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Santos AR, da Silva AF, Batista AFP, Freitas CF, Bona E, Sereia MJ, Caetano W, Hioka N, Mikcha JMG. Application of Response Surface Methodology to Evaluate Photodynamic Inactivation Mediated by Eosin Y and 530 nm LED against Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9030125. [PMID: 32192121 PMCID: PMC7148482 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PAC) is an efficient tool for inactivating microorganisms. This technique is a good approach to inactivate the foodborne microorganisms, which are responsible for one of the major public health concerns worldwide—the foodborne diseases. In this work, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the interaction of Eosin Y (EOS) concentration and irradiation time on Staphylococcus aureus counts and a sequence of designed experiments to model the combined effect of each factor on the response. A second-order polynomial empirical model was developed to describe the relationship between EOS concentration and irradiation time. The results showed that the derived model could predict the combined influences of these factors on S. aureus counts. The agreement between predictions and experimental observations (R2adj = 0.9159, p = 0.000034) was also observed. The significant terms in the model were the linear negative effect of photosensitizer (PS) concentration, followed by the linear negative effect of irradiation time, and the quadratic negative effect of PS concentration. The highest reductions in S. aureus counts were observed when applying a light dose of 9.98 J/cm2 (498 nM of EOS and 10 min. irradiation). The ability of the evaluated model to predict the photoinactivation of S. aureus was successfully validated. Therefore, the use of RSM combined with PAC is a promising approach to inactivate foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriele R. Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900—Paraná, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (A.R.S.); (J.M.G.M.)
| | - Alex F. da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900—Paraná, Brazil;
| | - Andréia F. P. Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900—Paraná, Brazil;
| | - Camila F. Freitas
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900—Paraná, Brazil; (C.F.F.); (W.C.); (N.H.)
| | - Evandro Bona
- Department of Food, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campo Mourão 87301-899—Paraná, Brazil; (E.B.)
| | - Maria J. Sereia
- Department of Food, Federal Technological University of Paraná, Campo Mourão 87301-899—Paraná, Brazil; (E.B.)
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900—Paraná, Brazil; (C.F.F.); (W.C.); (N.H.)
| | - Noburu Hioka
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900—Paraná, Brazil; (C.F.F.); (W.C.); (N.H.)
| | - Jane M. G. Mikcha
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900—Paraná, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.R.S.); (J.M.G.M.)
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Photodynamic inactivation diminishes quorum sensing-mediated virulence factor production and biofilm formation of Serratia marcescens. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 35:191. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2768-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Santos AR, Batista AFP, Gomes ATPC, Neves MDGPMS, Faustino MAF, Almeida A, Hioka N, Mikcha JMG. The Remarkable Effect of Potassium Iodide in Eosin and Rose Bengal Photodynamic Action against Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E211. [PMID: 31694195 PMCID: PMC6963404 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been shown as a promising technique to inactivate foodborne bacteria, without inducing the development of bacterial resistance. Knowing that addition of inorganic salts, such as potassium iodide (KI), can modulate the photodynamic action of the photosensitizer (PS), we report in this study the antimicrobial effect of eosin (EOS) and rose bengal (RB) combined with KI against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, the possible development of bacterial resistance after this combined aPDT protocol was evaluated. The combination of EOS or RB, at all tested concentrations, with KI at 100 mM, was able to efficiently inactivate S. Typhimurium and S. aureus. This combined approach allows a reduction in the PS concentration up to 1000 times, even against one of the most common foodborne pathogenics, S. Typhimurium, a gram-negative bacterium which is not so prone to inactivation with xanthene dyes when used alone. The photoinactivation of S. Typhimurium and S. aureus by both xanthenes with KI did not induce the development of resistance. The low price of the xanthene dyes, the non-toxic nature of KI, and the possibility of reducing the PS concentration show that this technology has potential to be easily transposed to the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriele R. Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil;
| | - Andréia F. P. Batista
- Postgraduate Program in Food Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil;
| | - Ana T. P. C. Gomes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Maria da Graça P. M. S. Neves
- QOPNA& LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.d.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.A.F.F.)
| | - Maria Amparo F. Faustino
- QOPNA& LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (M.d.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.A.F.F.)
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil;
| | - Jane M. G. Mikcha
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
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Amos-Tautua BM, Songca SP, Oluwafemi OS. Application of Porphyrins in Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules 2019; 24:E2456. [PMID: 31277423 PMCID: PMC6650910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are commonly used to control, treat, or prevent bacterial infections, however bacterial resistance to all known classes of traditional antibiotics has greatly increased in the past years especially in hospitals rendering certain therapies ineffective. To limit this emerging public health problem, there is a need to develop non-incursive, non-toxic, and new antimicrobial techniques that act more effectively and quicker than the current antibiotics. One of these effective techniques is antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). This review focuses on the application of porphyrins in the photo-inactivation of bacteria. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance and some of the current 'greener' methods of synthesis of meso-phenyl porphyrins are discussed. In addition, significance and limitations of aPDT are also discussed. Furthermore, we also elaborate on the current clinical applications and the future perspectives and directions of this non-antibiotic therapeutic strategy in combating infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamidele M Amos-Tautua
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Sandile P Songca
- Department of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X 54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Oluwatobi S Oluwafemi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
- Centre for Nanomaterials Science Research, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.
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Rapacka-Zdonczyk A, Wozniak A, Pieranski M, Woziwodzka A, Bielawski KP, Grinholc M. Development of Staphylococcus aureus tolerance to antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation and antimicrobial blue light upon sub-lethal treatment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9423. [PMID: 31263139 PMCID: PMC6603016 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45962-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) and antimicrobial blue light (aBL) are considered low-risk treatments for the development of bacterial resistance and/or tolerance due to their multitargeted modes of action. In this study, we assessed the development of Staphylococcus aureus tolerance to these phototreatments. Reference S. aureus USA300 JE2 was subjected to 15 cycles of both sub-lethal aPDI (employing an exogenously administered photosensitizer (PS), i.e., rose Bengal (RB)) and sub-lethal aBL (employing endogenously produced photosensitizing compounds, i.e., porphyrins). We demonstrate substantial aPDI/aBL tolerance development and tolerance stability after 5 cycles of subculturing without aPDI/aBL exposure (the development of aPDI/aBL tolerance was also confirmed with the employment of clinical MRSA and MSSA strain as well as other representatives of Gram-positive microbes, i.e. Enterococcus faecium and Streptococcus agalactiae). In addition, a rifampicin-resistant (RIFR) mutant selection assay showed an increased mutation rate in S. aureus upon sub-lethal phototreatments, indicating that the increased aPDI/aBL tolerance may result from accumulated mutations. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis following sub-lethal phototreatments demonstrated increased expression of umuC, which encodes stress-responsive error-prone DNA polymerase V, an enzyme that increases the rate of mutation. Employment of recA and umuC transposon S. aureus mutants confirmed SOS-induction dependence of the tolerance development. Interestingly, aPDI/aBL-tolerant S. aureus exhibited increased susceptibility to gentamicin (GEN) and doxycycline (DOX), supporting the hypothesis of genetic alterations induced by sub-lethal phototreatments. The obtained results indicate that S. aureus may develop stable tolerance to studied phototreatments upon sub-lethal aPDI/aBL exposure; thus, the risk of tolerance development should be considered significant when designing aPDI/aBL protocols for infection treatments in vitro and in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Rapacka-Zdonczyk
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Wozniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michal Pieranski
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Woziwodzka
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof P Bielawski
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Grinholc
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
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56
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Freitas MAA, Pereira AHC, Pinto JG, Casas A, Ferreira-Strixino J. Bacterial viability after antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with curcumin on multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus. Future Microbiol 2019; 14:739-748. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus are multiresistant pathogens that causes superficial and systemic infections. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) is an alternative in the treatment of diseases caused by these bacteria. Aim: In this study the APDT response on growth, viability, formation of reactive oxygen species and adhesion of methicillin-sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus, strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus and American-type culture collection (ATCC) of S. aureus were evaluated in vitro, after incubation with curcumin for 20 min, and irradiated with LED. Materials & methods: Bacterial growth was assessed by the number of colony-forming units, viability and adhesion were evaluated by confocal microscopy and ROS quantification was performed by fluorimetry. Results: Was observed increase in the production of ROS in APDT groups, besides a decrease in the 4 log growth and loss of the bacterial adhesion. Conclusion: APDT with Curcumin may be an interesting therapeutic alternative, due to its in vitro response, in the control multiresistant clinical S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian AA Freitas
- Photodynamic Therapy Laboratory - Research & Development Institute – R&DI, University of Vale do Paraíba, Univap. Shishima Hifumi Avenue, 2911, 12244–000, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André HC Pereira
- Photodynamic Therapy Laboratory - Research & Development Institute – R&DI, University of Vale do Paraíba, Univap. Shishima Hifumi Avenue, 2911, 12244–000, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana G Pinto
- Photodynamic Therapy Laboratory - Research & Development Institute – R&DI, University of Vale do Paraíba, Univap. Shishima Hifumi Avenue, 2911, 12244–000, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Casas
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), University of Buenos Aires- CONICET-Htal de Clínicas Gral. José de San Martín, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juliana Ferreira-Strixino
- Photodynamic Therapy Laboratory - Research & Development Institute – R&DI, University of Vale do Paraíba, Univap. Shishima Hifumi Avenue, 2911, 12244–000, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
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57
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Cabral J, Ag R. Blue Light Disinfection in Hospital Infection Control: Advantages, Drawbacks, and Pitfalls. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8020058. [PMID: 31067733 PMCID: PMC6627448 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) are a serious problem that potentially affects millions of patients whenever in contact with hospital settings. Worsening the panorama is the emergence of antimicrobial resistance by most microorganisms implicated in HAIs. Therefore, the improvement of the actual surveillance methods and the discovery of alternative approaches with novel modes of action is vital to overcome the threats created by the emergence of such resistances. Light therapy modalities represent a viable and effective alternative to the conventional antimicrobial treatment and can be preponderant in the control of HAIs, even against multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs). This review will initially focus on the actual state of HAIs and MDROs and which methods are currently available to fight them, which is followed by the exploration of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) and antimicrobial blue light therapy (aBLT) as alternative approaches to control microorganisms involved in HAIs. The advantages and drawbacks of BLT relatively to aPDT and conventional antimicrobial drugs as well as its potential applications to destroy microorganisms in the healthcare setting will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Cabral
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Porto Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rodrigues Ag
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Porto Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
- CINTESIS-Center for Health Technology and Services Research, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
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Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance requires development of alternative therapeutic options. Multidrug-resistant strains of Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. are still the most commonly identified antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. These microorganisms are part of the so-called 'ESKAPE' pathogens to emphasize that they currently cause the majority of hospital acquired infections and effectively 'escape' the effects of antibacterial drugs. Thus, alternative, safer and more efficient antimicrobial strategies are urgently needed, especially against 'ESKAPE' superbugs. Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation is a therapeutic option used in the treatment of infectious diseases. It is based on a combination of a photosensitizer, light and oxygen to remove highly metabolically active cells.
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The effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on the expression of biofilm associated genes in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from wound infections in burn patients. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 25:406-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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60
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Taslı H, Akbıyık A, Topaloğlu N, Alptüzün V, Parlar S. Photodynamic antimicrobial activity of new porphyrin derivatives against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol 2018; 56:828-837. [PMID: 30353469 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-8244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with multiple drug resistance patterns is frequently isolated from skin and soft tissue infections that are involved in chronic wounds. Today, difficulties in the treatment of MRSA associated infections have led to the development of alternative approaches such as antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. This study aimed to investigate photoinactivation with cationic porphyrin derivative compounds against MRSA in in-vitro conditions. In the study, MRSA clinical isolates with different antibiotic resistance profiles were used. The newly synthesized cationic porphyrin derivatives (PM, PE, PPN, and PPL) were used as photosensitizer, and 655 nm diode laser was used as light source. Photoinactivation experiments were performed by optimizing energy doses and photosensitizer concentrations. In photoinactivation experiments with different energy densities and photosensitizer concentrations, more than 99% reduction was achieved in bacterial cell viability. No decrease in bacterial survival was observed in control groups. It was determined that there was an increase in photoinactivation efficiency by increasing the energy dose. At the energy dose of 150 J/cm2 a survival reduction of over 6.33 log10 was observed in each photosensitizer type. While 200 μM PM concentration was required for this photoinactivation, 12.50 μM was sufficient for PE, PPN, and PPL. In our study, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy performed with cationic porphyrin derivatives was found to have potent antimicrobial efficacy against multidrug resistant S. aureus which is frequently isolated from wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hüseyin Taslı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Ayse Akbıyık
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nermin Topaloğlu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Vildan Alptüzün
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sülünay Parlar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
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61
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Bartolomeu M, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Almeida A. Wastewater chemical contaminants: remediation by advanced oxidation processes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1573-1598. [PMID: 30328883 DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00249e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 70% of the terrestrial area is covered with water, but only a small water fraction is compatible with terrestrial life forms. Due to the increment in human consumption, the need for water resources is increasing, and it is estimated that more than 40% of the population worldwide will face water stress/scarcity within the next few decades. Water recycling and reuse may offer the opportunity to expand water resources. For that, the wastewater treatment paradigm should be changed and adequately treated wastewater should be seen as a valuable resource instead of a waste product. It is easily understandable that the exact composition and constituent concentration of wastewater vary according to its different sources (industrial, agricultural, urban usage of water). Consequently, a variety of known and emerging pollutants like heavy metals, antibiotics, pesticides, phthalates, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated compounds and endocrine disruptors have been found in natural water reservoirs, due to the limited effectiveness of conventional wastewater treatment. The conventional approach consists of a combination of physical, chemical and biological processes, aiming at the removal of large sediments such as heavier solids, scum and grease and of organic content in order to avoid the growth of microorganisms and eutrophication of the receiving water bodies. However, this approach is not sufficient to reduce the chemical pollutants and much less the emerging chemical pollutants. In this review, after some considerations concerning chemical pollutants and the problematic efficiency of their removal by conventional methods, an update is presented on the successes and challenges of novel approaches for wastewater remediation based on advanced oxidation processes. An insight into wastewater remediation involving the photodynamic approach mediated by tetrapyrrolic derivatives will be underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bartolomeu
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M G P M S Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - M A F Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - A Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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62
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The antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of gold-complexed sulfonamides against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:440-448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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63
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Martins D, Mesquita MQ, Neves MGPMS, Faustino MAF, Reis L, Figueira E, Almeida A. Photoinactivation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in kiwifruit plants by cationic porphyrins. PLANTA 2018; 248:409-421. [PMID: 29752536 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The studied cationic porphyrins formulation allows an effective photoinactivation of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in kiwifruit leaves under sunlight irradiation, without damaging the plant. Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is a Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacterium responsible for canker on kiwifruit plant. Over the last decade, this bacterium dramatically affected the production of this fruit worldwide, causing significant economic losses. In general, Psa control consists in the application of copper which are toxic and persist in the environment. The application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as an alternative to inactivate Psa has already been demonstrated in recent studies that showed a 4 log Psa reduction using the cationic porphyrin Tetra-Py+-Me as photosensitizer (PS) and 3 consecutive cycles of treatment with a light irradiance of 150 mW cm-2. The present work aimed to evaluate the photodynamic efficiency of a new formulation constituted with five cationic porphyrins as PS in Psa inactivation. This new formulation was prepared to have as main component the tri-cationic porphyrin which is considered one of the most efficient photosensitizers in the photoinactivation of microorganisms. The in vitro study with a PS concentration of 5.0 µM and low irradiance, showed a 7.4 log photoinactivation after 60 min. Posteriorly, several assays were performed with the PS at 50 µM on kiwifruit leaves (ex vivo), under different conditions of light and inoculation. The ex vivo assays with artificially contaminated leaves showed a 2.8 and 4.5 log inactivation with low irradiance and sunlight, respectively, after 90 min. After a second treatment with sunlight, a 6.2 log inactivation was achieved. The photoinactivation on naturally contaminated leaves was about 2.3 log after 90 min sunlight irradiation. Ten consecutive cycles of phototreatment in sub-lethal conditions showed that Psa does not develop resistance, nor recover viability. The results suggest that aPDT can be an alternative to the current methods used to control Psa, since it was possible to inactivate this bacterium under sunlight, without damaging the leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martins
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mariana Q Mesquita
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria G P M S Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Maria A F Faustino
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luís Reis
- Associação Portuguesa de Kiwicultores, 4520-249, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Etelvina Figueira
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Abd Manan FM, Attan N, Zakaria Z, Mahat NA, Abdul Wahab R. Insight into the Rhizomucor miehei lipase supported on chitosan-chitin nanowhiskers assisted esterification of eugenol to eugenyl benzoate. J Biotechnol 2018; 280:19-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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65
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Rezaie P, Pourhajibagher M, Chiniforush N, Hosseini N, Bahador A. The Effect of Quorum-Sensing and Efflux Pumps Interactions in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Against Photooxidative Stress. J Lasers Med Sci 2018; 9:161-167. [PMID: 30809326 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2018.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Resistant infections essentially cause mortality in a burn unit. Several bacteria contribute to burn infections; among these, Pseudomonas aeruginosa majorly contributes to these infections revealing significant drug resistance. Similar to other bacteria, P. aeruginosa reveals various mechanisms to attain highest pathogenicity and resistance; among these, efflux pumps and quorum sensing are crucial. Quorum sensing enables effective communication between bacteria and synchronizes their gene expression resulting in optimum effect of the secreted proteins; alternatively, efflux pumps increase the bacterial resistance by pumping out the antimicrobial factors as well as the QS signals and precursors. Of recent, increasing episodes of drug resistance led to new findings and approaches for killing pathogenic bacteria without inducing the drug-resistant species. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), considered as an adjuvant and innovative method for conventional antibiotic therapy, is a photochemical reaction that includes visible light, oxygen, and a photosensitizer (PS). In this therapy, after exposure to visible light, the PS generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are bacteriostatic or bactericidal. Furthermore, this oxidative stress can disrupt the coordination of gene expression and alter the bacterial behavior. Considering the fact that the adaption and several gene expression patterns of microorganisms within the biofilm make them notably resistant to the recent antimicrobial treatments, this study aimed to emphasize the relationship between the efflux pump and QS under oxidative stress and their role in P. aeruginosa's reaction to PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parizad Rezaie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry (LRCD), Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nava Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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66
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Branco TM, Valério NC, Jesus VIR, Dias CJ, Neves MG, Faustino MA, Almeida A. Single and combined effects of photodynamic therapy and antibiotics to inactivate Staphylococcus aureus on skin. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 21:285-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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67
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Abdul Manan FM, Attan N, Widodo N, Aboul-Enein HY, Wahab RA. Rhizomucor miehei lipase immobilized on reinforced chitosan–chitin nanowhiskers support for synthesis of eugenyl benzoate. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:92-102. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1405021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Myra Abdul Manan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Nursyafreena Attan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Nashi Widodo
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
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68
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Manan FMA, Attan N, Zakaria Z, Keyon ASA, Wahab RA. Enzymatic esterification of eugenol and benzoic acid by a novel chitosan-chitin nanowhiskers supported Rhizomucor miehei lipase: Process optimization and kinetic assessments. Enzyme Microb Technol 2018; 108:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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69
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Kielmann M, Prior C, Senge MO. Porphyrins in troubled times: a spotlight on porphyrins and their metal complexes for explosives testing and CBRN defense. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04679k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A critical perspective on (metallo)porphyrins in security-related applications: the past, present and future of explosives detection, CBRN defense, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kielmann
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
| | - Caroline Prior
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute
- Trinity Centre for Health Sciences
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
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70
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71
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Tomb RM, Maclean M, Coia JE, MacGregor SJ, Anderson JG. Assessment of the potential for resistance to antimicrobial violet-blue light in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2017; 6:100. [PMID: 29046782 PMCID: PMC5639585 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-017-0261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial violet-blue light in the region of 405 nm is emerging as an alternative technology for hospital decontamination and clinical treatment. The mechanism of action is the excitation of endogenous porphyrins within exposed microorganisms, resulting in ROS generation, oxidative damage and cell death. Although resistance to 405 nm light is not thought likely, little evidence has been published to support this. This study was designed to establish if there is potential for tolerance development, using the nosocomial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus as the model organism. METHODS The first stage of this study investigated the potential for S. aureus to develop tolerance to high-intensity 405 nm light if pre-cultured in low-level stress violet-blue light (≤1 mW/cm2) conditions. Secondly, the potential for tolerance development in bacteria subjected to repeated sub-lethal exposure was compared by carrying out 15 cycles of exposure to high-intensity 405 nm light, using a sub-lethal dose of 108 J/cm2. Inactivation kinetics and antibiotic susceptibility were also compared. RESULTS When cultured in low-level violet-blue light conditions, S. aureus required a greater dose of high-intensity 405 nm light for complete inactivation, however this did not increase with multiple (3) low-stress cultivations. Repeated sub-lethal exposures indicated no evidence of bacterial tolerance to 405 nm light. After 15 sub-lethal exposures 1.2 and 1.4 log10 reductions were achieved for MSSA and MRSA respectively, which were not significantly different to the initial 1.3 log10 reductions achieved (P = 0.242 & 0.116, respectively). Antibiotic susceptibility was unaffected, with the maximum change in zone of inhibition being ± 2 mm. CONCLUSIONS Repeated sub-lethal exposure of non-proliferating S. aureus populations did not affect the susceptibility of the organism to 405 nm light, nor to antibiotics. Culture in low-level violet-blue light prior to 405 nm light exposure may increase oxidative stress responses in S. aureus, however, inactivation still occurs and results demonstrate that this is unlikely to be a selective process. These results demonstrate that tolerance from repeated exposure is unlikely to occur, and further supports the potential development of 405 nm light for clinical decontamination and treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Tomb
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John E Coia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott J MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John G Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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72
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Photodynamic Action against Wastewater Microorganisms and Chemical Pollutants: An Effective Approach with Low Environmental Impact. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9090630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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73
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Fila G, Kawiak A, Grinholc MS. Blue light treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Strong bactericidal activity, synergism with antibiotics and inactivation of virulence factors. Virulence 2017; 8:938-958. [PMID: 27763824 PMCID: PMC5626244 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1250995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is among the most common pathogens responsible for both acute and chronic infections of high incidence and severity. Additionally, P. aeruginosa resistance to conventional antimicrobials has increased rapidly over the past decade. Therefore, it is crucial to explore new therapeutic options, particularly options that specifically target the pathogenic mechanisms of this microbe. The ability of a pathogenic bacterium to cause disease is dependent upon the production of agents termed 'virulence factors', and approaches to mitigate these agents have gained increasing attention as new antibacterial strategies. Although blue light irradiation is a promising alternative approach, only limited and preliminary studies have described its effect on virulence factors. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of lethal and sub-lethal doses of blue light treatment (BLT) on P. aeruginosa virulence factors. We analyzed the inhibitory effects of blue light irradiation on the production/activity of several virulence factors. Lethal BLT inhibited the activity of pyocyanin, staphylolysin, pseudolysin and other proteases, but sub-lethal BLT did not affect the production/expression of proteases, phospholipases, and flagella- or type IV pili-associated motility. Moreover, a eukaryotic cytotoxicity test confirmed the decreased toxicity of blue light-treated extracellular P. aeruginosa fractions. Finally, the increased antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa treated with sequential doses of sub-lethal BLT was demonstrated with a checkerboard test. Thus, this work provides evidence-based proof of the susceptibility of drug-resistant P. aeruginosa to BLT-mediated killing, accompanied by virulence factor reduction, and describes the synergy between antibiotics and sub-lethal BLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Fila
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Kawiak
- Division of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Laboratory of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Mariusz Stanislaw Grinholc
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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74
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Pérez-Laguna V, Pérez-Artiaga L, Lampaya-Pérez V, García-Luque I, Ballesta S, Nonell S, Paz-Cristobal MP, Gilaberte Y, Rezusta A. Bactericidal Effect of Photodynamic Therapy, Alone or in Combination with Mupirocin or Linezolid, on Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28626456 PMCID: PMC5454219 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic treatments frequently fail due to the development of antibiotic resistance, underscoring the need for new treatment strategies. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) could constitute an alternative therapy. In bacterial suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, which is commonly implicated in cutaneous and mucosal infections, we evaluated the in vitro efficacy of aPDT, using the photosensitizing agents rose bengal (RB) or methylene blue (MB), alone or combined with the antibiotics mupirocin (MU) or linezolid (LN). RB or MB, at concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 10 μg/ml, were added to S. aureus ATCC 29213 suspensions containing >108 cells/ml, in the absence or presence of MU or LN (1 or 10 μg/ml). Suspensions were irradiated with a white metal halide (λ 420–700 nm) or light-emitting diode lamp (λ 515 and λ 625 nm), and the number of viable bacteria quantified by counting colony-forming units (CFU) on blood agar. Addition of either antibiotic had no significant effect on the number of CFU/ml. By contrast, RB-aPDT and MB-aPDT effectively inactivated S. aureus, as evidenced by a 6 log10 reduction in bacterial growth. In the presence of MU or LN, the same 6 log10 reduction was observed in response to aPDT, but was achieved using significantly lower concentrations of the photosensitizers RB or MB. In conclusion, the combination of MU or LN and RB/MB-aPDT appears to exert a synergistic bactericidal effect against S. aureus in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Pérez-Laguna
- IIS AragónZaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel ServetZaragoza, Spain
| | - Luna Pérez-Artiaga
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel ServetZaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - Sofía Ballesta
- Department of Microbiology, University of SevillaSeville, Spain
| | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon LlullBarcelona, Spain
| | | | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- IIS AragónZaragoza, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, Hospital San JorgeHuesca, Spain
| | - Antonio Rezusta
- IIS AragónZaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel ServetZaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of ZaragozaZaragoza, Spain
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75
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El-Khordagui L, El-Sayed N, Galal S, El-Gowelli H, Omar H, Mohamed M. Photosensitizer-eluting nanofibers for enhanced photodynamic therapy of wounds: A preclinical study in immunocompromized rats. Int J Pharm 2017; 520:139-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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76
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Kossakowska-Zwierucho M, Kaźmierkiewicz R, Bielawski KP, Nakonieczna J. Factors Determining Staphylococcus aureus Susceptibility to Photoantimicrobial Chemotherapy: RsbU Activity, Staphyloxanthin Level, and Membrane Fluidity. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1141. [PMID: 27486456 PMCID: PMC4949386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoantimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) constitutes a particular type of stress condition, in which bacterial cells induce a pleiotropic and as yet unexplored effect. In light of this, the key master regulators are of putative significance to the overall phototoxic outcome. In Staphylococcus aureus, the alternative sigma factor σB controls the expression of genes involved in the response to environmental stress. We show that aberration of any sigB operon genes in S. aureus USA300 isogenic mutants causes a pronounced sensitization (>5 log10 reduction in CFU drop) to PACT with selected photosensitizers, namely protoporphyrin diarginate, zinc phthalocyanine and rose bengal. This effect is partly due to aberration-coupled staphyloxanthin synthesis inhibition. We identified frequent mutations in RsbU, a σB activator, in PACT-vulnerable clinical isolates of S. aureus, resulting in σB activity impairment. Locations of significant changes in protein structure (IS256 insertion, early STOP codon occurrence, substitutions A230T and A276D) were shown in a theoretical model of S. aureus RsbU. As a phenotypic hallmark of PACT-vulnerable S. aureus strains, we observed an increased fluidity of bacterial cell membrane, which is a result of staphyloxanthin content and other yet unidentified factors. Our research indicates σB as a promising target of adjunctive antimicrobial therapy and suggests that enhanced cell membrane fluidity may be an adjuvant strategy in PACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kossakowska-Zwierucho
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk, Poland
| | - Rajmund Kaźmierkiewicz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Simulation, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof P Bielawski
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Nakonieczna
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk Gdansk, Poland
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