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Magadán S, Mikelez-Alonso I, Borrego F, González-Fernández Á. Nanoparticles and trained immunity: Glimpse into the future. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113821. [PMID: 34087325 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidences show that innate immune cells can display changes in their functional programs after infection or vaccination, which lead to immunomodulation (increased or reduced responsiveness) upon secondary activation to the same stimuli or even to a different one. Innate cells acquire features of immunological memory, nowadays using the new term of "trained immunity" or "innate immune memory", which is different from the specific memory immune response elicited by B and T lymphocytes. The review focused on the concept of trained immunity, mostly on myeloid cells. Special attention is dedicated to the pathogen recognition along the evolution (bacteria, plants, invertebrate and vertebrate animals), and to techniques used to study epigenetic reprogramming and metabolic rewiring. Nanomaterials can be recognized by immune cells offering a very promising way to learn about trained immunity. Nanomaterials could be modified in order to immunomodulate the responses ad hoc. Many therapeutic possibilities are opened, and they should be explored.
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52
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Sealy RE, Hurwitz JL. Cross-Reactive Immune Responses toward the Common Cold Human Coronaviruses and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Mini-Review and a Murine Study. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1643. [PMID: 34442723 PMCID: PMC8398386 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes serious morbidity and mortality in humans (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19), there is an enormous range of disease outcomes following virus exposures. Some individuals are asymptomatic while others succumb to virus infection within days. Presently, the factors responsible for disease severity are not fully understood. One factor that may influence virus control is pre-existing immunity conferred by an individual's past exposures to common cold human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Here, we describe previous literature and a new, murine study designed to examine cross-reactive immune responses between SARS-CoV-2 and common cold HCoVs (represented by prototypes OC43, HKU1, 229E, and NL63). Experimental results have been mixed. In SARS-CoV-2-unexposed humans, cross-reactive serum antibodies were identified toward nucleocapsid (N) and the spike subunit S2. S2-specific antibodies were in some cases associated with neutralization. SARS-CoV-2-unexposed humans rarely exhibited antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike subunit S1, and when naïve mice were immunized with adjuvanted S1 from either SARS-CoV-2 or common cold HCoVs, S1-specific antibodies were poorly cross-reactive. When humans were naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2, cross-reactive antibodies that recognized common cold HCoV antigens increased in magnitude. Cross-reactive T cells, like antibodies, were present in humans prior to SARS-CoV-2 exposures and increased following SARS-CoV-2 infections. Some studies suggested that human infections with common cold HCoVs afforded protection against disease caused by subsequent exposures to SARS-CoV-2. Small animal models are now available for the testing of controlled SARS-CoV-2 infections. Additionally, in the United Kingdom, a program of SARS-CoV-2 human challenge experiments has received regulatory approval. Future, controlled experimental challenge studies may better define how pre-existing, cross-reactive immune responses influence SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Sealy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
| | - Julia L. Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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da Silva Antunes R, Pallikkuth S, Williams E, Dawen Yu E, Mateus J, Quiambao L, Wang E, Rawlings SA, Stadlbauer D, Jiang K, Amanat F, Arnold D, Andrews D, Fuego I, Dan JM, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Krammer F, Crotty S, Hoffer ME, Pahwa SG, Sette A. Differential T-Cell Reactivity to Endemic Coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in Community and Health Care Workers. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:70-80. [PMID: 33822097 PMCID: PMC8083569 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we measured CD4+ T-cell responses against common cold coronaviruses (CCC) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in high-risk health care workers (HCW) and community controls. We observed higher levels of CCC-reactive T cells in SARS-CoV-2-seronegative HCW compared to community donors, consistent with potential higher occupational exposure of HCW to CCC. We further show that SARS-CoV-2 T-cell reactivity of seronegative HCW was higher than community controls and correlation between CCC and SARS-CoV-2 responses is consistent with cross-reactivity and not associated with recent in vivo activation. Surprisingly, CCC T-cell reactivity was decreased in SARS-CoV-2-infected HCW, suggesting that exposure to SARS-CoV-2 might interfere with CCC responses, either directly or indirectly. This result was unexpected, but consistently detected in independent cohorts derived from Miami and San Diego. CD4+ T-cell responses against common cold coronaviruses (CCC) are elevated in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative high-risk health care workers (HCW) compared to COVID-19 convalescent HCW, suggesting that exposure to SARS-CoV-2 might interfere with CCC responses and/or cross-reactivity associated with a protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Suresh Pallikkuth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Erin Williams
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Esther Dawen Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jose Mateus
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lorenzo Quiambao
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Eric Wang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stephen A Rawlings
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kaijun Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - David Arnold
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - David Andrews
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Irma Fuego
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jennifer M Dan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael E Hoffer
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Savita G Pahwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Candel FJ, Barreiro P, San Román J, Carretero MM, Sanz JC, Perez-Abeledo M, Ramos B, Viñuela-Prieto JM, Canora J, Martínez-Peromingo FJ, Barba R, Zapatero A. The demography and characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 seropositive residents and staff of nursing homes for older adults in the Community of Madrid: the SeroSOS study. Age Ageing 2021; 50:1038-1047. [PMID: 33945607 PMCID: PMC8135991 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afab096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nursing homes for older adults have concentrated large numbers of severe cases and deaths for COVID-19. Methods: Point seroprevalence study of nursing homes to describe the demography and characteristic of SARS-CoV-2 IgG-positive residents and staff. Results: Clinical information and blood samples were available for 9,332 residents (mean age 86.7 ± 8.1 years, 76.4% women) and 10,614 staff (mean age 45.6 ± 11.5, 86.2% women). Up to 84.4% of residents had frailty, 84.9% co-morbidity and 69.3% cognitive impairment; 65.2% of workers were health-aides. COVID-19 seroprevalence was 55.4% (95% CI, 54.4–56.4) for older adults and 31.5% (30.6–32.4) for staff. In multivariable analysis frailty of residents was related with seropositivity (OR: 1.19, p = 0.02). In the case of staff, age > 50 years (2.10, p < 0.001), obesity (1.19, p = 0.01), being a health-aide (1.94, p < 0.001), working in a center with high seroprevalence in residents (3.49, p < 0.001), and contact with external cases of COVID-19 (1.52, p < 0.001) were factors associated with seropositivity. Past symptoms of COVID-19 were good predictors of seropositivity for residents (5.41, p < 0.001) and staff (2.52, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Level of dependency influences risk of COVID-19 among residents. Individual and work factors, and contacts outside the nursing home are associated with COVID-19 exposure in staff members. It is key to strengthen control measures to prevent the introduction of COVID-19 into care facilities from the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Candel
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, IdISSC and IML Health Institutes, Hospital Universitario San Carlos, Madrid
- Regional Public Health Laboratory, Community of Madrid
| | - P Barreiro
- Address correspondence to: Pablo Barreiro, MD PhD, Infectious Diseases. Internal Medicine. Hospital General Universitario La Paz. Madrid. Spain, E-mail:
| | - J San Román
- Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid
- Regional Public Health Laboratory, Community of Madrid
| | - M M Carretero
- Regional Public Health Laboratory, Community of Madrid
| | - J C Sanz
- Regional Public Health Laboratory, Community of Madrid
| | | | - B Ramos
- Regional Public Health Laboratory, Community of Madrid
| | - J M Viñuela-Prieto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital General Universitario La Paz, Madrid
| | - J Canora
- Assistant to the Vice-counselor of Public Health, Community of Madrid
| | | | - R Barba
- Medical Manager, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid
| | - A Zapatero
- Vice-counselor of Public Health, Community of Madrid
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Asseri AA, Shati AA, Al-Qahtani SM, Alzaydani IA, Al-Jarie AA, Alaliani MJ, Ali AS. Distinctive clinical and laboratory features of COVID-19 and H1N1 influenza infections among hospitalized pediatric patients. World J Pediatr 2021; 17:272-279. [PMID: 33970449 PMCID: PMC8108014 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-021-00432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It had been documented in many studies that pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by low infectivity rates, low mortalities, and benign disease course. On the other hand, influenza type A viruses are recognized to cause severe and fatal infections in children populations worldwide. This study is aimed to compare the clinical and laboratory characteristics of COVID-19 and H1N1 influenza infections. METHODS A retrospective study comprising 107 children hospitalized at Abha Maternity and Children Hospital, Southern region of Saudi Arabia, with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and H1N1 influenza infections was carried out. A complete follow-up for all patients from the hospital admission until discharge or death was made. The clinical data and laboratory parameters for these patients were collected from the medical records of the hospital. RESULTS Out of the total enrolled patients, 73 (68.2%) were diagnosed with COVID-19, and 34 (31.8%) were diagnosed with H1N1 influenza. The median age is 12 months for COVID-19 patients and 36 months for influenza patients. A relatively higher number of patients with influenza had a fever and respiratory symptoms than COVID-19 patients. In contrast, gastrointestinal symptoms were observed in a higher number of COVID-19 patients than in influenza patients. A statistically significant increase in white cell counts is noted in COVID-19 but not in influenza patients (P < 0.05). There are no obvious variations in the mean period of duration of hospitalization between COVID-19 and influenza patients. However, the total intensive care unit length of stay was longer for influenza compared to COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS A considerable number of children infected with COVID-19 and H1N1 influenza were noted and reported in this study. There were no significant variations in the severity of the symptomatology and laboratory findings between the two groups of patients. Significant differences between these patients in some hospitalization factors and diagnosis upon admission also were not observed. However, more severe clinical manifestations and serious consequences were observed among pediatric patients hospitalized with influenza infections than among those with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alsuheel Asseri
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ayed A Shati
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh M Al-Qahtani
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Alzaydani
- Department of Pediatrics, Abha Maternity and Children Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Al-Jarie
- Department of Pediatrics, Abha Maternity and Children Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed J Alaliani
- General Directorate of Health Affairs, Infection Prevention and Control Administration, Aseer Region, Ministry of Health, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelwahid Saeed Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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56
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De Sanctis JB, García AH, Moreno D, Hajduch M. Coronavirus infection: An immunologists' perspective. Scand J Immunol 2021; 93:e13043. [PMID: 33783027 PMCID: PMC8250184 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus infections are frequent viral infections in several species. As soon as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) appeared in the early 2000s, most of the research focused on pulmonary disease. However, disorders in immune response and organ dysfunctions have been documented. Elderly individuals with comorbidities exhibit worse outcomes in all the coronavirus that cause SARS. Disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection is related to severe inflammation and tissue injury, and effective immune response against the virus is still under analysis. ACE2 receptor expression and polymorphism, age, gender and immune genetics are factors that also play an essential role in patients' clinical features and immune responses and have been partially discussed. The present report aims to review the physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and propose new research topics to understand the complex mechanisms of viral infection and viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bautista De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational MedicineFaculty of Medicine and DentistryPalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
- Institute of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineUniversidad Central de VenezuelaCaracasVenezuela
| | - Alexis Hipólito García
- Institute of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineUniversidad Central de VenezuelaCaracasVenezuela
| | - Dolores Moreno
- Chair of General Pathology and PathophysiologyFaculty of MedicineCentral University of VenezuelaCaracasVenezuela
| | - Marián Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational MedicineFaculty of Medicine and DentistryPalacky UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
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57
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Maecker HT. Immune profiling of COVID-19: preliminary findings and implications for the pandemic. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002550. [PMID: 33963016 PMCID: PMC8108128 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection can have widely diverse clinical outcomes, from asymptomatic infection to death, with many possible clinical symptoms and syndromes. It is thus essential to understand how the virus interacts with the host immune system to bring about these varied outcomes and to inform vaccine development. We now know that both antibody and T cell responses are induced in the majority of infected individuals, and that cross-reactive responses from other coronaviruses also exist in the uninfected population. Innate immune responses are a key focus of research and may influence the course of disease and the character of subsequent adaptive responses. Finally, baseline immune profiles and changes during early acute infection may be key to predicting the course of disease. Understanding all these aspects can help to create better immune monitoring tools for COVID-19, including tools for predicting disease severity or specific sequelae, perhaps even prior to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden T Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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58
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite its crucial role in protection against viral infections, mucosal immunity has been largely understudied in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This review outlines the current evidence about the role of mucosal immune responses in the clearance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, as well as potential mucosal mechanisms of protection against (re-)infection. RECENT FINDINGS The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 cellular entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 is most highly expressed in the upper respiratory tract and most SARS-CoV-2 shedding occurs from the upper respiratory tract. Viral shedding peaks early during infection around the onset of symptoms, before dropping rapidly in most individuals within 7 days of symptom onset, suggesting mucosal inhibition of viral infection. Serum and mucosal immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M responses were found to be strongly correlated in infected patients, whereas correlations were much weaker for immunoglobulin A (IgA). Mucosal IgA responses have been detected in infected cases in the absence of serum antibody responses, with mucosal antibody levels correlating strongly with virus neutralization. Bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of nasopharyngeal swabs and bronchoalveolar lavage samples of COVID-19 patients revealed the induction of mucosal chemokine and cytokine genes, complement pathways, Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription signaling and cytotoxic T cells. SUMMARY Although most clinical studies focus on antibodies and cellular immunity in peripheral blood, mucosal immune responses in the respiratory tract play a key role in the early restriction of viral replication and the clearance of SARS-CoV-2. Identification of mucosal biomarkers associated with viral clearance will allow monitoring of infection-induced immunity. Further studies are needed to understand how the systemic immunological endpoints measured in vaccination studies translate to mucosal protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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59
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Root-Bernstein R. Pneumococcal and Influenza Vaccination Rates and Pneumococcal Invasive Disease Rates Set Geographical and Ethnic Population Susceptibility to Serious COVID-19 Cases and Deaths. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:474. [PMID: 34066697 PMCID: PMC8151685 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the relationship of pneumococcal vaccination rates, influenza, measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccinations (DTP), polio, Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib), and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (tuberculosis) vaccination rates to COVID-19 case and death rates for 51 nations that have high rates of COVID-19 testing and for which nearly complete childhood, at-risk adult and elderly pneumococcal vaccination data were available. The study is unique in a large number of nations examined, the range of vaccine controls, in testing effects of combinations of vaccinations, and in examining the relationship of COVID-19 and vaccination rates to invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). Analysis of Italian regions and the states of the United States were also performed. Significant positive correlations were found between IPD (but not lower respiratory infections) and COVID-19 rates, while significant negative correlations were found between pneumococcal vaccination and COVID-19 rates. Influenza and MMR vaccination rates were negatively correlated with lower respiratory infection (LRI) rates and may synergize with pneumococcal vaccination rates to protect against COVID-19. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination rates were independent of other vaccination rates. These results suggest that endemic rates of bacterial pneumonias, for which pneumococci are a sentinel, may set regional and national susceptibility to severe COVID-19 disease and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Root-Bernstein
- Department of Physiology, 567 Wilson Road, Room 1104 Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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60
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Motamedi H, Ari MM, Dashtbin S, Fathollahi M, Hossainpour H, Alvandi A, Moradi J, Abiri R. An update review of globally reported SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in preclinical and clinical stages. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107763. [PMID: 34162141 PMCID: PMC8101866 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the rapidly spreading pandemic COVID-19 in the world. As an effective therapeutic strategy is not introduced yet and the rapid genetic variations in the virus, there is an emerging necessity to design, evaluate and apply effective new vaccines. An acceptable vaccine must elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses, must have the least side effects and the storage and transport systems should be available and affordable for all countries. These vaccines can be classified into different types: inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated virus vaccines, subunit vaccines, virus-like particles (VLPs), nucleic acid-based vaccines (DNA and RNA) and recombinant vector-based vaccines (replicating and non-replicating viral vector). According to the latest update of the WHO report on April 2nd, 2021, at least 85 vaccine candidates were being studied in clinical trial phases and 184 candidate vaccines were being evaluated in pre-clinical stages. In addition, studies have shown that other vaccines, including the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and the Plant-derived vaccine, may play a role in controlling pandemic COVID-19. Herein, we reviewed the different types of COVID-19 candidate vaccines that are currently being evaluated in preclinical and clinical trial phases along with advantages, disadvantages or adverse reactions, if any.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Motamedi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Marzie Mahdizade Ari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Dashtbin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Matin Fathollahi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hadi Hossainpour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amirhoushang Alvandi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Medical Technology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jale Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ramin Abiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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61
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Kwetkat A, Heppner HJ, Endre AS, Leischker AH. [Current recommendations for vaccination in older adults]. MMW Fortschr Med 2021; 163:42-49. [PMID: 34033047 PMCID: PMC8146179 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-021-9851-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Kwetkat
- Klinik für Geriatrie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Bachstraße 18, 7743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hans Jürgen Heppner
- Klinik für Geriatrie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Bachstraße 18, 7743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Endre
- Klinik für Geriatrie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Bachstraße 18, 7743 Jena, Germany
- - Heinrich-Heine-Univ. Düsseldorf -, Klinik f. Geriatrie u. Gelbfieber-Impfstelle\/Alexiander Krefeld GmbH, Dießemer Bruch 81, 47805 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Andreas H. Leischker
- - Heinrich-Heine-Univ. Düsseldorf -, Klinik f. Geriatrie u. Gelbfieber-Impfstelle\/Alexiander Krefeld GmbH, Dießemer Bruch 81, 47805 Krefeld, Germany
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Amere Subbarao S. Cancer vs. SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammation, overlapping functions, and pharmacological targeting. Inflammopharmacology 2021; 29:343-366. [PMID: 33723711 PMCID: PMC7959277 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-021-00796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an intrinsic defence mechanism triggered by the immune system against infection or injury. Chronic inflammation allows the host to recover or adapt through cellular and humoral responses, whereas acute inflammation leads to cytokine storms resulting in tissue damage. In this review, we present the overlapping outcomes of cancer inflammation with virus-induced inflammation. The study emphasises how anti-inflammatory drugs that work against cancer inflammation may work against the inflammation caused by the viral infection. It is established that the cytokine storm induced in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection contributes to disease-associated mortality. While cancer remains the second among the diseases associated with mortality worldwide, cancer patients' mortality rates are often observed upon extended periods after illness, usually ranging from months to years. However, the mortality rates associated with COVID-19 disease are robust. The cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection appeared to be responsible for the multi-organ failure and increased mortality rates. Since both cancer and COVID-19 disease share overlapping inflammatory mechanisms, repurposing some anticancer and anti-inflammatory drugs for COVID-19 may lower mortality rates. Here, we review some of these inflammatory mechanisms and propose some potential chemotherapeutic agents to intervene in them. We also discuss the repercussions of anti-inflammatory drugs such as glucocorticoids and hydroxychloroquine with zinc or antiviral drugs such as ivermectin and remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm. In this review, we emphasise on various possibilities to reduce SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm.
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Acosta A, Fonte L, Sarmiento ME, Norazmi MN. Does our Mycobacteriome Influence COVID-19 Morbidity and Lethality? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:589165. [PMID: 33613475 PMCID: PMC7890112 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.589165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Armando Acosta
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Luis Fonte
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kourí", Havana, Cuba
| | - Maria E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Freedenberg AT, Pan CH, Diehl WE, Romeiser JL, Hwang GR, Leiton CV, Muecksch F, Shroyer KR, Bennett-Guerrero E. Neutralizing activity to SARS-CoV-2 of convalescent and control plasma used in a randomized controlled trial. Transfusion 2021; 61:1363-1369. [PMID: 33448402 PMCID: PMC8014203 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background There are limited data on the neutralizing activity of convalescent plasma (CP) administered in randomized controlled trials (RCT) of COVID‐19 infection. Study Design and Methods As part of an RCT, CP was collected per FDA guidelines from individuals recovered from COVID‐19 infection. CP donors had to have ≥145 optical density (OD) units (ideal target ≥300) using a semiquantitative, immunochromatographic test for IgG antibody to the nucleocapsid protein (NP) of SARS‐CoV‐2 (typical range 0–500 OD units). A random subset of samples [14 control plasma, 12 CP “medium‐anti‐NP” (145–299 OD units), and 13 CP “high” anti‐NP (≥300 OD units)] were tested for neutralizing antibodies using an established viral luciferase antibody inhibition assay to detect the infection of SARS‐CoV‐2 pseudovirus that encoded spike protein (SARS2‐Strunc) on a human immunodeficiency virus 1 vector (NL43dEnvNanoLuc), using ACE2‐expressing 293 T cells. The titer needed to neutralize 50% of viral activity (NT50) was calculated. Results The uptake of SARS‐CoV‐2 pseudovirus by 293TACE2 cells was inhibited by pretreatment with CP compared to control CP (p < .001) with control plasma having a median (IQR) 50% neutralization titer (NT50) of 1:28 (1:16,1:36) compared to 1:334 (1:130,1:1295) and 1:324 (1:244,1:578), for medium anti‐NP and high anti‐NP CP units, respectively. The neutralizing activity of CP met minimum FDA criteria with neutralizing antibody titers >1:80 in 100% of randomly selected samples, using a conservative approach that excluded non‐specific binding. Discussion Plasma from donors screened using an immunochromatographic test for IgG antibody to SARS‐CoV‐2 NP exhibited neutralizing activity meeting FDA's minimum standard in all randomly selected COVID‐19 CP units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T Freedenberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Chun-Hao Pan
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - William E Diehl
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Jamie L Romeiser
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Ga-Ram Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Cindy V Leiton
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kenneth R Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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de la Cruz Conty ML, Encinas Pardilla MB, Garcia Sanchez M, Gonzalez Rodriguez L, Muner-Hernando ML, Royuela Vicente A, Pintado Recarte P, Martinez Varea A, Martinez Diago C, Cruz Melguizo S, Martinez-Perez O. Impact of Recommended Maternal Vaccination Programs on the Clinical Presentation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Prospective Observational Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:31. [PMID: 33429912 PMCID: PMC7826802 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised questions about the possible cross immunity resulting from common vaccination programs and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, the Spanish Obstetric Emergency group performed a multicenter prospective study on the vaccination status of Influenza and Tdap (diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine boost administered in adulthood) in consecutive cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a pregnancy cohort, in order to assess its possible association with the clinical presentation and severity of symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as to determine the factors that may affect vaccination adherence. A total of 1150 SARS-CoV-2 positive pregnant women from 78 Spanish hospitals were analyzed: 183 had not received either vaccine, 23 had been vaccinated for Influenza only, 529 for Tdap only and 415 received both vaccines. No association was observed between the vaccination status and the clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or the severity of symptoms. However, a lower adherence to the administration of both vaccines was observed in the Latin-American subgroup. Based on the results above, we reinforce the importance of maternal vaccination programs in the actual pandemic. Health education campaigns should be specially targeted to groups less likely to participate in these programs, as well as for a future SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Begoña Encinas Pardilla
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital of Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.E.P.) ; (S.C.M.); (O.M.-P.)
| | - Marta Garcia Sanchez
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Quironsalud Malaga University Hospital, 29004 Malaga, Spain
| | - Laura Gonzalez Rodriguez
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Alvaro Cunqueiro Hospital of Vigo, 36213 Pontevedra, Spain;
| | | | - Ana Royuela Vicente
- *Biostatistics Unit, Puerta de Hierro Biomedical Research Institute (IDIPHISA-CIBERESP), 28222 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Pilar Pintado Recarte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Gregorio Marañon University Hospital, 28007 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alicia Martinez Varea
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Clara Martinez Diago
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Doctor Josep Trueta University Hospital of Girona, 17007 Girona, Spain;
| | - Sara Cruz Melguizo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital of Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.E.P.) ; (S.C.M.); (O.M.-P.)
| | - Oscar Martinez-Perez
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital of Majadahonda, 28222 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.E.P.) ; (S.C.M.); (O.M.-P.)
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Carro B. SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of action and impact on human organism, risk factors and potential treatments. An exhaustive survey. ALL LIFE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1977186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Belén Carro
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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67
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Rickett CD, Maschhoff KJ, Sukumar SR. Does tetanus vaccination contribute to reduced severity of the COVID-19 infection? Med Hypotheses 2021; 146:110395. [PMID: 33341328 PMCID: PMC7695568 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We present the hypothesis to the scientific community actively designing clinical trials and recommending public health guidelines to control the pandemic that - "Tetanus vaccination may be contributing to reduced severity of the COVID-19 infection" - and urge further research to validate or invalidate the effectiveness of the tetanus toxoid vaccine against COVID-19. This hypothesis was revealed by an explainable artificial intelligence system unleashed on open public biomedical datasets. As a foundation for scientific rigor, we describe the data and the artificial intelligence system, document the provenance and methodology used to derive the hypothesis and also gather potentially relevant data/evidence from recent studies. We conclude that while correlations may not be reason for causation, correlations from multiple sources is more than a serendipitous coincidence that is worthy of further and deeper investigation.
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Efforts at COVID-19 Vaccine Development: Challenges and Successes. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040739. [PMID: 33291245 PMCID: PMC7762169 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2, the new coronavirus (CoV), throughout the globe poses a daunting public health emergency. Different preventive efforts have been undertaken in response to this global health predicament; amongst them, vaccine development is at the forefront. Several sophisticated designs have been applied to create a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, and 44 candidates have already entered clinical trials. At present, it is unclear which ones will meet the objectives of efficiency and safety, though several vaccines are gearing up to obtain emergency approval in the U.S. and Europe. This manuscript discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various vaccine platforms and evaluates the safety and efficacy of vaccines in advance stages. Once a vaccine is developed, the next challenge will be acquisition, deployment, and uptake. The present manuscript describes these challenges in detail and proposes solutions to the vast array of translational challenges. It is evident from the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 that the virus will remain a threat to everybody as long as the virus is still circulating in a few. We need affordable vaccines that are produced in sufficient quantity for use in every corner of the world.
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