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Tanida M, Zhang T, Sun L, Song J, Yang W, Kuda Y, Kurata Y, Shibamoto T. Anaphylactic hypotension causes renal and adrenal sympathoexcitaion and induces c-fos in the hypothalamus and medulla oblongata. Exp Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29524326 DOI: 10.1113/ep086809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Whether anaphylaxis affects sympathetic outflows to the brown adipose tissue (BAT) and adrenal gland and whether anaphylaxis affects some brain areas in association with sympathetic regulation. What is the main finding and its importance? Sympathoexcitatory responses to anaphylaxis occurred regionally in the kidney and adrenal gland, but not in the thermogenesis-related BAT. Further, anaphylactic hypotension also caused increase in c-fos immunoreactivity in the hypothalamic and medullary areas. Moreover, catecholaminergic neurons of the brainstem cause adrenal sympathoexcitation in a baroreceptor-independent manner. ABSTRACT We previously reported that sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) to the kidney and the hindlimb increases during anaphylactic hypotension in anaesthetized rats. Based on this evidence, we examined effects of anaphylactic hypotension on SNA to the brown adipose tissue (BAT), and the adrenal gland and kidney in anaesthetized rats. We demonstrated that adrenal and renal SNA, but not BAT-SNA, were stimulated. In addition, the effects of anaphylaxis on neural activities of the hypothalamic and medullary nuclei, which are candidates for relaying efferent SNA to the peripheral organs, were investigated via immunohistochemical staining of c-fos. Anaphylaxis increased c-fos expression in the neurons of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and in those of the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of the medulla oblongata; c-fos was expressed in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons of the NTS and in the catecholaminergic neurons of the RVLM. In addition, c-fos expression in the rostral NTS and mid NTS during anaphylaxis was reduced by sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation; however, increased c-fos expression in the caudal NTS and RVLM or adrenal sympathoexcitation were not affected by sinoaortic baroreceptor denervation. These results indicated that anaphylactic hypotension activates the hypothalamic PVN and the medullary NTS and RVLM independently of the baroreflex pathway. Further, it stimulated efferent SNA to the adrenal gland and kidney to restore blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Tanida
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.,Department of Colorectal and Hernia Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.,Department of Hematology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.,Department of Infectious Disease, The Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110009, China
| | - Yuichi Kuda
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kurata
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Toshishige Shibamoto
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
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Abstract
Understanding how brown and beige adipocytes can be differentially controlled and activated by neuronal circuits is a fundamental prerequisite to fully comprehend the metabolic role that fat tissue plays in energy homeostasis. In this issue of EMBO reports, Wang et al 1 identify a new hypothalamic route that drives the exclusive recruitment of beige fat via the selective control of sympathetic nervous system (SNS ) outflow to subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Since the data strongly suggest that the APPL 2–AMPK signaling axis is crucial for this activation, this finding sheds a new light on the cross talk between peripheral homeostatic signals and neurons that are part of hypothalamic energy homeostasis regulatory pathways in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VHM ) proposing a new defending mechanism to cold and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Consolata Miletta
- Department of Comparative MedicineProgram in Integrative Cell Signalling and Neurobiology of MetabolismYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Tamas L Horvath
- Department of Comparative MedicineProgram in Integrative Cell Signalling and Neurobiology of MetabolismYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of Anatomy and HistologyUniversity of Veterinary MedicineBudapestHungary
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53
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Rodrigues KCDC, Pereira RM, de Campos TDP, de Moura RF, da Silva ASR, Cintra DE, Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, de Araújo MB, de Moura LP. The Role of Physical Exercise to Improve the Browning of White Adipose Tissue via POMC Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:88. [PMID: 29643769 PMCID: PMC5882867 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a public health issue that affects more than 600 million adults worldwide. The disease is characterized by fat accumulation, mainly in the abdominal area. The human body is mainly composed of two types of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT); however, the browning process generates a different type of brown fat-like adipocyte in WAT, which similar to BAT has thermogenic capacity by activating UCP-1. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus plays an important role in WAT browning via POMC neurons, which are influenced by synergistic insulin and leptin signaling. On the other hand, stimulation of AgRP neurons suppresses WAT browning. The hypothalamic inflammatory process that occurs in obesity impairs insulin and leptin signaling in this tissue and, consequently, can decrease WAT browning. In addition, practicing physical exercise may be a great strategy for triggering the browning process since it reduces hypothalamic inflammation and increases POMC neurons gene expression. Moreover, physical exercise stimulates irisin gene expression, which has an important impact on thermogenesis, which in turn culminates in increased gene expression of proteins such as UCP-1 and Cidea, which are related to WAT browning. Furthermore, thermogenetic activation of WAT leads to increased energy expenditure, favoring obesity treatment. Therefore, this mini-review aimed to highlight the most recent studies that link the control of hypothalamic activity with the browning metabolism of adipose tissue in response to physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellen C da Cruz Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Thaís D P de Campos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo F de Moura
- Department of Health Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R da Silva
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dennys E Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Center of Research in Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - José R Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Center of Research in Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro P de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Center of Research in Sport Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Motricity Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
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54
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Abstract
Interactions between the brain and distinct adipose depots have a key role in maintaining energy balance, thereby promoting survival in response to metabolic challenges such as cold exposure and starvation. Recently, there has been renewed interest in the specific central neuronal circuits that regulate adipose depots. Here, we review anatomical, genetic and pharmacological studies on the neural regulation of adipose function, including lipolysis, non-shivering thermogenesis, browning and leptin secretion. In particular, we emphasize the role of leptin-sensitive neurons and the sympathetic nervous system in modulating the activity of brown, white and beige adipose tissues. We provide an overview of advances in the understanding of the heterogeneity of the brain regulation of adipose tissues and offer a perspective on the challenges and paradoxes that the community is facing regarding the actions of leptin on this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Syann Lee
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joel K. Elmquist
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Laurent Gautron
- Division of Hypothalamic Research and Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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55
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Chechi K, van Marken Lichtenbelt W, Richard D. Brown and beige adipose tissues: phenotype and metabolic potential in mice and men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:482-496. [PMID: 28302705 PMCID: PMC5867364 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00021.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the recent rediscovery of brown fat in adult humans, our outlook on adipose tissue biology has undergone a paradigm shift. While we attempt to identify, recruit, and activate classic brown fat stores in humans, identification of beige fat has also raised the possibility of browning our white fat stores. Whether such transformation of human white fat depots can be achieved to enhance the whole body oxidative potential remains to be seen. Evidence to date, however, largely points toward a major oxidative role only for classic brown fat depots, at least in rodents. White fat stores seem to provide the main fuel for sustaining thermogenesis via lipolysis. Interestingly, molecular markers consistent with both classic brown and beige fat identity can be observed in human supraclavicular depot, thereby complicating the discussion on beige fat in humans. Here, we review the recent advances made in our understanding of brown and beige fat in humans and mice. We further provide an overview of their plausible physiological relevance to whole body energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Chechi
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Ville de Québec, Quebec , Canada
| | - Wouter van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Denis Richard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Ville de Québec, Quebec , Canada
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56
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Laperrousaz E, Denis RG, Kassis N, Contreras C, López M, Luquet S, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Magnan C. Lipoprotein Lipase Expression in Hypothalamus Is Involved in the Central Regulation of Thermogenesis and the Response to Cold Exposure. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:103. [PMID: 29593657 PMCID: PMC5861133 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is expressed in different areas of the brain, including the hypothalamus and plays an important role in neural control of the energy balance, including feeding behavior and metabolic fluxes. This study tested the hypothesis that hypothalamic LPL participates in the control of body temperature. We first showed that cold exposure induces decreased activity and expression of LPL in the mouse hypothalamus. We then selectively deleted LPL in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) through an adeno-associated virus approach in LPL-floxed mice and generated MBHΔ Lpl mice with 30-35% decrease in hypothalamic LPL activity. Results showed a decrease in body temperature in MBHΔ Lpl mice when compared with controls at 22°C. Exposure to cold (4°C for 4 h) decreased the body temperature of the control mice while that of the MBHΔ Lpl mice remained similar to that observed at 22°C. MBHΔ Lpl mice also showed increased energy expenditure during cold exposure, when compared to controls. Finally, the selective MBH deletion of LPL also increased the expression of the thermogenic PRMD16 and Dio2 in subcutaneous and perigonadal adipose tissues. Thus, the MBH LPL deletion seems to favor thermogenesis. These data demonstrate that for the first time hypothalamic LPL appears to function as a regulator of body temperature and cold-induced thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Laperrousaz
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël G Denis
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Cristina Contreras
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Serge Luquet
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Céline Cruciani-Guglielmacci
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Magnan
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS UMR 8251, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France
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57
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Christoffersen C, Federspiel CK, Borup A, Christensen PM, Madsen AN, Heine M, Nielsen CH, Kjaer A, Holst B, Heeren J, Nielsen LB. The Apolipoprotein M/S1P Axis Controls Triglyceride Metabolism and Brown Fat Activity. Cell Rep 2018; 22:175-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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58
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Perinatal maternal high-fat diet induces early obesity and sex-specific alterations of the endocannabinoid system in white and brown adipose tissue of weanling rat offspring. Br J Nutr 2017; 118:788-803. [PMID: 29110748 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114517002884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal maternal high-fat (HF) diet programmes offspring obesity. Obesity is associated with overactivation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in adult subjects, but the role of the ECS in the developmental origins of obesity is mostly unknown. The ECS consists of endocannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors (cannabinoid type-1 receptor (CB1) and cannabinoid type-2 receptor (CB2)) and metabolising enzymes. We hypothesised that perinatal maternal HF diet would alter the ECS in a sex-dependent manner in white and brown adipose tissue of rat offspring at weaning in parallel to obesity development. Female rats received standard diet (9 % energy content from fat) or HF diet (29 % energy content from fat) before mating, during pregnancy and lactation. At weaning, male and female offspring were killed for tissue harvest. Maternal HF diet induced early obesity, white adipocyte hypertrophy and increased lipid accumulation in brown adipose tissue associated with sex-specific changes of the ECS's components in weanling rats. In male pups, maternal HF diet decreased CB1 and CB2 protein in subcutaneous adipose tissue. In female pups, maternal HF diet increased visceral and decreased subcutaneous CB1. In brown adipose tissue, maternal HF diet increased CB1 regardless of pup sex. In addition, maternal HF diet differentially changed oestrogen receptor across the adipose depots in male and female pups. The ECS and oestrogen signalling play an important role in lipogenesis, adipogenesis and thermogenesis, and we observed early changes in their targets in adipose depots of the offspring. The present findings provide insights into the involvement of the ECS in the developmental origins of metabolic disease induced by inadequate maternal nutrition in early life.
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59
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Miyashita K, Hosokawa M. Fucoxanthin in the management of obesity and its related disorders. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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60
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Bal NC, Singh S, Reis FCG, Maurya SK, Pani S, Rowland LA, Periasamy M. Both brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle thermogenesis processes are activated during mild to severe cold adaptation in mice. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16616-16625. [PMID: 28794154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.790451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermogenesis is an important homeostatic mechanism essential for survival and normal physiological functions in mammals. Both brown adipose tissue (BAT) (i.e. uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-based) and skeletal muscle (i.e. sarcolipin (SLN)-based) thermogenesis processes play important roles in temperature homeostasis, but their relative contributions differ from small to large mammals. In this study, we investigated the functional interplay between skeletal muscle- and BAT-based thermogenesis under mild versus severe cold adaptation by employing UCP1-/- and SLN-/- mice. Interestingly, adaptation of SLN-/- mice to mild cold conditions (16 °C) significantly increased UCP1 expression, suggesting increased reliance on BAT-based thermogenesis. This was also evident from structural alterations in BAT morphology, including mitochondrial architecture, increased expression of electron transport chain proteins, and depletion of fat droplets. Similarly, UCP1-/- mice adapted to mild cold up-regulated muscle-based thermogenesis, indicated by increases in muscle succinate dehydrogenase activity, SLN expression, mitochondrial content, and neovascularization, compared with WT mice. These results further confirm that SLN-based thermogenesis is a key player in muscle non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) and can compensate for loss of BAT activity. We also present evidence that the increased reliance on BAT-based NST depends on increased autonomic input, as indicated by abundant levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y. Our findings demonstrate that both BAT and muscle-based NST are equally recruited during mild and severe cold adaptation and that loss of heat production from one thermogenic pathway leads to increased recruitment of the other, indicating a functional interplay between these two thermogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh C Bal
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India, .,the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and.,the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Sushant Singh
- the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and.,the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Felipe C G Reis
- the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Santosh K Maurya
- the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and.,the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32827
| | - Sunil Pani
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Leslie A Rowland
- the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and
| | - Muthu Periasamy
- the Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and .,the Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, Florida 32827
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61
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Tham SW, Li L, Effraim P, Waxman S. Between fire and ice: refractory hypothermia and warmth-induced pain in inherited erythromelalgia. BMJ Case Rep 2017; 2017:bcr-2017-219486. [PMID: 28751508 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-219486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited erythromelalgia (IEM) is a well-described pain disorder caused by mutations of sodium channel Nav1.7, a peripheral channel expressed within dorsal root ganglion and the sympathetic ganglion neurons. Clinically, IEM is characterised by paroxysmal attacks of severe pain, usually in the distal extremities, triggered by warmth or exercise. Pain is not adequately treated by existing pharmacological agents. Individuals with IEM classically cool their limbs for relief, in some cases resulting in tissue injury. We describe a patient from a family with IEM due to the L858F mutation of Nav1.7 who presented with refractory hypothermia due to overcooling. This presentation of refractory hypothermia necessitating warming strategies, complicated by severe warmth-induced pain, posed a substantial therapeutic challenge. We report our experience in overcoming hypothermia lasting 3 weeks in a child with IEM, discuss possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this unusual complication and suggest potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- See Wan Tham
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Philip Effraim
- Department of Anesthesia, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stephen Waxman
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
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62
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Michael NJ, Simonds SE, van den Top M, Cowley MA, Spanswick D. Mitochondrial uncoupling in the melanocortin system differentially regulates NPY and POMC neurons to promote weight-loss. Mol Metab 2017; 6:1103-1112. [PMID: 29031712 PMCID: PMC5641603 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The mitochondrial uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), historically used as a treatment for obesity, is known to cross the blood-brain-barrier, but its effects on central neural circuits controlling body weight are largely unknown. As hypothalamic melanocortin neuropeptide Y/agouti-related protein (NPY/AgRP) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons represent key central regulators of food intake and energy expenditure we investigated the effects of DNP on these neurons, food intake and energy expenditure. Method C57BL/6 and melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) knock-out mice were administered DNP intracerebroventricularly (ICV) and the metabolic changes were characterized. The specific role of NPY and POMC neurons and the ionic mechanisms mediating the effects of uncoupling were examined with in vitro electrophysiology performed on NPY hrGFP or POMC eGFP mice. Results Here we show DNP-induced differential effects on melanocortin neurons including inhibiting orexigenic NPY and activating anorexigenic POMC neurons through independent ionic mechanisms coupled to mitochondrial function, consistent with an anorexigenic central effect. Central administration of DNP induced weight-loss, increased BAT thermogenesis and browning of white adipose tissue, and decreased food intake, effects that were absent in MC4R knock-out mice and blocked by the MC4R antagonist, AgRP. Conclusion These data show a novel central anti-obesity mechanism of action of DNP and highlight the potential for selective melanocortin mitochondrial uncoupling to target metabolic disorders. Mitochondrial uncoupling of the melanocortin system with DNP induced weight-loss. DNP inhibited NPY neurones via activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. DNP activated POMC neurones via block of inwardly rectifying potassium channels. Central DNP reduced food intake and increased WAT browning and BAT thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Jane Michael
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Australia(5).
| | - Stephanie Elise Simonds
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Australia(5).
| | | | - Michael Alexander Cowley
- Metabolic Disease and Obesity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Australia(5).
| | - David Spanswick
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Australia(5); Neurosolutions, Coventry, P.O. 3517, UK; Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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63
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Freitas HR, Isaac AR, Malcher-Lopes R, Diaz BL, Trevenzoli IH, De Melo Reis RA. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and endocannabinoids in health and disease. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 21:695-714. [PMID: 28686542 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1347373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are lipid derivatives of omega-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) or of omega-6 (arachidonic acid, ARA) synthesized from membrane phospholipids and used as a precursor for endocannabinoids (ECs). They mediate significant effects in the fine-tune adjustment of body homeostasis. Phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids also rule the daily life of billions worldwide, as they are involved in obesity, depression and drug addiction. Consequently, there is growing interest to reveal novel active compounds in this field. Cloning of cannabinoid receptors in the 90s and the identification of the endogenous mediators arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonyglycerol (2-AG), led to the characterization of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), together with their metabolizing enzymes and membrane transporters. Today, the ECS is known to be involved in diverse functions such as appetite control, food intake, energy balance, neuroprotection, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, mood disorders, emesis, modulation of pain, inflammatory responses, as well as in cancer therapy. Western diet as well as restriction of micronutrients and fatty acids, such as DHA, could be related to altered production of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. eicosanoids) and ECs, contributing to the progression of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, depression or impairing conditions, such as Alzheimer' s disease. Here we review how diets based in PUFAs might be linked to ECS and to the maintenance of central and peripheral metabolism, brain plasticity, memory and learning, blood flow, and genesis of neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hércules Rezende Freitas
- a Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | - Alinny Rosendo Isaac
- a Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Lourenço Diaz
- c Laboratory of Inflammation, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | - Isis Hara Trevenzoli
- d Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto De Melo Reis
- a Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
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Rozo AV, Babu DA, Suen PA, Groff DN, Seeley RJ, Simmons RA, Seale P, Ahima RS, Stoffers DA. Neonatal GLP1R activation limits adult adiposity by durably altering hypothalamic architecture. Mol Metab 2017; 6:748-759. [PMID: 28702330 PMCID: PMC5485307 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adult obesity risk is influenced by alterations to fetal and neonatal environments. Modifying neonatal gut or neurohormone signaling pathways can have negative metabolic consequences in adulthood. Here we characterize the effect of neonatal activation of glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (GLP1R) signaling on adult adiposity and metabolism. METHODS Wild type C57BL/6 mice were injected with 1 nmol/kg Exendin-4 (Ex-4), a GLP1R agonist, for 6 consecutive days after birth. Growth, body composition, serum analysis, energy expenditure, food intake, and brain and fat pad histology and gene expression were assessed at multiple time points through 42 weeks. Similar analyses were conducted in a Glp1r conditional allele crossed with a Sim1Cre deleter strain to produce Sim1Cre;Glp1rloxP/loxP mice and control littermates. RESULTS Neonatal administration of Ex-4 reduced adult body weight and fat mass, increased energy expenditure, and conferred protection from diet-induced obesity in female mice. This was associated with induction of brown adipose genes and increased noradrenergic fiber density in parametrial white adipose tissue (WAT). We further observed durable alterations in orexigenic and anorexigenic projections to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH). Genetic deletion of Glp1r in the PVH by Sim1-Cre abrogated the impact of neonatal Ex-4 on adult body weight, WAT browning, and hypothalamic architecture. CONCLUSION These observations suggest that the acute activation of GLP1R in neonates durably alters hypothalamic architecture to limit adult weight gain and adiposity, identifying GLP1R as a therapeutic target for obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea V. Rozo
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Daniella A. Babu
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - PoMan A. Suen
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David N. Groff
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Randy J. Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Simmons
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rexford S. Ahima
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Doris A. Stoffers
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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65
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Contreras C, Nogueiras R, Diéguez C, Rahmouni K, López M. Traveling from the hypothalamus to the adipose tissue: The thermogenic pathway. Redox Biol 2017; 12:854-863. [PMID: 28448947 PMCID: PMC5406580 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized tissue critical for non-shivering thermogenesis producing heat through mitochondrial uncoupling; whereas white adipose tissue (WAT) is responsible of energy storage in the form of triglycerides. Another type of fat has been described, the beige adipose tissue; this tissue emerges in existing WAT depots but with thermogenic ability, a phenomenon known as browning. Several peripheral signals relaying information about energy status act in the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, to regulate thermogenesis in BAT and browning of WAT. Different hypothalamic areas have the capacity to regulate the thermogenic process in brown and beige adipocytes through the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). This review discusses important concepts and discoveries about the central control of thermogenesis as a trip that starts in the hypothalamus, and taking the sympathetic roads to reach brown and beige fat to modulate thermogenic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
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66
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Gertsch J. Cannabimimetic phytochemicals in the diet - an evolutionary link to food selection and metabolic stress adaptation? Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1464-1483. [PMID: 27891602 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a major lipid signalling network that plays important pro-homeostatic (allostatic) roles not only in the nervous system but also in peripheral organs. There is increasing evidence that there is a dietary component in the modulation of the ECS. Cannabinoid receptors in hominids co-evolved with diet, and the ECS constitutes a feedback loop for food selection and energy metabolism. Here, it is postulated that the mismatch of ancient lipid genes of hunter-gatherers and pastoralists with the high-carbohydrate diet introduced by agriculture could be compensated for via dietary modulation of the ECS. In addition to the fatty acid precursors of endocannabinoids, the potential role of dietary cannabimimetic phytochemicals in agriculturist nutrition is discussed. Dietary secondary metabolites from vegetables and spices able to enhance the activity of cannabinoid-type 2 (CB2 ) receptors may provide adaptive metabolic advantages and counteract inflammation. In contrast, chronic CB1 receptor activation in hedonic obese individuals may enhance pathophysiological processes related to hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, hepatorenal inflammation and cardiometabolic risk. Food able to modulate the CB1 /CB2 receptor activation ratio may thus play a role in the nutrition transition of Western high-calorie diets. In this review, the interplay between diet and the ECS is highlighted from an evolutionary perspective. The emerging potential of cannabimimetic food as a nutraceutical strategy is critically discussed. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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67
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Contreras C, Nogueiras R, Diéguez C, Medina-Gómez G, López M. Hypothalamus and thermogenesis: Heating the BAT, browning the WAT. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 438:107-115. [PMID: 27498420 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been also considered as the main thermogenic organ responsible of maintenance body temperature through heat production. However, a new type of thermogenic fat has been characterized during the last years, the beige or brite fat, that is developed from white adipose tissue (WAT) in response to different stimuli by a process known as browning. The activities of brown and beige adipocytes ameliorate metabolic disease, including obesity in mice and correlate with leanness in humans. Many genes and pathways that regulate brown and beige adipocyte biology have now been identified, providing a variety of promising therapeutic targets for metabolic disease. The hypothalamus is the main central place orchestrating the outflow signals that drive the sympathetic nerve activity to BAT and WAT, controlling heat production and energy homeostasis. Recent data have revealed new hypothalamic molecular mechanisms, such as hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), that control both thermogenesis and browning. This review provides an overview of the factors influencing BAT and WAT thermogenesis, with special focus on the integration of peripheral information on hypothalamic circuits controlling thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain.
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain
| | - Gema Medina-Gómez
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, 15706, Spain.
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Caron A, Richard D. Neuronal systems and circuits involved in the control of food intake and adaptive thermogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2016; 1391:35-53. [PMID: 27768821 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
With the still-growing prevalence of obesity worldwide, major efforts are made to understand the various behavioral, environmental, and genetic factors that promote excess fat gain. Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, which emphasizes the importance of deciphering the mechanisms behind energy balance regulation to understand its physiopathology. The control of energy balance is assured by brain systems/circuits capable of generating adequate ingestive and thermogenic responses to maintain the stability of energy reserves, which implies a proper integration of the homeostatic signals that inform about the status of the energy stores. In this article, we overview the organization and functionality of key neuronal circuits or pathways involved in the control of food intake and energy expenditure. We review the role of the corticolimbic (executive and reward) and autonomic systems that integrate their activities to regulate energy balance. We also describe the mechanisms and pathways whereby homeostatic sensing is achieved in response to variations of homeostatic hormones, such as leptin, insulin, and ghrelin, while putting some emphasis on the prominent importance of the mechanistic target of the rapamycin signaling pathway in coordinating the homeostatic sensing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Caron
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec and Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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69
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Dunn J, Mittendorfer B. How the brain tips the scale. J Physiol 2016; 594:5041-2. [PMID: 27629075 DOI: 10.1113/jp272701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Dunn
- VA St Louis Health Care System, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Center for Human Nutrition and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bettina Mittendorfer
- Center for Human Nutrition and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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70
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Gavini CK, Jones WC, Novak CM. Ventromedial hypothalamic melanocortin receptor activation: regulation of activity energy expenditure and skeletal muscle thermogenesis. J Physiol 2016; 594:5285-301. [PMID: 27126579 PMCID: PMC5023712 DOI: 10.1113/jp272352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and the central melanocortin system both play vital roles in regulating energy balance by modulating energy intake and utilization. Recent evidence suggests that activation of the VMH alters skeletal muscle metabolism. We show that intra-VMH melanocortin receptor activation increases energy expenditure and physical activity, switches fuel utilization to fats, and lowers work efficiency such that excess calories are dissipated by skeletal muscle as heat. We also show that intra-VMH melanocortin receptor activation increases sympathetic nervous system outflow to skeletal muscle. Intra-VMH melanocortin receptor activation also induced significant changes in the expression of mediators of energy expenditure in muscle. These results support the role of melanocortin receptors in the VMH in the modulation of skeletal muscle metabolism. ABSTRACT The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and the brain melanocortin system both play vital roles in increasing energy expenditure (EE) and physical activity, decreasing appetite and modulating sympathetic nervous system (SNS) outflow. Because of recent evidence showing that VMH activation modulates skeletal muscle metabolism, we propose the existence of an axis between the VMH and skeletal muscle, modulated by brain melanocortins, modelled on the brain control of brown adipose tissue. Activation of melanocortin receptors in the VMH of rats using a non-specific agonist melanotan II (MTII), compared to vehicle, increased oxygen consumption and EE and decreased the respiratory exchange ratio. Intra-VMH MTII enhanced activity-related EE even when activity levels were held constant. MTII treatment increased gastrocnemius muscle heat dissipation during controlled activity, as well as in the home cage. Compared to vehicle-treated rats, rats with intra-VMH melanocortin receptor activation had higher skeletal muscle norepinephrine turnover, indicating an increased SNS drive to muscle. Lastly, intra-VMH MTII induced mRNA expression of muscle energetic mediators, whereas short-term changes at the protein level were primarily limited to phosphorylation events. These results support the hypothesis that melanocortin peptides act in the VMH to increase EE by lowering the economy of activity via the enhanced expression of mediators of EE in the periphery including skeletal muscle. The data are consistent with the role of melanocortins in the VMH in the modulation of skeletal muscle metabolism.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/physiology
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/physiology
- Animals
- Energy Metabolism
- Hypothalamus/physiology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/physiology
- Male
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Norepinephrine/metabolism
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Melanocortin/agonists
- Receptors, Melanocortin/physiology
- Thermogenesis
- alpha-MSH/analogs & derivatives
- alpha-MSH/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya K Gavini
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.
| | - William C Jones
- Department of Exercise Science/Physiology, College of Education, Health, and Human Services, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Colleen M Novak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
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Hidaka M, Horikawa K, Akase T, Makihara H, Ogami T, Tomozawa H, Tsubata M, Ibuki A, Matsumoto Y. Efficacy of Kaempferia parviflora in a mouse model of obesity-induced dermatopathy. J Nat Med 2016; 71:59-67. [PMID: 27592007 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity results from excessive energy intake and physical inactivity, and predisposes one to various diseases. One of these reasons is that enlargement of adipocytes raises the lipid metabolic abnormalities that affect various organs. The skin is one such organ, and it has been reported that subcutaneous adipocyte cells secrete various factors and these factors are involved in reduction of dermal collagen fibers and fragility of the skin in obesity. The present study explored the efficacy of Kaempferia parviflora (KP) in preventing obesity-induced dermatopathy. We used Tsumura Suzuki obese diabetes (TSOD) mice as an obesity model. TSOD mice were fed a standard diet (MF) mixed with either an ethanol extract from KP (KPE), polymethoxyflavonoid-rich extract from KP (PMF), or polymethoxyflavonoid-poor extract from KP (X). We then evaluated the effect of these three KP fractions on aging-like skin damage induced by UVB irradiation. KPE and PMF caused a significant decrease of mouse body weight, and suppressed the increase in the thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer. In addition, KPE shifted the frequency of subcutaneous adipocyte sizes towards smaller cells possibly via its polypharmacological actions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the stereostructure of the collagenous fibers in the dermis was better retained in the KPE and PMF groups, in that order. These results offer the first evidence that KPE can attenuate obesity-induced dermatopathy more effectively than PMF, suggesting that KPE (or KP) might be a candidate supplement for preventing obesity-related skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeko Hidaka
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Horikawa
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tomoko Akase
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Makihara
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Ogami
- Research and Development Division, Toyo Shinyaku Co., Ltd.,, 7-28 Yayoigaoka, Tosu, Saga, 841-0005, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomozawa
- Research and Development Division, Toyo Shinyaku Co., Ltd.,, 7-28 Yayoigaoka, Tosu, Saga, 841-0005, Japan
| | - Masahito Tsubata
- Research and Development Division, Toyo Shinyaku Co., Ltd.,, 7-28 Yayoigaoka, Tosu, Saga, 841-0005, Japan
| | - Ai Ibuki
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsumoto
- Department of Biological Science and Nursing, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
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Labbé SM, Caron A, Chechi K, Laplante M, Lecomte R, Richard D. Metabolic activity of brown, "beige," and white adipose tissues in response to chronic adrenergic stimulation in male mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 311:E260-8. [PMID: 27143559 PMCID: PMC4967144 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00545.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical brown adipocytes such as those found in interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) represent energy-burning cells, which have been postulated to play a pivotal role in energy metabolism. Brown adipocytes can also be found in white adipose tissue (WAT) depots [e.g., inguinal WAT (iWAT)] following adrenergic stimulation, and they have been referred to as "beige" adipocytes. Whether the presence of these adipocytes, which gives iWAT a beige appearance, can confer a white depot with some thermogenic activity remains to be seen. In consequence, we designed the present study to investigate the metabolic activity of iBAT, iWAT, and epididymal white depots in mice. Mice were either 1) kept at thermoneutrality (30°C), 2) kept at 30°C and treated daily for 14 days with an adrenergic agonist [CL-316,243 (CL)], or 3) housed at 10°C for 14 days. Metabolic activity was assessed using positron emission tomography imaging with fluoro-[(18)F]deoxyglucose (glucose uptake), fluoro-[(18)F]thiaheptadecanoic acid (fatty acid uptake), and [(11)C]acetate (oxidative activity). In each group, substrate uptakes and oxidative activity were measured in anesthetized mice in response to acute CL. Our results revealed iBAT as a major site of metabolic activity, which exhibited enhanced glucose and nonesterified fatty acid uptakes and oxidative activity in response to chronic cold and CL. On the other hand, beige adipose tissue failed to exhibit appreciable increase in oxidative activity in response to chronic cold and CL. Altogether, our results suggest that the contribution of beige fat to acute-CL-induced metabolic activity is low compared with that of iBAT, even after sustained adrenergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien M Labbé
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; and
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; and
| | - Kanta Chechi
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; and
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; and
| | - Roger Lecomte
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Centre d'imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada; and
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