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Koley P, Brahmachari S, Saha A, Deb C, Mondal M, Das N, Das A, Lahiri S, Das M, Thakur M, Kundu S. Phytohormone Priming of Tomato Plants Evoke Differential Behavior in Rhizoctonia solani During Infection, With Salicylate Priming Imparting Greater Tolerance Than Jasmonate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:766095. [PMID: 35082805 PMCID: PMC8784698 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.766095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the field of phytohormone defense, the general perception is that salicylate (SA)-mediated defense is induced against biotrophic pathogens while jasmonate (JA)-mediated defense functions against necrotrophic pathogens. Our goals were to observe the behavior of the necrotrophic pathogen Rhizoctonia solani in the vicinity, on the surface, and within the host tissue after priming the host with SA or JA, and to see if priming with these phytohormones would affect the host defense differently upon infection. It was observed for the first time, that R. solani could not only distinguish between JA versus SA-primed tomato plants from a distance, but surprisingly avoided SA-primed plants more than JA-primed plants. To corroborate these findings, early infection events were monitored and compared through microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy using transformed R. solani expressing green fluorescence protein gene (gfp). Different histochemical and physiological parameters were compared between the unprimed control, JA-primed, and SA-primed plants after infection. The expression of a total of fifteen genes, including the appressoria-related gene of the pathogen and twelve marker genes functioning in the SA and JA signaling pathways, were monitored over a time course during early infection stages. R. solani being traditionally designated as a necrotroph, the major unexpected observations were that Salicylate priming offered better tolerance than Jasmonate priming and that it was mediated through the activation of SA-mediated defense during the initial phase of infection, followed by JA-mediated defense in the later phase. Hence, the present scenario of biphasic SA-JA defense cascades during R. solani infection, with SA priming imparting maximum tolerance, indicate a possible hemibiotrophic pathosystem that needs to be investigated further.
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Eichmann R, Richards L, Schäfer P. Hormones as go-betweens in plant microbiome assembly. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:518-541. [PMID: 33332645 PMCID: PMC8629125 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of plants with complex microbial communities is the result of co-evolution over millions of years and contributed to plant transition and adaptation to land. The ability of plants to be an essential part of complex and highly dynamic ecosystems is dependent on their interaction with diverse microbial communities. Plant microbiota can support, and even enable, the diverse functions of plants and are crucial in sustaining plant fitness under often rapidly changing environments. The composition and diversity of microbiota differs between plant and soil compartments. It indicates that microbial communities in these compartments are not static but are adjusted by the environment as well as inter-microbial and plant-microbe communication. Hormones take a crucial role in contributing to the assembly of plant microbiomes, and plants and microbes often employ the same hormones with completely different intentions. Here, the function of hormones as go-betweens between plants and microbes to influence the shape of plant microbial communities is discussed. The versatility of plant and microbe-derived hormones essentially contributes to the creation of habitats that are the origin of diversity and, thus, multifunctionality of plants, their microbiota and ultimately ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular BotanyUlm UniversityUlm89069Germany
| | - Luke Richards
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular BotanyUlm UniversityUlm89069Germany
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
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Qin Q, Li G, Jin L, Huang Y, Wang Y, Wei C, Xu Z, Yang Z, Wang H, Li Y. Auxin response factors (ARFs) differentially regulate rice antiviral immune response against rice dwarf virus. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009118. [PMID: 33264360 PMCID: PMC7735678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are 25 auxin response factors (ARFs) in the rice genome, which play critical roles in regulating myriad aspects of plant development, but their role (s) in host antiviral immune defense and the underneath mechanism remain largely unknown. By using the rice-rice dwarf virus (RDV) model system, here we report that auxin signaling enhances rice defense against RDV infection. In turn, RDV infection triggers increased auxin biosynthesis and accumulation in rice, and that treatment with exogenous auxin reduces OsIAA10 protein level, thereby unleashing a group of OsIAA10-interacting OsARFs to mediate downstream antiviral responses. Strikingly, our genetic data showed that loss-of-function mutants of osarf12 or osarf16 exhibit reduced resistance whereas osarf11 mutants display enhanced resistance to RDV. In turn, OsARF12 activates the down-stream OsWRKY13 expression through direct binding to its promoter, loss-of-function mutants of oswrky13 exhibit reduced resistance. These results demonstrated that OsARF 11, 12 and 16 differentially regulate rice antiviral defense. Together with our previous discovery that the viral P2 protein stabilizes OsIAA10 protein via thwarting its interaction with OsTIR1 to enhance viral infection and pathogenesis, our results reveal a novel auxin-IAA10-ARFs-mediated signaling mechanism employed by rice and RDV for defense and counter defense responses. The phytohormone auxin is often critical for plant growth and orchestrates many developmental processes. Here we find that rice accumulates more auxin upon RDV infection and treatment with exogenous auxin enhances rice tolerance to RDV infection. Auxin treatment reduces the protein level of OsIAA10, thus releasing a group of OsIAA10-interacting OsARFs to mediate downstream antiviral responses. Among the 25 ARFs in the rice genome, their functions on regulation of rice antiviral defense are diversified. Our findings elucidate a novel auxin-OsIAA10-ARFs-mediated signaling mechanism employed by rice and RDV for defense and counter defense responses. These findings significantly deepen our understanding of virus-host interactions and provide novel targets for molecular breeding (or engineering) rice cultivars resistant to RDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Qin
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhong Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhirui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (HW); (YL)
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (HW); (YL)
| | - Yi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZY); (HW); (YL)
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Gruden K, Lidoy J, Petek M, Podpečan V, Flors V, Papadopoulou KK, Pappas ML, Martinez-Medina A, Bejarano E, Biere A, Pozo MJ. Ménage à Trois: Unraveling the Mechanisms Regulating Plant-Microbe-Arthropod Interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:1215-1226. [PMID: 32828689 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant-microbe-arthropod (PMA) three-way interactions have important implications for plant health. However, our poor understanding of the underlying regulatory mechanisms hampers their biotechnological applications. To this end, we searched for potential common patterns in plant responses regarding taxonomic groups or lifestyles. We found that most signaling modules regulating two-way interactions also operate in three-way interactions. Furthermore, the relative contribution of signaling modules to the final plant response cannot be directly inferred from two-way interactions. Moreover, our analyses show that three-way interactions often result in the activation of additional pathways, as well as in changes in the speed or intensity of defense activation. Thus, detailed, basic knowledge of plant-microbe-arthropod regulation will be essential for the design of environmentally friendly crop management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Javier Lidoy
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - Marko Petek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vid Podpečan
- Department of Knowledge Technologies, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Victor Flors
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I; Unidad Asociada al Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (EEZ-CSIC)-Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Kalliopi K Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, Larissa, Greece
| | - Maria L Pappas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Forestry, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece
| | - Ainhoa Martinez-Medina
- Plant-Microbe Interaction, Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, IRNASA-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eduardo Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora', Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Department Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain.
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van Dijk LJA, Ehrlén J, Tack AJM. The timing and asymmetry of plant-pathogen-insect interactions. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201303. [PMID: 32962544 PMCID: PMC7542815 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects and pathogens frequently exploit the same host plant and can potentially impact each other's performance. However, studies on plant–pathogen–insect interactions have mainly focused on a fixed temporal setting or on a single interaction partner. In this study, we assessed the impact of time of attacker arrival on the outcome and symmetry of interactions between aphids (Tuberculatus annulatus), powdery mildew (Erysiphe alphitoides), and caterpillars (Phalera bucephala) feeding on pedunculate oak, Quercus robur, and explored how single versus multiple attackers affect oak performance. We used a multifactorial greenhouse experiment in which oak seedlings were infected with either zero, one, two, or three attackers, with the order of attacker arrival differing among treatments. The performances of all involved organisms were monitored throughout the experiment. Overall, attackers had a weak and inconsistent impact on plant performance. Interactions between attackers, when present, were asymmetric. For example, aphids performed worse, but powdery mildew performed better, when co-occurring. Order of arrival strongly affected the outcome of interactions, and early attackers modified the strength and direction of interactions between later-arriving attackers. Our study shows that interactions between plant attackers can be asymmetric, time-dependent, and species specific. This is likely to shape the ecology and evolution of plant–pathogen–insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J A van Dijk
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ayco J M Tack
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Nguyen NH, Trotel-Aziz P, Villaume S, Rabenoelina F, Schwarzenberg A, Nguema-Ona E, Clément C, Baillieul F, Aziz A. Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens Trigger Common and Distinct Systemic Immune Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana Depending on the Pathogen Lifestyle. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030503. [PMID: 32899695 PMCID: PMC7563191 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants harbor various beneficial bacteria that modulate their innate immunity, resulting in induced systemic resistance (ISR) against various pathogens. However, the immune mechanisms underlying ISR triggered by Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. against pathogens with different lifestyles are not yet clearly elucidated. Here, we show that root drenching of Arabidopsis plants with Pseudomonas fluorescensPTA-CT2 and Bacillus subtilis PTA-271 can induce ISR against the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea and the hemibiotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae Pst DC3000. In the absence of pathogen infection, both beneficial bacteria do not induce any consistent change in systemic immune responses. However, ISR relies on priming faster and robust expression of marker genes for the salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways upon pathogen challenge. These responses are also associated with increased levels of SA, JA, and abscisic acid (ABA) in the leaves of bacterized plants after infection. The functional study also points at priming of the JA/ET and NPR1-dependent defenses as prioritized immune pathways in ISR induced by both beneficial bacteria against B. cinerea. However, B. subtilis-triggered ISR against Pst DC3000 is dependent on SA, JA/ET, and NPR1 pathways, whereas P. fluorescens-induced ISR requires JA/ET and NPR1 signaling pathways. The use of ABA-insensitive mutants also pointed out the crucial role of ABA signaling, but not ABA concentration, along with JA/ET signaling in primed systemic immunity by beneficial bacteria against Pst DC3000, but not against B. cinerea. These results clearly indicate that ISR is linked to priming plants for enhanced common and distinct immune pathways depending on the beneficial strain and the pathogen lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Huu Nguyen
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.H.N.); (P.T.-A.); (S.V.); (F.R.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Patricia Trotel-Aziz
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.H.N.); (P.T.-A.); (S.V.); (F.R.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Sandra Villaume
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.H.N.); (P.T.-A.); (S.V.); (F.R.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Fanja Rabenoelina
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.H.N.); (P.T.-A.); (S.V.); (F.R.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Adrian Schwarzenberg
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Groupe Roullier, 35401 Saint-Malo, France; (A.S.); (E.N.-O.)
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Groupe Roullier, 35401 Saint-Malo, France; (A.S.); (E.N.-O.)
| | - Christophe Clément
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.H.N.); (P.T.-A.); (S.V.); (F.R.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Fabienne Baillieul
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.H.N.); (P.T.-A.); (S.V.); (F.R.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
| | - Aziz Aziz
- Induced Resistance and Plant Bioprotection EA 4707, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS 3417, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, University of Reims, CEDEX 02, 51687 Reims, France; (N.H.N.); (P.T.-A.); (S.V.); (F.R.); (C.C.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence:
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Brouwer SM, Odilbekov F, Burra DD, Lenman M, Hedley PE, Grenville-Briggs L, Alexandersson E, Liljeroth E, Andreasson E. Intact salicylic acid signalling is required for potato defence against the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria solani. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1-19. [PMID: 32562056 PMCID: PMC7417411 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Using disease bioassays and transcriptomic analysis we show that intact SA-signalling is required for potato defences against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Alternaria solani. ABSTRACT Early blight, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria solani, is an increasing problem in potato cultivation. Studies of the molecular components defining defence responses to A. solani in potato are limited. Here, we investigate plant defence signalling with a focus on salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) pathways in response to A. solani. Our bioassays revealed that SA is necessary to restrict pathogen growth and early blight symptom development in both potato foliage and tubers. This result is in contrast to the documented minimal role of SA in resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana against necrotrophic pathogens. We also present transcriptomic analysis with 36 arrays of A. solani inoculated SA-deficient, JA-insensitive, and wild type plant lines. A greater number of genes are differentially expressed in the SA-deficient mutant plant line compared to the wild type and JA- insensitive line. In wild type plants, genes encoding metal ion transporters, such as copper, iron and zinc transporters were upregulated and transferase-encoding genes, for example UDP-glucoronosyltransferase and Serine-glyoxylate transferase, were downregulated. The SA-deficient plants show upregulation of genes enriched in GO terms related to oxidoreductase activity, respiratory chain and other mitochondrial-related processes. Pathogenesis-related genes, such as genes encoding chitinases and PR1, are upregulated in both the SA-deficient and wild type plants, but not in the JA-insensitive mutants. The combination of our bioassays and the transcriptomic analysis indicate that intact SA signalling, and not JA signalling, is required for potato defences against the necrotrophic pathogen A. solani. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (10.1007/s11103-020-01019-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Brouwer
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Firuz Odilbekov
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Dharani Dhar Burra
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Marit Lenman
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Pete E Hedley
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Genome Technology, James Hutton Institute, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Erik Alexandersson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Erland Liljeroth
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Erik Andreasson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish Agricultural University, Alnarp, Sweden.
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Yang H, Shen F, Wang H, Zhao T, Zhang H, Jiang J, Xu X, Li J. Functional analysis of the SlERF01 gene in disease resistance to S. lycopersici. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:376. [PMID: 32799800 PMCID: PMC7429758 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02588-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomato gray leaf spot caused by Stemphylium lycopersici (S. lycopersici) is a serious disease that can severely hinder tomato production. To date, only Sm has been reported to provide resistance against this disease, and the molecular mechanism underlying resistance to this disease in tomato remains unclear. To better understand the mechanism of tomato resistance to S. lycopersici, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)-based analysis, physiological indexes, microscopy observations and transgenic technology were used in this study. RESULTS Our results showed that the expression of SlERF01 was strongly induced by S. lycopersici and by exogenous applications of the hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). Furthermore, overexpression of SlERF01 enhanced the hypersensitive response (HR) to S. lycopersici and elevated the expression of defense genes in tomato. Furthermore, the accumulation of lignin, callose and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increased in the transgenic lines after inoculation with S. lycopersici. Taken together, our results showed that SlERF01 played an indispensable role in multiple SA, JA and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathways to provide resistance to S. lycopersici invasion. Our findings also indicated that SlERF01 could activate the expression of the PR1 gene and enhance resistance to S. lycopersici. CONCLUSIONS We identified the SlERF01 gene, which encodes a novel tomato AP2/ERF transcription factor (TF). Functional analysis revealed that SlERF01 positively regulates tomato resistance to S. lycopersici. Our findings indicate that SlERF01 plays a key role in multiple SA, JA and ROS signaling pathways to provide resistance to invasion by S. lycopersici. The findings of this study not only help to better understand the mechanisms of response to pathogens but also enable targeted breeding strategies for tomato resistance to S. lycopersici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Fengyi Shen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Hexuan Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - He Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jingbin Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiangyang Xu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Jingfu Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Mucai Street 59, Xiangfang District, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Zhao Q, Qiu B, Li S, Zhang Y, Cui X, Liu D. Osmotin-Like Protein Gene from Panax notoginseng Is Regulated by Jasmonic Acid and Involved in Defense Responses to Fusarium solani. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1419-1427. [PMID: 32301678 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-19-0410-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Osmotin and osmotin-like proteins (OLPs) play important roles in plant defense responses. The full-length cDNA sequence of an OLP gene was cloned from Panax notoginseng using rapid amplification of cDNA-end technology and named PnOLP1. A quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that the signaling molecules methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, ethylene, and hydrogen peroxide induced PnOLP1 expression to different degrees. In addition, the expression level of PnOLP1 rapidly increased within 48 h of inoculating P. notoginseng with the root rot pathogen Fusarium solani. Subcellular localization revealed that PnOLP1 localized to the cell wall. A prokaryotic expression vector containing PnOLP1 was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), and in vitro antifungal assays were performed using the purified recombinant PnOLP1 protein. The recombinant PnOLP1 protein had strong inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum, F. graminearum, and F. solani. A plant PnOLP1-overexpression vector was constructed and transfected into tobacco, and the resistance of T2 transgenic tobacco against F. solani was significantly enhanced compared with wild-type tobacco. Moreover, a PnOLP1 RNAi vector was constructed and transferred to the P. notoginseng leaves for transient expression, and the decrease of PnOLP1 expression level in P. notoginseng leaves increased the susceptibility to F. solani. Thus, PnOLP1 is an important disease resistance gene involved in the defense responses of P. notoginseng to F. solani.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500,Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Bingling Qiu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500,Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Shan Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500,Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yingpeng Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500,Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500,Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Diqiu Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500,Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
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Zhuo T, Wang X, Chen Z, Cui H, Zeng Y, Chen Y, Fan X, Hu X, Zou H. The Ralstonia solanacearum effector RipI induces a defence reaction by interacting with the bHLH93 transcription factor in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:999-1004. [PMID: 32285606 PMCID: PMC7279998 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum releases a set of effectors into plant cells that modify the host defence reaction. The role of the effector protein RipI during infection has not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that transient overexpression of RipI induces the hypersensitive response (HR), up-regulating the HR marker gene hin1, in Nicotiana benthamiana. Deletion of R. solanacearum ripI led to increased virulence in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Through yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays, we identified an interaction between the N. benthamiana transcription factor bHLH93 and RipI, both of which could be localized in the nucleus of Arabidopsis protoplasts. Silencing of bHLH93 markedly attenuated the RipI-induced HR and induced expression of the PDF1.2 defence gene. These data demonstrate that the R. solanacearum effector RipI induces a host defence reaction by interacting with the bHLH93 transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zhengyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Haitao Cui
- Plant Immunity CenterHaixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- Plant Immunity CenterHaixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xiaojing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Huasong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
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del Rosario Cappellari L, Chiappero J, Palermo TB, Giordano W, Banchio E. Impact of Soil Rhizobacteria Inoculation and Leaf-Chewing Insect Herbivory on Mentha piperita Leaf Secondary Metabolites. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:619-630. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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62
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Ding P, Ding Y. Stories of Salicylic Acid: A Plant Defense Hormone. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:549-565. [PMID: 32407695 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a key plant hormone required for establishing resistance to many pathogens. SA biosynthesis involves two main metabolic pathways with multiple steps: the isochorismate and the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathways. Transcriptional regulations of SA biosynthesis are important for fine-tuning SA level in plants. We highlight here recent discoveries on SA biosynthesis and transcriptional regulations of SA biosynthesis. In addition, SA perception by NPR proteins is important to fulfil its function as a defense hormone. We highlight recent work to give a full picture of how NPR proteins support the role of SA in plant immunity. We also discuss challenges and potential opportunities for future research and application related to the functions of SA in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Yuli Ding
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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Lambin J, Demirel Asci S, Dubiel M, Tsaneva M, Verbeke I, Wytynck P, De Zaeytijd J, Smagghe G, Subramanyam K, Van Damme EJM. OsEUL Lectin Gene Expression in Rice: Stress Regulation, Subcellular Localization and Tissue Specificity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:185. [PMID: 32194594 PMCID: PMC7061729 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The Euonymus lectin (EUL) family is a unique group of carbohydrate-binding proteins that is omnipresent in plants. Sequences encoding EUL-related lectins have been retrieved from all completely sequenced plant genomes. The rice (Oryza sativa) genome contains 5 functional EUL genes referred to as OsEULS2, OsEULS3, OsEULD1a, OsEULD1b, and OsEULD2. In this study we focused on the tissue specific expression, stress inducibility and subcellular localization of the rice EULs. Even though the EUL domain sequence is highly conserved among the rice EULs (at least 80% sequence similarity) different biotic and abiotic stress treatments yielded unique responses for the different EULs. Transcript levels for OsEULs were differentially affected by drought and salt stress, ABA treatment, pathogen infection or insect infestation. Analysis of promoter activity revealed differential expression and tissue specificity for the 5 OsEUL genes, with most expression observed in the vascular system of roots and shoots, as well as in the root tips and seeds. At cell level, all OsEULs are located in the nucleus whereas OsEULD1b and OsEULD2 also locate to the cytoplasm. This paper contributes to the functional characterization of the EULs and provides insight in the biological importance of this family of proteins for rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Lambin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sinem Demirel Asci
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Malgorzata Dubiel
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mariya Tsaneva
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Verbeke
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Wytynck
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jeroen De Zaeytijd
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kondeti Subramanyam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Margaritopoulou T, Toufexi E, Kizis D, Balayiannis G, Anagnostopoulos C, Theocharis A, Rempelos L, Troyanos Y, Leifert C, Markellou E. Reynoutria sachalinensis extract elicits SA-dependent defense responses in courgette genotypes against powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3354. [PMID: 32098979 PMCID: PMC7042220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60148-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) caused by Podosphaera xanthii is one of the most important courgette diseases with high yield losses and is currently controlled by fungicides and sulphur applications in conventional and organic production. Plant derived elicitors/inducers of resistance are natural compounds that induce resistance to pathogen attack and promote a faster and/or more robust activation of plant defense responses. Giant knotweed (Reynoutria sachalinensis, RS) extract is a known elicitor of plant defenses but its mode of action remains elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of foliar RS applications and how these affect PM severity and crop performance when used alone or in combination with genetic resistance. RS foliar treatments significantly reduced conidial germination and PM severity on both an intermediate resistance (IR) and a susceptible (S) genotype. RS application triggered plant defense responses, which induced the formation of callose papillae, hydrogen peroxide accumulation and the Salicylic acid (SA) - dependent pathway. Increased SA production was detected along with increased p-coumaric and caffeic acid concentrations. These findings clearly indicate that RS elicits plant defenses notably as a consequence of SA pathway induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoni Margaritopoulou
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Mycology, 8, St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Toufexi
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Mycology, 8, St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
- Newcastle University, Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Dimosthenis Kizis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Mycology, 8, St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - George Balayiannis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Chemical Control of Pesticides, 8, St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Anagnostopoulos
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Pesticides Control & Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Pesticide Residues, 8, St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Theocharis
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Mycology, 8, St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Rempelos
- Newcastle University, Nafferton Ecological Farming Group, School of Agriculture Food and Rural Development, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Yerasimos Troyanos
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Non-Parasitic Diseases, 8, St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Athens, Greece
| | - Carlo Leifert
- Centre for Organics Research, Southern Cross University, Military Rd., Lismore, NSW, Australia
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, Domus Medica, 0372, Oslo, Norway
| | - Emilia Markellou
- Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Department of Phytopathology, Laboratory of Mycology, 8, St. Delta str., 145 61, Kifissia, Athens, Greece.
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Verly C, Djoman ACR, Rigault M, Giraud F, Rajjou L, Saint-Macary ME, Dellagi A. Plant Defense Stimulator Mediated Defense Activation Is Affected by Nitrate Fertilization and Developmental Stage in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:583. [PMID: 32528493 PMCID: PMC7264385 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense stimulators, used in crop protection, are an attractive option to reduce the use of conventional crop protection products and optimize biocontrol strategies. These products are able to activate plant defenses and thus limit infection by pathogens. However, the effectiveness of these plant defense stimulators remains erratic and is potentially dependent on many agronomic and environmental parameters still unknown or poorly controlled. The developmental stage of the plant as well as its fertilization, and essentially nitrogen nutrition, play major roles in defense establishment in the presence of pathogens or plant defense stimulators. The major nitrogen source used by plants is nitrate. In this study, we investigated the impact of Arabidopsis thaliana plant developmental stage and nitrate nutrition on its capacity to mount immune reactions in response to two plant defense stimulators triggering two major defense pathways, the salicylic acid and the jasmonic acid pathways. We show that optimal nitrate nutrition is needed for effective defense activation and protection against the pathogenic bacteria Dickeya dadantii and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Using an npr1 defense signaling mutant, we showed that nitrate dependent protection against D. dadantii requires a functional NPR1 gene. Our results indicate that the efficacy of plant defense stimulators is strongly affected by nitrate nutrition and the developmental stage. The nitrate dependent efficacy of plant defense stimulators is not only due to a metabolic effect but also invloves NPR1 mediated defense signaling. Plant defense stimulators may have opposite effects on plant resistance to a pathogen. Together, our results indicate that agronomic use of plant defense stimulators must be optimized according to nitrate fertilization and developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Verly
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- Staphyt-Service L&G/BIOTEAM, Martillac, France
| | - Atsin Claude Roméo Djoman
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- Staphyt-Service L&G/BIOTEAM, Martillac, France
| | - Martine Rigault
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | | | - Loïc Rajjou
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
| | | | - Alia Dellagi
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles, France
- *Correspondence: Alia Dellagi,
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66
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Filgueiras CC, Martins AD, Pereira RV, Willett DS. The Ecology of Salicylic Acid Signaling: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Effects with Applications in Agriculture. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5851. [PMID: 31766518 PMCID: PMC6928651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The salicylic acid pathway is one of the primary plant defense pathways, is ubiquitous in vascular plants, and plays a role in rapid adaptions to dynamic abiotic and biotic stress. Its prominence and ubiquity make it uniquely suited for understanding how biochemistry within plants can mediate ecological consequences. Induction of the salicylic acid pathway has primary effects on the plant in which it is induced resulting in genetic, metabolomic, and physiologic changes as the plant adapts to challenges. These primary effects can in turn have secondary consequences for herbivores and pathogens attacking the plant. These secondary effects can both directly influence plant attackers and mediate indirect interactions between herbivores and pathogens. Additionally, stimulation of salicylic acid related defenses can affect natural enemies, predators and parasitoids, which can recruit to plant signals with consequences for herbivore populations and plant herbivory aboveground and belowground. These primary, secondary, and tertiary ecological consequences of salicylic acid signaling hold great promise for application in agricultural systems in developing sustainable high-yielding management practices that adapt to changing abiotic and biotic environments.
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67
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Zhang C, Chen H, Zhuang RR, Chen YT, Deng Y, Cai TC, Wang SY, Liu QZ, Tang RH, Shan SH, Pan RL, Chen LS, Zhuang WJ. Overexpression of the peanut CLAVATA1-like leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase AhRLK1 confers increased resistance to bacterial wilt in tobacco. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5407-5421. [PMID: 31173088 PMCID: PMC6793444 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating disease affecting hundreds of plant species, yet the host factors remain poorly characterized. The leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase gene AhRLK1, characterized as CLAVATA1, was found to be up-regulated in peanut upon inoculation with R. solanacearum. The AhRLK1 protein was localized in the plasma membrane and cell wall. qPCR results showed AhRLK1 was induced in a susceptible variety but little changed in a resistant cultivar after inoculated with R. solanacearum. Hormones such as salicylic acid, abscisic acid, methyl jasmonate, and ethephon induced AhRLK1 expression. In contrast, AhRLK1 expression was down-regulated under cold and drought treatments. Transient overexpression of AhRLK1 led to a hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Furthermore, AhRLK1 overexpression in tobacco significantly increased the resistance to R. solanacearum. Besides, the transcripts of most representative defense responsive genes in HR and hormone signal pathways were significantly increased in the transgenic lines. EDS1 and PAD4 in the R gene signaling pathway were also up-regulated, but NDR1 was down-regulated. Accordingly, AhRLK1 may increase the defense response to R. solanacearum via HR and hormone defense signaling, in particular through the EDS1 pathway of R gene signaling. These results provide a new understanding of the CLAVATA1 function and will contribute to genetic enhancement of peanut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rui-Rong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ye Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tie-Cheng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuai-Yin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qin-Zheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rong-Hua Tang
- Cash Crops Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Shi-Hua Shan
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Rong-Long Pan
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Song Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jian Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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68
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Kang X, Wang L, Guo Y, Ul Arifeen MZ, Cai X, Xue Y, Bu Y, Wang G, Liu C. A Comparative Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Hexaploid Wheat's Responses to Colonization by Bacillus velezensis and Gaeumannomyces graminis, Both Separately and Combined. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1336-1347. [PMID: 31125282 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-19-0066-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tritrophic interactions involving a biocontrol agent, a pathogen, and a plant have been analyzed predominantly from the perspective of the biocontrol agent. To explore the adaptive strategies of wheat in response to beneficial, pathogenic, and combined microorganisms, we performed the first comprehensive transcriptomic, proteomic, and biochemical analysis in wheat roots after exposure to Bacillus velezensis CC09, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, and their combined colonization, respectively. The transcriptional or translational programming of wheat roots inoculated with beneficial B. velezensis showed mild alterations compared with that of pathogenic G. graminis var. tritici. However, the combination of B. velezensis and G. graminis var. tritici activated a larger transcriptional or translational program than for each single microorganism, although the gene expression pattern was similar to that of individual infection by G. graminis var. tritici, suggesting a prioritization of defense against G. graminis var. tritici infection. Surprisingly, pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity made wheat pretreated with B. velezensis more sensitive to subsequent G. graminis var. tritici infection. Additionally, B. velezensis triggered a salicylic acid (SA)-dependent mode of induced systemic resistance that resembles pathogen-induced systemic acquired resistance. Wheat plants mainly depend on SA-mediated resistance, and not that mediated by jasmonic acid (JA), against the necrotrophic pathogen G. graminis var. tritici. Moreover, SA-JA interactions resulted in antagonistic effects regardless of the type of microorganisms in wheat. Further enhancement of SA-dependent defense responses such as lignification to the combined infection was shown to reduce the level of induced JA-dependent defense against subsequent infection with G. graminis var. tritici. Altogether, our results demonstrate how the hexaploid monocot wheat responds to beneficial or pathogenic microorganisms and prolongs the onset of take-all disease through modulation of cell reprogramming and signaling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Zain Ul Arifeen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xunchao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yarong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanqin Bu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Pesticide Environmental Assessment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Changhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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69
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Liu D, Zhao Q, Cui X, Chen R, Li X, Qiu B, Ge F. A transcriptome analysis uncovers Panax notoginseng resistance to Fusarium solani induced by methyl jasmonate. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:1383-1396. [PMID: 31493262 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax notoginseng is a famous Chinese herbal medicine, but the root rot disease mainly caused by Fusarium solani severely reduces the yield and quality of its medicinal materials. OBJECTIVE The defense priming in P. notoginseng through exogenous application of signaling molecule will supply theoretical support for the exogenous regulation of disease resistance in P. notoginseng. METHODS In this study, the exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) increased P. notoginseng's resistance to F. solani. Furthermore, the P. notoginseng transcriptome during F. solani infection was investigated through next-generation sequencing to uncover the resistance mechanism of P. notogingseng induced by MeJA. RESULTS The de novo assembly of transcriptome sequences produced 80,551 unigenes, and 36,771 of these unigenes were annotated by at least one database. A differentially expressed gene analysis revealed that a large number of genes related to terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and plant-pathogen interactions were predominantly up-regulated by MeJA. Moreover, jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis-related genes and the JA signaling pathway genes, such as linoleate 13S-lipoxygenase, allene oxide cyclase, allene oxide synthase, TIFY, defensin, and pathogenesis-related proteins, showed increased transcriptional levels after inoculation with F. solani. Notably, according to the gene expression analysis, JA and ethylene signaling pathways may act synergistically to positively regulate the defense responses of P. notoginseng to F. solani. CONCLUSION JA signaling appears to play a vital role in P. notoginseng responses to F. solani infection, which will be helpful in improving the disease resistance of P. notoginseng cultivars as well as in developing an environmentally friendly biological control method for root rot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diqiu Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China. .,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Qin Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Bingling Qiu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Feng Ge
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Number 727 Jing Ming South Road, Chenggong District, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China.,Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Panax Notoginseng, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
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70
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Trichoderma harzianum favours the access of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to non-host Brassicaceae roots and increases plant productivity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11650. [PMID: 31406170 PMCID: PMC6690897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Brassicaceae includes plants that are non-host for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) such as the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (arabidopsis) and the economically important crop plant Brassica napus (rapeseed). It is well known that Trichoderma species have the ability to colonize the rhizosphere of Brassicaceae plants, promoting growth and development as well as stimulating systemic defenses. The aim of the present work is to ascertain that Brassicaceae plants increase productivity when AMF and Trichoderma are combinedly applied, and how such an effect can be ruled. This simultaneous application of a Trichoderma harzianum biocontrol strain and an AMF formulation produces a significant increase in the colonization by Trichoderma and the presence of AMF in arabidopsis and rapeseed roots, such colonization accompanied by improved productivity in both Brassicaceae species. Expression profiling of defense-related marker genes suggests that the phytohormone salicylic acid plays a key role in the modulation of the root colonization process when both fungi are jointly applied.
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71
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Venkatesh J, Kang BC. Current views on temperature-modulated R gene-mediated plant defense responses and tradeoffs between plant growth and immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:9-17. [PMID: 30877945 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Elevated ambient temperatures will likely be a key consequence of climate change over the next few decades. Adverse climatic changes could make crop plants more vulnerable to a number of biotic and abiotic stresses, which would have a major impact on worldwide food production in the future. Recent studies have indicated that elevated temperatures directly and/or indirectly affect plant-pathogen interactions. Elevated temperatures alter multiple signal transduction pathways related to stress responses in the host plant. High temperatures can also influence plant pathogenesis, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms associated with such effects. An improved understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms involved in plant immune responses under elevated temperatures will be essential to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change to ensure future food security. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the effects of temperature on resistance (R) gene and/or regulators of R genes in plant defense responses and summarize current evidence for tradeoffs between plant growth and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics & Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheorl Kang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics & Breeding Institute, and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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72
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Wolinska KW, Berens ML. Optimal Defense Theory 2.0: tissue-specific stress defense prioritization as an extra layer of complexity. Commun Integr Biol 2019; 12:91-95. [PMID: 31308873 PMCID: PMC6615527 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2019.1625661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, plants need to be able to quickly adapt to changing environments during their lifetime in order to maintain fitness. Different defense responses are not only costly, but often also antagonistic to one another. Hence, when faced with multiple stresses simultaneously, plants likely have to prioritize their defense responses. This type of crosstalk between different stress response pathways is suggested to balance the high costs of triggering and maintaining stress responses with the limited amount of resources available to a plant. This assumption is in accordance with the optimal defense theory (ODT), which states that living organisms put more resources into protection of the most valuable tissues, but does not explain how plants survive combined stress conditions in nature. In this review, we describe recent evidence that expands on the framework of the ODT by suggesting that under combined stress plants spatially separate contrasting stress responses, rather than protecting the most valuable tissues to simultaneously protect themselves from contrasting stressors. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding plant responses to combined stresses and suggest potentially fruitful avenues for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Wiktoria Wolinska
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Leonhard Berens
- Department of Plant Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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73
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Rodriguez PA, Rothballer M, Chowdhury SP, Nussbaumer T, Gutjahr C, Falter-Braun P. Systems Biology of Plant-Microbiome Interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2019; 12:804-821. [PMID: 31128275 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In natural environments, plants are exposed to diverse microbiota that they interact with in complex ways. While plant-pathogen interactions have been intensely studied to understand defense mechanisms in plants, many microbes and microbial communities can have substantial beneficial effects on their plant host. Such beneficial effects include improved acquisition of nutrients, accelerated growth, resilience against pathogens, and improved resistance against abiotic stress conditions such as heat, drought, and salinity. However, the beneficial effects of bacterial strains or consortia on their host are often cultivar and species specific, posing an obstacle to their general application. Remarkably, many of the signals that trigger plant immune responses are molecularly highly similar and often identical in pathogenic and beneficial microbes. Thus, it is unclear what determines the outcome of a particular microbe-host interaction and which factors enable plants to distinguish beneficials from pathogens. To unravel the complex network of genetic, microbial, and metabolic interactions, including the signaling events mediating microbe-host interactions, comprehensive quantitative systems biology approaches will be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Rodriguez
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Rothballer
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Soumitra Paul Chowdhury
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Nussbaumer
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany; Institute of Environmental Medicine (IEM), UNIKA-T, Technical University of Munich, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Pascal Falter-Braun
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany; Microbe-Host Interactions, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany.
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74
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Coolen S, Van Pelt JA, Van Wees SCM, Pieterse CMJ. Mining the natural genetic variation in Arabidopsis thaliana for adaptation to sequential abiotic and biotic stresses. PLANTA 2019; 249:1087-1105. [PMID: 30547240 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this genome-wide association study, we obtained novel insights into the genetic basis of the effect of herbivory or drought stress on the level of resistance against the fungus Botrytis cinerea. In nature, plants function in complex environments where they encounter different biotic and abiotic stresses individually, sequentially or simultaneously. The adaptive response to a single stress does not always reflect how plants respond to such a stress in combination with other stresses. To identify genetic factors that contribute to the plant's ability to swiftly adapt to different stresses, we investigated the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to infection by the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea when preceded by Pieris rapae herbivory or drought stress. Using 346 natural A. thaliana accessions, we found natural genetic variation in the level of resistance against single B. cinerea infection. When preceded by herbivory or drought stress, the level of B. cinerea resistance was differentially influenced in the 346 accessions. To study the genetic factors contributing to the differential adaptation of A. thaliana to B. cinerea infection under multi-stress conditions, we performed a genome-wide association study supported by quantitative trait loci mapping and fine mapping with full genome sequences of 164 accessions. This yielded several genes previously associated with defense to B. cinerea and additional candidate genes with putative roles in the plant's adaptive response to a combination of herbivory, drought and B. cinerea infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Coolen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, PO Box 80056, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan A Van Pelt
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, PO Box 80056, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, PO Box 80056, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4Life, Utrecht University, PO Box 80056, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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75
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Djavaheri M, Ma L, Klessig DF, Mithöfer A, Gropp G, Borhan H. Mimicking the Host Regulation of Salicylic Acid: A Virulence Strategy by the Clubroot Pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:296-305. [PMID: 30199341 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0192-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) plays a critical role in defense against biotrophic pathogens such as Plasmodiophora brassicae, which is an obligate pathogen of crucifer species and the causal agent of clubroot disease of canola (Brassica napus). P. brassicae encodes a protein, predicted to be secreted, with very limited homology to benzoic acid (BA)/SA-methyltransferase, designated PbBSMT. PbBSMT has a SA- and an indole-3-acetic acid-binding domain, which are also present in Arabidopsis thaliana BSMT1 (AtBSMT1) and, like AtBSMT1, has been shown to methylate BA and SA. In support of the hypothesis that P. brassicae uses PbBSMT to overcome SA-mediated defenses by converting SA into inactive methyl salicylate (MeSA), here, we show that PbBSMT suppresses local defense and provide evidence that PbBSMT is much more effective than AtBSMT1 at suppressing the levels of SA and its associated effects. Basal SA levels in Arabidopsis plants that constitutively overexpress PbBSMT compared with those in Arabidopsis wild-type Col-0 (WT) were reduced approximately 80% versus only a 50% reduction in plants overexpressing AtBSMT1. PbBSMT-overexpressing plants were more susceptible to P. brassicae than WT plants; they also were partially compromised in nonhost resistance to Albugo candida. In contrast, AtBSMT1-overexpressing plants were not more susceptible than WT to either P. brassicae or A. candida. Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants overexpressing PbBSMT exhibited increased susceptibility to virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (DC3000) and virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, respectively. Gene-mediated resistance to DC3000/AvrRpt2 and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was also compromised in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana tabacum 'Xanthi-nc' plants overexpressing PbBSMT, respectively. Transient expression of PbBSMT or AtBSMT1 in lower leaves of N. tabacum Xanthi-nc resulted in systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-like enhanced resistance to TMV in the distal systemic leaves. Chimeric grafting experiments revealed that, similar to SAR, the development of a PbBSMT-mediated SAR-like phenotype was also dependent on the MeSA esterase activity of NtSABP2 in the systemic leaves. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that PbBSMT is a novel effector, which is secreted by P. brassicae into its host plant to deplete pathogen-induced SA accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Djavaheri
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK., S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Lisong Ma
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK., S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Daniel F Klessig
- 2 Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A.; and
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- 3 Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gordon Gropp
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK., S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Hossein Borhan
- 1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK., S7N 0X2, Canada
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76
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Drizou F, Bruce TJA, Ray RV, Graham NS. Infestation by Myzus persicae Increases Susceptibility of Brassica napus cv. "Canard" to Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1903. [PMID: 30619441 PMCID: PMC6308127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Activation of plant defense pathways can be influenced by the presence of different species of attacking organisms. Understanding the complicated interactions triggering plant defense mechanisms is of great interest as it may allow the development of more effective and sustainable disease control methods. Myzus persicae and Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG) 2-1 are two important organisms attacking oilseed rape (OSR), causing disease and reduced yields. At present, is unclear how these two interact with each other and with OSR defenses and therefore the aim of the present study was to gain a better insight into the indirect interaction between aphids and pathogen. In separate experiments, we assessed the effect of AG 2-1 infection on aphid performance, measured as growth rate and population increase and then the effect of aphid infestation on AG 2-1 by quantifying disease and the amount of fungal DNA in plant stems and compost for two OSR varieties, "Canard" and "Temple." Additionally, we examined the expression of genes related to jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) defense pathways. There was no significant effect of AG 2-1 infection on M. persicae performance. However, aphid infestation in one of the varieties, "Canard," resulted in significantly increased disease symptoms caused by AG 2-1, although, the amount of fungal DNA was not significantly different between treatments. This meant that "Canard" plants had become more susceptible to the disease. Expression of LOX3 and MYC2 was elevated under AG 2-1 treatment but downregulated in plants with both aphids and pathogen. Therefore it seems plausible that alterations in the JA signaling due to aphid infestation resulted in the increased susceptibility to AG 2-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fryni Drizou
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Toby J. A. Bruce
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, United Kingdom
| | - Rumiana V. Ray
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Neil S. Graham
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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77
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Chen Z, Zhao W, Zhu X, Zou C, Yin J, Chern M, Zhou X, Ying H, Jiang X, Li Y, Liao H, Cheng M, Li W, He M, Wang J, Wang J, Ma B, Wang J, Li S, Zhu L, Chen X. Identification and characterization of rice blast resistance gene Pid4 by a combination of transcriptomic profiling and genome analysis. J Genet Genomics 2018; 45:663-672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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78
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Arraño-Salinas P, Domínguez-Figueroa J, Herrera-Vásquez A, Zavala D, Medina J, Vicente-Carbajosa J, Meneses C, Canessa P, Moreno AA, Blanco-Herrera F. WRKY7, -11 and -17 transcription factors are modulators of the bZIP28 branch of the unfolded protein response during PAMP-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 277:242-250. [PMID: 30466590 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants must defend themselves against pathogens. The defense response requires greater protein synthesis, which generates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, yet failure to attenuate this stress has detrimental effects. WRKY7/11/17 transcription factors (TFs) are negative regulators of immunity since mutants are more resistant to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) infection. Here, we reveal a connection between ER-stress and the molecular mechanisms underlying the wrky mutant phenotype. The bZIP28 TF upregulates ER-chaperone expression (BiP1/2, ERdj3B, and SDF2) upon exposure of Arabidopsis to a bacterial defense elicitor, flagellin 22 (Flg22). Also, the activation of ER-chaperones is more sustained in double and triple wrky mutants treated with Flg22, suggesting that WRKY7/11/17 TFs downregulate these genes. Moreover, wrky mutants accumulate more bZIP28 transcripts in response to Flg22, indicating that WRKY7/11/17 transcriptionally repress this TF. Using Arabidopsis protoplasts, we also demonstrate that WRKYs bind to the bZIP28 promoter via W-box elements. Additionally, triple wrky mutants are more resistant, whilst bzip28 mutants are more susceptible, to Pst infection. Finally, we postulate a model of PAMP-Triggered Immunity regulation, where Flg22 activates bZIP28-signaling inducing the expression of ER-stress genes, as well as WRKY7/11/17 expression, which in turn inhibits PTI by downregulating bZIP28, controlling physiological responses in the Arabidopsis-Pst interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Arraño-Salinas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile
| | - José Domínguez-Figueroa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Autopista M40 (km 38), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ariel Herrera-Vásquez
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; Millennium Institute for Integrative Systems and Synthetic Biology (MIISSB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Zavala
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile
| | - Joaquin Medina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Autopista M40 (km 38), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vicente-Carbajosa
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Autopista M40 (km 38), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Avenida República 217, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile
| | - Paulo Canessa
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; Millennium Institute for Integrative Systems and Synthetic Biology (MIISSB), Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrián A Moreno
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile.
| | - Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, RM 837-0146, Chile; Millennium Institute for Integrative Systems and Synthetic Biology (MIISSB), Santiago, Chile.
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79
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Halliday FW, Umbanhowar J, Mitchell CE. A host immune hormone modifies parasite species interactions and epidemics: insights from a field manipulation. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.2075. [PMID: 30404885 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite epidemics can depend on priority effects, and parasite priority effects can result from the host immune response to prior infection. Yet we lack experimental evidence that such immune-mediated priority effects influence epidemics. To address this research gap, we manipulated key host immune hormones, then measured the consequences for within-host parasite interactions, and ultimately parasite epidemics in the field. Specifically, we applied plant immune-signalling hormones to sentinel plants, embedded into a wild host population, and tracked foliar infections caused by two common fungal parasites. Within-host individuals, priority effects were altered by the immune-signalling hormone, salicylic acid (SA). Scaling up from within-host interactions, hosts treated with SA experienced a lower prevalence of a less aggressive parasite, increased burden of infection by a more aggressive parasite, and experienced fewer co-infections. Together, these results indicate that by altering within-host priority effects, host immune hormones can drive parasite epidemics. This study therefore experimentally links host immune hormones to within-host priority effects and parasite epidemics, advancing a more mechanistic understanding of how interactions among parasites alter their epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fletcher W Halliday
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James Umbanhowar
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Charles E Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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80
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Stassen JHM, López A, Jain R, Pascual-Pardo D, Luna E, Smith LM, Ton J. The relationship between transgenerational acquired resistance and global DNA methylation in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14761. [PMID: 30283021 PMCID: PMC6170496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Progeny of heavily diseased plants develop transgenerational acquired resistance (TAR). In Arabidopsis, TAR can be transmitted over one stress-free generation. Although DNA methylation has been implicated in the regulation of TAR, the relationship between TAR and global DNA methylation remains unknown. Here, we characterised the methylome of TAR-expressing Arabidopsis at different generations after disease exposure. Global clustering of cytosine methylation revealed TAR-related patterns in the F3 generation, but not in the F1 generation. The majority of differentially methylated positions (DMPs) occurred at CG context in gene bodies. TAR in F3 progeny after one initial generation of disease, followed by two stress-free generations, was lower than TAR in F3 progeny after three successive generations of disease. This difference in TAR effectiveness was proportional to the intensity of differential methylation at a sub-set of cytosine positions. Comparison of TAR-related DMPs with previously characterised cytosine methylation in mutation accumulation lines revealed that ancestral disease stress preferentially acts on methylation-labile cytosine positions, but also extends to methylation-stable positions. Thus, the TAR-related impact of ancestral disease extends beyond stochastic variation in DNA methylation. Our study has shown that the Arabidopsis epigenome responds globally to disease in previous generations and we discuss its contribution to TAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost H M Stassen
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science and P3 Centre for Translational Plant Science, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
| | - Ana López
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science and P3 Centre for Translational Plant Science, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.,Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Spanish National Centre for Biotechnology, CSIC. Campus de Cantoblanco, C/ Darwin 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Ritushree Jain
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science and P3 Centre for Translational Plant Science, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.,AgriBio, ARC centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - David Pascual-Pardo
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science and P3 Centre for Translational Plant Science, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Estrella Luna
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science and P3 Centre for Translational Plant Science, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.,School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa M Smith
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science and P3 Centre for Translational Plant Science, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Faculty of Science and P3 Centre for Translational Plant Science, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom.
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81
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Proietti S, Caarls L, Coolen S, Van Pelt JA, Van Wees SC, Pieterse CM. Genome-wide association study reveals novel players in defense hormone crosstalk in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2342-2356. [PMID: 29852537 PMCID: PMC6175328 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) regulates plant defenses against necrotrophic pathogens and insect herbivores. Salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) can antagonize JA-regulated defenses, thereby modulating pathogen or insect resistance. We performed a genome-wide association (GWA) study on natural genetic variation in Arabidopsis thaliana for the effect of SA and ABA on the JA pathway. We treated 349 Arabidopsis accessions with methyl JA (MeJA), or a combination of MeJA and either SA or ABA, after which expression of the JA-responsive marker gene PLANT DEFENSIN1.2 (PDF1.2) was quantified as a readout for GWA analysis. Both hormones antagonized MeJA-induced PDF1.2 in the majority of the accessions but with a large variation in magnitude. GWA mapping of the SA- and ABA-affected PDF1.2 expression data revealed loci associated with crosstalk. GLYI4 (encoding a glyoxalase) and ARR11 (encoding an Arabidopsis response regulator involved in cytokinin signalling) were confirmed by T-DNA insertion mutant analysis to affect SA-JA crosstalk and resistance against the necrotroph Botrytis cinerea. In addition, At1g16310 (encoding a cation efflux family protein) was confirmed to affect ABA-JA crosstalk and susceptibility to Mamestra brassicae herbivory. Collectively, this GWA study identified novel players in JA hormone crosstalk with potential roles in the regulation of pathogen or insect resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Proietti
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4LifeUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Lotte Caarls
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4LifeUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Silvia Coolen
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4LifeUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Johan A. Van Pelt
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4LifeUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Saskia C.M. Van Wees
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4LifeUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Corné M.J. Pieterse
- Plant‐Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Science4LifeUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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82
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Zagorščak M, Blejec A, Ramšak Ž, Petek M, Stare T, Gruden K. DiNAR: revealing hidden patterns of plant signalling dynamics using Differential Network Analysis in R. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:78. [PMID: 30186360 PMCID: PMC6117943 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-018-0345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progress in high-throughput molecular methods accompanied by more complex experimental designs demands novel data visualisation solutions. To specifically answer the question which parts of the specifical biological system are responding in particular perturbation, integrative approach in which experimental data are superimposed on a prior knowledge network is shown to be advantageous. RESULTS We have developed DiNAR, Differential Network Analysis in R, a user-friendly application with dynamic visualisation that integrates multiple condition high-throughput data and extensive biological prior knowledge. Implemented differential network approach and embedded network analysis allow users to analyse condition-specific responses in the context of topology of interest (e.g. immune signalling network) and extract knowledge concerning patterns of signalling dynamics (i.e. rewiring in network structure between two or more biological conditions). We validated the usability of software on the Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum tuberosum datasets, but it is set to handle any biological instances. CONCLUSIONS DiNAR facilitates detection of network-rewiring events, gene prioritisation for future experimental design and allows capturing dynamics of complex biological system. The fully cross-platform Shiny App is hosted and freely available at https://nib-si.shinyapps.io/DiNAR. The most recent version of the source code is available at https://github.com/NIB-SI/DiNAR/ with a DOI 10.5281/zenodo.1230523 of the archived version in Zenodo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Zagorščak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Blejec
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Organisms and Ecosystems Research, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Živa Ramšak
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Petek
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tjaša Stare
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Gruden
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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83
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Papadopoulou GV, Maedicke A, Grosser K, van Dam NM, Martínez-Medina A. Defence signalling marker gene responses to hormonal elicitation differ between roots and shoots. AOB PLANTS 2018; 10:ply031. [PMID: 29977487 PMCID: PMC6007416 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones such as jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA) play a key role in regulation of plant immune responses to different attackers. Extensive research over recent years has led to the identification of molecular markers for specific hormonal-regulated defence pathways. However, most of our current knowledge on the regulation of plant immunity derives from studies focused on above-ground organs, mainly on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Therefore, it is unclear whether the paradigms based on experiments on above-ground organs are entirely transferable to roots. Here, we used the non-model plant Brassica rapa to study the regulation dynamics of hormonal-related marker genes in both roots and shoots. These markers were identified in Arabidopsis shoots after elicitation of the JA-, SA-, ET- or ABA-signalling pathways, and are commonly used to study induced responses. We assessed whether the regulation of those genes by hormonal elicitation differs between roots and shoots. To discern whether the differences in marker gene expression between roots and shoots are related to differences in hormone production or to differential responsiveness, we also measured actual hormone content in the treated tissue after elicitation. Our results show that some of the widely used markers did not show specific responsiveness to single hormone applications in B. rapa. We further found that hormonal elicitation led to different response patterns of the molecular markers in shoots and roots. Our results suggest that the regulation of some hormonal-related marker genes in B. rapa is organ specific and differs from the Arabidopsis-derived paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galini V Papadopoulou
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Maedicke
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Grosser
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
- Radboud University, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Institute of Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Molecular Interaction Ecology, Deutscher Platz, Leipzig, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Biodiversity, Jena, Germany
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84
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Berendsen RL, Vismans G, Yu K, Song Y, de Jonge R, Burgman WP, Burmølle M, Herschend J, Bakker PAHM, Pieterse CMJ. Disease-induced assemblage of a plant-beneficial bacterial consortium. ISME JOURNAL 2018. [PMID: 29520025 PMCID: PMC5956071 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Disease suppressive soils typically develop after a disease outbreak due to the subsequent assembly of protective microbiota in the rhizosphere. The role of the plant immune system in the assemblage of a protective rhizosphere microbiome is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis thaliana specifically promotes three bacterial species in the rhizosphere upon foliar defense activation by the downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. The promoted bacteria were isolated and found to interact synergistically in biofilm formation in vitro. Although separately these bacteria did not affect the plant significantly, together they induced systemic resistance against downy mildew and promoted growth of the plant. Moreover, we show that the soil-mediated legacy of a primary population of downy mildew infected plants confers enhanced protection against this pathogen in a second population of plants growing in the same soil. Together our results indicate that plants can adjust their root microbiome upon pathogen infection and specifically recruit a group of disease resistance-inducing and growth-promoting beneficial microbes, therewith potentially maximizing the chance of survival of their offspring that will grow in the same soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland L Berendsen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Gilles Vismans
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ke Yu
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Song
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Jiangsu Provincial Coordinated Research Center for Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wilco P Burgman
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, København, Denmark
| | - Jakob Herschend
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, København, Denmark
| | - Peter A H M Bakker
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Institute of Environmental Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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85
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Yamamoto T, Yoshida Y, Nakajima K, Tominaga M, Gyohda A, Suzuki H, Okamoto T, Nishimura T, Yokotani N, Minami E, Nishizawa Y, Miyamoto K, Yamane H, Okada K, Koshiba T. Expression of RSOsPR10 in rice roots is antagonistically regulated by jasmonate/ethylene and salicylic acid via the activator OsERF87 and the repressor OsWRKY76, respectively. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00049. [PMID: 31245715 PMCID: PMC6508531 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots play important roles in absorbing water and nutrients, and in tolerance against environmental stresses. Previously, we identified a rice root-specific pathogenesis-related protein (RSOsPR10) induced by drought, salt, and wounding. RSOsPR10 expression is strongly induced by jasmonate (JA)/ethylene (ET), but suppressed by salicylic acid (SA). Here, we analyzed the promoter activity of RSOsPR10. Analyses of transgenic rice lines harboring different-length promoter::β-glucuronidase (GUS) constructs showed that the 3-kb promoter region is indispensable for JA/ET induction, SA repression, and root-specific expression. In the JA-treated 3K-promoter::GUS line, GUS activity was mainly observed at lateral root primordia. Transient expression in roots using a dual luciferase (LUC) assay with different-length promoter::LUC constructs demonstrated that the novel transcription factor OsERF87 induced 3K-promoter::LUC expression through binding to GCC-cis elements. In contrast, the SA-inducible OsWRKY76 transcription factor strongly repressed the JA-inducible and OsERF87-dependent expression of RSOsPR10. RSOsPR10 was expressed at lower levels in OsWRKY76-overexpressing rice, but at higher levels in OsWRKY76-knockout rice, compared with wild type. These results show that two transcription factors, OsERF87 and OsWRKY76, antagonistically regulate RSOsPR10 expression through binding to the same promoter. This mechanism represents a fine-tuning system to sense the balance between JA/ET and SA signaling in plants under environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamamoto
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachioji‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Yuri Yoshida
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachioji‐shiTokyoJapan
- Biotechnology Research CenterThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Kazunari Nakajima
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachioji‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Makiko Tominaga
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachioji‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Atsuko Gyohda
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachioji‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Hiromi Suzuki
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachioji‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachioji‐shiTokyoJapan
| | - Takeshi Nishimura
- Institute of Agrobiological SciencesNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Bioagric SciNagoya UniversityNagoyaAichiJapan
| | - Naoki Yokotani
- Institute of Agrobiological SciencesNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Kazusa DNA Research InstituteKisarazuChibaJapan
| | - Eiichi Minami
- Institute of Agrobiological SciencesNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Yoko Nishizawa
- Institute of Agrobiological SciencesNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Koji Miyamoto
- Biotechnology Research CenterThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
- Department of BiosciencesTeikyo UniversityUtsunomiyaTochigiJapan
| | - Hisakazu Yamane
- Biotechnology Research CenterThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
- Department of BiosciencesTeikyo UniversityUtsunomiyaTochigiJapan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Biotechnology Research CenterThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyoJapan
| | - Tomokazu Koshiba
- Department of Biological SciencesTokyo Metropolitan UniversityHachioji‐shiTokyoJapan
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86
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Aljbory Z, Chen MS. Indirect plant defense against insect herbivores: a review. INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 25:2-23. [PMID: 28035791 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to herbivore attack by launching 2 types of defenses: direct defense and indirect defense. Direct defense includes all plant traits that increase the resistance of host plants to insect herbivores by affecting the physiology and/or behavior of the attackers. Indirect defense includes all traits that by themselves do not have significant direct impact on the attacking herbivores, but can attract natural enemies of the herbivores and thus reduce plant loss. When plants recognize herbivore-associated elicitors, they produce and release a blend of volatiles that can attract predators, parasites, and other natural enemies. Known herbivore-associated elicitors include fatty acid-amino acid conjugates, sulfur-containing fatty acids, fragments of cell walls, peptides, esters, and enzymes. Identified plant volatiles include terpenes, nitrogenous compounds, and indoles. In addition, constitive traits including extrafloral nectars, food bodies, and domatia can be further induced to higher levels and attract natural enemies as well as provide food and shelter to carnivores. A better understanding of indirect plant defense at global and componential levels via advanced high throughput technologies may lead to utilization of indirect defense in suppression of herbivore damage to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Aljbory
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Ming-Shun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
- Hard Winter Wheat Genetics Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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87
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Martínez-Medina A, Van Wees SCM, Pieterse CMJ. Airborne signals from Trichoderma fungi stimulate iron uptake responses in roots resulting in priming of jasmonic acid-dependent defences in shoots of Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2691-2705. [PMID: 28667819 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Root colonization by Trichoderma fungi can trigger induced systemic resistance (ISR). In Arabidopsis, Trichoderma-ISR relies on the transcription factor MYB72, which plays a dual role in the onset of ISR and the activation of Fe uptake responses. Volatile compounds (VCs) from rhizobacteria are important elicitors of MYB72 in Arabidopsis roots. Here, we investigated the mode of action of VCs from Trichoderma fungi in the onset of ISR and Fe uptake responses. VCs from Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma harzianum were applied in an in vitro split-plate system with Arabidopsis or tomato seedlings. Locally, Trichoderma-VCs triggered MYB72 expression and molecular, physiological and morphological Fe uptake mechanisms in Arabidopsis roots. In leaves, Trichoderma-VCs primed jasmonic acid-dependent defences, leading to an enhanced resistance against Botrytis cinerea. By using Arabidopsis micrografts of VCs-exposed rootstocks and non-exposed scions, we demonstrated that perception of Trichoderma-VCs by the roots leads to a systemic signal that primes shoots for enhanced defences. Trichoderma-VCs also elicited Fe deficiency responses and shoot immunity in tomato, suggesting that this phenomenon is expressed in different plant species. Our results indicate that Trichoderma-VCs trigger locally a readjustment of Fe homeostasis in roots, which links to systemic elicitation of ISR by priming of jasmonic acid-dependent defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Molecular Interaction Ecology, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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88
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Halliday FW, Umbanhowar J, Mitchell CE. Interactions among symbionts operate across scales to influence parasite epidemics. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1285-1294. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James Umbanhowar
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599 USA
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599 USA
| | - Charles E. Mitchell
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599 USA
- Curriculum for the Environment and Ecology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC27599 USA
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89
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Berens ML, Berry HM, Mine A, Argueso CT, Tsuda K. Evolution of Hormone Signaling Networks in Plant Defense. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:401-425. [PMID: 28645231 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Studies with model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana have revealed that phytohormones are central regulators of plant defense. The intricate network of phytohormone signaling pathways enables plants to activate appropriate and effective defense responses against pathogens as well as to balance defense and growth. The timing of the evolution of most phytohormone signaling pathways seems to coincide with the colonization of land, a likely requirement for plant adaptations to the more variable terrestrial environments, which included the presence of pathogens. In this review, we explore the evolution of defense hormone signaling networks by combining the model plant-based knowledge about molecular components mediating phytohormone signaling and cross talk with available genome information of other plant species. We highlight conserved hubs in hormone cross talk and discuss evolutionary advantages of defense hormone cross talk. Finally, we examine possibilities of engineering hormone cross talk for improvement of plant fitness and crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias L Berens
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Hannah M Berry
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Akira Mine
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany;
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90
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Shigenaga AM, Berens ML, Tsuda K, Argueso CT. Towards engineering of hormonal crosstalk in plant immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28624670 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones regulate physiological responses in plants, including responses to pathogens and beneficial microbes. The last decades have provided a vast amount of evidence about the contribution of different plant hormones to plant immunity, and also of how they cooperate to orchestrate immunity activation, in a process known as hormone crosstalk. In this review we highlight the complexity of hormonal crosstalk in immunity and approaches currently being used to further understand this process, as well as perspectives to engineer hormone crosstalk for enhanced pathogen resistance and overall plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Shigenaga
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Matthias L Berens
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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91
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Leach JE, Triplett LR, Argueso CT, Trivedi P. Communication in the Phytobiome. Cell 2017; 169:587-596. [PMID: 28475891 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The phytobiome is composed of plants, their environment, and diverse interacting microscopic and macroscopic organisms, which together influence plant health and productivity. These organisms form complex networks that are established and regulated through nutrient cycling, competition, antagonism, and chemical communication mediated by a diverse array of signaling molecules. Integration of knowledge of signaling mechanisms with that of phytobiome members and their networks will lead to a new understanding of the fate and significance of these signals at the ecosystem level. Such an understanding could lead to new biological, chemical, and breeding strategies to improve crop health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan E Leach
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Lindsay R Triplett
- Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Cristiana T Argueso
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Pankaj Trivedi
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Ft Collins, CO 80523, USA
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92
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93
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Caarls L, Van der Does D, Hickman R, Jansen W, Verk MCV, Proietti S, Lorenzo O, Solano R, Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM. Assessing the Role of ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR Transcriptional Repressors in Salicylic Acid-Mediated Suppression of Jasmonic Acid-Responsive Genes. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:266-278. [PMID: 27837094 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) cross-communicate in the plant immune signaling network to finely regulate induced defenses. In Arabidopsis, SA antagonizes many JA-responsive genes, partly by targeting the ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF)-type transcriptional activator ORA59. Members of the ERF transcription factor family typically bind to GCC-box motifs in the promoters of JA- and ethylene-responsive genes, thereby positively or negatively regulating their expression. The GCC-box motif is sufficient for SA-mediated suppression of JA-responsive gene expression. Here, we investigated whether SA-induced ERF-type transcriptional repressors, which may compete with JA-induced ERF-type activators for binding at the GCC-box, play a role in SA/JA antagonism. We selected ERFs that are transcriptionally induced by SA and/or possess an EAR transcriptional repressor motif. Several of the 16 ERFs tested suppressed JA-dependent gene expression, as revealed by enhanced JA-induced PDF1.2 or VSP2 expression levels in the corresponding erf mutants, while others were involved in activation of these genes. However, SA could antagonize JA-induced PDF1.2 or VSP2 in all erf mutants, suggesting that the tested ERF transcriptional repressors are not required for SA/JA cross-talk. Moreover, a mutant in the co-repressor TOPLESS, that showed reduction in repression of JA signaling, still displayed SA-mediated antagonism of PDF1.2 and VSP2. Collectively, these results suggest that SA-regulated ERF transcriptional repressors are not essential for antagonism of JA-responsive gene expression by SA. We further show that de novo SA-induced protein synthesis is required for suppression of JA-induced PDF1.2, pointing to SA-stimulated production of an as yet unknown protein that suppresses JA-induced transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Caarls
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dieuwertje Van der Does
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Hickman
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Jansen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel C Van Verk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Proietti
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Lorenzo
- Departamento de Fisiologia Vegetal, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Roberto Solano
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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94
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Martínez-Medina A, Fernandez I, Lok GB, Pozo MJ, Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM. Shifting from priming of salicylic acid- to jasmonic acid-regulated defences by Trichoderma protects tomato against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1363-1377. [PMID: 27801946 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Beneficial root endophytes such as Trichoderma spp. can reduce infections by parasitic nematodes through triggering host defences. Little is currently known about the complex hormone signalling underlying the induction of resistance. In this study, we investigated whether Trichoderma modulates the hormone signalling network in the host to induce resistance to nematodes. We investigated the role and the timing of the jasmonic acid (JA)- and salicylic acid (SA)-regulated defensive pathways in Trichoderma-induced resistance to the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. A split-root system of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) was used to study local and systemic induced defences by analysing nematode performance, defence gene expression, responsiveness to exogenous hormone application, and dependence on SA and JA signalling of Trichoderma-induced resistance. Root colonization by Trichoderma impeded nematode performance both locally and systemically at multiple stages of the parasitism, that is, invasion, galling and reproduction. First, Trichoderma primed SA-regulated defences, which limited nematode root invasion. Then, Trichoderma enhanced JA-regulated defences, thereby antagonizing the deregulation of JA-dependent immunity by the nematodes, which compromised galling and fecundity. Our results show that Trichoderma primes SA- and JA-dependent defences in roots, and that the priming of responsiveness to these hormones upon nematode attack is plastic and adaptive to the parasitism stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Martínez-Medina
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Ivan Fernandez
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit B Lok
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - María J Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
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95
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Medeiros HAD, Araújo Filho JVD, Freitas LGD, Castillo P, Rubio MB, Hermosa R, Monte E. Tomato progeny inherit resistance to the nematode Meloidogyne javanica linked to plant growth induced by the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma atroviride. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40216. [PMID: 28071749 PMCID: PMC5223212 DOI: 10.1038/srep40216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN) are major crop pathogens worldwide. Trichoderma genus fungi are recognized biocontrol agents and a direct activity of Trichoderma atroviride (Ta) against the RKN Meloidogyne javanica (Mj), in terms of 42% reduction of number of galls (NG), 60% of number of egg masses and 90% of number of adult nematodes inside the roots, has been observed in tomato grown under greenhouse conditions. An in vivo split-root designed experiment served to demonstrate that Ta induces systemic resistance towards Mj, without the need for the organisms to be in direct contact, and significantly reduces NG (20%) and adult nematodes inside tomato roots (87%). The first generation (F1) of Ta-primed tomato plants inherited resistance to RKN; although, the induction of defenses occurred through different mechanisms, and in varying degrees, depending on the Ta-Mj interaction. Plant growth promotion induced by Ta was inherited without compromising the level of resistance to Mj, as the progeny of Ta-primed plants displayed increased size and resistance to Mj without fitness costs. Gene expression results from the defense inductions in the offspring of Ta-primed plants, suggested that an auxin-induced reactive oxygen species production promoted by Ta may act as a major defense strategy during plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Agripino de Medeiros
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Phytopathology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pablo Castillo
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Belén Rubio
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa Hermosa
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique Monte
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, Spanish-Portuguese Institute for Agricultural Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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96
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Lievens L, Pollier J, Goossens A, Beyaert R, Staal J. Abscisic Acid as Pathogen Effector and Immune Regulator. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:587. [PMID: 28469630 PMCID: PMC5395610 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a sesquiterpene signaling molecule produced in all kingdoms of life. To date, the best known functions of ABA are derived from its role as a major phytohormone in plant abiotic stress resistance. Different organisms have developed different biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways related to ABA. Despite this, there are also intriguing common themes where ABA often suppresses host immune responses and is utilized by pathogens as an effector molecule. ABA also seems to play an important role in compatible mutualistic interactions such as mycorrhiza and rhizosphere bacteria with plants, and possibly also the animal gut microbiome. The frequent use of ABA in inter-species communication could be a possible reason for the wide distribution and re-invention of ABA as a signaling molecule in different organisms. In humans and animal models, it has been shown that ABA treatment or nutrient-derived ABA is beneficial in inflammatory diseases like colitis and type 2 diabetes, which confer potential to ABA as an interesting nutraceutical or pharmacognostic drug. The anti-inflammatory activity, cellular metabolic reprogramming, and other beneficial physiological and psychological effects of ABA treatment in humans and animal models has sparked an interest in this molecule and its signaling pathway as a novel pharmacological target. In contrast to plants, however, very little is known about the ABA biosynthesis and signaling in other organisms. Genes, tools and knowledge about ABA from plant sciences and studies of phytopathogenic fungi might benefit biomedical studies on the physiological role of endogenously generated ABA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Lievens
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
| | - Jens Staal
- Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIBGhent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Jens Staal
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97
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Zhang C, Chen H, Cai T, Deng Y, Zhuang R, Zhang N, Zeng Y, Zheng Y, Tang R, Pan R, Zhuang W. Overexpression of a novel peanut NBS-LRR gene AhRRS5 enhances disease resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum in tobacco. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:39-55. [PMID: 27311738 PMCID: PMC5253469 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a ruinous soilborne disease affecting more than 450 plant species. Efficient control methods for this disease remain unavailable to date. This study characterized a novel nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat resistance gene AhRRS5 from peanut, which was up-regulated in both resistant and susceptible peanut cultivars in response to R. solanacearum. The product of AhRRS5 was localized in the nucleus. Furthermore, treatment with phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ethephon (ET) increased the transcript level of AhRRS5 with diverse responses between resistant and susceptible peanuts. Abiotic stresses such as drought and cold conditions also changed AhRRS5 expression. Moreover, transient overexpression induced hypersensitive response in Nicotiana benthamiana. Overexpression of AhRRS5 significantly enhanced the resistance of heterogeneous tobacco to R. solanacearum, with diverse resistance levels in different transgenic lines. Several defence-responsive marker genes in hypersensitive response, including SA, JA and ET signals, were considerably up-regulated in the transgenic lines as compared with the wild type inoculated with R. solanacearum. Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related gene 1 (NPR1) and non-race-specific disease resistance 1 were also up-regulated in response to the pathogen. These results indicate that AhRRS5 participates in the defence response to R. solanacearum through the crosstalk of multiple signalling pathways and the involvement of NPR1 and R gene signals for its resistance. This study may guide the resistance enhancement of peanut and other economic crops to bacterial wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Hua Chen
- College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Tiecheng Cai
- College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Ye Deng
- College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Ruirong Zhuang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Ning Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Yuanhuan Zeng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Yixiong Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
- College of AgronomyZhongkai Agriculture and Engineering CollegeGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Ronghua Tang
- Cash Crops Research InstituteGuangxi Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanningChina
| | - Ronglong Pan
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural BiologyCollege of Life ScienceNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
| | - Weijian Zhuang
- College of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell BiologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
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98
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Santamaría ME, Martinez M, Arnaiz A, Ortego F, Grbic V, Diaz I. MATI, a Novel Protein Involved in the Regulation of Herbivore-Associated Signaling Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:975. [PMID: 28649257 PMCID: PMC5466143 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The defense response of the plants against herbivores relies on a complex network of interconnected signaling pathways. In this work, we characterized a new key player in the response of Arabidopsis against the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, the MATI (Mite Attack Triggered Immunity) gene. This gene was differentially induced in resistant Bla-2 strain relative to susceptible Kon Arabidopsis accessions after mite attack, suggesting a potential role in the control of spider mites. To study the MATI gene function, it has been performed a deep molecular characterization of the gene combined with feeding bioassays using modified Arabidopsis lines and phytophagous arthropods. The MATI gene belongs to a new gene family that had not been previously characterized. Biotic assays showed that it confers a high tolerance not only to T. urticae, but also to the chewing lepidopteran Spodoptera exigua. Biochemical analyses suggest that MATI encodes a protein involved in the accumulation of reducing agents upon herbivore attack to control plant redox homeostasis avoiding oxidative damage and cell death. Besides, molecular analyses demonstrated that MATI is involved in the modulation of different hormonal signaling pathways, affecting the expression of genes involved in biosynthesis and signaling of the jasmonic acid and salicylic acid hormones. The fact that MATI is also involved in defense through the modulation of the levels of photosynthetic pigments highlights the potential of MATI proteins to be exploited as biotechnological tools for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Estrella Santamaría
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada
| | - Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Ana Arnaiz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
| | - Félix Ortego
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
| | - Vojislava Grbic
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, LondonON, Canada
| | - Isabel Diaz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Isabel Diaz,
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99
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Abstract
Colonization of plants by particular endophytic fungi can provide plants with improved defenses toward nematodes. Evidently, such endophytes can be important in developing more sustainable agricultural practices. The mechanisms playing a role in this quantitative antagonism are poorly understood but most likely multifactorial. This knowledge gap obstructs the progress regarding the development of endophytes or endophyte-derived constituents into biocontrol agents. In part, this may be caused by the fact that endophytic fungi form a rather heterogeneous group. By combining the knowledge of the currently characterized antagonistic endophytic fungi and their effects on nematode behavior and biology with the knowledge of microbial competition and induced plant defenses, the various mechanisms by which this nematode antagonism operates or may operate are discussed. Now that new technologies are becoming available and more accessible, the currently unresolved mechanisms can be studied in greater detail than ever before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schouten
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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100
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Deleris A, Halter T, Navarro L. DNA Methylation and Demethylation in Plant Immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:579-603. [PMID: 27491436 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Detection of plant and animal pathogens triggers a massive transcriptional reprogramming, which is directed by chromatin-based processes, and ultimately results in antimicrobial immunity. Although the implication of histone modifications in orchestrating biotic stress-induced transcriptional reprogramming has been well characterized, very little was known, until recently, about the role of DNA methylation and demethylation in this process. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the dynamics and biological relevance of DNA methylation and demethylation in plant immunity against nonviral pathogens. In particular, we report the implications of these epigenetic regulatory processes in the transcriptional and co-transcriptional control of immune-responsive genes and discuss their relevance in fine-tuning antimicrobial immune responses. Finally, we discuss the possible yet elusive role of DNA methylation and demethylation in systemic immune responses, transgenerational immune priming, and de novo epiallelism, which could be adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Deleris
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1024, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - T Halter
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1024, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - L Navarro
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8197, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1024, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
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