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Jiang W, Wang Z, Zhang J, Li M. Interleukin 25 and its biological features and function in intestinal diseases. Cent Eur J Immunol 2023; 47:362-372. [PMID: 36817397 PMCID: PMC9901255 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2022.124416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 25 (IL-25), also known as IL-17E, is a member of the IL-17 cytokine family and an important regulator of the type 2 immune response. Accumulating evidence suggests that IL-25 interacts with diverse immune as well as non-immune cells and plays a rather complicated role in different backgrounds of multiple organs. IL-25 has been studied in the physiology and pathology of the intestine to some extent. With epithelial cells being an important source in the intestine, IL-25 plays a key role in intestinal immune responses and is associated with inappropriate allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, and cancer tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the emerging comprehension of the biology of IL-25, as well as its cellular sources, targets, and signaling transduction. In particular, we discuss how IL-25 participates in the development of intestinal diseases including helminth infection, inflammatory bowel diseases, food allergy and colorectal cancer, as well as its underlying role in future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zehui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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McGrane SJ, Gibbs M, Hernangomez de Alvaro C, Dunlop N, Winnig M, Klebansky B, Waller D. Umami taste perception and preferences of the domestic cat (Felis catus), an obligate carnivore. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad026. [PMID: 37551788 PMCID: PMC10468298 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The domestic cat (Felis catus) is an obligate carnivore, and as such has a meat-based diet. Several studies on the taste perception of cats have been reported, indicating that their sense of taste has evolved based on their carnivorous diet. Here, we propose that umami (mediated by Tas1r1-Tas1r3) is the main appetitive taste modality for the domestic cat by characterizing the umami taste of a range of nucleotides, amino acids, and their mixtures for cats obtained using complementary methods. We show for the first time that cats express Tas1r1 in taste papillae. The cat umami receptor responds to a range of nucleotides as agonists, with the purine nucleotides having the highest activity. Their umami receptor does not respond to any amino acids alone; however, 11 l-amino acids with a range of chemical characteristics act as enhancers in combination with a nucleotide. l-Glutamic acid and l-Aspartic acid are not active as either agonists or enhancers of the cat umami receptor due to changes in key binding residues at positions 170 and 302. Overall, cats have an appetitive behavioral response for nucleotides, l-amino acids, and their mixtures. We postulate that the renowned palatability of tuna for cats may be due, at least in part, to its specific combination of high levels of inosine monophosphate and free l-Histidine that produces a strong synergistic umami taste enhancement. These results demonstrate the critical role that the umami receptor plays in enabling cats to detect key taste compounds present in meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J McGrane
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Gibbs
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Hernangomez de Alvaro
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Dunlop
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Winnig
- AXXAM GmbH, Byk-Gulden Str.2, 78467 Constance, Germany
| | - Boris Klebansky
- BioPredict, Inc., 4 Adele Avenue, Demarest, NJ 07627, United States
| | - Daniel Waller
- Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire LE14 4RT, United Kingdom
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53
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Chen S, Zhou X, Lu Y, Xu K, Wen J, Cui M. Anti-HIV drugs lopinavir/ritonavir activate bitter taste receptors. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad035. [PMID: 37625013 PMCID: PMC10486187 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lopinavir and ritonavir (LPV/r) are the primary anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs recommended by the World Health Organization for treating children aged 3 years and above who are infected with the HIV. These drugs are typically available in liquid formulations to aid in dosing for children who cannot swallow tablets. However, the strong bitter taste associated with these medications can be a significant obstacle to adherence, particularly in young children, and can jeopardize the effectiveness of the treatment. Studies have shown that poor palatability can affect the survival rate of HIV-infected children. Therefore, developing more child-friendly protease inhibitor formulations, particularly those with improved taste, is critical for children with HIV. The molecular mechanism by which lopinavir and ritonavir activate bitter taste receptors, TAS2Rs, is not yet clear. In this study, we utilized a calcium mobilization assay to characterize the activation of bitter taste receptors by lopinavir and ritonavir. We discovered that lopinavir activates TAS2R1 and TAS2R13, while ritonavir activates TAS2R1, TAS2R8, TAS2R13, and TAS2R14. The development of bitter taste blockers that target these receptors with a safe profile would be highly desirable in eliminating the unpleasant bitter taste of these anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurui Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Yongcheng Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Keman Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jiao Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Meng Cui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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54
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Matsumoto K, Kamide M, Uchida K, Takahata M, Shichiri R, Hida Y, Taniguchi Y, Ohishi A, Tominaga M, Nagasawa K, Kato S. Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 in Taste Nerve Contributes to the Sense of Sweet Taste in Mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:939-945. [PMID: 37394645 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels play a significant role in taste perception. TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is present in the afferent sensory neurons and is activated by food-derived ingredients, such as Japanese horseradish, cinnamon, and garlic. The present study aimed to investigate the expression of TRPA1 in taste buds, and determine its functional roles in taste perception using TRPA1-deficient mice. In circumvallate papillae, TRPA1 immunoreactivity colocalised with P2X2 receptor-positive taste nerves but not with type II or III taste cell markers. Behavioural studies showed that TRPA1 deficiency significantly reduced sensitivity to sweet and umami tastes, but not to salty, bitter, and sour tastes, compared to that in wild-type animals. Furthermore, administration of the TRPA1 antagonist HC030031 significantly decreased taste preference to sucrose solution compared to that in the vehicle-treated group in the two-bottle preference tests. TRPA1 deficiency did not affect the structure of circumvallate papillae or the expression of type II or III taste cell and taste nerve markers. Adenosine 5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate evoked inward currents did not differ between P2X2- and P2X2/TRPA1-expressing human embryonic kidney 293T cells. TRPA1-deficient mice had significantly decreased c-fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brain stem following sucrose stimulation than wild-type mice. Taken together, the current study suggested that TRPA1 in the taste nerve contributes to the sense of sweet taste in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Matsumoto
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Mayu Kamide
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kunitoshi Uchida
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Mitsuki Takahata
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Runa Shichiri
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yuka Hida
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yumi Taniguchi
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Akihiro Ohishi
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences)
| | - Kazuki Nagasawa
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
| | - Shinichi Kato
- Division of Pathological Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University
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55
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Sweet Chestnut ( Castanea sativa Mill.) Nutritional and Phenolic Composition Interactions with Chestnut Flavor Physiology. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244052. [PMID: 36553794 PMCID: PMC9777662 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.), is an environmentally and economically important species in Europe, mainly for fruit production. The chestnut fruit is well-known for its nutritional properties, namely its high concentration of carbohydrates (starch) and its low-fat content, as well as being one of the few fruits that do not contain gluten. Due to its chemical and nutritional characteristics beneficial to health, the sweet chestnut is a food recommended at different levels. The biochemistry of the mouth and nose of a human being is very complex. However, understanding the different interactions between the biochemistry of our sensory organs and food helps us to comprehend certain concepts, such as flavor and how it is involved in the sensory evaluation of the chestnuts. For the selection of high-quality products, it is necessary to develop reliable methods both from a qualitative and sensory point of view, and chestnut is a fruit with unique sensory characteristics that can be used in various gastronomic dishes, from main courses to desserts.
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56
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Ferrulli A, Senesi P, Terruzzi I, Luzi L. Eating Habits and Body Weight Changes Induced by Variation in Smell and Taste in Patients with Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235068. [PMID: 36501098 PMCID: PMC9738767 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction are recognized as common symptoms in patients with COVID-19, with a prevalence ranging, respectively, between 41-61% and 38.2-49%. This review focused on relating the variations in dietary habits with the reduction/loss of smell and/or taste in patients who contracted the COVID-19 infection. Primarily, we reviewed the main pathological mechanisms involved in COVID 19-induced anosmia/dysosmia and ageusia/dysgeusia. Then, we explored and summarized the behavioural changes in food intake and body weight during the COVID-19 pandemic in relation to sensory impairment and the underlying mechanisms. Most studies on this topic argue that the altered chemosensory perception (taste and smell) mainly induces reduced appetite, leading to a faster fullness sensation during the consumption of a meal and, therefore, to a decrease in body weight. On the other hand, a reduced perception of the food's sensory properties may trigger compensatory responses that lead some individuals to increase food intake with a different effect on body weight. Regarding body weight, most studies evaluated malnutrition in patients hospitalized for COVID-19; more studies are warranted to investigate nutritional status specifically in non-hospitalized patients with olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions caused by COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ferrulli
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +39-02-8599-4572
| | - Pamela Senesi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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57
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Yang J, Liao J, Dong H, Huang G, Bai W, Tu J, Zeng X. Synergistic Effect of Kokumi-Active γ-Glutamyl Peptides and l-Glutamate on Enhancing Umami Sensation and Stimulating Cholecystokinin Secretion via T1R1/T1R3 Activation in STC-1 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14395-14402. [PMID: 36318610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of γ-glutamyl peptides (γEL, γEV, and γEγEV) and l-glutamate (MSG) on the activation of the umami receptor (T1R1/T1R3) in relation to enhanced umami taste and promoted cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion. The synergy of γ-glutamyl peptides and MSG (1-15 mM, 1:1) caused a significant increase in both the umami taste score by 0.218 ± 0.015-1.216 ± 0.031 times and the CCK secretion by 41.41 ± 6.46-201.16 ± 12.91% when compared to the group treated with individual MSG. The increase in CCK secretion promoted by γ-glutamyl peptides was only reduced by 11.54 ± 0.01-45.65 ± 3.58% after adding yjr CaSR inhibitor (NPS 2143), implying that there were other receptors besides CaSR involved in the stimulation of CCK secretion. The mixture of γEγEV and MSG synergistically increased the intracellular calcium release by 111.26 ± 11.94-135.28 ± 16.60% in STC-1 and 108.47 ± 7.89-152.33 ± 26.26% in HEK 293 compared to MSG. The protein expression for T1R1/T1R3 was increased, indicating that the mixture can activate T1R1/T1R3. The amino acids V277, S147, and D190 of T1R3 can be critical for the binding of γEγEV to T1R3. This is the first report on the synergistic effect of taste-active substances on taste sensation and hormone release via taste receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- College of Light Industry and Food Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Liao
- College of Light Industry and Food Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Dong
- College of Light Industry and Food Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiying Huang
- College of Light Industry and Food Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Bai
- College of Light Industry and Food Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, People's Republic of China
| | - Juncai Tu
- College of Light Industry and Food Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, People's Republic of China
- School of Science, RMIT University, General Post Office Box 2474, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Xiaofang Zeng
- College of Light Industry and Food Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, People's Republic of China
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58
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Talmon M, Pollastro F, Fresu LG. The Complex Journey of the Calcium Regulation Downstream of TAS2R Activation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223638. [PMID: 36429066 PMCID: PMC9688576 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) have recently arisen as a potential drug target for asthma due to their localization in airway cells. These receptors are expressed in all cell types of the respiratory system comprising epithelial, smooth muscle and immune cells; however, the expression pattern of the subtypes is different in each cell type and, accordingly, so is their role, for example, anti-inflammatory or bronchodilator. The most challenging aspect in studying TAS2Rs has been the identification of the downstream signaling cascades. Indeed, TAS2R activation leads to canonical IP3-dependent calcium release from the ER, but, alongside, there are other mechanisms that differ according to the histological localization. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the cytosolic calcium modulation downstream of TAS2R activation in the epithelial, smooth muscle and immune cells of the airway system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Talmon
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (L.G.F.); Tel.: +39-0321-660589 (M.T.); +39-0321-660687 (L.G.F.)
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Luigia Grazia Fresu
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (L.G.F.); Tel.: +39-0321-660589 (M.T.); +39-0321-660687 (L.G.F.)
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59
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Oral expressions and functional analyses of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in chicken. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17762. [PMID: 36273034 PMCID: PMC9588031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) plays a key role in calcium homeostasis by sensing slight changes in extracellular Ca2+. CaSR is also expressed in mammals including rodent taste cells and is involved in sensing kokumi, a rich, savory quality that enhances the intensities of salty, sweet, and umami tastes. In this study, we focused on chicken CaSR (cCaSR) since calcium is an essential nutrient that is necessary for making eggshell and for the extremely rapid initial growth of bones. First we confirmed that cCaSR is expressed in taste cells. Next we cloned the cCaSR gene from kidney and transiently transfected human embryonic kidney 293 T (HEK293T) cells with the recombinant cCaSR, or empty vector and looked for the agonists and allosteric modulators (including kokumi substances) of cCaSR by Ca2+ imaging. We found that cCaSR was activated by extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ in a dose dependent manner. Several L-amino acids and kokumi substances such as glutathione enhanced the response of cCaSR. In addition, NPS2143 as a negative allosteric modulator of human CaSR negatively modulated the response of cCaSR. These results suggest that cCaSR can sense extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ as well as positive and negative allosteric modulators. Taken together, the results imply that CaSR might be a multifunctional receptor for calcium, amino acids, and kokumi substances in chicken. The present finding that functional CaSR is expressed in the chicken oral tissues will allow us to further elucidate the physiological role of CaSR in the chickens' taste sense, and to create new feeds that will contribute to the poultry industry.
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60
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Cramer JF, Miller ET, Ko MC, Liang Q, Cockburn G, Nakagita T, Cardinale M, Fusani L, Toda Y, Baldwin MW. A single residue confers selective loss of sugar sensing in wrynecks. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4270-4278.e5. [PMID: 35985327 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensory receptors evolve, and changes to their response profiles can directly impact sensory perception and affect diverse behaviors, from mate choice to foraging decisions.1-3 Although receptor sensitivities can be highly contingent on changes occurring early in a lineage's evolutionary history,4 subsequent shifts in a species' behavior and ecology may exert selective pressure to modify and even reverse sensory receptor capabilities.5-7 Neither the extent to which sensory reversion occurs nor the mechanisms underlying such shifts is well understood. Using receptor profiling and behavioral tests, we uncover both an early gain and an unexpected subsequent loss of sugar sensing in woodpeckers, a primarily insectivorous family of landbirds.8,9 Our analyses show that, similar to hummingbirds10 and songbirds,4 the ancestors of woodpeckers repurposed their T1R1-T1R3 savory receptor to detect sugars. Importantly, whereas woodpeckers seem to have broadly retained this ability, our experiments demonstrate that wrynecks (an enigmatic ant-eating group sister to all other woodpeckers) selectively lost sugar sensing through a novel mechanism involving a single amino acid change in the T1R3 transmembrane domain. The identification of this molecular microswitch responsible for a sensory shift in taste receptors provides an example of the molecular basis of a sensory reversion in vertebrates and offers novel insights into structure-function relationships during sensory receptor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Cramer
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Eliot T Miller
- Macaulay Library, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Meng-Ching Ko
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Qiaoyi Liang
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Glenn Cockburn
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Tomoya Nakagita
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan; Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Massimiliano Cardinale
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 453 30 Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Leonida Fusani
- Austrian Ornithological Centre, Konrad-Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1160 Wien, Austria; Department of Behavioural and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, 1160 Wien, Austria
| | - Yasuka Toda
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Maude W Baldwin
- Evolution of Sensory Systems Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany.
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61
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Klaessens S, Stroobant V, De Plaen E, Van den Eynde BJ. Systemic tryptophan homeostasis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:897929. [PMID: 36188218 PMCID: PMC9515494 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.897929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, which is not only a building block for protein synthesis, but also a precursor for the biosynthesis of co-enzymes and neuromodulators, such as NAD/NADP(H), kynurenic acid, melatonin and serotonin. It also plays a role in immune homeostasis, as local tryptophan catabolism impairs T-lymphocyte mediated immunity. Therefore, tryptophan plasmatic concentration needs to be stable, in spite of large variations in dietary supply. Here, we review the main checkpoints accounting for tryptophan homeostasis, including absorption, transport, metabolism and elimination, and we discuss the physiopathology of disorders associated with their dysfunction. Tryptophan is catabolized along the kynurenine pathway through the action of two enzymes that mediate the first and rate-limiting step of the pathway: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). While IDO1 expression is restricted to peripheral sites of immune modulation, TDO is massively expressed in the liver and accounts for 90% of tryptophan catabolism. Recent data indicated that the stability of the TDO protein is regulated by tryptophan and that this regulation allows a tight control of tryptophanemia. TDO is stabilized when tryptophan is abundant in the plasma, resulting in rapid degradation of dietary tryptophan. In contrast, when tryptophan is scarce, TDO is degraded by the proteasome to avoid excessive tryptophan catabolism. This is triggered by the unmasking of a degron in a non-catalytic tryptophan-binding site, resulting in TDO ubiquitination by E3 ligase SKP1-CUL1-F-box. Deficiency in TDO or in the hepatic aromatic transporter SLC16A10 leads to severe hypertryptophanemia, which can disturb immune and neurological homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Klaessens
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Simon Klaessens, ; Benoit J. Van den Eynde,
| | - Vincent Stroobant
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne De Plaen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoit J. Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium
- de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Wavre, Belgium
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Simon Klaessens, ; Benoit J. Van den Eynde,
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Dubovski N, Fierro F, Margulis E, Ben Shoshan-Galeczki Y, Peri L, Niv MY. Taste GPCRs and their ligands. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 193:177-193. [PMID: 36357077 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Taste GPCRs are expressed in taste buds on the tongue and play a key role in food choice and consumption. They are also expressed extra-orally, with various physiological roles that are currently under study. Unraveling the roles of these receptors relies on the knowledge of their ligands. Combining sensory, cell-based and computational approaches enabled the discovery of numerous agonists and several antagonists. Here we provide a short overview of taste receptor families, main recent methods for ligands discovery, and current sources of information about known ligands. The future directions that are likely to impact the taste GPCR field include focus on ligand interactions with naturally occurring polymorphisms, as well as harnessing the power of CryoEM and of multiple signaling readout techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Dubovski
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Fabrizio Fierro
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eitan Margulis
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yaron Ben Shoshan-Galeczki
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lior Peri
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Masha Y Niv
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
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Angotzi AR, Leal E, Puchol S, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Morais S. Exploring the potential for an evolutionarily conserved role of the taste 1 receptor gene family in gut sensing mechanisms of fish. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 11:293-308. [PMID: 36263402 PMCID: PMC9563615 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the transcriptional spatio-temporal dynamics of the taste 1 receptor (T1R) gene family repertoire in seabream (Sparus aurata [sa]), during larval ontogeny and in adult tissues. In early larval development, saT1R expression arises heterochronously, i.e. the extraoral taste-related perception in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) anticipates first exogenous feeding (at 9 days post hatching [dph]), followed by the buccal/intraoral perception from 14 dph onwards, supporting the hypothesis that the early onset of the molecular machinery underlying saT1R expression in the GIT is not induced by food but rather genetically hardwired. During adulthood, we characterized the expression patterns of saT1R within specific tissues (n = 4) distributed in oropharingeal, GIT and brain regions substantiating their functional versatility as chemosensory signaling players to a variety of biological functions beyond oral taste sensation. Further, we provided for the first time direct evidences in fish for mRNA co-expression of a subset of saT1R genes (mostly saT1R3, i.e. the common subunit of the heterodimeric T1R complexes for the detection of “sweet” and “umami” substances), with the selected gut peptides ghrelin (ghr), cholecystokinin (cck), hormone peptide yy (pyy) and proglucagon (pg). Each peptide defines the enteroendocrine cells (ECCs) identity, and establishes on morphological basis, a direct link for T1R chemosensing in the regulation of fish digestive processes. Finally, we analyzed the spatial gene expression patterns of 2 taste signaling components functionally homologous to the mammalian G(i)α subunit gustducin, namely saG(i)α1 and saG(i)α2, and demonstrated their co-localization with the saT1R3 in EECs, thus validating their direct involvement in taste-like transduction mechanisms of the fish GIT. In conclusion, data provide new insights in the evolutionary conservation of gut sensing in fish suggesting a conserved role for nutrient sensors modulating entero-endocrine secretion.
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Jeruzal-Świątecka J, Borkowska E, Łaszczych M, Nowicka Z, Pietruszewska W. TAS2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: New Data on Polypoid Tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137345. [PMID: 35806350 PMCID: PMC9266535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown differences in TAS2R38 receptor expression in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) compared to healthy controls. Known agonists of TAS2R38 stimulate epithelial cells, leading to robust intracellular nitric oxide (NO) production, which damages bacterial membranes, enzymes, and DNA, but also increases ciliary beat frequency. In this study we examined, using qRT-PCR, the expression of TAS2R38 receptor in nasal polyps (NP) of patients with CRS (N = 107) and in inferior turbinate mucosa (ITM) of patients with CRS and controls (N = 39), and confronted it with clinical features and the severity of the disease. The expression was shown in 43 (50.00%) samples of ITM in the study group (N = 107), in 28 (71.79%) in the control group (N = 39) (p = 0.037), and in 43 (46.24%) of NP. There were no differences in levels of the expression in all analyzed tissues. Patients who rated their symptoms at 0–3 showed higher TAS2R38 expression in ITM in comparison to the patients with 8–10 points on the VAS scale (p = 0.020). A noticeable, however not significant, correlation between the TAS2R38 expression in ITM and the Lund–Mackay CT score was shown (p = 0.068; R = −0.28). Patients with coexisting asthma had significantly higher receptor expression in the NP (p = 0.012). Our study is the first to confirm the presence of the TAS2R38 receptor in NP. Expression of the TAS2R38 receptor is reduced in the sinonasal mucosa in patients with more advanced CRS with NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Jeruzal-Świątecka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-501-785470
| | - Edyta Borkowska
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Mateusz Łaszczych
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (M.Ł.); (Z.N.)
| | - Zuzanna Nowicka
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland; (M.Ł.); (Z.N.)
| | - Wioletta Pietruszewska
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland;
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Peng S, Li J, Huo M, Cao Y, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Qiao Y. Identification of the material basis of the medicinal properties in Curcuma Longa L. to enhance targeted clinical application. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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A Cell Co-Culture Taste Sensor Using Different Proportions of Caco-2 and SH-SY5Y Cells for Bitterness Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10050173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are involved in bitter taste perception, which is one of the five basic taste modalities in mammals. In this study, a cell co-culture taste sensor using different proportions of Caco-2 cells and SH-SY5Y cells was proposed. Caco-2 cells, which endogenously expressed the human T2R38 receptor, and SH-SY5Y cells, which endogenously expressed the human T2R16 receptor, were co-cultured. Using Caco-2 cells and SH-SY5Y cells at a constant total concentration of 40 K/mL, we designed seven mixtures with [Caco-2]/([Caco-2] + [SH-SY5Y]) ratios of 0, 20, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100%. These mixtures were then seeded on the 16 E-plates of the electric cell-substrate impedance sensor (ECIS) for bitterness detection. Theoretically, after T2R38 ligands activation, continuous evolution profiles (CEP), with [Caco-2]/([Caco-2] + [SH-SY5Y]) ratios as the x-axis and ΔCI (Max) as the y-axis, would exhibit positive correlation property. After T2R16 ligands activation, the CEP would show negative correlation property. However, when stimulated with compounds that could activate both T2R16 and T2R38, it would show different response patterns.
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Dong H, Liu J, Zhu J, Zhou Z, Tizzano M, Peng X, Zhou X, Xu X, Zheng X. Oral Microbiota-Host Interaction Mediated by Taste Receptors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:802504. [PMID: 35425718 PMCID: PMC9004699 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.802504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste receptors, originally identified in taste buds, function as the periphery receptors for taste stimuli and play an important role in food choice. Cohort studies have revealed that single nucleotide polymorphisms of taste receptors such as T1R1, T1R2, T2R38 are associated with susceptibility to oral diseases like dental caries. Recent studies have demonstrated the wide expression of taste receptors in various tissues, including intestinal epithelia, respiratory tract, and gingiva, with an emerging role of participating in the interaction between mucosa surface and microorganisms via monitoring a wide range of metabolites. On the one hand, individuals with different oral microbiomes exhibited varied taste sensitivity, suggesting a potential impact of the oral microbiota composition on taste receptor function. On the other hand, animal studies and in vitro studies have uncovered that a variety of oral cells expressing taste receptors such as gingival solitary chemosensory cells, gingival epithelial cells (GECs), and gingival fibroblasts can detect bacterial signals through bitter taste receptors to trigger host innate immune responses, thus regulating oral microbial homeostasis. This review focuses on how taste receptors, particularly bitter and sweet taste receptors, mediate the oral microbiota-host interaction as well as impact the occurrence and development of oral diseases. Further studies delineating the role of taste receptors in mediating oral microbiota-host interaction will advance our knowledge in oral ecological homeostasis establishment, providing a novel paradigm and treatment target for the better management of dental infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Marco Tizzano
- Basic and Translation Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Zheng, ; Xin Xu,
| | - Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Zheng, ; Xin Xu,
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Generation and identification of kokumi compounds and their validation by taste-receptor assay: An example with dry-cured lamb meat. Food Chem X 2022; 13:100218. [PMID: 35498975 PMCID: PMC9039938 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen ɤ-glutamyl dipeptides (GGP) were identified in meat crust hydrolysate. In vitro cell based CaSR assay was applied to measure kokumi tastants functionality. Enriched extract of GGP following glutaminase treatment activated CaSR robustly. CaSR assay was used as an effective tool to screen kokumi tastants abundance in foods. Meat crusts can be a good source to generate kokumi tastants via enzymatic reactions.
Kokumi tastants are small γ-glutamyl peptides (GGP) that enhance flavour in foods. We sought to generate GGP from the meat crusts of dry-cured lamb, an underutilised protein resource, identify these using mass spectrometry, and validate their functional activity using a kokumi-calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) assay. The water-soluble extract (WSE) of meat crust was hydrolysed by protease A (PA) and treated with glutaminase (GA). Fifteen GGP were identified, with 14 being significantly increased in PA and GA groups compared to WSE, as were along with free amino acid levels. The GA extract activated CaSR with higher potency and efficacy than PA and WSE suggesting the generation of potent kokumi tastants. The in vitro receptor assay might be an expedient tool for screening kokumi tastants prior to conducting human sensory analysis. Collectively, our findings indicate that the meat crust can be a valuable source to generate kokumi tastants via a two-step enzymatic reaction.
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69
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Qi L, Gao X, Pan D, Sun Y, Cai Z, Xiong Y, Dang Y. Research progress in the screening and evaluation of umami peptides. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:1462-1490. [PMID: 35201672 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Umami is an important element affecting food taste, and the development of umami peptides is a topic of interest in food-flavoring research. The existing technology used for traditional screening of umami peptides is time-consuming and labor-intensive, making it difficult to meet the requirements of high-throughput screening, which limits the rapid development of umami peptides. The difficulty in performing a standard measurement of umami intensity is another problem that restricts the development of umami peptides. The existing methods are not sensitive and specific, making it difficult to achieve a standard evaluation of umami taste. This review summarizes the umami receptors and umami peptides, focusing on the problems restricting the development of umami peptides, high-throughput screening, and establishment of evaluation standards. The rapid screening of umami peptides was realized based on molecular docking technology and a machine learning method, and the standard evaluation of umami could be realized with a bionic taste sensor. The progress of rapid screening and evaluation methods significantly promotes the study of umami peptides and increases its application in the seasoning industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroProducts, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinchang Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroProducts, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,National R&D Center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yangying Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroProducts, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhendong Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroProducts, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yongzhao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroProducts, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yali Dang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of AgroProducts, College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Servant NB, Williams ME, Brust PF, Tang H, Wong MS, Chen Q, Lebl-Rinnova M, Adamski-Werner SL, Tachdjian C, Servant G. A Dynamic Mass Redistribution Assay for the Human Sweet Taste Receptor Uncovers G-Protein Dependent Biased Ligands. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:832529. [PMID: 35250580 PMCID: PMC8893300 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.832529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The sweet taste receptor is rather unique, recognizing a diverse repertoire of natural or synthetic ligands, with a surprisingly large structural diversity, and with potencies stretching over more than six orders of magnitude. Yet, it is not clear if different cell-based assays can faithfully report the relative potencies and efficacies of these molecules. Indeed, up to now, sweet taste receptor agonists have been almost exclusively characterized using cell-based assays developed with overexpressed and promiscuous G proteins. This non-physiological coupling has allowed the quantification of receptor activity via phospholipase C activation and calcium mobilization measurements in heterologous cells on a FLIPR system, for example. Here, we developed a novel assay for the human sweet taste receptor where endogenous G proteins and signaling pathways are recruited by the activated receptor. The effects of several sweet taste receptor agonists and other types of modulators were recorded by measuring changes in dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) using an Epic® reader. Potency and efficacy values obtained in the DMR assay were compared to those results obtained with the classical FLIPR assay. Results demonstrate that for some ligands, the two assay systems provide similar information. However, a clear bias for the FLIPR assay was observed for one third of the agonists evaluated, suggesting that the use of non-physiological coupling may influence the potency and efficacy of sweet taste receptor ligands. Replacing the promiscuous G protein with a chimeric G protein containing the C-terminal tail 25 residues of the physiologically relevant G protein subunit Gαgustducin reduced or abrogated bias.
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71
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Hendel SK, Kellermann L, Hausmann A, Bindslev N, Jensen KB, Nielsen OH. Tuft Cells and Their Role in Intestinal Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:822867. [PMID: 35237268 PMCID: PMC8884241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.822867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interests in intestinal epithelial tuft cells, their basic physiology, involvement in immune responses and relevance for gut diseases, have increased dramatically over the last fifteen years. A key discovery in 2016 of their close connection to helminthic and protozoan infection has further spurred the exploration of these rare chemosensory epithelial cells. Although very sparse in number, tuft cells are now known as important sentinels in the gastrointestinal tract as they monitor intestinal content using succinate as well as sweet and bitter taste receptors. Upon stimulation, tuft cells secrete a broad palette of effector molecules, including interleukin-25, prostaglandin E2 and D2, cysteinyl leukotriene C4, acetylcholine, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and β-endorphins, some of which with immunomodulatory functions. Tuft cells have proven indispensable in anti-helminthic and anti-protozoan immunity. Most studies on tuft cells are based on murine experiments using double cortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1) as a marker, while human intestinal tuft cells can be identified by their expression of the cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme. So far, only few studies have examined tuft cells in humans and their relation to gut disease. Here, we present an updated view on intestinal epithelial tuft cells, their physiology, immunological hub function, and their involvement in human disease. We close with a discussion on how tuft cells may have potential therapeutic value in a clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kjærgaard Hendel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Sebastian Kjærgaard Hendel,
| | - Lauge Kellermann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Annika Hausmann
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Bindslev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Bak Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Haagen Nielsen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
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Chandler B, Todd L, Smith SO. Magic angle spinning NMR of G protein-coupled receptors. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 128:25-43. [PMID: 35282868 PMCID: PMC10718405 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have a simple seven transmembrane helix architecture which has evolved to recognize a diverse number of chemical signals. The more than 800 GPCRs encoded in the human genome function as receptors for vision, smell and taste, and mediate key physiological processes. Consequently, these receptors are a major target for pharmaceuticals. Protein crystallography and electron cryo-microscopy have provided high resolution structures of many GPCRs in both active and inactive conformations. However, these structures have not sparked a surge in rational drug design, in part because GPCRs are inherently dynamic and the structural changes induced by ligand or drug binding to stabilize inactive or active conformations are often subtle rearrangements in packing or hydrogen-bonding interactions. NMR spectroscopy provides a sensitive probe of local structure and dynamics at specific sites within these receptors as well as global changes in receptor structure and dynamics. These methods can also capture intermediate states and conformations with low populations that provide insights into the activation pathways. We review the use of solid-state magic angle spinning NMR to address the structure and activation mechanisms of GPCRs. The focus is on the large and diverse class A family of receptors. We highlight three specific class A GPCRs in order to illustrate how solid-state, as well as solution-state, NMR spectroscopy can answer questions in the field involving how different GPCR classes and subfamilies are activated by their associated ligands, and how small molecule drugs can modulate GPCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Chandler
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
| | - Lauren Todd
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
| | - Steven O Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
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Kon M, Ishikawa T, Ohashi Y, Yamada H, Ogasawara M. Epigallocatechin gallate stimulated histamine production and downregulated histamine H1 receptor in oral cancer cell lines expressing histidine decarboxylase. J Oral Biosci 2022; 64:120-130. [PMID: 35031480 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased histamine production and the overexpression of receptors (H1R∼H4R) has been reported in several tumors. The effects of TGFβ1 and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on histamine synthesizing enzymes (HDCs), and the histamine transporter systems and receptors were investigated in this study. METHODS Four oral cancer cell lines (HSC2, HSC3, HSC4, and SAS) were treated with or without TGFβ1 or EGCG for 24 h. The expression levels of HDC, SLC22A3, H1R∼H4R, and TAS2R14 were investigated by Western blotting. Histamine concentrations were determined using the enzyme immune assay. Bitter taste receptor (TAS2R14 and TAS2R39) mRNAs were investigated by RT-PCR. RESULTS Varying expression levels of HDC, SLC22A3, H1R∼H4R, and TAS2R14 were observed in the four cell lines, where histamine concentrations were found to be ∼500 fmol/ml in cell culture media and induced 2-2.5 times higher amounts of histamine following EGCG treatment. TGFβ1 increased HDC expression in three cell lines, SLC22A3 expression in three cell lines, H1R expression in two cell lines, H2R expression in three cell lines, H3R expression in three cell lines, and H4R expression in three cell lines. EGCG decreased HDC expression in all four cell lines, SLC22A3 expression in three expression, H1R expression in all four cell lines, H2R expression in two cell lines, H3R expression in three cell lines, and H4R expression in two cell lines. CONCLUSIONS EGCG upregulated histamine production and decreased the expression level of H1R in the oral cancer cell lines. It might prove useful for cancer therapy during histamine regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kon
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan; Division of Bioregulatory Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Taichi Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yu Ohashi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Masahito Ogasawara
- Division of Bioregulatory Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan.
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74
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Qiao Y, Zhang Y, Peng S, Huo M, Li J, Cao Y, Chen Z. Property theory of Chinese materia medica: Clinical pharmacodynamics of traditional Chinese medicine. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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75
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OUP accepted manuscript. Chem Senses 2022; 47:6581352. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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76
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Jalševac F, Terra X, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Beltran-Debón R, Blay MT, Pinent M, Ardévol A. The Hidden One: What We Know About Bitter Taste Receptor 39. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:854718. [PMID: 35345470 PMCID: PMC8957101 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.854718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Over thousands of years of evolution, animals have developed many ways to protect themselves. One of the most protective ways to avoid disease is to prevent the absorption of harmful components. This protective function is a basic role of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), a G protein-coupled receptor family, whose presence in extraoral tissues has intrigued many researchers. In humans, there are 25 TAS2Rs, and although we know a great deal about some of them, others are still shrouded in mystery. One in this latter category is bitter taste receptor 39 (TAS2R39). Besides the oral cavity, it has also been found in the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory, nervous and reproductive systems. TAS2R39 is a relatively non-selective receptor, which means that it can be activated by a range of mostly plant-derived compounds such as theaflavins, catechins and isoflavones. On the other hand, few antagonists for this receptor are available, since only some flavones have antagonistic properties (all of them detailed in the document). The primary role of TAS2R39 is to sense the bitter components of food and protect the organism from harmful compounds. There is also some indication that this bitter taste receptor regulates enterohormones and in turn, regulates food intake. In the respiratory system, it may be involved in the congestion process of allergic rhinitis and may stimulate inflammatory cytokines. However, more thorough research is needed to determine the precise role of TAS2R39 in these and other tissues.
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Rozenfeld E, Tauber M, Ben-Chaim Y, Parnas M. GPCR voltage dependence controls neuronal plasticity and behavior. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7252. [PMID: 34903750 PMCID: PMC8668892 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27593-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a paramount role in diverse brain functions. Almost 20 years ago, GPCR activity was shown to be regulated by membrane potential in vitro, but whether the voltage dependence of GPCRs contributes to neuronal coding and behavioral output under physiological conditions in vivo has never been demonstrated. Here we show that muscarinic GPCR mediated neuronal potentiation in vivo is voltage dependent. This voltage dependent potentiation is abolished in mutant animals expressing a voltage independent receptor. Depolarization alone, without a muscarinic agonist, results in a nicotinic ionotropic receptor potentiation that is mediated by muscarinic receptor voltage dependency. Finally, muscarinic receptor voltage independence causes a strong behavioral effect of increased odor habituation. Together, this study identifies a physiological role for the voltage dependency of GPCRs by demonstrating crucial involvement of GPCR voltage dependence in neuronal plasticity and behavior. Thus, this study suggests that GPCR voltage dependency plays a role in many diverse neuronal functions including learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Rozenfeld
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Merav Tauber
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, 43107, Israel
| | - Yair Ben-Chaim
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, 43107, Israel
| | - Moshe Parnas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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78
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Thomas DC, Chablani D, Parekh S, Pichammal RC, Shanmugasundaram K, Pitchumani PK. Dysgeusia: A review in the context of COVID-19. J Am Dent Assoc 2021; 153:251-264. [PMID: 34799014 PMCID: PMC8595926 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Taste disorders in general, and dysgeusia in particular, are relatively common disorders that may be a sign of a more complex acute or chronic medical condition. During the COVID-19 pandemic, taste disorders have found their way into the realm of general as well as specialty dentistry, with significance in screening for patients who potentially may have the virus. Types of Studies Reviewed The authors searched electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar) for studies focused on dysgeusia, ageusia, and other taste disorders and their relationship to local and systemic causes. Results The authors found pertinent literature explaining the normal physiology of taste sensation, proposals for suggested new tastes, presence of gustatory receptors in remote tissues of the body, and etiology and pathophysiology of taste disorders, in addition to the valuable knowledge gained about gustatory disorders in the context of COVID-19. Along with olfactory disorders, taste disorders are one of the earliest suggestive symptoms of COVID-19 infection. Conclusions Gustatory disorders are the result of local or systemic etiology or both. Newer taste sensations, such as calcium and fat tastes, have been discovered, as well as taste receptors that are remote from the oropharyngeal area. Literature published during the COVID-19 pandemic to date reinforces the significance of early detection of potential patients with COVID-19 by means of screening for recent-onset taste disorders. Practical Implications Timely screening and identification of potential gustatory disorders are paramount for the dental care practitioner to aid in the early diagnosis of COVID-19 and other serious systemic disorders.
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79
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Burman A, Kaji I. Luminal Chemosensory Cells in the Small Intestine. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113712. [PMID: 34835968 PMCID: PMC8620795 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the small intestine's well-known function of nutrient absorption, the small intestine also plays a major role in nutrient sensing. Similar to taste sensors seen on the tongue, GPCR-coupled nutrient sensors are expressed throughout the intestinal epithelium and respond to nutrients found in the lumen. These taste receptors respond to specific ligands, such as digested carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The activation of nutrient sensors in the intestine allows for the induction of signaling pathways needed for the digestive system to process an influx of nutrients. Such processes include those related to glucose homeostasis and satiety. Defects in intestinal nutrient sensing have been linked to a variety of metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. Here, we review recent updates in the mechanisms related to intestinal nutrient sensors, particularly in enteroendocrine cells, and their pathological roles in disease. Additionally, we highlight the emerging nutrient sensing role of tuft cells and recent work using enteroids as a sensory organ model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreanna Burman
- Cell and Developmental Biology and Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA;
| | - Izumi Kaji
- Epithelial Biology Center and Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence:
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80
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Jones CA, Hazlehurst LA. Role of Calcium Homeostasis in Modulating EMT in Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1200. [PMID: 34572386 PMCID: PMC8471317 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium is essential for cells to perform numerous physiological processes. In cancer, the augmentation of calcium signaling supports the more proliferative and migratory cells, which is a characteristic of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). By genetically and epigenetically modifying genes, channels, and entire signaling pathways, cancer cells have adapted to survive with an extreme imbalance of calcium that allows them to grow and metastasize in an abnormal manner. This cellular remodeling also allows for the evasion of immune surveillance and the development of drug resistance, which lead to poor prognosis in patients. Understanding the role calcium flux plays in driving the phenotypes associated with invasion, immune suppression, metastasis, and drug resistance remains critical for determining treatments to optimize clinical outcomes and future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lori A. Hazlehurst
- Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
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81
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Kim J, Knowles S, Ahmad R, Day L. Objective Measurements Associated with the Preferred Eating Qualities of Fermented Salamis. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092003. [PMID: 34574113 PMCID: PMC8466134 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new food products can be expedited by understanding the physicochemical attributes that are most relevant to consumers. Although many objective analyses are possible, not all are a suitable proxy to serve as quality markers associated with sensory preferences. In this work, we selected nine candidate laboratory assays to use on six commercial salamis, which were also eaten and informally described by a consumer discussion group familiar with China-sourced meat products. Several objective measures were strongly related to the flavour perceptions: (i) texture: instrumental texture values, fat release at oral temperature and fat saturation ratios, (ii) aroma: volatile compounds (e.g., alcohols and esters) associated with microbial fermentation and spices (terpenes and sulphur compounds) and (iii) taste: kokumi taste receptor responses. The fat released at oral temperature was associated with unsaturated fatty acids (r = 0.73). However, there was less explanatory worth for associations between sensory perceptions and proximate composition, water activity, pH or L*, a*, b* colourimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan Kim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-63-518-369
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82
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Fritz F, Preissner R, Banerjee P. VirtualTaste: a web server for the prediction of organoleptic properties of chemical compounds. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:W679-W684. [PMID: 33905509 PMCID: PMC8262722 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste is one of the crucial organoleptic properties involved in the perception of food by humans. Taste of a chemical compound present in food stimulates us to take in food and avoid poisons. Bitter taste of drugs presents compliance problems and early flagging of potential bitterness of a drug candidate may help with its further development. Similarly, the taste of chemicals present in food is important for evaluation of food quality in the industry. In this work, we have implemented machine learning models to predict three different taste endpoints-sweet, bitter and sour. The VirtualTaste models achieved an overall accuracy of 90% and an AUC of 0.98 in 10-fold cross-validation and in an independent test set. The web server takes a two-dimensional chemical structure as input and reports the chemical's taste profile for three tastes-using molecular fingerprints along with confidence scores, including information on similar compounds with known activity from the training set and an overall radar chart. Additionally, insights into 25 bitter receptors are also provided via target prediction for the predicted bitter compounds. VirtualTaste, to the best of our knowledge, is the first freely available web-based platform for the prediction of three different tastes of compounds. It is accessible via http://virtualtaste.charite.de/VirtualTaste/without any login requirements and is free to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Fritz
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Philippstrasse 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Preissner
- Institute of Physiology and Science-IT, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Philippstrasse 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Priyanka Banerjee
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Philippstrasse 12, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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83
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Molecular and Neural Mechanism of Dysphagia Due to Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137033. [PMID: 34210012 PMCID: PMC8269194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Along with the advances in diagnostic technology achieved through industry–academia partnerships, the survival rate of cancer patients has improved dramatically through treatments that include surgery, radiation therapy, and pharmacotherapy. This has increased the population of cancer “survivors” and made cancer survivorship an important part of life for patients. The senses of taste and smell during swallowing and cachexia play important roles in dysphagia associated with nutritional disorders in cancer patients. Cancerous lesions in the brain can cause dysphagia. Taste and smell disorders that contribute to swallowing can worsen or develop because of pharmacotherapy or radiation therapy; metabolic or central nervous system damage due to cachexia, sarcopenia, or inflammation can also cause dysphagia. As the causes of eating disorders in cancer patients are complex and involve multiple factors, cancer patients require a multifaceted and long-term approach by the medical care team.
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84
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Alfonso-Prieto M. Bitter Taste and Olfactory Receptors: Beyond Chemical Sensing in the Tongue and the Nose. J Membr Biol 2021; 254:343-352. [PMID: 34173018 PMCID: PMC8231087 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-021-00182-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract The Up-and-Coming-Scientist section of the current issue of the Journal of Membrane Biology features the invited essay by Dr. Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto, Assistant Professor at the Forschungszentrum Jülich (FZJ), Germany, and the Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Vogt Institute for Brain Research.
Dr. Alfonso-Prieto completed her doctoral degree in chemistry at the Barcelona Science Park, Spain, in 2009, pursued post-doctoral research in computational molecular sciences at Temple University, USA, and then, as a Marie Curie post-doctoral fellow at the University of Barcelona, worked on computations of enzyme reactions and modeling of photoswitchable ligands targeting neuronal receptors. In 2016, she joined the Institute for Advanced Science and the Institute for Computational Biomedicine at the FZJ, where she pursues research on modeling and simulation of chemical senses.
The invited essay by Dr. Alfonso-Prieto discusses state-of-the-art modeling of molecular receptors involved in chemical sensing – the senses of taste and smell. These receptors, and computational methods to study them, are the focus of Dr. Alfonso-Prieto’s research. Recently, Dr. Alfonso-Prieto and colleagues have presented a new methodology to predict ligand binding poses for GPCRs, and extensive computations that deciphered the ligand selectivity determinants of bitter taste receptors. These developments inform our current understanding of how taste occurs at the molecular level. Graphic Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Alfonso-Prieto
- Institute for Advanced Simulations IAS-5/Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Computational Biomedicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany. .,Medical Faculty, Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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85
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Zhao X, Wang C, Zheng Y, Liu B. New Insight Into the Structure-Activity Relationship of Sweet-Tasting Proteins: Protein Sector and Its Role for Sweet Properties. Front Nutr 2021; 8:691368. [PMID: 34222309 PMCID: PMC8249704 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.691368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet-tasting protein is a kind of biomacromolecule that has remarkable sweetening power and is regarded as the promising sugar replacer in the future. Some sweet-tasting proteins has been used in foods and beverages. However, the structure and function relationship of these proteins is still elusive, and guidelines for their protein engineering is limited. It is well-known that the sweet-tasting proteins bind to and activate the sweet taste receptor T1R2/T1R3, thus eliciting their sweetness. The “wedge-model” for describing the interaction between sweet-tasting proteins and sweet taste receptor to elucidate their sweetness has been reported. In this perspective article, we revealed that the intramolecular interaction forces in sweet-tasting proteins is directly correlated to their properties (sweetness and stability). This intramolecular interaction pattern, named as “protein sector,” refers to a small subset of residues forming physically connections, which cooperatively affect the function of the proteins. Based on the analysis of previous experimental data, we suggest that “protein sector” of sweet-tasting proteins is pivotal for their sweet properties, which are meaningful guidelines for the future protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhong Zhao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Congrui Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- Shandong Aojing Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zoucheng, China
| | - Bo Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
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86
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Drzazga A, Kamińska D, Gliszczyńska A, Gendaszewska-Darmach E. Isoprenoid Derivatives of Lysophosphatidylcholines Enhance Insulin and GLP-1 Secretion through Lipid-Binding GPCRs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5748. [PMID: 34072220 PMCID: PMC8197866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin plays a significant role in carbohydrate homeostasis as the blood glucose lowering hormone. Glucose-induced insulin secretion (GSIS) is augmented by glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), a gastrointestinal peptide released in response to ingesting nutriments. The secretion of insulin and GLP-1 is mediated by the binding of nutrients to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed by pancreatic β-cells and enteroendocrine cells, respectively. Therefore, insulin secretagogues and incretin mimetics currently serve as antidiabetic treatments. This study demonstrates the potency of synthetic isoprenoid derivatives of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) to stimulate GSIS and GLP-1 release. Murine insulinoma cell line (MIN6) and enteroendocrinal L cells (GLUTag) were incubated with LPCs bearing geranic acid (1-GA-LPC), citronellic acid (1-CA-LPC), 3,7-dimethyl-3-vinyloct-6-enoic acid (GERA-LPC), and (E)-3,7,11-trimethyl- 3-vinyldodeca-6,10-dienoic acid (1-FARA-LPC). Respective free terpene acids were also tested for comparison. Besides their insulin- and GLP-1-secreting capabilities, we also investigated the cytotoxicity of tested compounds, the ability to intracellular calcium ion mobilization, and targeted GPCRs involved in maintaining lipid and carbohydrate homeostasis. We observed the high cytotoxicity of 1-GERA-LPC and 1-FARA-LPC in contrast 1-CA-LPC and 1-GA-LPC. Moreover, 1-CA-LPC and 1-GA-LPC demonstrated the stimulatory effect on GSIS and 1-CA-LPC augmented GLP-1 secretion. Insulin and GLP-1 release appeared to be GPR40-, GPR55-, GPR119- and GPR120-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Drzazga
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (D.K.)
| | - Daria Kamińska
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (D.K.)
| | - Anna Gliszczyńska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (D.K.)
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Laffitte A, Gibbs M, Hernangomez de Alvaro C, Addison J, Lonsdale ZN, Giribaldi MG, Rossignoli A, Vennegeerts T, Winnig M, Klebansky B, Skiles J, Logan DW, McGrane SJ. Kokumi taste perception is functional in a model carnivore, the domestic cat (Felis catus). Sci Rep 2021; 11:10527. [PMID: 34006911 PMCID: PMC8131363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89558-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kokumi taste is a well-accepted and characterised taste modality and is described as a sensation of enhancement of sweet, salty, and umami tastes. The Calcium Sensing Receptor (CaSR) has been designated as the putative kokumi taste receptor for humans, and a number of kokumi-active ligands of CaSR have been discovered recently with activity confirmed both in vivo and in vitro. Domestic cats (Felis catus) are obligate carnivores and accordingly, their diet is abundant in proteins, peptides, and amino acids. We hypothesised that CaSR is a key taste receptor for carnivores, due to its role in the detection of different peptides and amino acids in other species. Using in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches, here we compare human CaSR to that of a model carnivore, the domestic cat. We found broad similarities in ligand specificity, but differences in taste sensitivity between the two species. Indeed our in vivo data shows that cats are sensitive to CaCl2 as a kokumi compound, but don't show this same activity with Glutathione, whereas for humans the reverse is true. Collectively, our data suggest that kokumi is an important taste modality for carnivores that drives the palatability of meat-derived compounds such as amino acids and peptides, and that there are differences in the perception of kokumi taste between carnivores and omnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laffitte
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - M Gibbs
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - C Hernangomez de Alvaro
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - J Addison
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Z N Lonsdale
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - M G Giribaldi
- IMAX Discovery GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,AXXAM S.p.A., OpenZone, Via Meucci 3, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - A Rossignoli
- IMAX Discovery GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,AXXAM S.p.A., OpenZone, Via Meucci 3, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - T Vennegeerts
- IMAX Discovery GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,AXXAM S.p.A., OpenZone, Via Meucci 3, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - M Winnig
- IMAX Discovery GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,AXXAM S.p.A., OpenZone, Via Meucci 3, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - B Klebansky
- BioPredict, Inc., 4 Adele Avenue, Demarest, NJ, 07627, USA
| | - J Skiles
- BioPredict, Inc., 4 Adele Avenue, Demarest, NJ, 07627, USA.,Valis Pharma, Ins., 545 Bonair Way, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - D W Logan
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - S J McGrane
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK.
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88
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Gonçalves-Monteiro S, Ribeiro-Oliveira R, Vieira-Rocha MS, Vojtek M, Sousa JB, Diniz C. Insights into Nuclear G-Protein-Coupled Receptors as Therapeutic Targets in Non-Communicable Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:439. [PMID: 34066915 PMCID: PMC8148550 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a large protein superfamily divided into six classes, rhodopsin-like (A), secretin receptor family (B), metabotropic glutamate (C), fungal mating pheromone receptors (D), cyclic AMP receptors (E) and frizzled (F). Until recently, GPCRs signaling was thought to emanate exclusively from the plasma membrane as a response to extracellular stimuli but several studies have challenged this view demonstrating that GPCRs can be present in intracellular localizations, including in the nuclei. A renewed interest in GPCR receptors' superfamily emerged and intensive research occurred over recent decades, particularly regarding class A GPCRs, but some class B and C have also been explored. Nuclear GPCRs proved to be functional and capable of triggering identical and/or distinct signaling pathways associated with their counterparts on the cell surface bringing new insights into the relevance of nuclear GPCRs and highlighting the nucleus as an autonomous signaling organelle (triggered by GPCRs). Nuclear GPCRs are involved in physiological (namely cell proliferation, transcription, angiogenesis and survival) and disease processes (cancer, cardiovascular diseases, etc.). In this review we summarize emerging evidence on nuclear GPCRs expression/function (with some nuclear GPCRs evidencing atypical/disruptive signaling pathways) in non-communicable disease, thus, bringing nuclear GPCRs as targets to the forefront of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Gonçalves-Monteiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (S.G.-M.); (R.R.-O.); (M.S.V.-R.); (M.V.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Ribeiro-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (S.G.-M.); (R.R.-O.); (M.S.V.-R.); (M.V.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Sofia Vieira-Rocha
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (S.G.-M.); (R.R.-O.); (M.S.V.-R.); (M.V.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Martin Vojtek
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (S.G.-M.); (R.R.-O.); (M.S.V.-R.); (M.V.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana B. Sousa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (S.G.-M.); (R.R.-O.); (M.S.V.-R.); (M.V.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Diniz
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (S.G.-M.); (R.R.-O.); (M.S.V.-R.); (M.V.)
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Lu J, Mao Y, Qi J, Han J, Qin Y. Chronic administration of caffeine alters acesulfame-K intake and features of fungiform taste buds in mice. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2021; 72:1046-1056. [PMID: 33818252 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2021.1905783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic administration of caffeine on the anatomical characteristics of taste buds, the expression level of taste receptor protein in mice, and preference for a palatable solution. We found that following a 21-day administration of caffeine, mice showed increased behavioural responses to sweet stimuli (acesulfame-K solution). Mirroring this behavioural change, chronic caffeine treatment evidently decreased the maximal cross-sectional area and height of the longitudinal axis of fungiform taste buds, the number of taste cells per fungiform taste bud, and the expression of G protein α-gustducin, while the expression of the sweet taste receptors T1R2 and T1R3 was reversed. Our findings demonstrate that chronic administration of caffeine has an impact on taste sensitivity and changes in taste bud features, which may contribute to the alteration of taste behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Lu
- Food Safety Laboratory, School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuezhong Mao
- Food Safety Laboratory, School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaming Qi
- Food Safety Laboratory, School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Han
- Food Safety Laboratory, School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yumei Qin
- Food Safety Laboratory, School of Food Science and Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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Schroer AB, Branyan KW, Gross JD, Chantler PD, Kimple AJ, Vandenbeuch A, Siderovski DP. The stability of tastant detection by mouse lingual chemosensory tissue requires Regulator of G protein Signaling-21 (RGS21). Chem Senses 2021; 46:6414340. [PMID: 34718440 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The T1R and T2R families of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) initiate tastant perception by signaling via guanine nucleotide exchange and hydrolysis performed by associated heterotrimeric G proteins (Gαβγ). Heterotrimeric G protein signal termination is sped up by Gα-directed GTPase-accelerating proteins (GAPs) known as the Regulators of G protein Signaling (RGS proteins). Of this family, RGS21 is highly expressed in lingual epithelial cells and we have shown it acting in vitro to decrease the potency of bitterants on cultured cells. However, constitutive RGS21 loss in mice reduces organismal response to GPCR-mediated tastants-opposite to expectations arising from observed in vitro activity of RGS21 as a GAP and inhibitor of T2R signaling. Here, we show reduced quinine aversion and reduced sucrose preference by mice lacking RGS21 does not result from post-ingestive effects, as taste-salient brief-access tests confirm the reduced bitterant aversion and reduced sweetener preference seen using two-bottle choice testing. Eliminating Rgs21 expression after chemosensory system development, via tamoxifen-induced Cre recombination in eight week-old mice, led to a reduction in quinine aversive behavior that advanced over time, suggesting that RGS21 functions as a negative regulator to sustain stable bitter tastant reception. Consistent with this notion, we observed downregulation of multiple T2R proteins in the lingual tissue of Rgs21-deficient mice. Reduced tastant-mediated responses exhibited by mice lacking Rgs21 expression either since birth or in adulthood has highlighted the potential requirement for a GPCR GAP to maintain the full character of tastant signaling, likely at the level of mitigating receptor downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Schroer
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Kayla W Branyan
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Joshua D Gross
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, 307 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Paul D Chantler
- Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Adam J Kimple
- Department of Otolaryngology and Marsico Lung Institute, UNC School of Medicine , 170 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7070, USA
| | - Aurelie Vandenbeuch
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado-Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David P Siderovski
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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