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Vicente I, Baroncelli R, Hermosa R, Monte E, Vannacci G, Sarrocco S. Role and genetic basis of specialised secondary metabolites in Trichoderma ecophysiology. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Anteyi WO, Klaiber I, Rasche F. Diacetoxyscirpenol, a Fusarium exometabolite, prevents efficiently the incidence of the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:84. [PMID: 35209839 PMCID: PMC8867772 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain Fusarium exometabolites have been reported to inhibit seed germination of the cereal-parasitizing witchweed, Striga hermonthica, in vitro. However, it is unknown if these exometabolites will consistently prevent S. hermonthica incidence in planta. The study screened a selection of known, highly phytotoxic Fusarium exometabolites, in identifying the most potent/efficient candidate (i.e., having the greatest effect at minimal concentration) to completely hinder S. hermonthica seed germination in vitro and incidence in planta, without affecting the host crop development and yield. RESULTS In vitro germination assays of the tested Fusarium exometabolites (i.e., 1,4-naphthoquinone, equisetin, fusaric acid, hymeglusin, neosolaniol (Neo), T-2 toxin (T-2) and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS)) as pre-Striga seed conditioning treatments at 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 µM, revealed that only DAS, out of all tested exometabolites, completely inhibited S. hermonthica seed germination at each concentration. It was followed by T-2 and Neo, as from 10 to 20 µM respectively. The remaining exometabolites reduced S. hermonthica seed germination as from 20 µM (P < 0. 0001). In planta assessment (in a S. hermonthica-sorghum parasitic system) of the exometabolites at 20 µM showed that, although, none of the tested exometabolites affected sorghum aboveground dry biomass (P > 0.05), only DAS completely prevented S. hermonthica incidence. Following a 14-d incubation of DAS in the planting soil substrate, bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and fungal 18S rRNA gene copy numbers of the soil microbial community were enhanced; which coincided with complete degradation of DAS in the substrate. Metabolic footprinting revealed that the S. hermonthica mycoherbicidal agent, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. strigae (isolates Foxy-2, FK3), did not produce DAS; a discovery that corresponded with underexpression of key genes (Tri5, Tri4) necessary for Fusarium trichothecene biosynthesis (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Among the tested Fusarium exometabolites, DAS exhibited the most promising herbicidal potential against S. hermonthica. Thus, it could serve as a new biocontrol agent for efficient S. hermonthica management. Further examination of DAS specific mode of action against the target weed S. hermonthica at low concentrations (≤ 20 µM), as opposed to non-target soil organisms, is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Williams Oyifioda Anteyi
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Iris Klaiber
- Core Facility Hohenheim, University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Rasche
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), University of Hohenheim, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Kumar P, Mahato DK, Gupta A, Pandhi S, Mishra S, Barua S, Tyagi V, Kumar A, Kumar M, Kamle M. Use of essential oils and phytochemicals against the mycotoxins producing fungi for shelf‐life enhancement and food preservation. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar
- Applied Microbiology Lab Department of Forestry North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology Nirjuli 791109 India
| | - Dipendra Kumar Mahato
- CASS Food Research Centre School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Burwood VIC 3125 Australia
| | - Akansha Gupta
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Shikha Pandhi
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Sadhna Mishra
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences GLA University Mathura 281406 India
| | - Sreejani Barua
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur‐721302 India
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Vidhi Tyagi
- University School of Biotechnology Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Sector 16C Dwarka New Delhi 110078 India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Dairy Science and Food Technology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi 221005 India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division ICAR—Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology Mumbai 400019 India
| | - Madhu Kamle
- Applied Microbiology Lab Department of Forestry North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology Nirjuli 791109 India
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Mold, Mycotoxins and a Dysregulated Immune System: A Combination of Concern? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212269. [PMID: 34830149 PMCID: PMC8619365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi represent one of the most diverse and abundant eukaryotes on earth. The interplay between mold exposure and the host immune system is still not fully elucidated. Literature research focusing on up-to-date publications is providing a heterogenous picture of evidence and opinions regarding the role of mold and mycotoxins in the development of immune diseases. While the induction of allergic immune responses by molds is generally acknowledged, other direct health effects like the toxic mold syndrome are controversially discussed. However, recent observations indicate a particular importance of mold/mycotoxin exposure in individuals with pre-existing dysregulation of the immune system, due to exacerbation of underlying pathophysiology including allergic and non-allergic chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and even human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. In this review, we focus on the impact of mycotoxins regarding their impact on disease progression in pre-existing immune dysregulation. This is complemented by experimental in vivo and in vitro findings to present cellular and molecular modes of action. Furthermore, we discuss hypothetical mechanisms of action, where evidence is missing since much remains to be discovered.
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Aspergillus fumigatus Fumagillin Contributes to Host Cell Damage. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110936. [PMID: 34829223 PMCID: PMC8619997 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of fumagillin, a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus fumigatus, has not been studied in depth. In this study, we used a commercial fumagillin on cultures of two cell types (A549 pneumocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages). This toxin joins its target, MetAP2 protein, inside cells and, as a result, significantly reduces the electron chain activity, the migration, and the proliferation ability on the A549 cells, or affects the viability and proliferation ability of the RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, the toxin stimulates the germination and double branch hypha production of fungal cultures, pointing out an intrinsic resistant mechanism to fumagillin of fungal strains. In this study, we also used a fumagillin non-producer A. fumigatus strain (∆fmaA) as well as its complemented strain (∆fmaA::fmaA) and we tested the fumagillin secretion of the fungal strains using an Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) method. Furthermore, fumagillin seems to protect the fungus against phagocytosis in vitro, and during in vivo studies using infection of immunosuppressed mice, a lower fungal burden in the lungs of mice infected with the ∆fmaA mutant was demonstrated.
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Dor S, Prusky D, Afriat-Jurnou L. Bacterial Quorum-Quenching Lactonase Hydrolyzes Fungal Mycotoxin and Reduces Pathogenicity of Penicillium expansum-Suggesting a Mechanism of Bacterial Antagonism. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100826. [PMID: 34682247 PMCID: PMC8537011 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is a necrotrophic wound fungal pathogen that secrets virulence factors to kill host cells including cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs), proteases, and mycotoxins such as patulin. During the interaction between P. expansum and its fruit host, these virulence factors are strictly modulated by intrinsic regulators and extrinsic environmental factors. In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in research on the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity in P. expansum; however, less is known regarding the bacteria–fungal communication in the fruit environment that may affect pathogenicity. Many bacterial species use quorum-sensing (QS), a population density-dependent regulatory mechanism, to modulate the secretion of quorum-sensing signaling molecules (QSMs) as a method to control pathogenicity. N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) are Gram-negative QSMs. Therefore, QS is considered an antivirulence target, and enzymes degrading these QSMs, named quorum-quenching enzymes, have potential antimicrobial properties. Here, we demonstrate that a bacterial AHL lactonase can also efficiently degrade a fungal mycotoxin. The mycotoxin is a lactone, patulin secreted by fungi such as P. expansum. The bacterial lactonase hydrolyzed patulin at high catalytic efficiency, with a kcat value of 0.724 ± 0.077 s−1 and KM value of 116 ± 33.98 μM. The calculated specific activity (kcat/KM) showed a value of 6.21 × 103 s−1M−1. While the incubation of P. expansum spores with the purified lactonase did not inhibit spore germination, it inhibited colonization by the pathogen in apples. Furthermore, adding the purified enzyme to P. expansum culture before infecting apples resulted in reduced expression of genes involved in patulin biosynthesis and fungal cell wall biosynthesis. Some AHL-secreting bacteria also express AHL lactonase. Here, phylogenetic and structural analysis was used to identify putative lactonase in P. expansum. Furthermore, following recombinant expression and purification of the newly identified fungal enzyme, its activity with patulin was verified. These results indicate a possible role for patulin and lactonases in inter-kingdom communication between fungi and bacteria involved in fungal colonization and antagonism and suggest that QQ lactonases can be used as potential antifungal post-harvest treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Dor
- Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
| | - Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (L.A.-J.)
| | - Livnat Afriat-Jurnou
- Migal-Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona 11016, Israel;
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee 1220800, Israel
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (L.A.-J.)
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Hou S, Ma J, Cheng Y, Wang H, Sun J, Yan Y. The toxicity mechanisms of DON to humans and animals and potential biological treatment strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:790-812. [PMID: 34520302 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1954598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol, also known as vomitotoxin, is produced by Fusarium, belonging to the group B of the trichothecene family. DON is widely polluted, mainly polluting cereal crops such as wheat, barley, oats, corn and related cereal products, which are closely related to lives of people and animals. At present, there have been articles summarizing DON induced toxicity, biological detoxification and the protective effect of natural products, but there is no systematic summary of this information. In addition to ribosome and endoplasmic reticulum, recent investigations support that mitochondrion is also organelles that DON can damage. DON can't directly act on mitochondria, but can indirectly cause mitochondrial damage and changes through other means. DON can indirectly inhibit mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial electron transport chain activity, ATP production, and mitochondrial transcription and translation. This review will provide the latest progress on mitochondria as the research object, and systematically summarizes all the toxic mechanisms of DON. Here, we discuss DON induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and various mitochondrial toxicity. For the toxicity of DON, many methods have been derived to prevent or reduce the toxicity. Biological detoxification and the antioxidant effect of natural products are potentially effective treatments for DON toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Hou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hengan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Gallo A, Ghilardelli F, Doupovec B, Faas J, Schatzmayr D, Masoero F. Kinetics of gas production in the presence of Fusarium mycotoxins in rumen fluid of lactating dairy cows. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:243-247. [PMID: 36338385 PMCID: PMC9623688 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Toxins produced by Fusarium can be commonly detected in ruminant diets. Deoxynivalenol and fumonisins in the diet interfere with rumen microbiota. The presence of a mycotoxin-deactivating product counteracted negative effects.
Little is known about the effects of Fusarium mycotoxins on the fermentation potential of rumen fluid sampled from lactating dairy cows ingesting diets contaminated at regular levels of these mycotoxins (i.e., contamination levels that can normally be found on dairy farms). In the current experiment, rumen donor animals received diets contaminated with both deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FB) with or without a mycotoxin-deactivating product. The rumen fluid donor animals were 12 lactating Holstein dairy cows that received one of 3 experimental diets in agreement with a 3 × 3 Latin square design (3 periods and 3 treatments). The 3 diets were as follows: (1) a TMR contaminated with a regular level of Fusarium mycotoxins [340.5 ± 161.0 µg of DON/kg of dry matter (DM) and 127.9 ± 43.9 µg of FB/kg of DM; control diet, CTR], (2) a TMR contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins at levels higher than CTR but below US and European Union guidelines (733.0 ± 213.6 µg of DON/kg of DM and 994.4 ± 323.2 µg of FB/kg of DM; MTX), and (3) the MTX diet (897.3 ± 230.4 µg of DON/kg of DM and 1,247.1 ± 370.2 µg of FB/kg of DM) supplemented with a mycotoxin-deactivator product (Mycofix, Biomin Holding GmbH; 35 g/animal per day; MDP). Each experimental period lasted 21 d, and rumen fluid was individually sampled from all cows on the last day of each intoxication period. Then, the 4 rumen fluids sampled from cows receiving the same experimental diets were pooled into a single rumen inoculum, which was used in the in vitro gas production test. For the gas production test, 3 different rumen inocula (i.e., CTR, MTX, and MDP) were buffered (buffer:rumen ratio of 2:1, vol/vol) and then used in 3 fermentation runs to evaluate gas production dynamics in the presence of 8 feeds (i.e., corn meal, barley meal, corn silage, sorghum silage, alfalfa hay, ryegrass hay, dry brewers barley grains, and dried distillers grains with solubles). The kinetic parameters of gas production and volatile fatty acid concentrations were evaluated at the end of fermentation. The block run (i.e., fermentation day) effect influenced all of the fermentative and kinetic parameters. Greater final volumes or rates of gas production over time were observed for MDP compared with MTX rumen inocula (i.e., 172.6 vs. 147.8 mL/g of organic matter or 0.078 vs. 0.063 h−1, respectively). However, the increase in rate of gas production was not consistent among tested feeds, meaning that a treatment by feed interaction was observed. Volatile fatty acid concentrations were not different among treatments, except for a slight increase of acetic acid in CTR compared with MTX (i.e., 71.0 vs. 67.9 mmol/L). This study showed that Fusarium-produced mycotoxins negatively affected the kinetics of gas production in feeds, whereas the presence of the mycotoxin-deactivator product in the diets of donor animals resulted in an increase in rumen fermentation potential, thus safeguarding the rumen environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Gallo
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
- Corresponding author
| | - F. Ghilardelli
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - B. Doupovec
- Biomin Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - J. Faas
- Biomin Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - D. Schatzmayr
- Biomin Research Center, Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - F. Masoero
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
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Biocontrol Agents Reduce Progression and Mycotoxin Production of Fusarium graminearum in Spikelets and Straws of Wheat. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090597. [PMID: 34564602 PMCID: PMC8470793 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the interactions between wheat plant (spikelets and straws), a strain of mycotoxigenic pathogen Fusarium graminearum and commercial biocontrol agents (BCAs). The ability of BCAs to colonize plant tissue and inhibit the pathogen or its toxin production was observed throughout two phases of the life cycle of pathogens in natural conditions (colonization and survival). All evaluated BCAs showed effective reduction capacities of pathogenic traits. During establishment and the expansion stage, BCAs provoked an external growth reduction of F. graminearum (77–93% over the whole kinetic studied) and mycotoxin production (98–100% over the whole kinetic studied). Internal growth of pathogen was assessed with digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) and showed a very strong reduction in the colonization of the internal tissues of the spikelet due to the presence of BCAs (98% on average). During the survival stage, BCAs prevented the formation of conservation perithecia of the pathogen on wheat straw (between 88 and 98% of perithecia number reduction) and showed contrasting actions on the ascospores they contain, or perithecia production (−95% on average) during survival form. The mechanisms involved in these different interactions between F. graminearum and BCAs on plant matrices at different stages of the pathogen’s life cycle were based on a reduction of toxins, nutritional and/or spatial competition, or production of anti-microbial compounds.
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Microbiological Safety and Presence of Major Mycotoxins in Animal Feed for Laboratory Animals in a Developing Country: The Case of Costa Rica. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082389. [PMID: 34438847 PMCID: PMC8388699 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The microbiological safety and quality of commercial animal feed for laboratory animals, produced in Costa Rica, was assessed. Analysis of the animal feed included general microbial markers (total coliforms and molds) and the behavior over time of two specific feed contaminants (Salmonella spp. and mycotoxins). Results from the study suggest that there is a low risk of contamination from viable microorganisms but the product contains important levels of mycotoxins. Current preventive measures (UV light disinfection) are not effective and additional handling protocols should be considered. Abstract Safety and quality of compound feed for experimental animals in Costa Rica is unknown. Some contaminants, such as Salmonella spp. and mycotoxins, could elicit confounding effects in laboratory animals used for biomedical research. In this study, different batches of extruded animal feed, intended for laboratory rodents in Costa Rica, were analyzed to determine mycotoxin and microbiological contamination (i.e., Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, total coliform bacteria, and total yeast and molds enumeration). Two methods for Salmonella decontamination (UV light and thermal treatment) were assessed. Only n = 2 of the samples were negative (representing 12.50%) for the 26 mycotoxins tested. Enniatins and fumonisins were among the most frequent toxins found (with n = 4+ hits), but the level of contamination and the type of mycotoxins depended on the supplier. None of the indicator microorganisms, nor Salmonella, were found in any of the tested batches, and no mold contamination, nor Salmonella growth, occurs during storage (i.e., 2–6 months under laboratory conditions). However, mycotoxins, such as enniatins and fumonisins tend to decrease after the fourth month of storage, and Salmonella exhibited a lifespan of 64 days at 17 °C even in the presence of UV light. The D-values for Salmonella were between 65.58 ± 2.95 (65 °C) and 6.21 ± 0.11 (80 °C) min, and the thermal destruction time (z-value) was calculated at 15.62 °C. Results from this study suggest that laboratory rodents may be at risk of contamination from animal feed that could significantly affect the outcomes of biomedical experiments. Thus, improved quality controls and handling protocols for the product are suggested.
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Gallo A, Perrone G. Current Approaches for Advancement in Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of Mycotoxin Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157878. [PMID: 34360643 PMCID: PMC8346063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are able to synthesise a remarkable range of secondary metabolites, which play various key roles in the interaction between fungi and the rest of the biosphere, determining their ecological fitness. Many of them can have a beneficial activity to be exploited, as well as negative impact on human and animal health, as in the case of mycotoxins contaminating large quantities of food, feed, and agricultural products worldwide and posing serious health and economic risks. The elucidation of the molecular aspects of mycotoxin biosynthesis has been greatly sped up over the past decade due to the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, which greatly reduced the cost of genome sequencing and related omic analyses. Here, we briefly highlight the recent progress in the use and integration of omic approaches for the study of mycotoxins biosynthesis. Particular attention has been paid to genomics and transcriptomic approaches for the identification and characterisation of biosynthetic gene clusters of mycotoxins and the understanding of the regulatory pathways activated in response to physiological and environmental factors leading to their production. The latest innovations in genome-editing technology have also provided a more powerful tool for the complete explanation of regulatory and biosynthesis pathways. Finally, we address the crucial issue of the interpretation of the combined omics data on the biology of the mycotoxigenic fungi. They are rapidly expanding and require the development of resources for more efficient integration, as well as the completeness and the availability of intertwined data for the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) National Research Council (CNR), 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (G.P.)
| | - Giancarlo Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (G.P.)
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Koletsi P, Schrama JW, Graat EAM, Wiegertjes GF, Lyons P, Pietsch C. The Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Raw Materials and Fish Feeds in Europe and the Potential Effects of Deoxynivalenol (DON) on the Health and Growth of Farmed Fish Species-A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:403. [PMID: 34198924 PMCID: PMC8226812 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The first part of this study evaluates the occurrence of mycotoxin patterns in feedstuffs and fish feeds. Results were extrapolated from a large data pool derived from wheat (n = 857), corn (n = 725), soybean meal (n = 139) and fish feed (n = 44) samples in European countries and based on sample analyses by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the period between 2012-2019. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was readily present in corn (in 47% of the samples) > wheat (41%) > soybean meal (11%), and in aquafeeds (48%). Co-occurrence of mycotoxins was frequently observed in feedstuffs and aquafeed samples. For example, in corn, multi-mycotoxin occurrence was investigated by Spearman's correlations and odd ratios, and both showed co-occurrence of DON with its acetylated forms (3-AcDON, 15-AcDON) as well as with zearalenone (ZEN). The second part of this study summarizes the existing knowledge on the effects of DON on farmed fish species and evaluates the risk of DON exposure in fish, based on data from in vivo studies. A meta-analytical approach aimed to estimate to which extent DON affects feed intake and growth performance in fish. Corn was identified as the ingredient with the highest risk of contamination with DON and its acetylated forms, which often cannot be detected by commonly used rapid detection methods in feed mills. Periodical state-of-the-art mycotoxin analyses are essential to detect the full spectrum of mycotoxins in fish feeds aimed to prevent detrimental effects on farmed fish and subsequent economic losses for fish farmers. Because levels below the stated regulatory limits can reduce feed intake and growth performance, our results show that the risk of DON contamination is underestimated in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Koletsi
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.S.); (G.F.W.)
| | - Johan W. Schrama
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.S.); (G.F.W.)
| | - Elisabeth A. M. Graat
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Geert F. Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands; (J.W.S.); (G.F.W.)
| | - Philip Lyons
- Alltech Biotechnology Inc., A86 X006 Dunboyne, Ireland;
| | - Constanze Pietsch
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (HAFL), Applied University Berne (BFH), 3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland
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Awuchi CG, Ondari EN, Ogbonna CU, Upadhyay AK, Baran K, Okpala COR, Korzeniowska M, Guiné RPF. Mycotoxins Affecting Animals, Foods, Humans, and Plants: Types, Occurrence, Toxicities, Action Mechanisms, Prevention, and Detoxification Strategies-A Revisit. Foods 2021; 10:1279. [PMID: 34205122 PMCID: PMC8228748 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are produced by fungi and are known to be toxic to humans and animals. Common mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone, patulin, sterigmatocystin, citrinin, ergot alkaloids, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, trichothecenes, Alternaria toxins, tremorgenic mycotoxins, fusarins, 3-nitropropionic acid, cyclochlorotine, sporidesmin, etc. These mycotoxins can pose several health risks to both animals and humans, including death. As several mycotoxins simultaneously occur in nature, especially in foods and feeds, the detoxification and/or total removal of mycotoxins remains challenging. Moreover, given that the volume of scientific literature regarding mycotoxins is steadily on the rise, there is need for continuous synthesis of the body of knowledge. To supplement existing information, knowledge of mycotoxins affecting animals, foods, humans, and plants, with more focus on types, toxicity, and prevention measures, including strategies employed in detoxification and removal, were revisited in this work. Our synthesis revealed that mycotoxin decontamination, control, and detoxification strategies cut across pre-and post-harvest preventive measures. In particular, pre-harvest measures can include good agricultural practices, fertilization/irrigation, crop rotation, using resistant varieties of crops, avoiding insect damage, early harvesting, maintaining adequate humidity, and removing debris from the preceding harvests. On the other hand, post-harvest measures can include processing, chemical, biological, and physical measures. Additionally, chemical-based methods and other emerging strategies for mycotoxin detoxification can involve the usage of chitosan, ozone, nanoparticles, and plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinaza Godswill Awuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda;
- School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala P.O. Box 20000, Uganda
| | - Erick Nyakundi Ondari
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda;
| | - Chukwuka U. Ogbonna
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2240, Ogun State, Nigeria;
| | - Anjani K. Upadhyay
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751019, Odisha, India;
| | - Katarzyna Baran
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Charles Odilichukwu R. Okpala
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Korzeniowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; (K.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Raquel P. F. Guiné
- CERNAS Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
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Pellan L, Dieye CAT, Durand N, Fontana A, Strub C, Schorr-Galindo S. Biocontrol Agents: Toolbox for the Screening of Weapons against Mycotoxigenic Fusarium. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:446. [PMID: 34205071 PMCID: PMC8226957 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a set of experiments to screen and decipher the mechanisms of biocontrol agents (BCAs), isolated from commercial formulation, against two major mycotoxigenic fungi in cereals, Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides. These two phytopathogens produce mycotoxins harmful to human and animal health and are responsible for the massive use of pesticides, for the protection of cereals. It is therefore essential to better understand the mechanisms of action of alternative control strategies such as the use of BCAs in order to optimize their applications. The early and late stages of interaction between BCAs and pathogens were investigated from germination of spores to the effects on perithecia (survival form of pathogen). The analysis of antagonist activities of BCAs revealed different strategies of biocontrol where chronological, process combination and specialization aspects of interactions are discussed. Streptomyces griseoviridis main strategy is based on antibiosis with the secretion of several compounds with anti-fungal and anti-germination activity, but also a mixture of hydrolytic enzymes to attack pathogens, which compensates for an important deficit in terms of spatial colonization capacity. It has good abilities in terms of nutritional competition. Trichoderma asperellum is capable of activating a very wide range of defenses and attacks combining the synthesis of various antifungal compounds (metabolite, enzymes, VOCs), with different targets (spores, mycelium, mycotoxins), and direct action by mycoparasitism and mycophagy. Concerning Pythium oligandrum, its efficiency is mainly due to its strong capacity to colonize the environment, with a direct action via microbial predation, stimulation of its reproduction at the contact of pathogens and the reduction of perithecia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Pellan
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, 34095 Montpellier, France; (L.P.); (C.A.T.D.); (N.D.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
| | - Cheikh Ahmeth Tidiane Dieye
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, 34095 Montpellier, France; (L.P.); (C.A.T.D.); (N.D.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
| | - Noël Durand
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, 34095 Montpellier, France; (L.P.); (C.A.T.D.); (N.D.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
- CIRAD, UMR Qualisud, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Angélique Fontana
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, 34095 Montpellier, France; (L.P.); (C.A.T.D.); (N.D.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
| | - Caroline Strub
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, 34095 Montpellier, France; (L.P.); (C.A.T.D.); (N.D.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
| | - Sabine Schorr-Galindo
- Qualisud, Univ Montpellier, Avignon Université, CIRAD, Institut Agro, IRD, Université de La Réunion, 34095 Montpellier, France; (L.P.); (C.A.T.D.); (N.D.); (A.F.); (S.S.-G.)
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Delivering the goods: Fungal secretion modulates virulence during host–pathogen interactions. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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66
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Miedaner T, Juroszek P. Climate change will influence disease resistance breeding in wheat in Northwestern Europe. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:1771-1785. [PMID: 33715023 PMCID: PMC8205889 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Wheat productivity is threatened by global climate change. In several parts of NW Europe it will get warmer and dryer during the main crop growing period. The resulting likely lower realized on-farm crop yields must be kept by breeding for resistance against already existing and emerging diseases among other measures. Multi-disease resistance will get especially crucial. In this review, we focus on disease resistance breeding approaches in wheat, especially related to rust diseases and Fusarium head blight, because simulation studies of potential future disease risk have shown that these diseases will be increasingly relevant in the future. The long-term changes in disease occurrence must inevitably lead to adjustments of future resistance breeding strategies, whereby stability and durability of disease resistance under heat and water stress will be important in the future. In general, it would be important to focus on non-temperature sensitive resistance genes/QTLs. To conclude, research on the effects of heat and drought stress on disease resistance reactions must be given special attention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Miedaner
- State Plant Breeding Institute, University of Hohenheim, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Peter Juroszek
- Central Institute for Decision Support Systems in Crop Protection (ZEPP), 55545, Bad Kreuznach, Germany
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67
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Brudzynski K. Honey as an Ecological Reservoir of Antibacterial Compounds Produced by Antagonistic Microbial Interactions in Plant Nectars, Honey and Honey Bee. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:551. [PMID: 34065141 PMCID: PMC8151657 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The fundamental feature of "active honeys" is the presence and concentration of antibacterial compounds. Currently identified compounds and factors have been described in several review papers without broader interpretation or links to the processes for their formation. In this review, we indicate that the dynamic, antagonistic/competitive microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions are the main source of antibacterial compounds in honey. The microbial colonization of nectar, bees and honey is at the center of these interactions that in consequence produce a range of defence molecules in each of these niches. The products of the microbial interference and exploitive competitions include antimicrobial peptides, antibiotics, surfactants, inhibitors of biofilm formation and quorum sensing. Their accumulation in honey by horizontal transfer might explain honey broad-spectrum, pleiotropic, antibacterial activity. We conclude that honey is an ecological reservoir of antibacterial compounds produced by antagonistic microbial interactions in plant nectars, honey and honey bee. Thus, refocusing research on secondary metabolites resulting from these microbial interactions might lead to discovery of new antibacterial compounds in honey that are target-specific, i.e., acting on specific cellular components or inhibiting the essential cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Brudzynski
- Department of Drug Discovery, Bee-Biomedicals Inc., St. Catharines, ON L2T 3T4, Canada;
- Formerly Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2T 3T4, Canada
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Saleh AE, Ul-Hassan Z, Zeidan R, Al-Shamary N, Al-Yafei T, Alnaimi H, Higazy NS, Migheli Q, Jaoua S. Biocontrol Activity of Bacillus megaterium BM344-1 against Toxigenic Fungi. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10984-10990. [PMID: 34056251 PMCID: PMC8153935 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of some fungal species and represent important contaminants of food and feed. This study aimed to explore the biological control activity of Bacillus megaterium BM344-1 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the growth and mycotoxin production of single representatives of the toxigenic species Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus carbonarius, Penicillium verrucosum, and Fusarium verticillioides. In vitro co-incubation experiments indicated the P. verrucosum isolate as the most sensitive one, with a growth inhibition ratio of 66.7%, followed by A. flavus (29.4%) and F. verticillioides (18.2%). Exposure of A. flavus, P. verrucosum, and F. verticillioides to BM344-1 VOCs resulted in complete inhibition of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFG1, and AFG2), ochratoxin A, and fumonisin B1 (FB1) synthesis on artificial media, respectively. In vivo experiments on maize kernels showed 51% inhibition of fungal growth on ears simultaneously infected with A. flavus spores and exposed to BM344-1 volatiles. Likewise, AF synthesis by A. flavus was significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited (25.34 ± 6.72 μg/kg) by bacterial volatiles as compared to that in control maize ears (91.81 ± 29.10 μg/kg). Gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based analysis of headspace volatiles revealed hexadecanoic acid methyl ester (palmitic acid) and tetracosane as bioactive compounds in the BM344-1 volatilome. Bacterial volatiles have promising potential to control the growth and mycotoxin synthesis of toxigenic fungi and may present valuable aid in the efforts to warrant food and feed safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ehab Saleh
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Zahoor Ul-Hassan
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Randa Zeidan
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Noora Al-Shamary
- Environmental
Science Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Thoraya Al-Yafei
- Environmental
Science Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Hajer Alnaimi
- Environmental
Science Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Nayla Salah Higazy
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento
di Agraria and Desertification Research Centre (NRD), Università degli Studi di Sassari, Viale Italia 39, Sassari I-07100, Italy
| | - Samir Jaoua
- Department
of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha 2713, Qatar
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Buijs Y, Zhang SD, Jørgensen KM, Isbrandt T, Larsen TO, Gram L. Enhancement of antibiotic production by co-cultivation of two antibiotic producing marine Vibrionaceae strains. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6164864. [PMID: 33693627 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the cues that stimulate microorganisms to produce their full secondary metabolic potential promises to speed up the discovery of novel drugs. Ecology-relevant conditions, including carbon-source(s) and microbial interactions, are important effectors of secondary metabolite production. Vice versa secondary metabolites are important mediators in microbial interactions, although their exact natural functions are not always completely understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of microbial interactions and in-culture produced antibiotics on the production of secondary metabolites by Vibrio coralliilyticus and Photobacterium galatheae, two co-occurring marine Vibrionaceae. In co-culture, production of andrimid by V. coralliilyticus and holomycin by P. galatheae, were, compared to monocultures, increased 4.3 and 2.7 fold, respectively. Co-cultures with the antibiotic deficient mutant strains (andrimid- and holomycin-) did not reveal a significant role for the competitor's antibiotic as stimulator of own secondary metabolite production. Furthermore, we observed that V. coralliilyticus detoxifies holomycin by sulphur-methylation. Results presented here indicate that ecological competition in Vibrionaceae is mediated by, and a cue for, antibiotic secondary metabolite production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Buijs
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads bldg. 221, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sheng-Da Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads bldg. 221, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karen Marie Jørgensen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads bldg. 221, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Isbrandt
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads bldg. 221, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Ostenfeld Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads bldg. 221, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads bldg. 221, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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70
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Vandicke J, De Visschere K, Ameye M, Croubels S, De Saeger S, Audenaert K, Haesaert G. Multi-Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize Silages in Flanders, Belgium: Monitoring Mycotoxin Levels from Seed to Feed. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:202. [PMID: 33799633 PMCID: PMC7999811 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize silage, which in Europe is the main feed for dairy cattle in winter, can be contaminated by mycotoxins. Mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. originating from field infections may survive in badly sealed silages or re-infect at the cutting edge during feed-out. In this way, mycotoxins produced in the field may persist during the silage process. In addition, typical silage fungi such as Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. survive in silage conditions and produce mycotoxins. In this research, 56 maize silages in Flanders were sampled over the course of three years (2016-2018). The concentration of 22 different mycotoxins was investigated using a multi-mycotoxin liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, and the presence of DNA of three Fusarium spp. (F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. verticillioides) was analyzed in a selection of these samples using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Every maize silage contained at least two different mycotoxins. Nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) were the most prevalent (both in 97.7% of maize silages), followed by ENN B (88.7%). Concentrations often exceeded the EU recommendations for DON and zearalenone (ZEN), especially in 2017 (21.3% and 27.7% of the maize silages, respectively). No correlations were found between fungal DNA and mycotoxin concentrations. Furthermore, by ensiling maize with a known mycotoxin load in a net bag, the mycotoxin contamination could be monitored from seed to feed. Analysis of these net bag samples revealed that the average concentration of all detected mycotoxins decreased after fermentation. We hypothesize that mycotoxins are eluted, degraded, or adsorbed during fermentation, but certain badly preserved silages are prone to additional mycotoxin production during the stable phase due to oxygen ingression, leading to extremely high toxin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Vandicke
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.V.); (K.A.)
| | - Katrien De Visschere
- Biosciences and Food Sciences Department, Faculty Science and Technology, University College Ghent, Research Station HoGent-UGent, Diepestraat 1, 9820 Bottelare, Belgium;
| | - Maarten Ameye
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.V.); (K.A.)
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Department of Bio-analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.V.); (K.A.)
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.V.); (K.A.)
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71
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Nešić K, Habschied K, Mastanjević K. Possibilities for the Biological Control of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:198. [PMID: 33801997 PMCID: PMC8001018 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seeking useful biological agents for mycotoxin detoxification has achieved success in the last twenty years thanks to the participation of many multidisciplinary teams. We have recently witnessed discoveries in the fields of bacterial genetics (inclusive of next-generation sequencing), protein encoding, and bioinformatics that have helped to shape the latest perception of how microorganisms/mycotoxins/environmental factors intertwine and interact, so the road is opened for new breakthroughs. Analysis of literature data related to the biological control of mycotoxins indicates the ability of yeast, bacteria, fungi and enzymes to degrade or adsorb mycotoxins, which increases the safety and quality of susceptible crops, animal feed and, ultimately, food of animal origin (milk, meat and eggs) by preventing the presence of residues. Microbial detoxification (transformation and adsorption) is becoming a trustworthy strategy that leaves no or less toxic compounds and contributes to food security. This review summarizes the data and highlights the importance and prospects of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenija Nešić
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Food and Feed Department, Autoput 3, 11070 Beograd, Serbia
| | - Kristina Habschied
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Krešimir Mastanjević
- Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, F. Kuhača 20, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
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72
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Bartholomew HP, Bradshaw M, Jurick WM, Fonseca JM. The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Mycotoxin Production During Postharvest Decay and Their Influence on Tritrophic Host-Pathogen-Microbe Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:611881. [PMID: 33643240 PMCID: PMC7907610 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.611881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are a prevalent problem for stored fruits, grains, and vegetables. Alternariol, aflatoxin, and patulin, produced by Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., and Penicillium spp., are the major mycotoxins that negatively affect human and animal health and reduce fruit and produce quality. Control strategies for these toxins are varied, but one method that is increasing in interest is through host microbiome manipulation, mirroring a biocontrol approach. While the majority of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites (SM) produced by fungi impact host–fungal interactions, there is also an interplay between the various organisms within the host microbiome. In addition to SMs, these interactions involve compounds such as signaling molecules, plant defense and growth hormones, and metabolites produced by both the plants and microbial community. Therefore, studies to understand the impact of the various toxins impacting the beneficial and harmful microorganisms that reside within the microbiome is warranted, and could lead to identification of safe analogs for antimicrobial activity to reduce fruit decay. Additionally, exploring the composition of the microbial carposphere of host plants is likely to shed light on developing a microbial consortium to maintain quality during storage and abate mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly P Bartholomew
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Michael Bradshaw
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Wayne M Jurick
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Jorge M Fonseca
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
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Křížová L, Klimešová M, Hanuš O, Němečková I, Roubal P, Tšponová J, Skřivánek M, Nejeschlebová L, Jedelská R. Effect of Increasing Zearalenone Levels on the Technologically Problematic Microorganisms and Food Risky Pathogens (in Vitro). ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun.2021.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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74
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Karlsson I, Persson P, Friberg H. Fusarium Head Blight From a Microbiome Perspective. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:628373. [PMID: 33732223 PMCID: PMC7956947 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.628373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal genus Fusarium causes several diseases in cereals, including Fusarium head blight (FHB). A number of Fusarium species are involved in disease development and mycotoxin contamination. Lately, the importance of interactions between plant pathogens and the plant microbiome has been increasingly recognized. In this review, we address the significance of the cereal microbiome for the development of Fusarium-related diseases. Fusarium fungi may interact with the host microbiome at multiple stages during their life cycles and in different plant organs including roots, stems, leaves, heads, and crop residues. There are interactions between Fusarium and other fungi and bacteria as well as among Fusarium species. Recent studies have provided a map of the cereal microbiome and revealed how different biotic and abiotic factors drive microbiome assembly. This review synthesizes the current understanding of the cereal microbiome and the implications for Fusarium infection, FHB development, disease control, and mycotoxin contamination. Although annual and regional variations in predominant species are significant, much research has focused on Fusarium graminearum. Surveying the total Fusarium community in environmental samples is now facilitated with novel metabarcoding methods. Further, infection with multiple Fusarium species has been shown to affect disease severity and mycotoxin contamination. A better mechanistic understanding of such multiple infections is necessary to be able to predict the outcome in terms of disease development and mycotoxin production. The knowledge on the composition of the cereal microbiome under different environmental and agricultural conditions is growing. Future studies are needed to clearly link microbiome structure to Fusarium suppression in order to develop novel disease management strategies for example based on conservation biological control approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Karlsson
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paula Persson
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Friberg
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Makhuvele R, Naidu K, Gbashi S, Thipe VC, Adebo OA, Njobeh PB. The use of plant extracts and their phytochemicals for control of toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05291. [PMID: 33134582 PMCID: PMC7586119 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins present a great concern to food safety and security due to their adverse health and socio-economic impacts. The necessity to formulate novel strategies that can mitigate the economic and health effects associated with mycotoxin contamination of food and feed commodities without any impact on public health, quality and nutritional value of food and feed, economy and trade industry become imperative. Various strategies have been adopted to mitigate mycotoxin contamination but often fall short of the required efficacy. One of the promising approaches is the use of bioactive plant components/metabolites synergistically with mycotoxin-absorbing components in order to limit exposure to these toxins and associated negative health effects. In particular, is the fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponges encapsulated with bioactive compounds of plant origin to inhibit toxigenic fungi and decontaminate mycotoxins in food and feed without leaving any health and environmental hazard to the consumers. The present paper reviews the use of botanicals extracts and their phytochemicals coupled with β-cyclodextrin-based nanosponge technology to inhibit toxigenic fungal invasion and detoxify mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhulani Makhuvele
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa
| | - Kayleen Naidu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa
| | - Sefater Gbashi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa
| | - Velaphi C Thipe
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa.,Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia - Centro de Química e Meio Ambiente - Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN) - Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear- IPEN/CNEN-SP, Av. Lineu Prestes, 2242 - Butantã, 05508-000, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Oluwafemi A Adebo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa
| | - Patrick B Njobeh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa
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76
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Covariation of Ergot Severity and Alkaloid Content Measured by HPLC and One ELISA Method in Inoculated Winter Rye across Three Isolates and Three European Countries. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110676. [PMID: 33114663 PMCID: PMC7692364 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ergot caused by Claviceps purpurea is a problem for food and feed security in rye due to the occurrence of toxic ergot alkaloids (EAs). For grain elevators and breeders, a quick, easy-to-handle, and cheap screening assay would have a high economic impact. The study was performed to reveal (1) the covariation of ergot severity (= percentage of sclerotia in harvested grain) and the content of 12 EAs determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and (2) the covariation between these traits and results of one commercial enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). In total, 372 winter rye samples consisting of a diverse set of genotypes, locations from Germany, Austria, and Poland over two years, and three isolates were analyzed. Ergocornine and α-ergocryptine were detected as major EAs. Ergocristinine occurred as a minor component. Claviceps isolates from different countries showed a similar EA spectrum, but different quantities of individual EAs. A moderate, positive covariation between ergot severity and EA content determined by HPLC was observed across two years (r = 0.53, p < 0.01), but large deviation from the regression was detected. ELISA values did neither correlate with the HPLC results nor with ergot severity. In conclusion, a reliable prediction of the EA content based on ergot severity is, at present, not possible.
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Steffan BN, Venkatesh N, Keller NP. Let's Get Physical: Bacterial-Fungal Interactions and Their Consequences in Agriculture and Health. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E243. [PMID: 33114069 PMCID: PMC7712096 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi serve as a biological scaffold for bacterial attachment. In some specialized interactions, the bacteria will invade the fungal host, which in turn provides protection and nutrients for the bacteria. Mechanisms of the physical interactions between fungi and bacteria have been studied in both clinical and agricultural settings, as discussed in this review. Fungi and bacteria that are a part of these dynamic interactions can have altered growth and development as well as changes in microbial fitness as it pertains to antibiotic resistance, nutrient acquisition, and microbial dispersal. Consequences of these interactions are not just limited to the respective microorganisms, but also have major impacts in the health of humans and plants alike. Examining the mechanisms behind the physical interactions of fungi and bacteria will provide us with an understanding of multi-kingdom community processes and allow for the development of therapeutic approaches for disease in both ecological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanne N. Steffan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (B.N.S.); (N.V.)
| | - Nandhitha Venkatesh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (B.N.S.); (N.V.)
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (B.N.S.); (N.V.)
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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78
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Hashempour-Baltork F, Hosseini SM, Assarehzadegan MA, Khosravi-Darani K, Hosseini H. Safety assays and nutritional values of mycoprotein produced by Fusarium venenatum IR372C from date waste as substrate. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4433-4441. [PMID: 32406520 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nutritional and environmental benefits of mycoprotein verify its beneficial role on the health of humankind in the next decades. Agro-industrial wastes can be used as cheap substrates to decrease the total cost of product. However, fungi may produce toxins or lead to allergic reactions in consumers. Therefore, the study of the safety and nutritional aspects of this product are very important. RESULTS Fusarium venenatum IR372C was cultured on date wastes and ammonium salts in submerge fermentation. The safety and nutritional issues of produced mycoprotein were investigated including allergy tests and analyses of toxins, as well as existence of toxin genes, and content of heavy metals, metals, amino acids and fatty acids. The results showed that fumonisin genes in F. venenatum IR372C remain without any gene expression during 1 week fermentation. Zearalenone and deoxynivalenol cannot be detected in the fermentation medium after 3 weeks. Prick tests on 30 volunteers demonstrated no sensitivities to mycoprotein. The content of lead was 658 μg kg-1 as the highest heavy metal followed by arsenic, cadmium and mercury at 161, 30.57 and 0 μg kg-1 , respectively. Produced mycoprotein includes essential amino acids at appropriate contents and the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid was nearly 2:1. Also, calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc were found in mycoprotein, which could have health beneficial impacts on consumers. CONCLUSION This study has provided information on safety aspects of mycoprotein production by F. venentaum IR372C from date wastes. However, further studies with focus on long-term clinical benefits of diets containing mycoprotein are necessary. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fataneh Hashempour-Baltork
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyede Marzieh Hosseini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Ali Assarehzadegan
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kianoush Khosravi-Darani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedayat Hosseini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Food Safety Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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79
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Zhang X, Li G, Wu D, Liu J, Wu Y. Recent advances on emerging nanomaterials for controlling the mycotoxin contamination: From detection to elimination. FOOD FRONTIERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Guoliang Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences Queen's University Belfast Belfast United Kingdom
| | - Jianghua Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an China
| | - Yongning Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment Beijing China
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80
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Baybakova EV, Nefed’eva EE, Belitskaya MN, Gribust IR, Kosogorina MD, Sevriukova GA. Influence of fungicides on toxigenic properties of phytopathogenic fungi. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20202303006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium infection promotes losses of yield and death of plants. Fusarium infections are dangerous because grains contain fusariotoxins that cause intoxication in humans and animals, as well as necrosis of plant tissues and changes in plant growth. Fungicides inhibit the growth of mycelium, but strobilurins are known to promote the production of mycotoxins by fungi, and triazoles, on the contrary, reduce the production of deoxynivalenol. The toxigenic effect of fungicides was assessed by biotest method. Wheat grains were germinated with the addition of disinfected culture fluid. The culture fluid after the cultivation of Fusarium oxysporum with addition of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin in small doses was toxic for grains. The death of a significant part of the grains was noted in it. The fungistatic effect of small doses was not expressed. Therefore, the adaptation of the fungus was realized as a change in metabolism. High doses of azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin in culture fluid increased seed germination. Those doses had a fungistatic effect. The addition of carbendazim increased the fungistatic effect and decreased the toxicity of the strain. Development of combined fungicides with sufficient doses of active substances reduces the risk of inhibition of the growth of the protected crops.
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81
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Hof H. The Medical Relevance of Fusarium spp. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030117. [PMID: 32722172 PMCID: PMC7560228 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The most important medical relevance of Fusarium spp. is based on their phytopathogenic property, contributing to hunger and undernutrition in the world. A few Fusarium spp., such as F. oxysporum and F. solani, are opportunistic pathogens and can induce local infections, i.e., of nails, skin, eye, and nasal sinuses, as well as occasionally, severe, systemic infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. These clinical diseases are rather difficult to cure by antimycotics, whereby the azoles, such as voriconazole, and liposomal amphotericin B give relatively the best results. There are at least two sources of infection, namely the environment and the gut mycobiome of a patient. A marked impact on human health has the ability of some Fusarium spp. to produce several mycotoxins, for example, the highly active trichothecenes. These mycotoxins may act either as pathogenicity factors, which means that they damage the host and hamper its defense, or as virulence factors, enhancing the aggressiveness of the fungi. Acute intoxications are rare, but chronic exposition by food items is a definite health risk, although in an individual case, it remains difficult to describe the role of mycotoxins for inducing disease. Mycotoxins taken up either by food or produced in the gut may possibly induce an imbalance of the intestinal microbiome. A particular aspect is the utilization of F. venetatum to produce cholesterol-free, protein-rich food items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Hof
- MVZ Labor Limbach und Kollegen, Im Breitspiel 16, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
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82
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Critical thresholds of 1-Octen-3-ol shape inter-species Aspergillus interactions modulating the growth and secondary metabolism. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11116. [PMID: 32632328 PMCID: PMC7338521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In fungi, contactless interactions are mediated via the exchange of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). As these pair-wise interactions are fundamental to complex ecosystem, we examined the effects of inter-species VOCs trade-offs in Aspergillus flavus development. First, we exposed A. flavus to the A. oryzae volatilome (Treatment-1) with highest relative abundance of 1-Octen-3-ol (~ 4.53 folds) among the C-8 VOCs. Further, we examined the effects of gradient titers of 1-Octen-3-ol (Treatment-2: 100–400 ppm/day) in a range that elicits natural interactions. On 7-day, VOC-treated A. flavus displayed significantly reduced growth and sclerotial counts (p < 0.01) coupled with higher conidial density (T2100-200 ppm/day, p < 0.01) and α-amylase secretion (T2200 ppm/day, p < 0.01), compared to the untreated sets. Similar phenotypic trends except for α-amylases were evident for 9-day incubated A. flavus in T2. The corresponding metabolomics data displayed a clustered pattern of secondary metabolite profiles for VOC-treated A. flavus (PC1-18.03%; PC2-10.67%). Notably, a higher relative abundance of aflatoxin B1 with lower levels of most anthraquinones, indole-terpenoids, and oxylipins was evident in VOC-treated A. flavus. The observed correlations among the VOC-treatments, phenotypes, and altered metabolomes altogether suggest that the distant exposure to the gradient titers of 1-Octen-3-ol elicits an attenuated developmental response in A. flavus characterized by heightened virulence.
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83
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Self-Protection against the Sphingolipid Biosynthesis Inhibitor Fumonisin B 1 Is Conferred by a FUM Cluster-Encoded Ceramide Synthase. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00455-20. [PMID: 32546615 PMCID: PMC7298705 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00455-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin (FB) mycotoxins produced by species of the genus Fusarium detrimentally affect human and animal health upon consumption, due to the inhibition of ceramide synthase. In the present work, we set out to identify mechanisms of self-protection employed by the FB1 producer Fusarium verticillioides FB1 biosynthesis was shown to be compartmentalized, and two cluster-encoded self-protection mechanisms were identified. First, the ATP-binding cassette transporter Fum19 acts as a repressor of the FUM gene cluster. Appropriately, FUM19 deletion and overexpression increased and decreased, respectively, the levels of intracellular and secreted FB1 Second, the cluster genes FUM17 and FUM18 were shown to be two of five ceramide synthase homologs in Fusarium verticillioides, grouping into the two clades CS-I and CS-II in a phylogenetic analysis. The ability of FUM18 to fully complement the yeast ceramide synthase null mutant LAG1/LAC1 demonstrated its functionality, while coexpression of FUM17 and CER3 partially complemented, likely via heterodimer formation. Cell viability assays revealed that Fum18 contributes to the fungal self-protection against FB1 and increases resistance by providing FUM cluster-encoded ceramide synthase activity.IMPORTANCE The biosynthesis of fungal natural products is highly regulated not only in terms of transcription and translation but also regarding the cellular localization of the biosynthetic pathway. In all eukaryotes, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in the production of organelles, which are subject to cellular traffic or secretion. Here, we show that in Fusarium verticillioides, early steps in fumonisin production take place in the ER, together with ceramide biosynthesis, which is targeted by the mycotoxin. A first level of self-protection is given by the presence of a FUM cluster-encoded ceramide synthase, Fum18, hitherto uncharacterized. In addition, the final fumonisin biosynthetic step occurs in the cytosol and is thereby spatially separate from the fungal ceramide synthases. We suggest that these strategies help the fungus to avoid self-poisoning during mycotoxin production.
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84
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Molecular crosstalk between the endophyte Paraconiothyrium variabile and the phytopathogen Fusarium oxysporum – Modulation of lipoxygenase activity and beauvericin production during the interaction. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 139:103383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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85
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Minimizing Ochratoxin A Contamination through the Use of Actinobacteria and Their Active Molecules. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12050296. [PMID: 32380688 PMCID: PMC7290465 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12050296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a secondary metabolite produced by fungal pathogens such as Penicilliumverrucosum, which develops in food commodities during storage such as cereals, grapes, and coffee. It represents public health concerns due to its genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of actinobacteria and their metabolites to degrade OTA and/or to decrease its production. Sixty strains of actinobacteria were tested for their ability to prevent OTA formation by in vitro dual culture assays or with cell free extracts (CFEs). In dual culture, 17 strains strongly inhibited fungal growth, although it was generally associated with an increase in OTA specific production. Seventeen strains inhibited OTA specific production up to 4% of the control. Eleven actinobacteria CFEs reduced OTA specific production up to 62% of the control, while no substantial growth inhibition was observed except for two strains up to 72% of the control. Thirty-three strains were able to degrade OTA almost completely in liquid medium whereas only five were able to decrease it on solid medium, and two of them reduced OTA to an undetectable amount. Our results suggest that OTA decrease could be related to different strategies of degradation/metabolization by actinobacteria, through enzyme activities and secretion of secondary metabolites interfering with the OTA biosynthetic pathway. CFEs appeared to be ineffective at degrading OTA, raising interesting questions about the detoxification mechanisms. Common degradation by-products (e.g., OTα or L-β-phenylalanine) were searched by HPLC-MS/MS, however, none of them were found, which implies a different mechanism of detoxification and/or a subsequent degradation into unknown products.
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86
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Spanic V, Katanic Z, Sulyok M, Krska R, Puskas K, Vida G, Drezner G, Šarkanj B. Multiple Fungal Metabolites Including Mycotoxins in Naturally Infected and Fusarium-Inoculated Wheat Samples. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E578. [PMID: 32316403 PMCID: PMC7232504 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence of multiple fungal metabolites including mycotoxins was determined in four different winter wheat varieties in a field experiment in Croatia. One group was naturally infected, while the second group was inoculated with a Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum mixture to simulate a worst-case infection scenario. Data on the multiple fungal metabolites including mycotoxins were acquired with liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) multi-(myco)toxin method. In total, 36 different fungal metabolites were quantified in this study: the Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), DON-3-glucoside (D3G), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), culmorin (CULM), 15-hydroxyculmorin, 5-hydroxyculmorin, aurofusarin, rubrofusarin, enniatin (Enn) A, Enn A1, Enn B, Enn B1, Enn B2, Enn B3, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, chrysogin, zearalenone (ZEN), moniliformin (MON), nivalenol (NIV), siccanol, equisetin, beauvericin (BEA), and antibiotic Y; the Alternaria mycotoxins alternariol, alternariolmethylether, altersetin, infectopyron, tentoxin, tenuazonic acid; the Aspergillus mycotoxin kojic acid; unspecific metabolites butenolid, brevianamid F, cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr), cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val), and tryptophol. The most abundant mycotoxins in the inoculated and naturally contaminated samples, respectively, were found to occur at the following average concentrations: DON (19,122/1504 µg/kg), CULM (6109/1010 µg/kg), 15-hydroxyculmorin (56,022/1301 µg/kg), 5-hydroxyculmorin (21,219/863 µg/kg), aurofusarin (43,496/1266 µg/kg). Compared to naturally-infected samples, Fusarium inoculations at the flowering stage increased the concentrations of all Fusarium mycotoxins, except enniatins and siccanol in Ficko, the Aspergillus metabolite kojic acid, the Alternaria mycotoxin altersetin, and unspecific metabolites brevianamid F, butenolid, cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr), and cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val). In contrast to these findings, because of possible antagonistic actions, Fusarium inoculation decreased the concentrations of the Alternaria toxins alternariol, alternariolmethylether, infectopyron, tentoxin, tenuazonic acid, as well as the concentration of the nonspecific metabolite tryptophol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Spanic
- Agricultural Institute Osijek, Juzno predgradje 17, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Zorana Katanic
- Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8a, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Katalin Puskas
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Brunszvik u. 2, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (K.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Gyula Vida
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Brunszvik u. 2, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (K.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Georg Drezner
- Agricultural Institute Osijek, Juzno predgradje 17, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Bojan Šarkanj
- Department of Food Technology, University Centre Koprivnica, University North, Trg dr. Žarka Dolinara 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia;
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87
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Meyer V, Basenko EY, Benz JP, Braus GH, Caddick MX, Csukai M, de Vries RP, Endy D, Frisvad JC, Gunde-Cimerman N, Haarmann T, Hadar Y, Hansen K, Johnson RI, Keller NP, Kraševec N, Mortensen UH, Perez R, Ram AFJ, Record E, Ross P, Shapaval V, Steiniger C, van den Brink H, van Munster J, Yarden O, Wösten HAB. Growing a circular economy with fungal biotechnology: a white paper. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2020; 7:5. [PMID: 32280481 PMCID: PMC7140391 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-020-00095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi have the ability to transform organic materials into a rich and diverse set of useful products and provide distinct opportunities for tackling the urgent challenges before all humans. Fungal biotechnology can advance the transition from our petroleum-based economy into a bio-based circular economy and has the ability to sustainably produce resilient sources of food, feed, chemicals, fuels, textiles, and materials for construction, automotive and transportation industries, for furniture and beyond. Fungal biotechnology offers solutions for securing, stabilizing and enhancing the food supply for a growing human population, while simultaneously lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Fungal biotechnology has, thus, the potential to make a significant contribution to climate change mitigation and meeting the United Nation’s sustainable development goals through the rational improvement of new and established fungal cell factories. The White Paper presented here is the result of the 2nd Think Tank meeting held by the EUROFUNG consortium in Berlin in October 2019. This paper highlights discussions on current opportunities and research challenges in fungal biotechnology and aims to inform scientists, educators, the general public, industrial stakeholders and policymakers about the current fungal biotech revolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Meyer
- 1Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Evelina Y Basenko
- 2Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Philipp Benz
- 3TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Holzforschung München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- 4Department of Molecular Microbiology & Genetics, Institute of Microbiology & Genetics, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark X Caddick
- 2Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Csukai
- 5Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY UK
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- 6Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Drew Endy
- 7Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jens C Frisvad
- 8Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- 9Department Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Yitzhak Hadar
- 11Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kim Hansen
- 12Biotechnology Research, Production Strain Technology, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Robert I Johnson
- 13Quorn Foods, Station Road, Stokesley, North Yorkshire TS9 7AB UK
| | - Nancy P Keller
- 14Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53706 USA
| | - Nada Kraševec
- 15Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uffe H Mortensen
- 8Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rolando Perez
- 7Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Arthur F J Ram
- 16Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Record
- 17French National Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, INRAE, UMR1163, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Phil Ross
- MycoWorks, Inc, 669 Grand View Avenue, San Francisco, USA
| | - Volha Shapaval
- 19Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Droebakveien, 31 1430 Aas, Norway
| | - Charlotte Steiniger
- 1Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jolanda van Munster
- 21The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB) & School of Natural Sciences, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN UK
| | - Oded Yarden
- 11Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Han A B Wösten
- 22Department of Biology, Microbiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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88
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Assessing the Effect of Mycotoxin Combinations: Which Mathematical Model Is (the Most) Appropriate? Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12030153. [PMID: 32121330 PMCID: PMC7150917 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, many studies have examined the nature of the interaction between mycotoxins in biological models classifying interaction effects as antagonisms, additive effects, or synergisms based on a comparison of the observed effect with the expected effect of combination. Among several described mathematical models, the arithmetic definition of additivity and factorial analysis of variance were the most commonly used in mycotoxicology. These models are incorrectly based on the assumption that mycotoxin dose-effect curves are linear. More appropriate mathematical models for assessing mycotoxin interactions include Bliss independence, Loewe’s additivity law, combination index, and isobologram analysis, Chou-Talalays median-effect approach, response surface, code for the identification of synergism numerically efficient (CISNE) and MixLow method. However, it seems that neither model is ideal. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of these mathematical models.
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89
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Rosero-Hernández ED, Echeverri FL. The Search for Quorum Sensing in Botrytis cinerea: Regulatory Activity of Its Extracts on Its Development. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020168. [PMID: 32023821 PMCID: PMC7076370 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes large crop and post-harvest losses. Therefore, new and effective strategies are needed to control the disease and to reduce resistance to fungicides. Modulating pathogenicity and virulence by manipulating microbial communication is a promising strategy. This communication mechanism, called Quorum Sensing (QS), has already been reported in bacteria and yeasts; however, it has not yet been studied in B. cinerea. To establish the existence of this biochemical process in B. cinerea, we prepared extracts at different growth times (D1-D12), which were applied to fresh cultures of the same fungi. The chemical analysis of the extracts obtained from several fermentations showed different compositions and biological activities. We confirmed the presence of several phytotoxins, as well as compounds 1-phenylethanol and 3-phenylpropanol. Day five extract (0.1%) inhibited conidia germination and elongation of germ tubes, day seven extract (1%) produced the greatest phytotoxic effect in tomato leaves, and day nine extract (0.1%) was a sporulation inhibitor. In contrast, the extracts from days 7, 9, and 12 of fermentation (0.1% and 0.01%) promoted pellet and biofilm formation. Sporulation was slightly induced at 0.01%, while at 0.1% there was a great inhibition. At the highest extract concentrations, a biocidal effect was detected, but at the lowest, we observed a QS-like effect, regulating processes such as filamentation, morphogenesis, and pathogenesis. These results of the biological activity and composition of extracts suggest the existence of a QS-like mechanism in B. cinerea, which could lead to new non-biocidal alternatives for its control through interference in the pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms of the fungi.
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90
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Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Varzakas T. Advances in Occurrence, Importance, and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods. Foods 2020; 9:E137. [PMID: 32012820 PMCID: PMC7074356 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic substances that can infect many foods with carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic effects. Mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs causes diseases worldwide. The major classes of mycotoxins that are of the greatest agroeconomic importance are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, emerging Fusarium mycotoxins, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, Alternaria toxins, and patulin. Thus, in order to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of foods, many control approaches are used. Prevention, detoxification, and decontamination of mycotoxins can contribute in this purpose in the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. Therefore, the purpose of the review is to elaborate on the recent advances regarding the occurrence of main mycotoxins in many types of important agricultural products, as well as the methods of inactivation and detoxification of foods from mycotoxins in order to reduce or fully eliminate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Agriopoulou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; (E.S.); (T.V.)
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91
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Gasperini AM, Rodriguez-Sixtos A, Verheecke-Vaessen C, Garcia-Cela E, Medina A, Magan N. Resilience of Biocontrol for Aflatoxin Minimization Strategies: Climate Change Abiotic Factors May Affect Control in Non-GM and GM-Maize Cultivars. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2525. [PMID: 31787944 PMCID: PMC6856084 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been significant interest in the development of formulations of non-toxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus for control of toxigenic strains to reduce the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination of maize. In the future, climate change (CC) abiotic conditions of temperature (+2–4°C), CO2 (existing levels of 400 vs. 800–1,200 ppb), and drought stress will impact on the agronomy and control of pests and diseases. This study has examined (1) the effect of two-way interacting factors of water activity × temperature on colonization and AFB1 contamination of maize cobs of different ripening ages; (2) the effect of non-toxigenic strains of A. flavus (50:50 inoculum ratio) on relative control of toxigenic A. flavus and AFB1 contamination of ripening cobs; (3) post-harvest control of AFB1 by non-toxigenic strains of A. flavus in non-GM and isogenic GM maize cultivars using the same inoculum ratio; and (4) the impact of three-way interacting CC factors on relative control of AFB1 in maize cobs pre-harvest and in stored non-GM/GM cultivars. Pre-harvest colonization and AFB1 production by a toxigenic A. flavus strain was conserved at 37°C when compared with 30°C, at the three ripening stages of cob development examined: milk ripe (R3), dough (R4), and dent (R5). However, pre-harvest biocontrol with a non-toxigenic strain was only effective at the R3 and R4 stages and not at the R5 stage. This was supported by relative expression of the aflR regulatory biosynthetic gene in the different treatments. When exposed to three-way interacting CC factors for control of AFB1 pre-harvest, the non-toxigenic A. flavus strain was effective at R3 and £4 stages but not at the R5 stage. Post-harvest storage of non-GM and GM cultivars showed that control was achievable at 30°C, with slightly better control in GM-cultivars in terms of the overall inhibition of AFB1 production. However, in stored maize, the non-toxigenic strains of A. flavus had conserved biocontrol of AFB1 contamination, especially in the GM-maize cultivars under three-way interacting CC conditions (37°C × 1,000 ppm CO2 and drought stress). This was supported by the relative expression of the aflR gene in these treatments. This study suggests that the choice of the biocontrol strains, for pre- or post-harvest control, needs to take into account their resilience in CC-related abiotic conditions to ensure that control of AFB1 contamination can be conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Marcon Gasperini
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Environment and Agrifood Theme, Cranfield University, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Rodriguez-Sixtos
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Environment and Agrifood Theme, Cranfield University, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Verheecke-Vaessen
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Environment and Agrifood Theme, Cranfield University, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Garcia-Cela
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Environment and Agrifood Theme, Cranfield University, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Angel Medina
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Environment and Agrifood Theme, Cranfield University, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Naresh Magan
- Applied Mycology Group, Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute, Environment and Agrifood Theme, Cranfield University, Bedford, United Kingdom
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92
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Giorni P, Bertuzzi T, Battilani P. Impact of Fungi Co-occurrence on Mycotoxin Contamination in Maize During the Growing Season. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1265. [PMID: 31244797 PMCID: PMC6563760 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is a possible host of many fungi, some of them able to produce different mycotoxins. Few studies exist on co-occurring fungi and resulting multi-mycotoxin contamination in field; for this reason, in field trials were conducted in two consecutive years to verify fungal incidence and mycotoxin production in the case of the co-occurrence of the three main mycotoxigenic fungi of maize in Italy: Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium verticillioides, and Fusarium graminearum able to produce, respectively, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisins (FBs), and deoxynivalenol (DON). Artificial inoculation was done after silk emergence of maize and samples were collected with a 2 week schedule up to harvest time (four samplings). Fungal interaction resulted as playing a role for both fungal incidence and mycotoxins production, as did weather conditions too. Main interactions were noted between A. flavus and F. verticillioides, and between F. verticillioides and F. graminearum. In particular, as a result of fungal co-occurrence, AFB1 resulted stimulated by F. graminearum presence while no effects were noted in FBs and DON in case of F. verticillioides-F. graminearum co-occurrence. Interestingly, the co-presence of A. flavus significantly reduced both FB and DON production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Giorni
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production (Di.Pro.Ve.S), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Terenzio Bertuzzi
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production (Di.Pro.Ve.S), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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93
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Azam MS, Yu D, Liu N, Wu A. Degrading Ochratoxin A and Zearalenone Mycotoxins Using a Multifunctional Recombinant Enzyme. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050301. [PMID: 31137857 PMCID: PMC6563298 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic and ochratoxin A (OTA) is a hepatotoxic Fusarium mycotoxin commonly seen in cereals and fruits products. No previous investigation has studied on a single platform for the multi degradation mycotoxin. The current study aimed to investigate the bifunctional activity of a novel fusion recombinant. We have generated a recombinant fusion enzyme (ZHDCP) by combining two single genes named zearalenone hydrolase (ZHD) and carboxypeptidase (CP) in frame deletion by crossover polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We identified enzymatic properties and cell cytotoxicity assay of ZHDCP enzyme. Our findings have demonstrated that ZEA was completely degraded to the non-toxic product in 2 h by ZHDCP enzyme at an optimum pH of 7 and a temperature of 35 °C. For the first time, it was found out that ZEA 60% was degraded by CP degrades in 48 h. Fusion ZHDCP and CP enzyme were able to degrade 100% OTA in 30 min at pH 7 and temperature 30 °C. ZEA- and OTA-induced cell death and increased cell apoptosis rate and regulated mRNA expression of Sirt1, Bax, Bcl2, Caspase3, TNFα, and IL6 genes. Our novel findings demonstrated that the fusion enzyme ZHDCP possess bifunctional activity (degrade OTA and ZEA), and it could be used to degrade more mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shofiul Azam
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Dianzhen Yu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Na Liu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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