phenomenon was correlated with an increase in both intracellular and intercellular mitochondrial traffic as well as with the uptake of free extracellular mitochondria. All these cellular disorders could, in fact, be found in untreated tumor cells but were more pronounced in resistant entities, suggesting a natural mechanism of cell survival triggered by chemical injury, or a primitive strategy to ensure stemming, self-renewal, and differentiation under adverse conditions, a fact that may play a significant role in chemotherapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Díaz-Carballo
- 1 Institute of Molecular Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics, Marienhospital Herne, Ruhr University of Bochum Medical School , Herne, Germany
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Zhang L, Xia Y, Li L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Li C, Yu T. Cancer stem cell-like cells exist in mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line MC3. Oncol Res 2014; 20:589-600. [PMID: 24139417 DOI: 10.3727/096504013x13775486749452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence for the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in tumors exists. CSCs play an important role in the development, invasion, and drug resistance of carcinoma. Poorly differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is a lethal malignancy of human salivary gland tumors. However, whether there are CSCs in MEC and their phenotypes remains unclear. We isolated side population (SP) and sphere-forming cells from the MEC cell line MC3 and identified their characteristics. The results showed that sphere-forming assays could enrich stem cell-like cells, with this group of cells exhibiting high cloning efficiency, possessing strong tumorigenic ability, and highly expressing Oct4 based on PCR and immunocytochemistry assays. They also highly expressed CD44 and lowly expressed CD24 according to PCR, immunocytochemistry assays, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. Higher cloning efficiency was observed in the SP cells, but PCR revealed that the SP and non-SP cells did not statistically differ in their expression of ABCG2, Oct4, CD44, and CD24. In spite of these, the findings were not conclusive on whether SP cells are stem cell-like cells. In conclusion, CSC-like cells do exist in the MC3 cell line, and sphere-forming assays could enrich them, sphere-forming and SP cells are not the same kind of cell subpopulations, and the characteristics of SP cells need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Rama AR, Alvarez PJ, Madeddu R, Aranega A. ABC transporters as differentiation markers in glioblastoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4847-51. [PMID: 25028266 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3423-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumour, characterized by a high aggressivity, a huge heterogeneity attending a hierarchical model and resistance to therapy. Drug resistance has been correlated with the presence of the ABC efflux transporters which are able to exclude drugs for the cellular cytoplasm. In the nucleus of the GBM, initiating cells (ICs) can self-renew and give rise to cancer stem cells, which differ to the side population cells and the different cellular subtypes that form the mass around them. The ICs do not express or express ATP binding cassette (ABC) at very low levels, but this expression may increase with the differentiation process. We suggest that the differentiation process may be responsible of chemoresistance of the GBM cells. We compared three ABC transporters expression: ABCA1, MRP4 and MRP5, in the ICs obtained from 9 patients with GBM and their respective differentiated GBM cells. We show an overexpression of the three ABC transporters in the differentiated GBM cells in comparison to ICs. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS The blockade of these ABC transporters could help to improve the drug effectivity and thus reduce the tumour growth and prevent the tumour recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Rama
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaen, Campus Las Lagunillas, s/n, 23071, Jaen, Spain,
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Alvarez AA, Field M, Bushnev S, Longo MS, Sugaya K. The effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors on glioblastoma-derived stem cells. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:7-20. [PMID: 24874578 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor with limited effective treatment options. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a subpopulation of cancer cells with stem cell properties found in GBMs, have been shown to be extremely resistant to radiation and chemotherapeutic agents and have the ability to readily reform tumors. Therefore, the development of therapeutic agents targeting CSCs is extremely important. In this study, we isolated glioblastoma-derived stem cells (GDSCs) from GBM tissue removed from patients during surgery and analyzed their gene expression using quantitative real-time PCR and immunocytochemistry. We examined the effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors trichostatin A (TSA) and valproic acid (VPA) on the proliferation and gene expression profiles of GDSCs. The GDSCs expressed significantly higher levels of both neural and embryonic stem cell markers compared to GBM cells expanded in conventional monolayer cultures. Treatment of GDSCs with histone deacetylase inhibitors, TSA and VPA, significantly reduced proliferation rates of the cells and expression of the stem cell markers, indicating differentiation of the cells. Since differentiation into GBM makes them susceptible to the conventional cancer treatments, we posit that use of histone deacetylase inhibitors may increase efficacy of the conventional cancer treatments for eliminating GDSCs.
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Abstract
Astrocyte-elevated gene-1 (AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC) is a potent oncogene that regulates key cellular processes underlying disease of the central nervous system (CNS). From its involvement in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection to its role in neurodegenerative disease and malignant brain tumors, AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC facilitates cellular survival and proliferation through the control of a multitude of molecular signaling cascades. AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC induction by HIV-1 and TNF highlights its importance in viral infection, and its incorporation into viral vesicles supports its potential role in active viral replication. Overexpression of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC in the brains of Huntington's disease patients suggests its function in neurodegenerative disease, and its association with genetic polymorphisms in large genome-wide association studies of migraine patients suggests a possible role in the pathogenesis of migraine headaches. In the field of cancer, AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC promotes angiogenesis, migration, invasion, and enhanced tumor metabolism through key oncogenic signaling cascades. In response to external stress cues and cellular mechanisms to inhibit further growth, AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC activates pathways that bypass cell checkpoints and potentiates signals to enhance survival and tumorigenesis. As an oncogene that promotes aberrant cellular processes within the CNS, AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC represents an important therapeutic target for the treatment of neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan K Noch
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill-Cornell Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
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Cho DY, Lin SZ, Yang WK, Lee HC, Hsu DM, Lin HL, Chen CC, Liu CL, Lee WY, Ho LH. Targeting cancer stem cells for treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Cell Transplant 2014; 22:731-9. [PMID: 23594862 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x655136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are radioresistant and chemoresistant, which eventually results in tumor recurrence. Targeting CSCs for treatment is the most crucial issue. There are five methods for targeting the CSCs of GBM. One is to develop a new chemotherapeutic agent specific to CSCs. A second is to use a radiosensitizer to enhance the radiotherapy effect on CSCs. A third is to use immune cells to attack the CSCs. In a fourth method, an agent is used to promote CSCs to differentiate into normal cells. Finally, ongoing gene therapy may be helpful. New therapeutic agents for targeting a signal pathway, such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular epidermal growth factor (VEGF) or protein kinase inhibitors, have been used for GBM but for CSCs the effects still require further evaluation. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) inhibitors have proven to be effective for increasing radiation sensitivity of CSCs in culture. Autologous dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the promising immunotherapeutic agents in clinical trials and may provide another innovative method for eradication of CSCs. Bone-morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is an agent used to induce CSCs to differentiate into normal glial cells. Research on gene therapy by viral vector is also being carried out in clinical trials. Targeting CSCs by eliminating the GBM tumor may provide an innovative way to reduce tumor recurrence by providing a synergistic effect with conventional treatment. The combination of conventional surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy with stem cell-orientated therapy may provide a new promising treatment for reducing GBM recurrence and improving the survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Der-Yang Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuropsychiatry Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Jiang P, Mukthavaram R, Mukthavavam R, Chao Y, Bharati IS, Fogal V, Pastorino S, Cong X, Nomura N, Gallagher M, Abbasi T, Vali S, Pingle SC, Makale M, Kesari S. Novel anti-glioblastoma agents and therapeutic combinations identified from a collection of FDA approved drugs. J Transl Med 2014; 12:13. [PMID: 24433351 PMCID: PMC3898565 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is a therapeutic challenge, associated with high mortality. More effective GBM therapeutic options are urgently needed. Hence, we screened a large multi-class drug panel comprising the NIH clinical collection (NCC) that includes 446 FDA-approved drugs, with the goal of identifying new GBM therapeutics for rapid entry into clinical trials for GBM. Methods Screens using human GBM cell lines revealed 22 drugs with potent anti-GBM activity, including serotonergic blockers, cholesterol-lowering agents (statins), antineoplastics, anti-infective, anti-inflammatories, and hormonal modulators. We tested the 8 most potent drugs using patient-derived GBM cancer stem cell-like lines. Notably, the statins were active in vitro; they inhibited GBM cell proliferation and induced cellular autophagy. Moreover, the statins enhanced, by 40-70 fold, the pro-apoptotic activity of irinotecan, a topoisomerase 1 inhibitor currently used to treat a variety of cancers including GBM. Our data suggest that the mechanism of action of statins was prevention of multi-drug resistance protein MDR-1 glycosylation. This drug combination was synergistic in inhibiting tumor growth in vivo. Compared to animals treated with high dose irinotecan, the drug combination showed significantly less toxicity. Results Our data identifies a novel combination from among FDA-approved drugs. In addition, this combination is safer and well tolerated compared to single agent irinotecan. Conclusions Our study newly identifies several FDA-approved compounds that may potentially be useful in GBM treatment. Our findings provide the basis for the rational combination of statins and topoisomerase inhibitors in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Santosh Kesari
- Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Chockalingam S, Ghosh SS. Amelioration of cancer stem cells in macrophage colony stimulating factor-expressing U87MG-human glioblastoma upon 5-fluorouracil therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83877. [PMID: 24391839 PMCID: PMC3877109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF) regulates growth, proliferation and differentiation of haematopoietic cell lineages. Many cancers are known to secrete high level of MCSF, which recruit macrophages into the tumour micro-environment, supporting tumour growth. Herein, we report the cloning of MCSF and subsequent generation of U87MG expressing MCSF stable cell line (U87-MCSF). Cytotoxicity of anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was evaluated on both U87MG and U87-MCSF cells. Interestingly, the proliferation of U87-MCSF cells was less (p<0.001) than that of U87MG cells alone, after treatment with 5-FU. Significant decrease in expression levels of cyclin E and A2 quantified by real time PCR analysis corroborated the reduced proliferation of 5-FU treated U87-MCSF cells. However, JC-1 staining did not reveal any apoptosis upon 5-FU treatment. Notch-1 upregulation induced a possible epithelial-mesenchymal transition in U87-MCSF cells, which accounted for an increase in the proportion of CD24high/CD44less cancer stem cells in U87-MCSF cells after 5-FU treatment. The elevated resistance of U87-MCSF cells towards 5-FU was due to the increase in the expressions (10.2 and 6 fold) of ABCB1 and mdm2, respectively. Furthermore, increase in expressions of ABCG1, mdm2 and CD24 was also observed in U87MG cells after prolonged incubation with 5-FU. Our studies provided mechanistic insights into drug resistance of U87MG cells and also described the pivotal role played by MCSF in augmenting the resistance of U87MG cells to 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Chockalingam
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Siddhartha Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
- * E-mail:
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62
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Ye F, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Yamada K, Tso JL, Menjivar JC, Tian JY, Yong WH, Schaue D, Mischel PS, Cloughesy TF, Nelson SF, Liau LM, McBride W, Tso CL. Protective properties of radio-chemoresistant glioblastoma stem cell clones are associated with metabolic adaptation to reduced glucose dependence. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80397. [PMID: 24260384 PMCID: PMC3832364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) are a significant cell model for explaining brain tumor recurrence. However, mechanisms underlying their radiochemoresistance remain obscure. Here we show that most clonogenic cells in GSC cultures are sensitive to radiation treatment (RT) with or without temozolomide (TMZ). Only a few single cells survive treatment and regain their self-repopulating capacity. Cells re-populated from treatment-resistant GSC clones contain more clonogenic cells compared to those grown from treatment-sensitive GSC clones, and repeated treatment cycles rapidly enriched clonogenic survival. When compared to sensitive clones, resistant clones exhibited slower tumor development in animals. Upregulated genes identified in resistant clones via comparative expression microarray analysis characterized cells under metabolic stress, including blocked glucose uptake, impaired insulin/Akt signaling, enhanced lipid catabolism and oxidative stress, and suppressed growth and inflammation. Moreover, many upregulated genes highlighted maintenance and repair activities, including detoxifying lipid peroxidation products, activating lysosomal autophagy/ubiquitin-proteasome pathways, and enhancing telomere maintenance and DNA repair, closely resembling the anti-aging effects of caloric/glucose restriction (CR/GR), a nutritional intervention that is known to increase lifespan and stress resistance in model organisms. Although treatment–introduced genetic mutations were detected in resistant clones, all resistant and sensitive clones were subclassified to either proneural (PN) or mesenchymal (MES) glioblastoma subtype based on their expression profiles. Functional assays demonstrated the association of treatment resistance with energy stress, including reduced glucose uptake, fatty acid oxidation (FAO)-dependent ATP maintenance, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and autophagic activity, and increased AMPK activity and NAD+ levels accompanied by upregulated mRNA levels of SIRT1/PGC-1α axis and DNA repair genes. These data support the view that treatment resistance may arise from quiescent GSC exhibiting a GR-like phenotype, and suggest that targeting stress response pathways of resistant GSC may provide a novel strategy in combination with standard treatment for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ye
- Department of Surgery/Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yibei Zhang
- Department of Surgery/Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Surgery/Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kazunari Yamada
- Department of Surgery/Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Advanced Molecular and Cell Therapy, Kyushu University Hospital, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jonathan L. Tso
- Department of Surgery/Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jimmy C. Menjivar
- Department of Surgery/Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jane Y. Tian
- Department of Surgery/Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William H. Yong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Mischel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Timothy F. Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stanley F. Nelson
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Linda M. Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - William McBride
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Cho-Lea Tso
- Department of Surgery/Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Riganti C, Salaroglio IC, Caldera V, Campia I, Kopecka J, Mellai M, Annovazzi L, Bosia A, Ghigo D, Schiffer D. Temozolomide downregulates P-glycoprotein expression in glioblastoma stem cells by interfering with the Wnt3a/glycogen synthase-3 kinase/β-catenin pathway. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1502-17. [PMID: 23897632 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme stem cells display a highly chemoresistant phenotype, whose molecular basis is poorly known. We aim to clarify this issue and to investigate the effects of temozolomide on chemoresistant stem cells. METHODS A panel of human glioblastoma cultures, grown as stem cells (neurospheres) and adherent cells, was used. RESULTS Neurospheres had a multidrug resistant phenotype compared with adherent cells. Such chemoresistance was overcome by apparently noncytotoxic doses of temozolomide, which chemosensitized glioblastoma cells to doxorubicin, vinblastine, and etoposide. This effect was selective for P-glycoprotein (Pgp) substrates and for stem cells, leading to an investigation of whether there was a correlation between the expression of Pgp and the activity of typical stemness pathways. We found that Wnt3a and ABCB1, which encodes for Pgp, were both highly expressed in glioblastoma stem cells and reduced by temozolomide. Temozolomide-treated cells had increased methylation of the cytosine-phosphate-guanine islands in the Wnt3a gene promoter, decreased expression of Wnt3a, disrupted glycogen synthase-3 kinase/β-catenin axis, reduced transcriptional activation of ABCB1, and a lower amount and activity of Pgp. Wnt3a overexpression was sufficient to transform adherent cells into neurospheres and to simultaneously increase proliferation and ABCB1 expression. On the contrary, glioblastoma stem cells silenced for Wnt3a lost the ability to form neurospheres and reduced at the same time the proliferation rate and ABCB1 levels. CONCLUSIONS Our work suggests that Wnt3a is an autocrine mediator of stemness, proliferation, and chemoresistance in human glioblastoma and that temozolomide may chemosensitize the stem cell population by downregulating Wnt3a signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Riganti
- Corresponding Author: Chiara Riganti, MD, Department of Oncology, University of Turin, via Santena 5/bis, 10126, Turin, Italy.
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Duan JJ, Qiu W, Xu SL, Wang B, Ye XZ, Ping YF, Zhang X, Bian XW, Yu SC. Strategies for isolating and enriching cancer stem cells: well begun is half done. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2221-39. [PMID: 23540661 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) constitute a subpopulation of cancer cells that have the potential for self-renewal, multipotent differentiation, and tumorigenicity. Studies on CSC biology and CSC-targeted therapies depend on CSC isolation and/or enrichment methodologies. Scientists have conducted extensive research in this field since John Dick's group successfully isolated CSCs based on the expression of the CD34 and CD38 surface markers. Progress in CSC research has been greatly facilitated by the enrichment and isolation of these cells. In this review, we summarize the current strategies used in our and other laboratories for CSC isolation and enrichment, including methods based on stem cell surface markers, intracellular enzyme activity, the concentration of reactive oxygen species, the mitochondrial membrane potential, promoter-driven fluorescent protein expression, autofluorescence, suspension/adherent culture, cell division, the identification of side population cells, resistance to cytotoxic compounds or hypoxia, invasiveness/adhesion, immunoselection, and physical property. Although many challenges remain to be overcome, it is reasonable to believe that more reliable, efficient, and convenient methods will be developed in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jie Duan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Koshkin PA, Chistiakov DA, Chekhonin VP. Role of microRNAs in mechanisms of glioblastoma resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:325-34. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913040019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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66
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Hitting Them Where They Live: Targeting the Glioblastoma Perivascular Stem Cell Niche. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013; 1:101-110. [PMID: 23766946 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma growth potential and resistance to therapy is currently largely attributed to a subset of tumor cells with stem-like properties. If correct, this means that cure will not be possible without eradication of the stem cell fraction and abrogation of those mechanisms through which stem cell activity is induced and maintained. Glioblastoma stem cell functions appear to be non-cell autonomous and the consequence of tumor cell residence within specialized domains such as the perivascular stem cell niche. In this review we consider the multiple cellular constituents of the perivascular niche, the molecular mechanisms that support niche structure and function and the implications of the perivascular localization of stem cells for anti-angiogenic approaches to cure.
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Methyl Antcinate A suppresses the population of cancer stem-like cells in MCF7 human breast cancer cell line. Molecules 2013; 18:2539-48. [PMID: 23442930 PMCID: PMC6270214 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18032539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl antcinate A (MAA) is an ergostane-type triterpenoid extracted from the fruiting bodies of Antrodia camphorate that has been reported to be a cytotoxic agent towards some types of cancer cells, such as oral cancer and liver cancer. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a particular population within cancer cells which are responsible for tumor initiation, drug resistance and metastasis and targeting CSCs is an emerging area in cancer therapy. In this study, we examine the effect of MAA on cancer stem-like cells in the MCF7 human breast cancer cell line. Although MAA displayed very low cytotoxic effect towards MCF7 under normal culture conditions, it did show good inhibitory effects on the self-renewal capability which was examined by mammosphere culture including primary and secondary sphere. MAA also inhibited cell migration ability of MCF7 sphere cells. By western blot analysis, MAA was shown to suppress the expression of heat shock protein 27 and increase the expression of IkBα and p53. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that MAA has anti-CSC activity and is worthy of future development of potent anticancer agents.
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68
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Singh SK, Manoranjan B, Venugopal C. Evolution of brain tumor-initiating cell research: in pursuit of a moving target. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.12.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila K Singh
- McMaster Stem Cell & Cancer Research Institute (SCC-RI), & Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Branavan Manoranjan
- McMaster Stem Cell & Cancer Research Institute (SCC-RI), & Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, ON, Canada
- MDCL 5027, Michael DeGroote Centre for Learning & Discovery, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- McMaster Stem Cell & Cancer Research Institute (SCC-RI), & Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, McMaster University, ON, Canada
- MDCL 5027, Michael DeGroote Centre for Learning & Discovery, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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69
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Vázquez-Blomquist D, Fernández JR, Miranda J, Bello C, Silva JA, Estrada RC, Novoa LI, Palenzuela D, Bello I. Selection of reference genes for use in quantitative reverse transcription PCR assays when using interferons in U87MG. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:11167-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Vishvakarma NK, Kumar A, Singh V, Singh SM. Hyperglycemia of tumor microenvironment modulates stage-dependent tumor progression and multidrug resistance: implication of cell survival regulatory molecules and altered glucose transport. Mol Carcinog 2012; 52:932-45. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.21922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anjani Kumar
- School of Biotechnology; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi 221 005 UP India
| | - Vivek Singh
- School of Biotechnology; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi 221 005 UP India
| | - Sukh Mahendra Singh
- School of Biotechnology; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi 221 005 UP India
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71
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Chistiakov DA, Chekhonin VP. Contribution of microRNAs to radio- and chemoresistance of brain tumors and their therapeutic potential. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 684:8-18. [PMID: 22484336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas, particularly high grade brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme, are characterized by increased anaplasy, malignancy, proliferation, and invasion. These tumors exhibit high resistance to radiation therapy and treatment with anti-cancer drugs. The radio- and chemoresistance of gliomas is attributed to cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are considered as major contributors for maintenance and propagation of tumor cell mass, cancer malignancy and invasiveness, and tumor cell survival after courses of radiotherapy and medical interventions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), key post-transcriptional gene regulators, have altered expression profiles in gliomas. Some of miRNAs whose expression is markedly up-regulated in brain tumors are likely to have a pro-oncogenic role through supporting growth, proliferation, migration, and survival of cancer stem and non-stem cells. In contrast, a population of miRNA possessing anti-tumor effects is suppressed in gliomas. In this review, we will consider miRNAs and their influence on radio- and chemoresistance of gliomas. These miRNAs harbor a great therapeutic significance as potent agents in future targeted anti-cancer therapy to sensitize glioma tumor cells and CSCs to cytotoxic effects of radiation exposure and treatment with anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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72
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Rao S, Sengupta R, Choe EJ, Woerner BM, Jackson E, Sun T, Leonard J, Piwnica-Worms D, Rubin JB. CXCL12 mediates trophic interactions between endothelial and tumor cells in glioblastoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33005. [PMID: 22427929 PMCID: PMC3299723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests endothelial cells (EC) play a critical role in promoting Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell proliferation and resistance to therapy. The molecular basis for GBM-EC interactions is incompletely understood. We hypothesized that the chemokine CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4 could mediate direct interactions between GBM cells and tumor-associated endothelial cells and that disruption of this interaction might be the molecular basis for the anti-tumor effects of CXCR4 antagonists. We investigated this possibility in vivo and in an in vitro co-culture model that incorporated extracellular matrix, primary human brain microvascular ECs (HBMECs) and either an established GBM cell line or primary GBM specimens. Depletion of CXCR4 in U87 GBM cells blocked their growth as intracranial xenografts indicating that tumor cell CXCR4 is required for tumor growth in vivo. In vitro, co-culture of either U87 cells or primary GBM cells with HBMECs resulted in their co-localization and enhanced GBM cell growth. Genetic manipulation of CXCL12 expression and pharmacological inhibition of its receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 revealed that the localizing and trophic effects of endothelial cells on GBM cells were dependent upon CXCL12 and CXCR4. These findings indicate that the CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway directly mediates endothelial cell trophic function in GBMs and that inhibition of CXCL12-CXCR4 signaling may uniquely target this activity. Therapeutic disruption of endothelial cell trophic functions could complement the structural disruption of anti-angiogenic regimens and, in combination, might also improve the efficacy of radiation and chemotherapy in treating GBMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Rao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rajarshi Sengupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Eun Joo Choe
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - B. Mark Woerner
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Erin Jackson
- Bridging Research with Imaging, Genomics and High-Throughput Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Leonard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Bridging Research with Imaging, Genomics and High-Throughput Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Molecular Imaging Center, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joshua B. Rubin
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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73
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Bmi1 marks intermediate precursors during differentiation of human brain tumor initiating cells. Stem Cell Res 2011; 8:141-53. [PMID: 22265735 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The master regulatory gene Bmi1 modulates key stem cell properties in neural precursor cells (NPCs), and has been implicated in brain tumorigenesis. We previously identified a population of CD133+ brain tumor cells possessing stem cell properties, known as brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs). Here, we characterize the expression and role of Bmi1 in primary minimally cultured human glioblastoma (GBM) patient isolates in CD133+ and CD133- sorted populations. We find that Bmi1 expression is increased in CD133- cells, and Bmi1 protein and transcript expression are highest during intermediate stages of differentiation as CD133+ BTICs lose their CD133 expression. Furthermore, in vitro stem cell assays and Bmi1 knockdown show that Bmi1 contributes to self-renewal in CD133+ populations, but regulates proliferation and cell fate determination in CD133- populations. Finally, we test if our in vitro stem cell assays and Bmi1 expression in BTIC patient isolates are predictive of clinical outcome for GBM patients. Bmi1 expression profiles show a marked elevation in the proneural GBM subtype, and stem cell frequency as assessed by tumor sphere assays correlates with patient outcome.
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74
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Cheema TA, Kanai R, Kim GW, Wakimoto H, Passer B, Rabkin SD, Martuza RL. Enhanced antitumor efficacy of low-dose Etoposide with oncolytic herpes simplex virus in human glioblastoma stem cell xenografts. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:7383-93. [PMID: 21976549 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) inevitably recurs despite surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. A subpopulation of tumor cells, GBM stem cells (GSC), has been implicated in this recurrence. The chemotherapeutic agent etoposide is generally reserved for treating recurrent tumors; however, its effectiveness is limited due to acute and cumulative toxicities to normal tissues. We investigate a novel combinatorial approach of low-dose etoposide with an oncolytic HSV to enhance antitumor activity and limit drug toxicity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In vitro, human GBM cell lines and GSCs were treated with etoposide alone, oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) G47Δ alone, or the combination. Cytotoxic interactions were analyzed using the Chou-Talalay method, and changes in caspase-dependent apoptosis and cell cycle were determined. In vivo, the most etoposide-resistant human GSC, BT74, was implanted intracranially and treated with either treatment alone or the combination. Analysis included effects on survival, therapy-associated adverse events, and histologic detection of apoptosis. RESULTS GSCs varied in their sensitivity to etoposide by over 50-fold in vitro, whereas their sensitivity to G47Δ was similar. Combining G47Δ with low-dose etoposide was moderately synergistic in GSCs and GBM cell lines. This combination did not enhance virus replication, but significantly increased apoptosis. In vivo, the combination of a single cycle of low-dose etoposide with G47Δ significantly extended survival of mice-bearing etoposide-insensitive intracranial human GSC-derived tumors. CONCLUSIONS The combination of low-dose etoposide with G47Δ increases survival of mice-bearing intracranial human GSC-derived tumors without adverse side effects. These results establish this as a promising combination strategy to treat resistant and recurrent GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooba A Cheema
- Brain Tumor Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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75
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Etoposide-mediated glioblastoma cell death: dependent or independent on the expression of its target, topoisomerase II alpha? J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137:1705-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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76
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Gu W, Yeo E, McMillan N, Yu C. Silencing oncogene expression in cervical cancer stem-like cells inhibits their cell growth and self-renewal ability. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 18:897-905. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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77
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Jeon HM, Sohn YW, Oh SY, Oh SY, Kim SH, Beck S, Kim S, Kim H. ID4 imparts chemoresistance and cancer stemness to glioma cells by derepressing miR-9*-mediated suppression of SOX2. Cancer Res 2011; 71:3410-21. [PMID: 21531766 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioma stem cells (GSC) possess tumor-initiating potential and are relatively resistant to conventional chemotherapy and irradiation. Thus, they are considered to be major drivers for glioma initiation, progression, and recurrence. However, the precise mechanism governing acquisition of their drug resistance remains to be elucidated. Our previous study has shown that inhibitor of differentiation 4 (ID4) dedifferentiates Ink4a/Arf(-/-) mouse astrocytes and human glioma cells to glioma stem-like cells (induced GSCs or iGSCs). In this article, we report that ID4-driven iGSCs exhibit chemoresistant behavior to anticancer drugs through activation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. We found that ID4 enhanced SOX2 protein expression by suppressing microRNA-9* (miR-9*), which can repress SOX2 by targeting its 3'-untranslated region. Consequently, ID4-mediated SOX2 induction enhanced ABCC3 and ABCC6 expression through direct transcriptional regulation, indicating that ID4 regulates the chemoresistance of iGSCs by promoting SOX2-mediated induction of ABC transporters. Furthermore, we found that short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of SOX2 in ID4-driven iGSCs resulted in loss of cancer stemness. Moreover, ectopic expression of SOX2 could dedifferentiate Ink4a/Arf(-/-) astrocytes and glioma cells to iGSCs, indicating a crucial role of SOX2 in genesis and maintenance of GSCs. Finally, we found that the significance of the ID4-miR-9*-SOX2-ABCC3/ABCC6 regulatory pathway is recapitulated in GSCs derived from patients with glioma. Together, our results reveal a novel regulatory mechanism by which ID4-driven suppression of miR-9* induces SOX2, which imparts stemness potential and chemoresistance to glioma cells and GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Min Jeon
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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78
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Broadley KWR, Hunn MK, Farrand KJ, Price KM, Grasso C, Miller RJ, Hermans IF, McConnell MJ. Side population is not necessary or sufficient for a cancer stem cell phenotype in glioblastoma multiforme. Stem Cells 2011; 29:452-61. [PMID: 21425408 DOI: 10.1002/stem.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
There is strong evidence for the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the aggressive brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). These cells have stem-like self-renewal activity and increased tumor initiation capacity and are believed to be responsible for recurrence due to their resistance to therapy. Several techniques have been used to enrich for CSC, including growth in serum-free defined media to induce sphere formation, and isolation of a stem-like cell using exclusion of the fluorescent dye Hoechst 33342, the side population (SP). We show that sphere formation in GBM cell lines and primary GBM cells enriches for a CSC-like phenotype of increased self-renewal gene expression in vitro and increased tumor initiation in vivo. However, the SP was absent from all sphere cultures. Direct isolation of the SP from the GBM lines did not enrich for stem-like activity in vitro, and tumor-initiating activity was lower in sorted SP compared with non-SP and parental cells. Transient exposure to doxorubicin enhanced both CSC and SP frequency. However, doxorubicin treatment altered the cytometric profile and obscured the SP demonstrating the difficulty of identifying SP in cells under stress. Doxorubicin-exposed cells showed a transient increase in SP, but the doxorubicin-SP cells were still not enriched for a stem-like self-renewal phenotype. These data demonstrate that the GBM SP does not necessarily contribute to self-renewal or tumor initiation, key properties of a CSC, and we advise against using SP to enumerate or isolate CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate W R Broadley
- Cell Survival Group, Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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Mullins CS, Eisold S, Klar E, Linnebacher M. Multidrug-resistance proteins are weak tumor associated antigens for colorectal carcinoma. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:38. [PMID: 21740599 PMCID: PMC3160416 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a clinically, highly relevant phenomenon. Under chemotherapy many tumors show an increasing resistance towards the applied substance(s) and to a certain extent also towards other agents. An important molecular cause of this phenomenon is an increased expression of transporter proteins. The functional relationship between high expression levels and chemotherapy resistance makes these MDR and MRP (MDR related protein) proteins to interesting therapeutic targets. We here wanted to systematically analyze, whether these proteins are tumor specific antigens which could be targeted immunologically. RESULTS Using the reverse immunology approach, 30 HLA-A2.1 restricted MDR and MRP derived peptides (MDP) were selected. Stimulated T cell lines grew well and mainly contained activated CD8+ cells. Peptide specificity and HLA-A2.1 restriction were proven in IFN-γ-ELISpot analyses and in cytotoxicity tests against MDP loaded target cells for a total of twelve peptides derived from MDR-1, MDR-3, MRP-1, MRP-2, MRP-3 and MRP-5. Of note, two of these epitopes are shared between MDR-1 and MDR-3 as well as MRP-2 and MRP-3. However, comparably weak cytotoxic activities were additionally observed against HLA-A2.1+ tumor cells even after upregulation of MDR protein expression by in vitro chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data demonstrate that human T cells can be sensitised towards MDPs and hence, there is no absolute immunological tolerance. However, our data also hint towards rather low endogenous tumor cell processing and presentation of MDPs in the context of HLA-A2.1 molecules. Consequently, we conclude that MDR and MRP proteins must be considered as weak tumor specific antigens-at least for colorectal carcinoma. Their direct contribution to therapy-failure implies however, that it is worth to further pursue this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Mullins
- Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Section Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Germany
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Yang K, Chen XZ, Zhang B, Yang C, Chen HN, Chen ZX, Zhou ZG, Chen JP, Hu JK. Is CD133 a biomarker for cancer stem cells of colorectal cancer and brain tumors? A meta-analysis. Int J Biol Markers 2011; 26:173-180. [PMID: 21786247 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.2011.8551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD133 has been used to identify normal and cancer stem cells from several different tissues. Nowadays some researchers have reported that CD133 expression was not restricted to cancer stem cells (CSCs) of colorectal cancer and brain tumors, and CD133-negative subsets could also initiate tumors. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to assess the value of CD133 as a biomarker of CSCs for colorectal cancer and brain tumors. METHODS A Medline search was performed to identify relevant studies for the analysis. The meta-analysis was done using RevMan 5.0 software. Outcome measures were colony formation rate and xenotransplanted tumor formation rate. RESULTS Fifteen identified studies were available for analysis. For in vitro tests, there were no significant differences in the colony formation rates between CD133-positive and CD133-negative cells for colorectal cancer and brain tumors. For in vivo tests, the xenotransplanted tumor formation rate showed a significant difference between CD133-positive cells and CD133-negative cells in colorectal cancer only, corresponding to a risk difference of 0.40 (95%CI: 0.07, 0.73). Samples (cell lines versus tissues), applied biomarkers (combined versus single), and injection site were included as factors in sensitivity analyses, but the results were very inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS CD133 may not be suitable as a universe biomarker in identifying CSCs of colorectal cancer and brain tumors. Additional studies are necessary to further delineate its role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province - P.R. China
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81
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Delivery of molecularly targeted therapy to malignant glioma, a disease of the whole brain. Expert Rev Mol Med 2011; 13:e17. [PMID: 21676290 DOI: 10.1017/s1462399411001888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme, because of its invasive nature, can be considered a disease of the entire brain. Despite recent advances in surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, current treatment regimens have only a marginal impact on patient survival. A crucial challenge is to deliver drugs effectively to invasive glioma cells residing in a sanctuary within the central nervous system. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the delivery of many small and large molecules into the brain. Drug delivery to the brain is further restricted by active efflux transporters present at the BBB. Current clinical assessment of drug delivery and hence efficacy is based on the measured drug levels in the bulk tumour mass that is usually removed by surgery. Mounting evidence suggests that the inevitable relapse and lethality of glioblastoma multiforme is due to a failure to effectively treat invasive glioma cells. These invasive cells hide in areas of the brain that are shielded by an intact BBB, where they continue to grow and give rise to the recurrent tumour. Effective delivery of chemotherapeutics to the invasive glioma cells is therefore critical, and long-term efficacy will depend on the ability of a molecularly targeted agent to penetrate an intact and functional BBB throughout the entire brain. This review highlights the various aspects of the BBB, and also the brain-tumour-cell barrier (a barrier due to expression of efflux transporters in tumour cells), that together can significantly influence drug response. It then discusses the challenge of glioma as a disease of the whole brain, which lends emphasis to the need to deliver drugs effectively across the BBB to reach both the central tumour and the invasive glioma cells.
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82
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Junier MP, Sharif A. [Instability of cell phenotype and tumor initiating cells in gliomas]. Biol Aujourdhui 2011; 205:63-74. [PMID: 21501577 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2011002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas, the most frequent primitive CNS tumors, have been suggested to originate from astrocytes or from neural progenitors/stem cells. However, the precise identity of the cells at the origin of gliomas remains a matter of debate because no pre-neoplastic state has been yet identified. TGFα, an EGF family member, is frequently over-expressed in the early stages of glioma progression. We questioned whether prolonged TGFα exposure affects the stability of the normal mature astrocyte phenotype and, eventually, their propensity to cancerous transformation. Using mouse astrocyte cultures devoid of residual neural stem cells or progenitors, we demonstrate that several days of TGFα-treatment result in the functional conversion of a population of mature astrocytes into radial glial cells, a population of neural progenitors, without any accompanying sign of cancerous transformation. In contrast, when astrocytes de-differentiated with TGFα were submitted to oncogenic stress using gamma irradiation, they acquired cancerous properties, forming high-grade glioma-like tumors after brain grafting. Gamma irradiation was without effect on astrocytes which were not treated with TGFα. These results suggested that most gliomas should contain tumor cells with stem-like properties (TSCs). Our study of 55 pediatric brain tumors show that tumor cells with stem cell-like or progenitor-like properties can be isolated from a majority of gliomas. Survival analysis showed an association between isolation of TSCs with extended self-renewal capabilities and a patient's higher mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pierre Junier
- Inserm, UMR894, Équipe Plasticité gliale, Université Paris V, 75006 Paris, France.
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83
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Yamada K, Tso J, Ye F, Choe J, Liu Y, Liau LM, Tso CL. Essential gene pathways for glioblastoma stem cells: clinical implications for prevention of tumor recurrence. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:1975-95. [PMID: 24212792 PMCID: PMC3757400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3021975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (World Health Organization/WHO grade IV) is the most common and most aggressive adult glial tumor. Patients with glioblastoma, despite being treated with gross total resection and post-operative radiation/chemotherapy, will almost always develop tumor recurrence. Glioblastoma stem cells (GSC), a minor subpopulation within the tumor mass, have been recently characterized as tumor-initiating cells and hypothesized to be responsible for post-treatment recurrence because of their enhanced radio-/chemo-resistant phenotype and ability to reconstitute tumors in mouse brains. Genome-wide expression profile analysis uncovered molecular properties of GSC distinct from their differentiated, proliferative progeny that comprise the majority of the tumor mass. In contrast to the hyperproliferative and hyperangiogenic phenotype of glioblastoma tumors, GSC possess neuroectodermal properties and express genes associated with neural stem cells, radial glial cells, and neural crest cells, as well as portray a migratory, quiescent, and undifferentiated phenotype. Thus, cell cycle-targeted radio-chemotherapy, which aims to kill fast-growing tumor cells, may not completely eliminate glioblastoma tumors. To prevent tumor recurrence, a strategy targeting essential gene pathways of GSC must be identified and incorporated into the standard treatment regimen. Identifying intrinsic and extrinsic cues by which GSC maintain stemness properties and sustain both tumorigenesis and anti-apoptotic features may provide new insights into potentially curative strategies for treating brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Yamada
- Department of Surgery/Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 13-260 Factor building, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; E-Mails: (K.Y.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (C.L.T.)
| | - Jonathan Tso
- Department of Surgery/Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 13-260 Factor building, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; E-Mails: (K.Y.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (C.L.T.)
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Surgery/Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 13-260 Factor building, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; E-Mails: (K.Y.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (C.L.T.)
| | - Jinny Choe
- Department of Surgery/Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 13-260 Factor building, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; E-Mails: (K.Y.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (C.L.T.)
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Surgery/Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 13-260 Factor building, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; E-Mails: (K.Y.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (C.L.T.)
| | - Linda M. Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; E-Mail: (L.M.L.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cho-Lea Tso
- Department of Surgery/Surgical Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, 13-260 Factor building, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; E-Mails: (K.Y.); (J.T.); (F.Y.); (J.C.); (Y.L.); (C.L.T.)
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-310-825-1066; Fax: +1- 310-825-7575
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84
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Cheng L, Wu Q, Huang Z, Guryanova OA, Huang Q, Shou W, Rich JN, Bao S. L1CAM regulates DNA damage checkpoint response of glioblastoma stem cells through NBS1. EMBO J 2011; 30:800-13. [PMID: 21297581 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are highly lethal brain tumours with current therapies limited to palliation due to therapeutic resistance. We previously demonstrated that GBM stem cells (GSCs) display a preferential activation of DNA damage checkpoint and are relatively resistant to radiation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the preferential checkpoint response in GSCs remain undefined. Here, we show that L1CAM (CD171) regulates DNA damage checkpoint responses and radiosensitivity of GSCs through nuclear translocation of L1CAM intracellular domain (L1-ICD). Targeting L1CAM by RNA interference attenuated DNA damage checkpoint activation and repair, and sensitized GSCs to radiation. L1CAM regulates expression of NBS1, a critical component of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex that activates ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and early checkpoint response. Ectopic expression of NBS1 in GSCs rescued the decreased checkpoint activation and radioresistance caused by L1CAM knockdown, demonstrating that L1CAM signals through NBS1 to regulate DNA damage checkpoint responses. Mechanistically, nuclear translocation of L1-ICD mediates NBS1 upregulation via c-Myc. These data demonstrate that L1CAM augments DNA damage checkpoint activation and radioresistance of GSCs through L1-ICD-mediated NBS1 upregulation and the enhanced MRN-ATM-Chk2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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85
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Thirant C, Bessette B, Varlet P, Puget S, Cadusseau J, Dos Reis Tavares S, Studler JM, Silvestre DC, Susini A, Villa C, Miquel C, Bogeas A, Surena AL, Dias-Morais A, Léonard N, Pflumio F, Bièche I, Boussin FD, Sainte-Rose C, Grill J, Daumas-Duport C, Chneiweiss H, Junier MP. Clinical relevance of tumor cells with stem-like properties in pediatric brain tumors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16375. [PMID: 21297991 PMCID: PMC3030582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primitive brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Tumor cells with stem-like properties (TSCs), thought to account for tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance, have been isolated from high-grade gliomas in adults. Whether TSCs are a common component of pediatric brain tumors and are of clinical relevance remains to be determined. Methodology/Principal Findings Tumor cells with self-renewal properties were isolated with cell biology techniques from a majority of 55 pediatric brain tumors samples, regardless of their histopathologies and grades of malignancy (57% of embryonal tumors, 57% of low-grade gliomas and neuro-glial tumors, 70% of ependymomas, 91% of high-grade gliomas). Most high-grade glioma-derived oncospheres (10/12) sustained long-term self-renewal akin to neural stem cells (>7 self-renewals), whereas cells with limited renewing abilities akin to neural progenitors dominated in all other tumors. Regardless of tumor entities, the young age group was associated with self-renewal properties akin to neural stem cells (P = 0.05, chi-square test). Survival analysis of the cohort showed an association between isolation of cells with long-term self-renewal abilities and a higher patient mortality rate (P = 0.013, log-rank test). Sampling of low- and high-grade glioma cultures showed that self-renewing cells forming oncospheres shared a molecular profile comprising embryonic and neural stem cell markers. Further characterization performed on subsets of high-grade gliomas and one low-grade glioma culture showed combination of this profile with mesenchymal markers, the radio-chemoresistance of the cells and the formation of aggressive tumors after intracerebral grafting. Conclusions/Significance In brain tumors affecting adult patients, TSCs have been isolated only from high-grade gliomas. In contrast, our data show that tumor cells with stem cell-like or progenitor-like properties can be isolated from a wide range of histological sub-types and grades of pediatric brain tumors. They suggest that cellular mechanisms fueling tumor development differ between adult and pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Thirant
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Bessette
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Varlet
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Neuropathology, Hospital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Puget
- Pediatric Neurosurgical Department. Hospital Necker, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8203, Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Jeanne-Marie Studler
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - David Carlos Silvestre
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie UMR 967, CEA-INSERM-Université Paris VII, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Aurélie Susini
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique - INSERM U735, Institut Curie/Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud, France
| | - Chiara Villa
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Neuropathology, Hospital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Miquel
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Neuropathology, Hospital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Bogeas
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Surena
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Amélia Dias-Morais
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nadine Léonard
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Neuropathology, Hospital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Pflumio
- Laboratoire des Cellules Souches Hématopoïétiques et Leucémiques, UMR U967, CEA-INSERM-Université Paris VII, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Laboratoire d'Oncogénétique - INSERM U735, Institut Curie/Hôpital René Huguenin, St-Cloud, France
| | - François D. Boussin
- Laboratoire de Radiopathologie UMR 967, CEA-INSERM-Université Paris VII, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Christian Sainte-Rose
- Pediatric Neurosurgical Department. Hospital Necker, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Grill
- CNRS UMR 8203, Vectorology and Anticancer Therapeutics, Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Catherine Daumas-Duport
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Neuropathology, Hospital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Chneiweiss
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Junier
- Inserm, UMR894, Team Glial Plasticity, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Neuropathology, Hospital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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86
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Cheung ST, Cheung PFY, Cheng CKC, Wong NCL, Fan ST. Granulin-epithelin precursor and ATP-dependent binding cassette (ABC)B5 regulate liver cancer cell chemoresistance. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:344-55. [PMID: 20682318 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chemotherapy is used to treat unresectable liver cancer with marginal efficacy; this might result from hepatic cancer cells with stem cell and chemoresistant features. Gene expression profiling studies have shown that hepatic cancer cells express granulin-epithelin precursor (GEP); we investigated its role in hepatic cancer stem cell functions and chemoresistance. METHODS The effects of GEP and drug transporter signaling on chemoresistance were investigated in hepatic cancer stem cells. We analyzed the expression patterns of 142 clinical samples from liver tumors, adjacent nontumorous liver tissue, and liver tissue from patients who did not have cancer. RESULTS GEP regulated the expression of the adenosine triphosphate-dependent binding cassette (ABC)B5 drug transporter in liver cancer cells. Chemoresistant cells that expressed GEP had increased levels of ABCB5; suppression of ABCB5 sensitized the cells to doxorubicin uptake and apoptosis. Most cells that expressed GEP and ABCB5 also expressed the hepatic cancer stem cell markers CD133 and EpCAM; blocking ABCB5 reduced their expression. Expression levels of GEP and ABCB5 were correlated in human liver tumor samples. ABCB5 levels were increased in liver cancer cells compared with nontumor liver tissue from patients with cirrhosis or hepatitis, or normal liver tissue. ABCB5 expression was associated with the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after partial hepatectomy. CONCLUSIONS Expression of GEP and ABCB5 in liver cancer stem cells is associated with chemoresistance and reduced survival times of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Reagents designed to target these proteins might be developed as therapeutics and given in combination with chemotherapy to patients with liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Tim Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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87
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Frosina G. Frontiers in targeting glioma stem cells. Eur J Cancer 2010; 47:496-507. [PMID: 21185169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM - WHO grade IV) seldom recover. This is due to the infiltrative nature of these tumours and the presence of cellular populations with ability to escape therapies and drive tumour recurrence and progression. In some cases, these resistant cells exhibit stem properties [glioma stem cells (GSC)]. This article aims at discussing relevant issues on GSC resistance to current therapies and outlines possible and promising avenues in regard to novel therapeutic strategies, such as pharmacological, immunological and viral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Frosina
- Molecular Mutagenesis and DNA Repair Unit, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca Cancro, Largo Rosanna Benzi n. 10, Genoa, Italy.
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88
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A quest for initiating cells of head and neck cancer and their treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:1528-54. [PMID: 24281171 PMCID: PMC3837320 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2031528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and other cancers have been related to cancer stem-like cells (CSC). Specific markers, which vary considerably depending on tumor type or tissue of origin, characterize CSC. CSC are cancer initiating, sustaining and mostly quiescent. Compared to bulk tumors, CSC are less sensitive to chemo- and radiotherapy and may have low immunogenicity. Therapeutic targeting of CSC may improve clinical outcome. HNSCC has two main etiologies: human papillomavirus, a virus infecting epithelial stem cells, and tobacco and alcohol abuse. Here, current knowledge of HNSCC-CSC biology is reviewed and parallels to CSC of other origin are drawn where necessary for a comprehensive picture.
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89
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Luk SU, Yap WN, Chiu YT, Lee DTW, Ma S, Lee TKW, Vasireddy RS, Wong YC, Ching YP, Nelson C, Yap YL, Ling MT. Gamma-tocotrienol as an effective agent in targeting prostate cancer stem cell-like population. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:2182-91. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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90
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Castelnuovo M, Massone S, Tasso R, Fiorino G, Gatti M, Robello M, Gatta E, Berger A, Strub K, Florio T, Dieci G, Cancedda R, Pagano A. An Alu‐like RNA promotes cell differentiation and reduces malignancy of human neuroblastoma cells. FASEB J 2010; 24:4033-46. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-157032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuele Castelnuovo
- Department of Oncology, Biology, and GeneticsUniversity of Genoa Genoa Italy
- National Institute for Cancer Research Genoa Genoa Italy
| | - Sara Massone
- Department of Oncology, Biology, and GeneticsUniversity of Genoa Genoa Italy
- National Institute for Cancer Research Genoa Genoa Italy
| | - Roberta Tasso
- Department of Oncology, Biology, and GeneticsUniversity of Genoa Genoa Italy
- National Institute for Cancer Research Genoa Genoa Italy
| | - Gloria Fiorino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Parma Parma Italy
| | - Monica Gatti
- Department of Oncology, Biology, and GeneticsUniversity of Genoa Genoa Italy
| | - Mauro Robello
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Genoa Genoa Italy
| | - Elena Gatta
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Genoa Genoa Italy
| | - Audrey Berger
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of Genève Geneva Switzerland
| | - Katharina Strub
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of Genève Geneva Switzerland
| | - Tullio Florio
- Department of Oncology, Biology, and GeneticsUniversity of Genoa Genoa Italy
| | - Giorgio Dieci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of Parma Parma Italy
| | - Ranieri Cancedda
- Department of Oncology, Biology, and GeneticsUniversity of Genoa Genoa Italy
- National Institute for Cancer Research Genoa Genoa Italy
| | - Aldo Pagano
- Department of Oncology, Biology, and GeneticsUniversity of Genoa Genoa Italy
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of Genoa Genoa Italy
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91
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Riccioni R, Dupuis ML, Bernabei M, Petrucci E, Pasquini L, Mariani G, Cianfriglia M, Testa U. The cancer stem cell selective inhibitor salinomycin is a p-glycoprotein inhibitor. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2010; 45:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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92
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Vangipuram SD, Wang ZJ, Lyman WD. Resistance of stem-like cells from neuroblastoma cell lines to commonly used chemotherapeutic agents. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:361-8. [PMID: 19927294 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer stem cell theory suggests that the presence of tumor initiating stem-like cells in cancers may be responsible for cancer progression and relapse. CD133 cell surface maker expression has been used to identify stem-like cells in cancer cell lines. Our goal was to identify such cells in neuroblastoma cell lines and to study the cytotoxicity of common anticancer drugs for those cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS CD133+ cells from SK-N-SH and SK-N-BE cell lines were isolated using magnetic microbeads. Cytotoxicity of four anticancer drugs was studied on CD133+ and CD133- populations. The percentage of live, apoptotic, and dead cells in each population after drug treatment was estimated by MTT and PI/Annexin-binding assays. Western blot analyses were used to identify differences in the expression of kinases. RESULTS Eight to 10% of SK-N-SH and 3-5% of SK-N-BE cells were CD133+. These cells were more resistant than CD133- cells to all four chemotherapeutic agents tested in the MTT assay. Decreased apoptosis was observed in CD133+ cells compared to CD133- cells by PI/Annexin V-binding assay. Western blot analysis showed that CD133+ cells expressed less MKP-1. Phosphorylated forms of both ERK and P-38 kinases were expressed at higher levels in CD133+ cells than in CD133- cells. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that CD133+ cells are more resistant to anticancer drugs than CD133- cells. Differences in the expression and phosphorylation of kinases could be partially responsible for this difference. Targeting CD133-expressing cells could be a strategy to develop more effective treatments for neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharada D Vangipuram
- The Carman and Ann Adams Department of Pediatrics, Children's Research Center of Michigan, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit,MI 48201, USA.
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Multicellular tumor spheroids: an underestimated tool is catching up again. J Biotechnol 2010; 148:3-15. [PMID: 20097238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1148] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present article highlights the rationale, potential and flexibility of tumor spheroid mono- and cocultures for implementation into state of the art anti-cancer therapy test platforms. Unlike classical monolayer-based models, spheroids strikingly mirror the 3D cellular context and therapeutically relevant pathophysiological gradients of in vivo tumors. Some concepts for standardization and automation of spheroid culturing, monitoring and analysis are discussed, and the challenges to define the most convenient analytical endpoints for therapy testing are outlined. The potential of spheroids to contribute to either the elimination of poor drug candidates at the pre-animal and pre-clinical state or the identification of promising drugs that would fail in classical 2D cell assays is emphasised. Microtechnologies, in the form of micropatterning and microfluidics, are also discussed and offer the exciting prospect of standardized spheroid mass production to tackle high-throughput screening applications within the context of traditional laboratory settings. The extension towards more sophisticated spheroid coculture models which more closely reflect heterologous tumor tissues composed of tumor and various stromal cell types is also covered. Examples are given with particular emphasis on tumor-immune cell cocultures and their usefulness for testing novel immunotherapeutic treatment strategies. Finally, tumor cell heterogeneity and the extraordinary possibilities of putative cancer stem/tumor-initiating cell populations that can be maintained and expanded in sphere-forming assays are introduced. The relevance of the cancer stem cell hypothesis for cancer cure is highlighted, with the respective sphere cultures being envisioned as an integral tool for next generation drug development offensives.
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