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Chang CF, Goods BA, Askenase MH, Beatty HE, Osherov A, DeLong JH, Hammond MD, Massey J, Landreneau M, Love JC, Sansing LH. Divergent Functions of Tissue-Resident and Blood-Derived Macrophages in the Hemorrhagic Brain. Stroke 2021; 52:1798-1808. [PMID: 33840225 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.032196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Feng Chang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei (C.-F.C.).,Departments of Neurology (C.-F.C., M.H.A., H.E.B., A.O., J.H.D., M.D.H., J.M., M.L., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Brittany A Goods
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (B.A.G., J.C.L.)
| | - Michael H Askenase
- Departments of Neurology (C.-F.C., M.H.A., H.E.B., A.O., J.H.D., M.D.H., J.M., M.L., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Immunobiology (M.H.A., H.E.B., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Hannah E Beatty
- Departments of Neurology (C.-F.C., M.H.A., H.E.B., A.O., J.H.D., M.D.H., J.M., M.L., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Immunobiology (M.H.A., H.E.B., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Artem Osherov
- Departments of Neurology (C.-F.C., M.H.A., H.E.B., A.O., J.H.D., M.D.H., J.M., M.L., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jonathan H DeLong
- Departments of Neurology (C.-F.C., M.H.A., H.E.B., A.O., J.H.D., M.D.H., J.M., M.L., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Immunobiology (M.H.A., H.E.B., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Matthew D Hammond
- Departments of Neurology (C.-F.C., M.H.A., H.E.B., A.O., J.H.D., M.D.H., J.M., M.L., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jordan Massey
- Departments of Neurology (C.-F.C., M.H.A., H.E.B., A.O., J.H.D., M.D.H., J.M., M.L., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Margaret Landreneau
- Departments of Neurology (C.-F.C., M.H.A., H.E.B., A.O., J.H.D., M.D.H., J.M., M.L., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - J Christopher Love
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (B.A.G., J.C.L.)
| | - Lauren H Sansing
- Departments of Neurology (C.-F.C., M.H.A., H.E.B., A.O., J.H.D., M.D.H., J.M., M.L., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Immunobiology (M.H.A., H.E.B., J.H.D., L.H.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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52
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Chen SW, Hung YS, Fuh JL, Chen NJ, Chu YS, Chen SC, Fann MJ, Wong YH. Efficient conversion of human induced pluripotent stem cells into microglia by defined transcription factors. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:1363-1380. [PMID: 33836143 PMCID: PMC8185376 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, play critical roles in brain physiology and pathology. We report a novel approach that produces, within 10 days, the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into microglia (iMG) by forced expression of both SPI1 and CEBPA. High-level expression of the main microglial markers and the purity of the iMG cells were confirmed by RT-qPCR, immunostaining, and flow cytometry analyses. Whole-transcriptome analysis demonstrated that these iMGs resemble human fetal/adult microglia but not human monocytes. Moreover, these iMGs exhibited appropriate physiological functions, including various inflammatory responses, ADP/ATP-evoked migration, and phagocytic ability. When co-cultured with hiPSC-derived neurons, the iMGs respond and migrate toward injured neurons. This study has established a protocol for the rapid conversion of hiPSCs into functional iMGs, which should facilitate functional studies of human microglia using different disease models and also help with drug discovery. Efficient generation of human iMGs from iPSCs by forced expression of SPI1 and CEBPA The transcriptome profile of iMGs resembles that of human primary microglia The iMG cells possess appropriate physiological functioning An iN-iMG co-culture model is established for studying neuron-microglia interactions
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Wei Chen
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC); Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Yu-Sheng Hung
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Jong-Ling Fuh
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC); Division of General Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Nien-Jung Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Yeh-Shiu Chu
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Shu-Cian Chen
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Ming-Ji Fann
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC); Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Yu-Hui Wong
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC); Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan (ROC).
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53
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Wu SY, Sharma S, Wu K, Tyagi A, Zhao D, Deshpande RP, Watabe K. Tamoxifen suppresses brain metastasis of estrogen receptor-deficient breast cancer by skewing microglia polarization and enhancing their immune functions. Breast Cancer Res 2021; 23:35. [PMID: 33736709 PMCID: PMC7977276 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-021-01412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brain metastasis of breast cancer exhibits exceedingly poor prognosis, and both triple negative (TN) and Her2+ subtypes have the highest incidence of brain metastasis. Although estrogen blockers are considered to be ineffective for their treatment, recent evidence indicates that estrogen blockade using tamoxifen showed certain efficacy. However, how estrogen affects brain metastasis of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains elusive. Methods To examine the effect of estrogen on brain metastasis progression, nude mice were implanted with brain metastatic cells and treated with either estrogen supplement, tamoxifen, or ovariectomy for estrogen depletion. For clinical validation study, brain metastasis specimens from pre- and post-menopause breast cancer patients were examined for microglia polarization by immunohistochemistry. To examine the estrogen-induced M2 microglia polarization, microglia cells were treated with estrogen, and the M1/M2 microglia polarization was detected by qRT-PCR and FACS. The estrogen receptor-deficient brain metastatic cells, SkBrM and 231BrM, were treated with conditioned medium (CM) derived from microglia that were treated with estrogen in the presence or absence of tamoxifen. The effect of microglia-derived CM on tumor cells was examined by colony formation assay and sphere forming ability. Results We found that M2 microglia were abundantly infiltrated in brain metastasis of pre-menopausal breast cancer patients. A similar observation was made in vivo, when we treated mice systemically with estrogen. Blocking of estrogen signaling either by tamoxifen treatment or surgical resection of mice ovaries suppressed M2 microglial polarization and decreased the secretion of C-C motif chemokine ligand 5, resulting in suppression of brain metastasis. The estrogen modulation also suppressed stemness in TNBC cells in vitro. Importantly, estrogen enhanced the expression of signal regulatory protein α on microglia and restricted their phagocytic ability. Conclusions Our results indicate that estrogen promotes brain metastasis by skewing polarity of M2 microglia and inhibiting their phagocytic ability, while tamoxifen suppresses brain metastasis by blocking the M2 polarization of microglia and increasing their anti-tumor phagocytic ability. Our results also highlight a potential therapeutic utility of tamoxifen for treating brain metastasis of hormone receptor-deficient breast cancer. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-021-01412-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ying Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Sambad Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kerui Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Abhishek Tyagi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Ravindra Pramod Deshpande
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kounosuke Watabe
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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54
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Chen MJ, Ramesha S, Weinstock LD, Gao T, Ping L, Xiao H, Dammer EB, Duong DD, Levey AI, Lah JJ, Seyfried NT, Wood LB, Rangaraju S. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase regulates microglial immune responses in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:1704-1721. [PMID: 33729626 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The importance of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway signaling in regulating microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. We examined the role of MAPK signaling in microglia using a preclinical model of AD pathology and quantitative proteomics studies of postmortem human brains. In multiplex immunoassay analyses of MAPK phosphoproteins in acutely isolated microglia and brain tissue from 5xFAD mice, we found phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was the most strongly upregulated phosphoprotein within the MAPK pathway in acutely isolated microglia, but not whole-brain tissue from 5xFAD mice. The importance of ERK signaling in primary microglia cultures was next investigated using transcriptomic profiling and functional assays of amyloid-β and neuronal phagocytosis, which confirmed that ERK is a critical regulator of IFNγ-mediated pro-inflammatory activation of microglia, although it was also partly important for constitutive microglial functions. Phospho-ERK was an upstream regulator of disease-associated microglial gene expression (Trem2, Tyrobp), as well as several human AD risk genes (Bin1, Cd33, Trem2, Cnn2), indicative of the importance of microglial ERK signaling in AD pathology. Quantitative proteomic analyses of postmortem human brain showed that ERK1 and ERK2 were the only MAPK proteins with increased protein expression and positive associations with neuropathological grade. In a human brain phosphoproteomic study, we found evidence for increased flux through the ERK signaling pathway in AD. Overall, our analyses strongly suggest that ERK phosphorylation, particularly in microglia in mouse models, is a regulator of pro-inflammatory immune responses in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Chen
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Laura D Weinstock
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Tianwen Gao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lingyan Ping
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hailian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Duc D Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Levi B Wood
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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55
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One Brain-All Cells: A Comprehensive Protocol to Isolate All Principal CNS-Resident Cell Types from Brain and Spinal Cord of Adult Healthy and EAE Mice. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030651. [PMID: 33804060 PMCID: PMC7999839 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, the role of each central nervous system (CNS)-resident cell type during inflammation, neurodegeneration, and remission has been frequently addressed. Although protocols for the isolation of different individual CNS-resident cell types exist, none can harvest all of them within a single experiment. In addition, isolation of individual cells is more demanding in adult mice and even more so from the inflamed CNS. Here, we present a protocol for the simultaneous purification of viable single-cell suspensions of all principal CNS-resident cell types (microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons) from adult mice-applicable in healthy mice as well as in EAE. After dissociation of the brain and spinal cord from adult mice, microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and, neurons were isolated via magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Validations comprised flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, as well as functional analyses (immunoassay and Sholl analysis). The purity of each cell isolation averaged 90%. All cells displayed cell-type-specific morphologies and expressed specific surface markers. In conclusion, this new protocol for the simultaneous isolation of all major CNS-resident cell types from one CNS offers a sophisticated and comprehensive way to investigate complex cellular networks ex vivo and simultaneously reduce mice numbers to be sacrificed.
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56
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Morini R, Bizzotto M, Perrucci F, Filipello F, Matteoli M. Strategies and Tools for Studying Microglial-Mediated Synapse Elimination and Refinement. Front Immunol 2021; 12:640937. [PMID: 33708226 PMCID: PMC7940197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.640937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of microglia in controlling synapse homeostasis is becoming increasingly recognized by the scientific community. In particular, the microglia-mediated elimination of supernumerary synapses during development lays the basis for the correct formation of neuronal circuits in adulthood, while the possible reactivation of this process in pathological conditions, such as schizophrenia or Alzheimer's Disease, provides a promising target for future therapeutic strategies. The methodological approaches to investigate microglial synaptic engulfment include different in vitro and in vivo settings. Basic in vitro assays, employing isolated microglia and microbeads, apoptotic membranes, liposomes or synaptosomes allow the quantification of the microglia phagocytic abilities, while co-cultures of microglia and neurons, deriving from either WT or genetically modified mice models, provide a relatively manageable setting to investigate the involvement of specific molecular pathways. Further detailed analysis in mice brain is then mandatory to validate the in vitro assays as representative for the in vivo situation. The present review aims to dissect the main technical approaches to investigate microglia-mediated phagocytosis of neuronal and synaptic substrates in critical developmental time windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Morini
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Matteo Bizzotto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Fabio Perrucci
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Fabia Filipello
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Neuroscience - URT Humanitas, Rozzano, Italy
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Mimouna S, Rollins DA, Shibu G, Tharmalingam B, Deochand DK, Chen X, Oliver D, Chinenov Y, Rogatsky I. Transcription cofactor GRIP1 differentially affects myeloid cell-driven neuroinflammation and response to IFN-β therapy. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20192386. [PMID: 33045064 PMCID: PMC7555412 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MФ) and microglia (MG) are critical in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its mouse model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Glucocorticoids (GCs) and interferon β (IFN-β) are frontline treatments for MS, and disrupting each pathway in mice aggravates EAE. Glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) facilitates both GR and type I IFN transcriptional actions; hence, we evaluated the role of GRIP1 in neuroinflammation. Surprisingly, myeloid cell-specific loss of GRIP1 dramatically reduced EAE severity, immune cell infiltration of the CNS, and MG activation and demyelination specifically during the neuroinflammatory phase of the disease, yet also blunted therapeutic properties of IFN-β. MФ/MG transcriptome analyses at the bulk and single-cell levels revealed that GRIP1 deletion attenuated nuclear receptor, inflammatory and, interestingly, type I IFN pathways and promoted the persistence of a homeostatic MG signature. Together, these results uncover the multifaceted function of type I IFN in MS/EAE pathogenesis and therapy, and an unexpectedly permissive role of myeloid cell GRIP1 in neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Mimouna
- The David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Center, Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, New York, NY
| | - David A. Rollins
- The David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Center, Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, New York, NY
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY
| | - Gayathri Shibu
- The David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Center, Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, New York, NY
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY
| | - Bowranigan Tharmalingam
- The David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Center, Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, New York, NY
| | - Dinesh K. Deochand
- The David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Center, Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, New York, NY
| | - Xi Chen
- The David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Center, Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, New York, NY
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY
| | - David Oliver
- The David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Center, Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, New York, NY
| | - Yurii Chinenov
- The David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Center, Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, New York, NY
| | - Inez Rogatsky
- The David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Center, Hospital for Special Surgery Research Institute, New York, NY
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY
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Kutsyr O, Sánchez-Sáez X, Martínez-Gil N, de Juan E, Lax P, Maneu V, Cuenca N. Gradual Increase in Environmental Light Intensity Induces Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and Accelerates Retinal Neurodegeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:1. [PMID: 32744596 PMCID: PMC7441298 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a blinding neurodegenerative disease of the retina that can be affected by many factors. The present study aimed to analyze the effect of different environmental light intensities in rd10 mice retina. Methods C57BL/6J and rd10 mice were bred and housed under three different environmental light intensities: scotopic (5 lux), mesopic (50 lux), and photopic (300 lux). Visual function was studied using electroretinography and optomotor testing. The structural and morphological integrity of the retinas was evaluated by optical coherence tomography imaging and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, inflammatory processes and oxidative stress markers were analyzed by flow cytometry and western blotting. Results When the environmental light intensity was higher, retinal function decreased in rd10 mice and was accompanied by light-dependent photoreceptor loss, followed by morphological alterations, and synaptic connectivity loss. Moreover, light-dependent retinal degeneration was accompanied by an increased number of inflammatory cells, which became more activated and phagocytic, and by an exacerbated reactive gliosis. Furthermore, light-dependent increment in oxidative stress markers in rd10 mice retina pointed to a possible mechanism for light-induced photoreceptor degeneration. Conclusions An increase in rd10 mice housing light intensity accelerates retinal degeneration, activating cell death, oxidative stress pathways, and inflammatory cells. Lighting intensity is a key factor in the progression of retinal degeneration, and standardized lighting conditions are advisable for proper analysis and interpretation of experimental results from RP animal models, and specifically from rd10 mice. Also, it can be hypothesized that light protection could be an option to slow down retinal degeneration in some cases of RP.
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Delbridge ARD, Huh D, Brickelmaier M, Burns JC, Roberts C, Challa R, Raymond N, Cullen P, Carlile TM, Ennis KA, Liu M, Sun C, Allaire NE, Foos M, Tsai HH, Franchimont N, Ransohoff RM, Butts C, Mingueneau M. Organotypic Brain Slice Culture Microglia Exhibit Molecular Similarity to Acutely-Isolated Adult Microglia and Provide a Platform to Study Neuroinflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:592005. [PMID: 33473245 PMCID: PMC7812919 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.592005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are central nervous system (CNS) resident immune cells that have been implicated in neuroinflammatory pathogenesis of a variety of neurological conditions. Their manifold context-dependent contributions to neuroinflammation are only beginning to be elucidated, which can be attributed in part to the challenges of studying microglia in vivo and the lack of tractable in vitro systems to study microglia function. Organotypic brain slice cultures offer a tissue-relevant context that enables the study of CNS resident cells and the analysis of brain slice microglial phenotypes has provided important insights, in particular into neuroprotective functions. Here we use RNA sequencing, direct digital quantification of gene expression with nCounter® technology and targeted analysis of individual microglial signature genes, to characterize brain slice microglia relative to acutely-isolated counterparts and 2-dimensional (2D) primary microglia cultures, a widely used in vitro surrogate. Analysis using single cell and population-based methods found brain slice microglia exhibited better preservation of canonical microglia markers and overall gene expression with stronger fidelity to acutely-isolated adult microglia, relative to in vitro cells. We characterized the dynamic phenotypic changes of brain slice microglia over time, after plating in culture. Mechanical damage associated with slice preparation prompted an initial period of inflammation, which resolved over time. Based on flow cytometry and gene expression profiling we identified the 2-week timepoint as optimal for investigation of microglia responses to exogenously-applied stimuli as exemplified by treatment-induced neuroinflammatory changes observed in microglia following LPS, TNF and GM-CSF addition to the culture medium. Altogether these findings indicate that brain slice cultures provide an experimental system superior to in vitro culture of microglia as a surrogate to investigate microglia functions, and the impact of soluble factors and cellular context on their physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R D Delbridge
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Biogen Postdoctoral Scientist Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Dann Huh
- Translational Biology, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Margot Brickelmaier
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jeremy C Burns
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Chris Roberts
- Translational Biology, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ravi Challa
- Translational Biology, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Naideline Raymond
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Patrick Cullen
- Translational Biology, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Katelin A Ennis
- Genetic and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Mei Liu
- Biogen Postdoctoral Scientist Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Chao Sun
- Biogen Postdoctoral Scientist Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Normand E Allaire
- Biogen Postdoctoral Scientist Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Marianna Foos
- Biogen Postdoctoral Scientist Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Hui-Hsin Tsai
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Richard M Ransohoff
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Cherie Butts
- Digital & Quantitative Medicine, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michael Mingueneau
- Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Cheng JJ, Guo Q, Wu XG, Ma S, Gao Y, Ya-Zhen S. Scutellaria barbata flavonoids improve the composited Aβ-induced abnormal changes of glial cells in rats' brain. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2020; 25:64-76. [PMID: 33297910 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323666201209092358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM It has been reported that glial cells are involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). According to our previous research, Scutellaria barbata flavonoids (SBFs) can protect the neuronal disorder and memory impairment for AD-like rats, while the effect of SBFs on the glial cells disorder in AD-like rats has been less well studied. The effects of SBFs on astrocytes(ASs), microglial cells (MGs) and oligodendrocytes (Ols), as well as heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) were investigated in the present study. METHODS The successful model rats, screened by Morris water maze, were daily orally administrated with 35, 70 and 140 mg/kg SBFs for 36 d. The numbers of brain's astrocytes (ASs), microglial cells (MGs) and oligodendrocytes (Ols) were examined by immunohistochemistry. The cortical glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), leukocyte common antigen (LCA) (CD45), Claudin 11 and heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70) protein expression were assayed by Western blotting, and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) mRNA expression was analyzed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). RESULTS Compared with the sham-operated group, the numbers of ASs and MGs in the brain were significantly increased in the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01), and accompanied with increases of GFAP, CD45 and Hsp70 protein and ApoE mRNA expression (P<0.05, P<0.01). Both Ols number and Claudin 11 protein expression decreased in the brain in the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01). However, the above abnormal changes induced by composited Aβ were differently reversed by treatment of SBFs at three doses of 35, 70 and 140 mg/kg (P<0.05, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS SBFs can dramatically improve the abnormal changes of glial cells in rats' brain induced by composited Aβ, which may be a helpful treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Cheng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Hebei Province Key Research Office of Traditional Chinese Medicine Against Dementia, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development, Chengde, Hebei 067000. China
| | - Qing Guo
- The Fourth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011. China
| | - Xiao-Guang Wu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Hebei Province Key Research Office of Traditional Chinese Medicine Against Dementia, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development, Chengde, Hebei 067000. China
| | - Shuai Ma
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Hebei Province Key Research Office of Traditional Chinese Medicine Against Dementia, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development, Chengde, Hebei 067000. China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Hebei Province Key Research Office of Traditional Chinese Medicine Against Dementia, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development, Chengde, Hebei 067000. China
| | - Shang Ya-Zhen
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical College, Hebei Province Key Research Office of Traditional Chinese Medicine Against Dementia, Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research and Development, Chengde, Hebei 067000. China
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Honarpisheh P, Lee J, Banerjee A, Blasco-Conesa MP, Honarpisheh P, d'Aigle J, Mamun AA, Ritzel RM, Chauhan A, Ganesh BP, McCullough LD. Potential caveats of putative microglia-specific markers for assessment of age-related cerebrovascular neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:366. [PMID: 33261619 PMCID: PMC7709276 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to distinguish resident microglia from infiltrating myeloid cells by flow cytometry-based surface phenotyping is an important technique for examining age-related neuroinflammation. The most commonly used surface markers for the identification of microglia include CD45 (low-intermediate expression), CD11b, Tmem119, and P2RY12. METHODS In this study, we examined changes in expression levels of these putative microglia markers in in vivo animal models of stroke, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and aging as well as in an ex vivo LPS-induced inflammation model. RESULTS We demonstrate that Tmem119 and P2RY12 expression is evident within both CD45int and CD45high myeloid populations in models of stroke, CAA, and aging. Interestingly, LPS stimulation of FACS-sorted adult microglia suggested that these brain-resident myeloid cells can upregulate CD45 and downregulate Tmem119 and P2RY12, making them indistinguishable from peripherally derived myeloid populations. Importantly, our findings show that these changes in the molecular signatures of microglia can occur without a contribution from the other brain-resident or peripherally sourced immune cells. CONCLUSION We recommend future studies approach microglia identification by flow cytometry with caution, particularly in the absence of the use of a combination of markers validated for the specific neuroinflammation model of interest. The subpopulation of resident microglia residing within the "infiltrating myeloid" population, albeit small, may be functionally important in maintaining immune vigilance in the brain thus should not be overlooked in neuroimmunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Honarpisheh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.,UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anik Banerjee
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.,UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Maria P Blasco-Conesa
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Parisa Honarpisheh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John d'Aigle
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abdullah A Mamun
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anjali Chauhan
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bhanu P Ganesh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Louise D McCullough
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas John P. and Kathrine G. McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
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Zabegalov KN, Wang D, Yang L, Wang J, Hu G, Serikuly N, Alpyshov ET, Khatsko SL, Zhdanov A, Demin KA, Galstyan DS, Volgin AD, de Abreu MS, Strekalova T, Song C, Amstislavskaya TG, Sysoev Y, Musienko PE, Kalueff AV. Decoding the role of zebrafish neuroglia in CNS disease modeling. Brain Res Bull 2020; 166:44-53. [PMID: 33027679 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroglia, including microglia and astrocytes, is a critical component of the central nervous system (CNS) that interacts with neurons to modulate brain activity, development, metabolism and signaling pathways. Thus, a better understanding of the role of neuroglia in the brain is critical. Complementing clinical and rodent data, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is rapidly becoming an important model organism to probe the role of neuroglia in brain disorders. With high genetic and physiological similarity to humans and rodents, zebrafish possess some common (shared), as well as some specific molecular biomarkers and features of neuroglia development and functioning. Studying these common and zebrafish-specific aspects of neuroglia may generate important insights into key brain mechanisms, including neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, neuroregenerative and neurological processes. Here, we discuss the biology of neuroglia in humans, rodents and fish, its role in various CNS functions, and further directions of translational research into the role of neuroglia in CNS disorders using zebrafish models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin N Zabegalov
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Dongmei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - LongEn Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingtao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guojun Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Nazar Serikuly
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | | - Konstantin A Demin
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - David S Galstyan
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey D Volgin
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Murilo S de Abreu
- Bioscience Institute, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, Brazil; Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology and Neurobiology, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Centre of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cai Song
- Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Marine Medicine Development Center, Shenzhen Institute, Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tamara G Amstislavskaya
- Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia; Zelman Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yury Sysoev
- Laboratory of Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel E Musienko
- Laboratory of Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia; Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
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Kim J, Ryu B, Kim U, Kim CH, Hur GH, Kim CY, Park JH. Improved human hematopoietic reconstitution in HepaRG co-transplanted humanized NSG mice. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 32336318 PMCID: PMC7526976 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.9.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Bokyeong Ryu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ukjin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Chang-Hwan Kim
- The 4th R&D Institute-6, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Korea
| | - Gyeung-Haeng Hur
- The 4th R&D Institute-6, Agency for Defense Development, Daejeon 34186, Korea
| | - C-Yoon Kim
- Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05030, Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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64
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Lin C, Calzarossa C, Fernandez-Zafra T, Liu J, Li X, Ekblad-Nordberg Å, Vazquez-Juarez E, Codeluppi S, Holmberg L, Lindskog M, Uhlén P, Åkesson E. Human ex vivo spinal cord slice culture as a useful model of neural development, lesion, and allogeneic neural cell therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:320. [PMID: 32727554 PMCID: PMC7390865 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01771-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are multiple promising treatment strategies for central nervous system trauma and disease. However, to develop clinically potent and safe treatments, models of human-specific conditions are needed to complement in vitro and in vivo animal model-based studies. Methods We established human brain stem and spinal cord (cross- and longitudinal sections) organotypic cultures (hOCs) from first trimester tissues after informed consent by donor and ethical approval by the Regional Human Ethics Committee, Stockholm (lately referred to as Swedish Ethical Review Authority), and The National Board of Health and Welfare, Sweden. We evaluated the stability of hOCs with a semi-quantitative hOC score, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, Ca2+ signaling, and electrophysiological analysis. We also applied experimental allogeneic human neural cell therapy after injury in the ex vivo spinal cord slices. Results The spinal cord hOCs presented relatively stable features during 7–21 days in vitro (DIV) (except a slightly increased cell proliferation and activated glial response). After contusion injury performed at 7 DIV, a significant reduction of the hOC score, increase of the activated caspase-3+ cell population, and activated microglial populations at 14 days postinjury compared to sham controls were observed. Such elevation in the activated caspase-3+ population and activated microglial population was not observed after allogeneic human neural cell therapy. Conclusions We conclude that human spinal cord slice cultures have potential for future structural and functional studies of human spinal cord development, injury, and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhong Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Div. of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cinzia Calzarossa
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Div. of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, Università degli Studi diMilan, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Fernandez-Zafra
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Departmentof Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Div. of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Div. of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Ekblad-Nordberg
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Div. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erika Vazquez-Juarez
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Div. of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simone Codeluppi
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Departmentof Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Holmberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Div. of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Lindskog
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Div. of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Uhlén
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Departmentof Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Åkesson
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Div. of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,The R&D Unit, Stockholms Sjukhem, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Rodríguez-Gómez JA, Kavanagh E, Engskog-Vlachos P, Engskog MK, Herrera AJ, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Joseph B, Hajji N, Venero JL, Burguillos MA. Microglia: Agents of the CNS Pro-Inflammatory Response. Cells 2020; 9:E1717. [PMID: 32709045 PMCID: PMC7407646 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory immune response driven by microglia is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Though the research of microglia spans over a century, the last two decades have increased our understanding exponentially. Here, we discuss the phenotypic transformation from homeostatic microglia towards reactive microglia, initiated by specific ligand binding to pattern recognition receptors including toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) or triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), as well as pro-inflammatory signaling pathways triggered such as the caspase-mediated immune response. Additionally, new research disciplines such as epigenetics and immunometabolism have provided us with a more holistic view of how changes in DNA methylation, microRNAs, and the metabolome may influence the pro-inflammatory response. This review aimed to discuss our current knowledge of pro-inflammatory microglia from different angles, including recent research highlights such as the role of exosomes in spreading neuroinflammation and emerging techniques in microglia research including positron emission tomography (PET) scanning and the use of human microglia generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Finally, we also discuss current thoughts on the impact of pro-inflammatory microglia in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Rodríguez-Gómez
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Edel Kavanagh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Pinelopi Engskog-Vlachos
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.E.-V.); (B.J.)
| | - Mikael K.R. Engskog
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Antonio J. Herrera
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Ana M. Espinosa-Oliva
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.E.-V.); (B.J.)
| | - Nabil Hajji
- Division of Brain Sciences, The John Fulcher Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK;
| | - José L. Venero
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Miguel A. Burguillos
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
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Saber M, Giordano KR, Hur Y, Ortiz JB, Morrison H, Godbout JP, Murphy SM, Lifshitz J, Rowe RK. Acute peripheral inflammation and post-traumatic sleep differ between sexes after experimental diffuse brain injury. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:2791-2814. [PMID: 31677290 PMCID: PMC7195243 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Identifying differential responses between sexes following traumatic brain injury (TBI) can elucidate the mechanisms behind disease pathology. Peripheral and central inflammation in the pathophysiology of TBI can increase sleep in male rodents, but this remains untested in females. We hypothesized that diffuse TBI would increase inflammation and sleep in males more so than in females. Diffuse TBI was induced in C57BL/6J mice and serial blood samples were collected (baseline, 1, 5, 7 days post-injury [DPI]) to quantify peripheral immune cell populations and sleep regulatory cytokines. Brains and spleens were harvested at 7DPI to quantify central and peripheral immune cells, respectively. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis. Female TBI mice had 77%-124% higher IL-6 levels than male TBI mice at 1 and 5DPI, whereas IL-1β and TNF-α levels were similar between sexes at all timepoints. Despite baseline sex differences in blood-measured Ly6Chigh monocytes (females had 40% more than males), TBI reduced monocytes by 67% in TBI mice at 1DPI. Male TBI mice had 31%-33% more blood-measured and 31% more spleen-measured Ly6G+ neutrophils than female TBI mice at 1 and 5DPI, and 7DPI, respectively. Compared with sham, TBI increased sleep in both sexes during the first light and dark cycles. Male TBI mice slept 11%-17% more than female TBI mice, depending on the cycle. Thus, sex and TBI interactions may alter the peripheral inflammation profile and sleep patterns, which might explain discrepancies in disease progression based on sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Saber
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Katherine R. Giordano
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Yerin Hur
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ
| | - J. Bryce Ortiz
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ
| | | | - Jonathan P. Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sean M. Murphy
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ
- Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Rachel K. Rowe
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ
- Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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Ramesha S, Rayaprolu S, Rangaraju S. Flow Cytometry Approach to Characterize Phagocytic Properties of Acutely-Isolated Adult Microglia and Brain Macrophages In Vitro. JOURNAL OF VISUALIZED EXPERIMENTS : JOVE 2020:10.3791/61467. [PMID: 32658196 PMCID: PMC9888024 DOI: 10.3791/61467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microglia and central nervous system (CNS)-infiltrating macrophages, collectively called CNS mononuclear phagocytes (CNS-MPs), play central roles in neurological diseases including neurodegeneration and stroke. CNS-MPs are involved in phagocytic clearance of pathological proteins, debris and neuronal synapses, each with distinct underlying molecular pathways. Characterizing these phagocytic properties can provide a functional readout that compliments molecular profiling of microglia using traditional flow cytometry, transcriptomics and proteomics approaches. Phagocytic profiling of microglia has relied on microscopic visualization and in vitro cultures of mouse neonatal microglia. The former approach suffers from limited sampling while the latter approach is inherently poorly reflective of the true in vivo state of adult CNS-MPs. This paper describes optimized protocols to phenotype phagocytic properties of acutely-isolated mouse CNS-MPs by flow cytometry. CNS-MPs are acutely isolated from adult mouse brain using mechanical dissociation followed by density gradient centrifugation, incubated with fluorescent microspheres or fluorescent Aβ fibrils, washed, and then labeled with panels of antibodies against surface markers (CD11b, CD45). Using this approach, it is possible to compare phagocytic properties of brain-resident microglia with CNS-infiltrating macrophages and then assess the effect of aging and disease pathology on these phagocytic phenotypes. This rapid method also holds potential to functionally phenotype acutely-isolated human CNS-MPs from post-mortem or surgical brain specimens. Additionally, specific mechanisms of phagocytosis by CNS-MP subsets can be investigated by inhibiting select phagocytic pathways.
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Sharps MC, Baker BC, Guevara T, Bischof H, Jones RL, Greenwood SL, Heazell AEP. Increased placental macrophages and a pro-inflammatory profile in placentas and maternal serum in infants with a decreased growth rate in the third trimester of pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 84:e13267. [PMID: 32421915 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM There is growing evidence for the role of placental inflammation in the pathophysiology of pregnancy complications including fetal growth restriction (FGR). This study aimed to characterize the inflammatory profile in the maternal circulation and the placenta of infants who were growth restricted and those that were small for gestational age (SGA). METHOD OF STUDY Placental villous tissue and maternal serum were obtained from pregnancies where infants were SGA at birth or who had a decreasing growth rate (≥25 centiles) across the third trimester. Immunohistochemical and histological analyses of placental samples were conducted for macrophage number, alongside vascular and cell turnover analysis. Inflammatory profile was analyzed in maternal and placental compartments via ELISAs and multiplex assays. RESULTS There were significantly more CD163+ macrophages in placentas of infants with a decreased growth rate compared to controls, but not in SGA infants (median 8.6/ nuclei vs 3.8 and 2.9, P = .008 and P = .003, respectively). Uric acid (P = .0007) and IL-8 (P = .0008) were increased in placentas, and S100A8 (P < .0002) was increased in maternal serum of infants with decreased growth rate. No changes in the maternal serum or placental lysates of SGA infants were observed. CONCLUSION The evidence of an altered inflammatory profile in infants with a decreasing growth rate, but not in those that were born SGA, provides further evidence that inflammation plays a role in true FGR. It remains unclear whether the increased placental macrophages occur as a direct result, or as a consequence of the pro-inflammatory environment observed in fetal growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Sharps
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Tommy's Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, 5th Floor St. Mary's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Bernadette C Baker
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Tommy's Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, 5th Floor St. Mary's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tatiana Guevara
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Tommy's Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, 5th Floor St. Mary's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Helen Bischof
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Tommy's Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, 5th Floor St. Mary's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rebecca L Jones
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Tommy's Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, 5th Floor St. Mary's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Susan L Greenwood
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Tommy's Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, 5th Floor St. Mary's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alexander E P Heazell
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Tommy's Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, 5th Floor St. Mary's Hospital, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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69
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Luck B, Engevik MA, Ganesh BP, Lackey EP, Lin T, Balderas M, Major A, Runge J, Luna RA, Sillitoe RV, Versalovic J. Bifidobacteria shape host neural circuits during postnatal development by promoting synapse formation and microglial function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7737. [PMID: 32385412 PMCID: PMC7210968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that early-life gut microbiota support the functional organization of neural circuitry in the brain via regulation of synaptic gene expression and modulation of microglial functionality. Germ-free mice were colonized as neonates with either a simplified human infant microbiota consortium consisting of four Bifidobacterium species, or with a complex, conventional murine microbiota. We examined the cerebellum, cortex, and hippocampus of both groups of colonized mice in addition to germ-free control mice. At postnatal day 4 (P4), conventionalized mice and Bifidobacterium-colonized mice exhibited decreased expression of synapse-promoting genes and increased markers indicative of reactive microglia in the cerebellum, cortex and hippocampus relative to germ-free mice. By P20, both conventional and Bifidobacterium-treated mice exhibited normal synaptic density and neuronal activity as measured by density of VGLUT2+ puncta and Purkinje cell firing rate respectively, in contrast to the increased synaptic density and decreased firing rate observed in germ-free mice. The conclusions from this study further reveal how bifidobacteria participate in establishing functional neural circuits. Collectively, these data indicate that neonatal microbial colonization of the gut elicits concomitant effects on the host CNS, which promote the homeostatic developmental balance of neural connections during the postnatal time period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkley Luck
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences (IMBS), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Melinda A Engevik
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America.
| | - Bhanu Priya Ganesh
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth P Lackey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Miriam Balderas
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Angela Major
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jessica Runge
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ruth Ann Luna
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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70
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Rayaprolu S, Gao T, Xiao H, Ramesha S, Weinstock LD, Shah J, Duong DM, Dammer EB, Webster JA, Lah JJ, Wood LB, Betarbet R, Levey AI, Seyfried NT, Rangaraju S. Flow-cytometric microglial sorting coupled with quantitative proteomics identifies moesin as a highly-abundant microglial protein with relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2020; 15:28. [PMID: 32381088 PMCID: PMC7206797 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-020-00377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteomic characterization of microglia provides the most proximate assessment of functionally relevant molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation. However, microglial proteomics studies have been limited by low cellular yield and contamination by non-microglial proteins using existing enrichment strategies. METHODS We coupled magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of microglia with tandem mass tag-mass spectrometry (TMT-MS) to obtain a highly-pure microglial proteome and identified a core set of highly-abundant microglial proteins in adult mouse brain. We interrogated existing human proteomic data for Alzheimer's disease (AD) relevance of highly-abundant microglial proteins and performed immuno-histochemical and in-vitro validation studies. RESULTS Quantitative multiplexed proteomics by TMT-MS of CD11b + MACS-enriched (N = 5 mice) and FACS-isolated (N = 5 mice), from adult wild-type mice, identified 1791 proteins. A total of 203 proteins were highly abundant in both datasets, representing a core-set of highly abundant microglial proteins. In addition, we found 953 differentially enriched proteins comparing MACS and FACS-based approaches, indicating significant differences between both strategies. The FACS-isolated microglia proteome was enriched with cytosolic, endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomal proteins involved in protein metabolism and immune system functions, as well as an abundance of canonical microglial proteins. Conversely, the MACS-enriched microglia proteome was enriched with mitochondrial and synaptic proteins and higher abundance of neuronal, oligodendrocytic and astrocytic proteins. From the 203 consensus microglial proteins with high abundance in both datasets, we confirmed microglial expression of moesin (Msn) in wild-type and 5xFAD mouse brains as well as in human AD brains. Msn expression is nearly exclusively found in microglia that surround Aβ plaques in 5xFAD brains. In in-vitro primary microglial studies, Msn silencing by siRNA decreased Aβ phagocytosis and increased lipopolysaccharide-induced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor (TNF). In network analysis of human brain proteomic data, Msn was a hub protein of an inflammatory co-expression module positively associated with AD neuropathological features and cognitive dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Using FACS coupled with TMT-MS as the method of choice for microglial proteomics, we define a core set of highly-abundant adult microglial proteins. Among these, we validate Msn as highly-abundant in plaque-associated microglia with relevance to human AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruti Rayaprolu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Tianwen Gao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008 Hunan China
| | - Hailian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Supriya Ramesha
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Laura D. Weinstock
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Georgia W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Jheel Shah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Duc M. Duong
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Eric B. Dammer
- School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - James A. Webster
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - James J. Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Levi B. Wood
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Georgia W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Ranjita Betarbet
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Allan I. Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Nicholas T. Seyfried
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Srikant Rangaraju
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Whitehead Biomedical Research Building, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
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71
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Jäkel L, Biemans EA, Klijn CJ, Kuiperij HB, Verbeek MM. Reduced Influence of apoE on Aβ43 Aggregation and Reduced Vascular Aβ43 Toxicity as Compared with Aβ40 and Aβ42. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2131-2141. [PMID: 31953617 PMCID: PMC7118029 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid-β 43 (Aβ43) peptide has been shown to be abundantly expressed in Alzheimer's disease plaques, whereas only relatively low levels have been demonstrated in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). To better understand this discrepant distribution, we studied various biochemical properties of Aβ43, in comparison with Aβ40 and Aβ42. We assessed the interaction of Aβ43 with the three apoE isoforms (apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4) using SDS-PAGE/Western blotting and ELISA, aggregation propensity using thioflavin T assays, and cytotoxicity towards cerebrovascular cells using MTT assays. We found that Aβ43 did not differ from Aβ42 in its interaction with apoE, whereas Aβ40 had a significantly lower degree of interaction with apoE. At a molar ratio of 1:100 (apoE:Aβ), all apoE isoforms were comparably capable of inhibiting aggregation of Aβ40 and Aβ42, but not Aβ43. All Aβ variants had a concentration-dependent negative effect on metabolic activity of cerebrovascular cells. However, the degree of this effect differed for the three Aβ isoforms (Aβ40 > Aβ42 > Aβ43), with Aβ43 being the least cytotoxic peptide towards cerebrovascular cells. We conclude that Aβ43 has different biochemical characteristics compared with Aβ40 and Aβ42. Aggregation of Aβ43 is not inhibited by apoE, in contrast to the aggregation of Aβ40 and Aβ42. Furthermore, cerebrovascular cells are less sensitive towards Aβ43, compared with Aβ40 and Aβ42. In contrast, Aβ43 neither differed from Aβ42 in its aggregation propensity (in the absence of apoE) nor in its apoE-binding capacity. Altogether, our findings may provide an explanation for the lower levels of Aβ43 accumulation in cerebral vessel walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke Jäkel
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisanne A.L.M. Biemans
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina J.M. Klijn
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H. Bea Kuiperij
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel M. Verbeek
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, 830 TML, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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72
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Lin Y, Mao F, Wong NK, Zhang X, Liu K, Huang M, Ma H, Xiang Z, Li J, Xiao S, Zhang Y, Yu Z. Phagocyte Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) as Major Regulators in Anti-bacterial Defense of Crassostrea hongkongensis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:416. [PMID: 32265912 PMCID: PMC7103635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Invertebrates generally lack adaptive immunity and compensate for this with highly efficient innate immune machineries such as phagocytosis by hemocytes to eradicate invading pathogens. However, how extrinsically cued hemocytes marshal internal signals to accomplish phagocytosis is not yet fully understood. To this end, we established a facile magnetic cell sorting method to enrich professional phagocytes from hemocytes of the Hong Kong oyster (Crassostrea hongkongensis), an ecologically and commercially valuable marine invertebrate. Transcriptomic analysis on presorted cells shows that phagocytes maintain a remarkable array of differentially expressed genes that distinguish them from non-phagocytes, including 352 significantly upregulated genes and 479 downregulated genes. Pathway annotations reveal that focal adhesion and extracellular matrix–receptor interactions were the most conspicuously enriched pathways in phagocytes. Phagocytosis rate dramatically declined in the presence of an FAK inhibitor, confirming importance of the focal adhesion pathway in regulating phagocytosis. In addition, we also found that heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) families were lineage-specifically expanded in C. hongkongensis and abundantly expressed in phagocytes. Efficiency of phagocytosis and hemocytes aggregation was markedly reduced upon blockage of endogenous synthesis of HSPGs, thus implicating these proteins as key surface receptors in pathogen recognition and initiation of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nai-Kei Wong
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunna Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minwei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering (ISEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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73
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Montilla A, Zabala A, Matute C, Domercq M. Functional and Metabolic Characterization of Microglia Culture in a Defined Medium. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:22. [PMID: 32116565 PMCID: PMC7025516 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the endogenous immune cells of the brain and act as sensor of infection and pathologic injury to the brain, leading to a rapid plastic process of activation that culminates in the endocytosis and phagocytosis of damaged tissue. Microglia cells are the most plastic cells in the brain. Microglia isolation from their environment as well as culturing them in the presence of serum alter their function and lead to a rapid loss of their signature gene expression. Previous studies have identified pivotal factors allowing microglia culture in the absence of serum. Here, we have further characterized the function, expression of markers, metabolic status and response to pro and anti-inflammatory stimulus of microglia isolated by magnetic-activated cell sorting and cultured in a chemically defined medium. We have compared this new method with previous traditional protocols of culturing microglia that use high concentrations of serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Montilla
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience-UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Alazne Zabala
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience-UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience-UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
| | - María Domercq
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience-UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Leioa, Spain
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74
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Koizumi T, Kerkhofs D, Mizuno T, Steinbusch HWM, Foulquier S. Vessel-Associated Immune Cells in Cerebrovascular Diseases: From Perivascular Macrophages to Vessel-Associated Microglia. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1291. [PMID: 31866808 PMCID: PMC6904330 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessels feed and protect the brain parenchyma thanks to the unique features of the blood-brain barrier. Cerebrovascular dysfunction is therefore seen as a detrimental factor for the initiation of several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as stroke, cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD), and Alzheimer's disease. The main working hypothesis linking cerebrovascular dysfunction to brain disorders includes the contribution of neuroinflammation. While our knowledge on microglia cells - the brain-resident immune cells - has been increasing in the last decades, the specific populations of microglia and macrophages surrounding brain vessels, vessel-associated microglia (VAM), and perivascular macrophages (PVMs), respectively, have been overlooked. This review aims to summarize the knowledge gathered on VAM and PVMs, to discuss existing knowledge gaps of importance for later studies and to summarize evidences for their contribution to cerebrovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Koizumi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Danielle Kerkhofs
- Department of Neurology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Toshiki Mizuno
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Harry W. M. Steinbusch
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sébastien Foulquier
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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75
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Rojas A, Banik A, Chen D, Flood K, Ganesh T, Dingledine R. Novel Microglia Cell Line Expressing the Human EP2 Receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4280-4292. [PMID: 31469538 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, EP2 signaling pathways were shown to regulate the classical activation and death of microglia in rat primary microglial culture. The study of microglial cells has been challenging because they are time-consuming to isolate in culture, they are demanding in their growth requirements, and they have a limited lifespan. To circumvent these difficulties, we created a murine BV2 microglial cell line stably expressing human EP2 receptors (BV2-hEP2) and further explored EP2 modulation of microglial functions. The BV2-hEP2 cells displayed cAMP elevation when exposed to the selective EP2 receptor agonists (ONO-AE1-259-1 and CP544326), and this response was competitively inhibited by TG4-155, a selective EP2 antagonist (Schild KB = 2.6 nM). By contrast, untransfected BV2 cells were unresponsive to selective EP2 agonists. Similar to the case of rat primary microglia, BV2-hEP2 microglia treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/mL) displayed rapid and robust induction of the inflammatory mediators COX-2, IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6. EP2 activation depressed TNFα induction but exacerbated that of the other inflammatory mediators. Like primary microglia, classically activated BV2 microglia phagocytose fluorescent-labeled latex microspheres. The presence of EP2, but not its activation by agonists, in BV2-hEP2 microglia reduced phagocytosis and proliferation by 65% and 32%, respectively, compared to BV2 microglia. Thus, BV2-hEP2 is the first microglial cell line that retains the EP2 modulation of immune regulation and phagocytic ability of native microglia. Suppression of phagocytosis by the EP2 protein appears unrelated to classical EP2 signaling pathways, which has implications for therapeutic development of EP2 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asheebo Rojas
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Avijit Banik
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kevin Flood
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond Dingledine
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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76
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Gao T, Jernigan J, Raza SA, Dammer EB, Xiao H, Seyfried NT, Levey AI, Rangaraju S. Transcriptional regulation of homeostatic and disease-associated-microglial genes by IRF1, LXRβ, and CEBPα. Glia 2019; 67:1958-1975. [PMID: 31301160 PMCID: PMC7190149 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Microglia transform from homeostatic to disease-associated-microglia (DAM) profiles in neurodegeneration. Within DAM, we recently identified distinct pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory sub-profiles although transcriptional regulators of homeostatic and distinct DAM profiles remain unclear. Informed by these studies, we nominated CEBPα, IRF1, and LXRβ as likely regulators of homeostatic, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory DAM states and performed in-vitro siRNA studies in primary microglia to identify roles of each transcriptional factor (TF) in regulating microglial activation, using an integrated transcriptomics, bioinformatics and experimental validation approach. Efficient (>70%) silencing of TFs in microglia revealed reciprocal regulation between each TF specifically following pro-inflammatory activation. Neuroinflammatory transcriptomic profiling of microglia coupled with qPCR validation revealed distinct gene clusters with unique patterns of regulation by each TF, which were independent of LPS stimulation. While all three TFs (especially IRF1 and LXRβ) positively regulated core DAM genes (Apoe, Axl, Clec7a, Tyrobp, and Trem2) as well as homeostatic and pro-inflammatory DAM genes, LPS, and IFNγ increased pro-inflammatory DAM but suppressed homeostatic and anti-inflammatory DAM gene expression via an Erk1/2-dependent signaling pathway. IRF1 and LXRβ silencing suppressed microglial phagocytic activity for polystyrene microspheres as well as fAβ42 while IRF1 silencing strongly suppressed production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to LPS. Our studies reveal complex transcriptional regulation of homeostatic and DAM profiles whereby IRF1, LXRβ, and CEBPα positively regulate both pro- and anti-inflammatory DAM genes while activating stimuli independently augment pro-inflammatory DAM responses and suppress homeostatic and anti-inflammatory responses via Erk signaling. This framework can guide development of therapeutic immuno-modulatory strategies for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Gao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | | | - Syed Ali Raza
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hailian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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77
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Modulation of Innate Immunity by Amyloidogenic Peptides. Trends Immunol 2019; 40:762-780. [PMID: 31320280 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid formation contributes to the development of progressive metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, while also serving functional roles in host defense. Emerging evidence suggests that as amyloidogenic peptides populate distinct aggregation states, they interact with different combinations of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to direct the phenotype and function of tissue-resident and infiltrating innate immune cells. We review recent evidence of innate immunomodulation by distinct forms of amyloidogenic peptides produced by mammals (humans, non-human primates), bacteria, and fungi, as well as the corresponding cell-surface and intracellular PRRs in these interactions, in human and mouse models. Our emerging understanding of peptide aggregate-innate immune cell interactions, and the factors regulating the balance between amyloid function and pathogenicity, might aid the development of anti-amyloid and immunomodulating therapies.
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78
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Gao T, Raza SA, Ramesha S, Nwabueze NV, Tomkins AJ, Cheng L, Xiao H, Yepes M, Rangaraju S. Temporal profiling of Kv1.3 channel expression in brain mononuclear phagocytes following ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:116. [PMID: 31153377 PMCID: PMC6545199 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia and CNS-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages (CNS-MPs) perform pro-inflammatory and protective anti-inflammatory functions following ischemic stroke. Selective inhibition of pro-inflammatory responses can be achieved by Kv1.3 channel blockade, resulting in a lower infarct size in the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model. Whether beneficial effects of Kv1.3 blockers are mediated by targeting microglia or CNS-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages remains unclear. METHODS In the 30-min tMCAO mouse model, we profiled functional cell-surface Kv1.3 channels and phagocytic properties of acutely isolated CNS-MPs at various timepoints post-reperfusion. Kv1.3 channels were flow cytometrically detected using fluorescein-conjugated Kv1.3-binding peptide ShK-F6CA as well as by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to measure Kv1.3 (Kcna3) and Kir2.1 (Kcnj2) gene expression. Phagocytosis of 1-μm microspheres by acutely isolated CNS-MPs was measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS In flow cytometric assays, Kv1.3 channel expression by CD11b+ CNS-MPs was increased between 24 and 72 h post-tMCAO and decreased by 7 days post-tMCAO. Increased Kv1.3 expression was restricted to CD11b+CD45lowLy6clow (microglia) and CD11b+CD45highLy6Clow CNS-MPs but not CD11b+CD45highLy6chigh inflammatory monocytes/macrophages. In immunohistochemical studies, Kv1.3 protein expression was increased in Iba1+ microglia at 24-48 h post-tMCAO. No change in Kv1.3 mRNA in CNS-MPs was observed following tMCAO. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that resident microglia and a subset of CD45highLy6clow CNS-MPs are the likely cellular targets of Kv1.3 blockers and the delayed phase of neuroinflammation is the optimal therapeutic window for Kv1.3 blockade in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Gao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Syed Ali Raza
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Amelia J Tomkins
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lihong Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hailian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Manuel Yepes
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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79
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Gut Microbiota Disorder, Gut Epithelial and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunctions in Etiopathogenesis of Dementia: Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 21:205-226. [PMID: 31115795 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidences indicate a critical role of the gut microbiota in etiopathogenesis of dementia, a debilitating multifactorial disorder characterized by progressive deterioration of cognition and behavior that interferes with the social and professional functions of the sufferer. Available data suggest that gut microbiota disorder that triggers development of dementia is characterized by substantial reduction in specific species belonging to the Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla and presence of pathogenic species, predominantly, pro-inflammatory bacteria of the Proteobacteria phylum. These changes in gut microbiota microecology promote the production of toxic metabolites and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduction in beneficial substances such as short chain fatty acids and other anti-inflammatory factors, thereby, enhancing destruction of the gut epithelial barrier with concomitant activation of local and distant immune cells as well as dysregulation of enteric neurons and glia. This subsequently leads to blood-brain barrier dysfunctions that trigger neuroinflammatory reactions and predisposes to apoptotic neuronal and glial cell death, particularly in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, which underlie the development of dementia. However, the molecular switches that control these processes in the histo-hematic barriers of the gut and brain are not exactly known. This review integrates very recent data on the molecular mechanisms that link gut microbiota disorder to gut epithelial and blood-brain barrier dysfunctions, underlying the development of dementia. The signaling pathways that link gut microbiota disorder with impairment in cognition and behavior are also discussed. The review also highlights potential therapeutic options for dementia.
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80
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Scheu S, Ali S, Mann-Nüttel R, Richter L, Arolt V, Dannlowski U, Kuhlmann T, Klotz L, Alferink J. Interferon β-Mediated Protective Functions of Microglia in Central Nervous System Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E190. [PMID: 30621022 PMCID: PMC6337097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) leading to demyelination and axonal damage. It often affects young adults and can lead to neurological disability. Interferon β (IFNβ) preparations represent widely used treatment regimens for patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) with therapeutic efficacy in reducing disease progression and frequency of acute exacerbations. In mice, IFNβ therapy has been shown to ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS while genetic deletion of IFNβ or its receptor augments clinical severity of disease. However, the complex mechanism of action of IFNβ in CNS autoimmunity has not been fully elucidated. Here, we review our current understanding of the origin, phenotype, and function of microglia and CNS immigrating macrophages in the pathogenesis of MS and EAE. In addition, we highlight the emerging roles of microglia as IFNβ-producing cells and vice versa the impact of IFNβ on microglia in CNS autoimmunity. We finally discuss recent progress in unraveling the underlying molecular mechanisms of IFNβ-mediated effects in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
- Cells in Motion, Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Ritu Mann-Nüttel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Lisa Richter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Judith Alferink
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
- Cells in Motion, Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Welcome MO. Current Perspectives and Mechanisms of Relationship between Intestinal Microbiota Dysfunction and Dementia: A Review. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2018; 8:360-381. [PMID: 30483303 PMCID: PMC6244112 DOI: 10.1159/000492491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating data suggest a crucial role of the intestinal microbiota in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. More recently, emerging reports have revealed an association between intestinal microbiota dysfunctions and dementia, a debilitating multifactorial disorder, characterized by progressive deterioration of cognition and behavior that interferes with the social and professional life of the sufferer. However, the mechanisms of this association are not fully understood. SUMMARY In this review, I discuss recent data that suggest mechanisms of cross-talk between intestinal microbiota dysfunction and the brain that underlie the development of dementia. Potential therapeutic options for dementia are also discussed. The pleiotropic signaling of the metabolic products of the intestinal microbiota together with their specific roles in the maintenance of both the intestinal and blood-brain barriers as well as regulation of local, distant, and circulating immunocytes, and enteric, visceral, and central neural functions are integral to a healthy gut and brain. KEY MESSAGES Research investigating the effect of intestinal microbiota dysfunctions on brain health should focus on multiple interrelated systems involving local and central neuroendocrine, immunocyte, and neural signaling of microbial products and transmitters and neurohumoral cells that not only maintain intestinal, but also blood brain-barrier integrity. The change in intestinal microbiome/dysbiome repertoire is crucial to the development of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menizibeya O. Welcome
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
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82
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Cho SM, Vardi A, Platt N, Futerman AH. Absence of infiltrating peripheral myeloid cells in the brains of mouse models of lysosomal storage disorders. J Neurochem 2018; 148:625-638. [PMID: 29900534 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 70 lysosomal storage diseases are currently known, resulting from mutations in genes encoding lysosomal enzymes and membrane proteins. Defects in lysosomal enzymes that hydrolyze sphingolipids have been relatively well studied. Gaucher disease is caused by the loss of activity of glucocerebrosidase, leading to accumulation of glucosylceramide. Gaucher disease exhibits a number of subtypes, with types 2 and 3 showing significant neuropathology. Sandhoff disease results from the defective activity of β-hexosaminidase, leading to accumulation of ganglioside GM2. Niemann-Pick type C disease is primarily caused by the loss of activity of the lysosomal membrane protein, NPC1, leading to storage of cholesterol and sphingosine. All three disorders display significant neuropathology, accompanied by neuroinflammation. It is commonly assumed that neuroinflammation is the result of infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages into the brain; for instance, cells resembling lipid-engorged macrophages ('Gaucher cells') have been observed in the brain of Gaucher disease patients. We now review the evidence that inflammatory macrophages are recruited into the brain in these diseases and then go on to provide some experimental data that, at least in the three mouse models tested, monocyte-derived macrophages do not appear to infiltrate the brain. Resident microglia, which are phenotypically distinct from infiltrating macrophages, are the only myeloid population present in significant numbers within the brain parenchyma in these authentic mouse models, even during the late symptomatic stages of disease when there is substantial neuroinflammation. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/. This article is part of the Special Issue "Lysosomal Storage Disorders".
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Min Cho
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ayelet Vardi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nicolas Platt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Rangaraju S, Dammer EB, Raza SA, Rathakrishnan P, Xiao H, Gao T, Duong DM, Pennington MW, Lah JJ, Seyfried NT, Levey AI. Identification and therapeutic modulation of a pro-inflammatory subset of disease-associated-microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:24. [PMID: 29784049 PMCID: PMC5963076 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Disease-associated-microglia (DAM) represent transcriptionally-distinct and neurodegeneration-specific microglial profiles with unclear significance in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). An understanding of heterogeneity within DAM and their key regulators may guide pre-clinical experimentation and drug discovery. Methods Weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to existing microglial transcriptomic datasets from neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disease mouse models to identify modules of highly co-expressed genes. These modules were contrasted with known signatures of homeostatic microglia and DAM to reveal novel molecular heterogeneity within DAM. Flow cytometric validation studies were performed to confirm existence of distinct DAM sub-populations in AD mouse models predicted by WGCNA. Gene ontology analyses coupled with bioinformatics approaches revealed drug targets and transcriptional regulators of microglial modules predicted to favorably modulate neuroinflammation in AD. These guided in-vivo and in-vitro studies in mouse models of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration (5xFAD) to determine whether inhibition of pro-inflammatory gene expression and promotion of amyloid clearance was feasible. We determined the human relevance of these findings by integrating our results with AD genome-wide association studies and human AD and non-disease post-mortem brain proteomes. Results WGCNA applied to microglial gene expression data revealed a transcriptomic framework of microglial activation that predicted distinct pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes within DAM, which we confirmed in AD and aging models by flow cytometry. Pro-inflammatory DAM emerged earlier in mouse models of AD and were characterized by pro-inflammatory genes (Tlr2, Ptgs2, Il12b, Il1b), surface marker CD44, potassium channel Kv1.3 and regulators (NFkb, Stat1, RelA) while anti-inflammatory DAM expressed phagocytic genes (Igf1, Apoe, Myo1e), surface marker CXCR4 with distinct regulators (LXRα/β, Atf1). As neuro-immunomodulatory strategies, we validated LXRα/β agonism and Kv1.3 blockade by ShK-223 peptide that promoted anti-inflammatory DAM, inhibited pro-inflammatory DAM and augmented Aβ clearance in AD models. Human AD-risk genes were highly represented within homeostatic microglia suggesting causal roles for early microglial dysregulation in AD. Pro-inflammatory DAM proteins were positively associated with neuropathology and preceded cognitive decline confirming the therapeutic relevance of inhibiting pro-inflammatory DAM in AD. Conclusions We provide a predictive transcriptomic framework of microglial activation in neurodegeneration that can guide pre-clinical studies to characterize and therapeutically modulate neuroinflammation in AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-018-0254-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric B Dammer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Syed Ali Raza
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Hailian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tianwen Gao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | | | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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