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M Onorato A, Fiore E, Bayo J, Casali C, Fernandez-Tomé M, Rodríguez M, Domínguez L, Argemi J, Hidalgo F, Favre C, García M, Atorrasagasti C, Mazzolini GD. SPARC inhibition accelerates NAFLD-associated hepatocellular carcinoma development by dysregulating hepatic lipid metabolism. Liver Int 2021; 41:1677-1693. [PMID: 33641248 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) and its more serious form non-alcoholic steatohepatitis increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Lipid metabolic alterations and its role in HCC development remain unclear. SPARC (Secreted Protein, Acidic and Rich in Cysteine) is involved in lipid metabolism, NAFLD and diabetes, but the effects on hepatic lipid metabolism and HCC development is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of SPARC in HCC development in the context of NAFLD. METHODS Primary hepatocyte cultures from knockout (SPARC-/- ) or wild-type (SPARC+/+ ) mice, and HepG2 cells were used to assess the effects of free fatty acids on lipid accumulation, expression of lipogenic genes and de novo triglyceride (TG) synthesis. A NAFLD-HCC model was stabilized on SPARC-/- or SPARC+/+ mice. Correlations among SPARC, lipid metabolism-related gene expression patterns and clinical prognosis were studied using HCC gene expression dataset. RESULTS SPARC-/- mice increases hepatic lipid deposits over time. Hepatocytes from SPARC-/- mice or inhibition of SPARC by an antisense adenovirus in HepG2 cells resulted in increased TG deposit, expression of lipid-related genes and nuclear translocation of SREBP1c. Human HCC database analysis revealed that SPARC negatively correlated with genes involved in lipid metabolism, and with poor survival. In NAFLD-HCC murine model, the absence of SPARC accelerates HCC development. RNA-seq study revealed that pathways related to lipid metabolism, cellular detoxification and proliferation were upregulated in SPARC-/- tumour-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS The absence of SPARC is associated with an altered hepatic lipid metabolism, and an accelerated NAFLD-related HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostina M Onorato
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, CONICET- Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Fiore
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, CONICET- Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Bayo
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, CONICET- Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Casali
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Fernandez-Tomé
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas Prof. Dr. Alejandro C. Paladini (IQUIFIB), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Rodríguez
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, CONICET- Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Domínguez
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, CONICET- Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Josepmaría Argemi
- Josepmaria Argemi, CIMA and Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Florencia Hidalgo
- Institute of Experimental Physiology, CONICET, School of Biochemical Sciences, University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cristian Favre
- Institute of Experimental Physiology, CONICET, School of Biochemical Sciences, University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Mariana García
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, CONICET- Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Catalina Atorrasagasti
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, CONICET- Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo D Mazzolini
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, CONICET- Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario Austral, Universidad Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hliwa A, Ramos-Molina B, Laski D, Mika A, Sledzinski T. The Role of Fatty Acids in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Progression: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136900. [PMID: 34199035 PMCID: PMC8269415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major public health problem worldwide. NAFLD (both simple steatosis and steatohepatitis) is characterized by alterations in hepatic lipid metabolism, which may lead to the development of severe liver complications including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, an exhaustive examination of lipid disorders in the liver of NAFLD patients is much needed. Mass spectrometry-based lipidomics platforms allow for in-depth analysis of lipid alterations in a number of human diseases, including NAFLD. This review summarizes the current research on lipid alterations associated with NAFLD and related complications, with special emphasis on the changes in long-chain and short-chain fatty acids levels in both serum and liver tissue, as well as in the hepatic expression of genes encoding the enzymes catalyzing lipid interconversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Hliwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (A.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Obesity and Metabolism Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), 30120 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Dariusz Laski
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Adriana Mika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (A.H.); (A.M.)
| | - Tomasz Sledzinski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; (A.H.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-3491479
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Soukupova J, Malfettone A, Bertran E, Hernández-Alvarez MI, Peñuelas-Haro I, Dituri F, Giannelli G, Zorzano A, Fabregat I. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) Induced by TGF-β in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Reprograms Lipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115543. [PMID: 34073989 PMCID: PMC8197297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β plays a dual role in liver carcinogenesis. At early stages, it inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis. However, TGF-β expression is high in advanced stages of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cells become resistant to TGF-β induced suppressor effects, responding to this cytokine undergoing epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), which contributes to cell migration and invasion. Metabolic reprogramming has been established as a key hallmark of cancer. However, to consider metabolism as a therapeutic target in HCC, it is necessary to obtain a better understanding of how reprogramming occurs, which are the factors that regulate it, and how to identify the situation in a patient. Accordingly, in this work we aimed to analyze whether a process of full EMT induced by TGF-β in HCC cells induces metabolic reprogramming. (2) Methods: In vitro analysis in HCC cell lines, metabolomics and transcriptomics. (3) Results: Our findings indicate a differential metabolic switch in response to TGF-β when the HCC cells undergo a full EMT, which would favor lipolysis, increased transport and utilization of free fatty acids (FFA), decreased aerobic glycolysis and an increase in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. (4) Conclusions: EMT induced by TGF-β in HCC cells reprograms lipid metabolism to facilitate the utilization of FFA and the entry of acetyl-CoA into the TCA cycle, to sustain the elevated requirements of energy linked to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Soukupova
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell) Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.); (A.M.); (E.B.); (I.P.-H.)
| | - Andrea Malfettone
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell) Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.); (A.M.); (E.B.); (I.P.-H.)
| | - Esther Bertran
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell) Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.); (A.M.); (E.B.); (I.P.-H.)
- CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez
- CIBER Diabetes and Metabolic Associated Diseases (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.I.H.-A.); (A.Z.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Department, Universitat de Barcelona–UB, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Peñuelas-Haro
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell) Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.); (A.M.); (E.B.); (I.P.-H.)
- CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesco Dituri
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. De Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.D.); (G.G.)
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. De Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy; (F.D.); (G.G.)
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- CIBER Diabetes and Metabolic Associated Diseases (CIBERdem), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.I.H.-A.); (A.Z.)
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Department, Universitat de Barcelona–UB, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicina (IRB Barcelona), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Molecular Mechanisms and Experimental Therapy in Oncology (Oncobell) Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (J.S.); (A.M.); (E.B.); (I.P.-H.)
- CIBER Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Mechanistic Investigation on the Regulation of FABP1 by the IL-6/miR-603 Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8579658. [PMID: 34056002 PMCID: PMC8147539 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8579658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Abnormal lipid metabolism is closely associated with the invasiveness and metastasis of cancer. Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) play essential roles in lipid metabolism, and miRNAs can affect lipid metabolism by targeting FABPs. However, the exact mechanism is unknown. Methods FABP1 expression in HCC tissues was analyzed by immunochemistry with tissue microarrays. The lipid content was detected by Oil Red O staining, and the interaction between FABP1 and free fatty acid (FFA) was studied by a labeling and tracking method. miRNA arrays were used to detect the expression of miRNAs in IL-6-stimulated HCC cells. miR-603 expression was verified by qPCR. The proteins were checked by Western blot analysis. Gain and loss function evaluation was assessed by lentivirus and miRNA mimic transfection in Huh-7 cells, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by fluorescence. Results FABP1 expression was significantly decreased in approximately 90% (81/90) of HCC patients. FABP1 expression in adjacent tissues was closely associated with overall survival. Meanwhile, lipid was abundant in the adjacent tissues, yet significantly reduced in HCC tissues. FABP1 and FFA can promote each other for being uptaken by Huh-7 cells. FABP1 overexpression induced apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis of Huh-7 cells. IL-6 treatment affected the expression of miRNAs, and miR-603 was overexpressed in HCC tissues. Also, miR-603 overexpression promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis of Huh-7 cells. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that miR-603 targets the 3′-UTR region of FABP1. However, miR-603 overexpression inhibited the expression of the FABP1 but increased the CPT1A, PPAR-α, and SREBP1 expressions. FABP1 overexpression reduced ROS in HCC cells, while miR-603 can reverse these effects. Conclusion Our results indicate that in the pathogenesis of HCC, IL-6 induces miR-603 expression, which subsequently inhibits FABP1 expression, promotes the lipid metabolism- and synthesis-related proteins, and finally increases the cellular oxidative stress level and leads to the metastasis of HCC.
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Li XJ, Li QL, Ju LG, Zhao C, Zhao LS, Du JW, Wang Y, Zheng L, Song BL, Li LY, Li L, Wu M. Deficiency of Histone Methyltransferase SET Domain-Containing 2 in Liver Leads to Abnormal Lipid Metabolism and HCC. Hepatology 2021; 73:1797-1815. [PMID: 33058300 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Trimethylation of Lys36 on histone 3 (H3K36me3) catalyzed by histone methyltransferase SET domain-containing 2 (SETD2) is one of the most conserved epigenetic marks from yeast to mammals. SETD2 is frequently mutated in multiple cancers and acts as a tumor suppressor. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, using a liver-specific Setd2 depletion model, we found that Setd2 deficiency is sufficient to trigger spontaneous HCC. Meanwhile, Setd2 depletion significantly increased tumor and tumor size of a diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC model. The mechanistic study showed that Setd2 suppresses HCC not only through modulating DNA damage response, but also by regulating lipid metabolism in the liver. Setd2 deficiency down-regulated H3K36me3 enrichment and expression of cholesterol efflux genes and caused lipid accumulation. High-fat diet enhanced lipid accumulation and promoted the development of HCC in Setd2-deficient mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis further revealed that Setd2 depletion induced c-Jun/activator protein 1 (AP-1) activation in the liver, which was trigged by accumulated lipid. c-Jun acts as an oncogene in HCC and functions through inhibiting p53 in Setd2-deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS We revealed the roles of Setd2 in HCC and the underlying mechanisms in regulating cholesterol homeostasis and c-Jun/AP-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jing Li
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing-Lan Li
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Gao Ju
- Department of Biological Repositories, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan-Shen Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Wen Du
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lian-Yun Li
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Biomedical Engineering, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Hubei Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Hubei Key Laboratory of Enteropathy, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Liu J, Gao C, Wang L, Jian X, Ma M, Li T, Hao X, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Zhao J, Niu H, Zhu C, Zhao J, Xia N, Li Z, Dong Q. Trans-Ancestry Mutation Landscape of Hepatoblastoma Genomes in Children. Front Oncol 2021; 11:669560. [PMID: 33968779 PMCID: PMC8096978 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.669560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common malignant tumor in the liver of infants and young children. The incidence rate varies among different populations. However, genetic differences in HB patients with different epidemiological and ancestral backgrounds have not been found. In this study, we aim to analyze data from 16 patients treated at our center and collected published data from whole-exome sequencing studies on HB, and to explore the genetic differences between races. Data from a total of 75 HB patients of three races (24 Asian, 37 Caucasian and 14 Hispanic) were analyzed. We identified 16 genes with recurrent somatic mutations and 7 core pathway modules. Among them, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway had the highest mutation rate, and the mutation frequency in Caucasians and Hispanics was approximately twice as high as that in Asians. In addition, this study compared the characteristics of gene mutations between patients who underwent preoperative chemotherapy and those who did not and found that there was no significant difference in gene mutations between the two groups. We also preliminarily verified the function of cancer-associated candidate genes (CTNNB1 and KMT2D). In conclusion, we found ethnic differences in HB biology at the genomic level, which expands our understanding of the genetics of HB in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Pediatric Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
| | - Chengwen Gao
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University & The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuemin Jian
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education) and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingdi Ma
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - XiWei Hao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University & The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanbin Chen
- Key Laboratory, Department of Urology and Andrology, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haitao Niu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengzhan Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Digital Medicine and Computer-assisted Surgery, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Computer-assisted Surgery, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Digital Medicine and Computer-assisted Surgery, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Computer-assisted Surgery, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong College Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Medicine Clinical Treatment and Nutrition Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Nan Xia
- Institute of Digital Medicine and Computer-assisted Surgery, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Medicine and Computer-assisted Surgery, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong College Collaborative Innovation Center of Digital Medicine Clinical Treatment and Nutrition Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University & The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Dong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Zhang F, Wang Y, Chen G, Li Z, Xing X, Putz-Bankuti C, Stauber RE, Liu X, Madl T. Growing Human Hepatocellular Tumors Undergo a Global Metabolic Reprogramming. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1980. [PMID: 33924061 PMCID: PMC8074141 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy with poor prognosis, high morbidity and mortality concerning with lack of effective diagnosis and high postoperative recurrence. Similar with other cancers, HCC cancer cells have to alter their metabolism to adapt to the changing requirements imposed by the environment of the growing tumor. In less vascularized regions of tumor, cancer cells experience hypoxia and nutrient starvation. Here, we show that HCC undergoes a global metabolic reprogramming during tumor growth. A combined proteomics and metabolomics analysis of paired peritumoral and tumor tissues from 200 HCC patients revealed liver-specific metabolic reprogramming and metabolic alterations with increasing tumor sizes. Several proteins and metabolites associated with glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pyrimidine synthesis were found to be differentially regulated in serum, tumor and peritumoral tissue with increased tumor sizes. Several prognostic metabolite biomarkers involved in HCC metabolic reprogramming were identified and integrated with clinical and pathological data. We built and validated this combined model to discriminate against patients with different recurrence risks. An integrated and comprehensive metabolomic analysis of HCC is provided by our present work. Metabolomic alterations associated with the advanced stage of the disease and poor clinical outcomes, were revealed. Targeting cancer metabolism may deliver effective therapies for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangrong Zhang
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Yingchao Wang
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China; (Y.W.); (G.C.); (Z.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Geng Chen
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China; (Y.W.); (G.C.); (Z.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Zhenli Li
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China; (Y.W.); (G.C.); (Z.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Xiaohua Xing
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China; (Y.W.); (G.C.); (Z.L.); (X.X.)
| | - Csilla Putz-Bankuti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria; (C.P.-B.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Rudolf E. Stauber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria; (C.P.-B.); (R.E.S.)
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- The United Innovation of Mengchao Hepatobiliary Technology Key Laboratory of Fujian Province, Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350025, China; (Y.W.); (G.C.); (Z.L.); (X.X.)
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Tobias Madl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6/6, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361024, China
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Li Z, Zhang L, Liu D, Wang C. Ceramide glycosylation and related enzymes in cancer signaling and therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111565. [PMID: 33887691 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramides, the core of the sphingolipid metabolism, draw wide attention as tumor suppressor, and act directly on mitochondria to trigger apoptotic cell death. Ceramide-based therapies are being developed by using promote ceramide generating agents. The ceramide metabolism balance is regulated by multifaceted factors in cancer development. Ceramide metabolic enzymes can increase the elimination of ceramide and counteract the anti-tumor effects of ceramide. However, recent research showed that these metabolic enzymes were highly expressed in several cancers. Especially ceramide glycosyltransferases, they catalyze ceramide glycosylation and synthesis the skeleton of glycosphingolipids (GSLs), play an important role in regulating tumor progression and have a significant correlation with the poor prognosis of cancer patients. To further understand the biological characteristics of ceramide metabolism in tumor, this review focuses on the role of ceramide glycosylation and related enzymes in cancer signaling and therapy. Besides, the research on multidrug resistance and potential inhibitors of ceramide glycosyltransferases are also discussed. Advance study on the structure of ceramide glycosyltransferases and ceramide glycosylation signaling pathway will open the path to new therapies and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine, Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine, Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine, Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Caiyan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine, Joint Laboratory for Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicine of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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59
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Longo M, Paolini E, Meroni M, Dongiovanni P. Remodeling of Mitochondrial Plasticity: The Key Switch from NAFLD/NASH to HCC. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4173. [PMID: 33920670 PMCID: PMC8073183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver and the third-leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Currently, the global burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has dramatically overcome both viral and alcohol hepatitis, thus becoming the main cause of HCC incidence. NAFLD pathogenesis is severely influenced by lifestyle and genetic predisposition. Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that may adapt in response to environment, genetics and epigenetics in the liver ("mitochondrial plasticity"). Mounting evidence highlights that mitochondrial dysfunction due to loss of mitochondrial flexibility may arise before overt NAFLD, and from the early stages of liver injury. Mitochondrial failure promotes not only hepatocellular damage, but also release signals (mito-DAMPs), which trigger inflammation and fibrosis, generating an adverse microenvironment in which several hepatocytes select anti-apoptotic programs and mutations that may allow survival and proliferation. Furthermore, one of the key events in malignant hepatocytes is represented by the remodeling of glucidic-lipidic metabolism combined with the reprogramming of mitochondrial functions, optimized to deal with energy demand. In sum, this review will discuss how mitochondrial defects may be translated into causative explanations of NAFLD-driven HCC, emphasizing future directions for research and for the development of potential preventive or curative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Longo
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Erika Paolini
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (M.L.); (E.P.); (M.M.)
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60
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Immunohistochemical staining reveals differential expression of ACSL3 and ACSL4 in hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic gastrointestinal metastases. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:222647. [PMID: 32286604 PMCID: PMC7198044 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acyl CoA synthetases (ACSLs) activate fatty acids by CoA addition thus facilitating their intracellular metabolism. Dysregulated ACSL expression features in several cancers and can affect processes such as ferroptosis, fatty acid β-oxidation, prostaglandin biosynthesis, steroidogenesis and phospholipid acyl chain remodelling. Here we investigate long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 3 (ACSL3) and long chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) expression in liver malignancies. The expression and subcellular localisations of the ACSL3 and ACSL4 isoforms in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and hepatic metastases were assessed by immunohistochemical analyses of multiple tumour tissue arrays and by subcellular fractionation of cultured HepG2 cells. The expression of both enzymes was increased in HCC compared with normal liver. Expression of ACSL3 was similar in HCC and hepatic metastases but lower in healthy tissue. Increased ACSL3 expression distinguished HCC from CCA with a sensitivity of 87.2% and a specificity of 75%. ACSL4 expression was significantly greater in HCC than in all other tumours and distinguished HCC from normal liver tissue with a sensitivity of 93.8% and specificity of 93.6%. Combined ACSL3 and ACSL4 staining scores distinguished HCC from hepatic metastases with 80.1% sensitivity and 77.1% specificity. These enzymes had partially overlapping intracellular distributions, ACSL4 localised to the plasma membrane and both isoforms associated with lipid droplets and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In conclusion, analysis of ACSL3 and ACSL4 expression can distinguish different classes of hepatic tumours.
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miR-206-G6PD axis regulates lipogenesis and cell growth in hepatocellular carcinoma cell. Anticancer Drugs 2021; 32:508-516. [PMID: 33735119 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
miR-206 plays an essential role in repressing the growth of multiple cancer cells. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway. However, it is mostly unknown whether G6PD is associated with miR-206-mediated growth repression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In this study, we found that the expression of G6PD was upregulated in HCC patients and cell lines, whereas the expression of miR-206 was negatively associated with the clinical staging criterion of primary liver cancer. Overexpression of G6PD increased lipid accumulation and promoted cell proliferation. Conversely, inhibition of G6PD expression decreased lipid accumulation and suppressed cell proliferation. Moreover, miR-206 could directly bind to G6PD mRNA 3´-UTR and downregulate G6PD level. Overexpression of G6PD significantly attenuated the miR-206 mimic-mediated suppression of lipid accumulation and cell proliferation. In summary, the results demonstrated that miR-206 could inhibit lipid accumulation and growth of HCC cells by targeting G6PD, suggesting that the miR-206-G6PD axis may be a promising target for treating HCC.
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Su T, Qin XY, Dohmae N, Wei F, Furutani Y, Kojima S, Yu W. Inhibition of Ganglioside Synthesis Suppressed Liver Cancer Cell Proliferation through Targeting Kinetochore Metaphase Signaling. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030167. [PMID: 33803928 PMCID: PMC7998610 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of liver cancer, mostly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), have increased during the last two decades, partly due to persistent inflammation in the lipid-rich microenvironment associated with lifestyle diseases, such as obesity. Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids known to be important in the organization of the membrane and membrane protein-mediated signal transduction. Ganglioside synthesis is increased in several types of cancers and has been proposed as a promising target for cancer therapy. Here, we provide evidence that ganglioside synthesis was increased in the livers of an animal model recapitulating the features of activation and expansion of liver progenitor-like cells and liver cancer (stem) cells. Chemical inhibition of ganglioside synthesis functionally suppressed proliferation and sphere growth of liver cancer cells, but had no impact on apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Proteome-based mechanistic analysis revealed that inhibition of ganglioside synthesis downregulated the expression of AURKA, AURKB, TTK, and NDC80 involved in the regulation of kinetochore metaphase signaling, which is essential for chromosome segregation and mitotic progression and probably under the control of activation of TP53-dependent cell cycle arrest. These data suggest that targeting ganglioside synthesis holds promise for the development of novel preventive/therapeutic strategies for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Su
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China;
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (Y.F.); (S.K.)
| | - Xian-Yang Qin
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (Y.F.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (X.-Y.Q.); (W.Y.); Tel.: +81-(48)-467-7938 (X.-Y.Q.); +86-(25)-6818-2222 (W.Y.)
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Feifei Wei
- Metabolomics Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Kanagawa, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;
| | - Yutaka Furutani
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (Y.F.); (S.K.)
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Liver Cancer Prevention Research Unit, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; (Y.F.); (S.K.)
| | - Wenkui Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China;
- Correspondence: (X.-Y.Q.); (W.Y.); Tel.: +81-(48)-467-7938 (X.-Y.Q.); +86-(25)-6818-2222 (W.Y.)
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63
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Wang W, Zhang C, Yu Q, Zheng X, Yin C, Yan X, Liu G, Song Z. Development of a novel lipid metabolism-based risk score model in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:68. [PMID: 33579192 PMCID: PMC7881464 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Liver cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) is the predominant pathological type of liver cancer, accounting for approximately 75–85 % of all liver cancers. Lipid metabolic reprogramming has emerged as an important feature of HCC. However, the influence of lipid metabolism-related gene expression in HCC patient prognosis remains unknown. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of HCC gene expression data from TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) to acquire further insight into the role of lipid metabolism-related genes in HCC patient prognosis. Methods We analyzed the mRNA expression profiles of 424 HCC patients from the TCGA database. GSEA(Gene Set Enrichment Analysis) was performed to identify lipid metabolism-related gene sets associated with HCC. We performed univariate Cox regression and LASSO(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) regression analyses to identify genes with prognostic value and develop a prognostic model, which was tested in a validation cohort. We performed Kaplan-Meier survival and ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analyses to evaluate the performance of the model. Results We identified three lipid metabolism-related genes (ME1, MED10, MED22) with prognostic value in HCC and used them to calculate a risk score for each HCC patient. High-risk HCC patients exhibited a significantly lower survival rate than low-risk patients. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the 3-gene signature was an independent prognostic factor in HCC. Furthermore, the signature provided a highly accurate prediction of HCC patient prognosis. Conclusions We identified three lipid-metabolism-related genes that are upregulated in HCC tissues and established a 3-gene signature-based risk model that can accurately predict HCC patient prognosis. Our findings support the strong links between lipid metabolism and HCC and may facilitate the development of new metabolism-targeted treatment approaches for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qihong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.,Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Clinical Medical Research Center of Hepatic Surgery at Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Xichuan Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chuanzheng Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xueke Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Gang Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zifang Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Mitochondrial metabolism and calcium homeostasis in the development of NAFLD leading to hepatocellular carcinoma. Mitochondrion 2021; 58:24-37. [PMID: 33581332 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic syndrome characterized by excessive accumulation of hepatic lipid droplets. The disease progresses with steatosis as the premise for hepatocytic damage and tissue scarring, often culminating in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Perturbations in mitochondrial metabolism and energetics were found to be associated with, and often instrumental in various stages of this progression. Functional impairment of the mitochondria affects all aspects of cellular functioning and a particularly important one is calcium signalling. Changes in mitochondrial calcium specifically in hepatocytes of a fatty liver, is reflected by alterations in calcium signalling as well as calcium transporter activities. This deranged Ca2+ homeostasis aids in even more uptake of lipids into the mitochondria and a shift in equilibrium, both metabolically as well as in terms of energy production, leading to completely altered cellular states. These alterations have been reviewed as a perspective to understand the disease progression through NAFLD leading to HCC.
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65
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Matsushita Y, Nakagawa H, Koike K. Lipid Metabolism in Oncology: Why It Matters, How to Research, and How to Treat. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:474. [PMID: 33530546 PMCID: PMC7865757 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids in our body, which are mainly composed of fatty acids, triacylglycerides, sphingolipids, phospholipids, and cholesterol, play important roles at the cellular level. In addition to being energy sources and structural components of biological membranes, several types of lipids serve as signaling molecules or secondary messengers. Metabolic reprogramming has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer, but changes in lipid metabolism in cancer have received less attention compared to glucose or glutamine metabolism. However, recent innovations in mass spectrometry- and chromatography-based lipidomics technologies have increased our understanding of the role of lipids in cancer. Changes in lipid metabolism, so-called "lipid metabolic reprogramming", can affect cellular functions including the cell cycle, proliferation, growth, and differentiation, leading to carcinogenesis. Moreover, interactions between cancer cells and adjacent immune cells through altered lipid metabolism are known to support tumor growth and progression. Characterization of cancer-specific lipid metabolism can be used to identify novel metabolic targets for cancer treatment, and indeed, several clinical trials are currently underway. Thus, we discuss the latest findings on the roles of lipid metabolism in cancer biology and introduce current advances in lipidomics technologies, focusing on their applications in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayato Nakagawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.K.)
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The Ubiquitin E3 Ligase TRIM21 Promotes Hepatocarcinogenesis by Suppressing the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 Antioxidant Pathway. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 11:1369-1385. [PMID: 33482392 PMCID: PMC8024979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS TRIM21 is a ubiquitin E3 ligase that is implicated in numerous biological processes including immune response, cell metabolism, redox homeostasis, and cancer development. We recently reported that TRIM21 can negatively regulate the p62-Keap1-Nrf2 antioxidant pathway by ubiquitylating p62 and prevents its oligomerization and protein sequestration function. As redox homeostasis plays a pivotal role in many cancers including liver cancer, we sought to determine the role of TRIM21 in hepatocarcinogenesis. METHODS We examined the correlation between TRIM21 expression and the disease using publicly available data sets and 49 cases of HCC clinical samples. We used TRIM21 genetic knockout mice to determine how TRIM21 ablation impact HCC induced by the carcinogen DEN plus phenobarbital (PB). We explored the mechanism that loss of TRIM21 protects cells from DEN-induced oxidative damage and cell death. RESULTS There is a positive correlation between TRIM21 expression and HCC. Consistently, TRIM21-knockout mice are resistant to DEN-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. This is accompanied by decreased cell death and tissue damage upon DEN treatment, hence reduced hepatic tissue repair response and compensatory proliferation. Cells deficient in TRIM21 display enhanced p62 sequestration of Keap1 and are protected from DEN-induced ROS induction and cell death. Reconstitution of wild-type but not the E3 ligase-dead and the p62 binding-deficient mutant TRIM21 impedes the protection from DEN-induced oxidative damage and cell death in TRIM21-deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS Increased TRIM21 expression is associated with human HCC. Genetic ablation of TRIM21 leads to protection against oxidative hepatic damage and decreased hepatocarcinogenesis, suggesting TRIM21 as a preventive and therapeutic target.
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67
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Qin H, Chen Y. Lipid Metabolism and Tumor Antigen Presentation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1316:169-189. [PMID: 33740250 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6785-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumors always evade immune surveillance and block T cell activation in a poorly immunogenic and immunosuppressive environment. Cancer cells and immune cells exhibit metabolic reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which intimately links immune cell function and edits tumor immunology. In addition to glucose metabolism, amino acid and lipid metabolism also provide the materials for biological processes crucial in cancer biology and pathology. Furthermore, lipid metabolism is synergistically or negatively involved in the interactions between tumors and the microenvironment and contributes to the regulation of immune cells. Antigen processing and presentation as the initiation of adaptive immune response play a critical role in antitumor immunity. Therefore, a relationship exists between antigen-presenting cells and lipid metabolism in TME. This chapter introduces the updated understandings of lipid metabolism of tumor antigen-presenting cells and describes new directions in the manipulation of immune responses for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Centre for Lipid Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaxi Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Centre for Lipid Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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68
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da Silva IDCG, de Castro Levatti EV, Pedroso AP, Marchioni DML, Carioca AAF, Colleoni GWB. Biochemical phenotyping of multiple myeloma patients at diagnosis reveals a disorder of mitochondrial complexes I and II and a Hartnup-like disturbance as underlying conditions, also influencing different stages of the disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21836. [PMID: 33318510 PMCID: PMC7736334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75862-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify novel plasma metabolic signatures with possible relevance during multiple myeloma (MM) development and progression. A biochemical quantitative phenotyping platform based on targeted electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry technology was used to aid in the identification of any eventual perturbed biochemical pathway in peripheral blood plasma from 36 MM patients and 73 healthy controls. Our results showed that MM cases present an increase in short and medium/long-chain species of acylcarnitines resembling Multiple AcylCoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MADD), particularly, associated with MM advanced International Staging System (ISS). Lipids profile showed lower concentrations of phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and sphingomyelins (SM) in the MM patients and its respective ISS groups. MM cases were accompanied by a drop in the concentration of essential amino acids, especially tryptophan, with a significant inverse correlation between the progressive drop in tryptophan with the elevation of β2-microglobulin, with the increase in systemic methylation levels (Symmetric Arginine Dimethylation, SDMA) and with the accumulation of esterified carnitines in relation to free carnitine (AcylC/C0). Serotonin was significantly elevated in cases of MM, without a clear association with ISS. Kynurenine/tryptophan ratio demonstrates that the activity of dioxigenases is even higher in the cases classified as ISS 3. In conclusion, our study showed that MM patients at diagnosis showed metabolic disorders resembling both mitochondrial complexes I and II and Hartnup-like disturbances as underlying conditions, also influencing different stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amanda Paula Pedroso
- Departament of Physiology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Augusto Ferreira Carioca
- Nutrition Department, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (MUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Nutrition Department, University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Gisele Wally Braga Colleoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Suresh D, Srinivas AN, Kumar DP. Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Special Focus on Fatty Liver Disease. Front Oncol 2020; 10:601710. [PMID: 33330100 PMCID: PMC7734960 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.601710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive cancer with mortality running parallel to its incidence and has limited therapeutic options. Chronic liver inflammation and injury contribute significantly to the development and progression of HCC. Several factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, and demographic regions increase the HCC incidence rates and the major risk factors are chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV), carcinogens (food contaminants, tobacco smoking, and environmental toxins), and inherited diseases. In recent years evidence highlights the association of metabolic syndrome (diabetes and obesity), excessive alcohol consumption (alcoholic fatty liver disease), and high-calorie intake (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease) to be the prime causes for HCC in countries with a westernized sedentary lifestyle. HCC predominantly occurs in the setting of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (80%), however, 20% of the cases have been known in patients with non-cirrhotic liver. It is widely believed that there exist possible interactions between different etiological agents leading to the involvement of diverse mechanisms in the pathogenesis of HCC. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of HCC development and progression is imperative in developing effective targeted therapies to combat this deadly disease. Noteworthy, a detailed understanding of the risk factors is also critical to improve the screening, early detection, prevention, and management of HCC. Thus, this review recapitulates the etiology of HCC focusing especially on the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)- and alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD)-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwakar Suresh
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Akshatha N Srinivas
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Divya P Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara (JSS) Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
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Cokan KB, Urlep Ž, Lorbek G, Matz-Soja M, Skubic C, Perše M, Jeruc J, Juvan P, Režen T, Rozman D. Chronic Disruption of the Late Cholesterol Synthesis Leads to Female-Prevalent Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113302. [PMID: 33182326 PMCID: PMC7695248 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma is a disease with a variety of molecular triggers and is usually reported to prevail in males. However, after the menopause, the disease is also increasing in the female population. Herein, we discovered that chronic depletion of cholesterol synthesis due to the knock-out of the gene Cyp51 from this pathway leads to female prevalent hepatocarcinogenesis in aging mice. There is a high similarity between our mouse model and the situation in humans. Multiple deregulated pathways of hepatocarcinogenesis are shared. A female-dependent metabolic reprogramming leading to this type of liver cancer is exposed for the first time and reflects on deregulated cholesterol synthesis as the metabolic trigger. These data are of crucial importance. Despite the higher overall prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in males, we need tools and biomarkers to further stratify patients and offer better diagnosis and treatment options to both sexes. Abstract While the role of cholesterol in liver carcinogenesis remains controversial, hepatocellular carcinoma generally prevails in males. Herein, we uncover pathways of female-prevalent progression to hepatocellular carcinoma due to chronic repression of cholesterogenic lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) in hepatocytes. Tumors develop in knock-out mice after year one, with 2:1 prevalence in females. Metabolic and transcription factor networks were deduced from the liver transcriptome data, combined by sterol metabolite and blood parameter analyses, and interpreted with relevance to humans. Female knock-outs show increased plasma cholesterol and HDL, dampened lipid-related transcription factors FXR, LXRα:RXRα, and importantly, crosstalk between reduced LXRα and activated TGF-β signalling, indicating a higher susceptibility to HCC in aging females. PI3K/Akt signalling and ECM-receptor interaction are common pathways that are disturbed by sex-specific altered genes. Additionally, transcription factors (SOX9)2 and PPARα were recognized as important for female hepatocarcinogenesis, while overexpressed Cd36, a target of nuclear receptor RORC, is a new male-related regulator of ECM-receptor signalling in hepatocarcinogenesis. In conclusion, we uncover the sex-dependent metabolic reprogramming of cholesterol-related pathways that predispose for hepatocarcinogenesis in aging females. This is important in light of increased incidence of liver cancers in post-menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Blagotinšek Cokan
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Žiga Urlep
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Gregor Lorbek
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Madlen Matz-Soja
- Rudol-Schönheimer-Institute of Biochemistry, Divison of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Cene Skubic
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Martina Perše
- Medical Experimental Centre, Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Jera Jeruc
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Peter Juvan
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Tadeja Režen
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.B.C.); (Ž.U.); (G.L.); (C.S.); (P.J.); (T.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-543-7591
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Targeted Metabolomic Profiling of Total Fatty Acids in Human Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10100400. [PMID: 33050140 PMCID: PMC7601559 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reports a targeted metabolomic method for total plasma fatty acids (FAs) of clinical or nutritional relevance. Thirty-six saturated, unsaturated, or branched-chain FAs with a chain length of C8-C28 were quantified using reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. FAs in plasma (10 μL) were acid-hydrolyzed, extracted, and derivatized with DAABD-AE (4-[2-(N,N-Dimethylamino)ethylaminosulfonyl]-7-(2-aminoethylamino)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole) at 60 °C for 1 h. Derivatization resulted in a staggering nine orders of magnitude higher sensitivity compared to underivatized analytes. FAs were measured by multiple-reaction monitoring using stable isotope internal standards. With physiological and pathological analyte levels in mind, linearity was established using spiked plasma. Intra-day (n = 15) and inter-day (n = 20) imprecisions expressed as variation coefficient were ≤10.2% with recovery ranging between 94.5–106.4%. Limits of detection and limit of quantitation ranged between 4.2–14.0 and 15.1–51.3 pmol per injection, respectively. Age-stratified reference intervals were established in four categories: <1 month, 1–12 month, 1–18 year, and >18 year. This method was assessed using samples from patients with disorders affecting FAs metabolism. For the first time, C28:0 and C28:0/C22:0 ratio were evaluated as novel disease biomarkers. This method can potentially be utilized in diagnosing patients with inborn errors of metabolism, chronic disease risk estimation, or nutritional applications.
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72
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Zhu Y, Zhang C, Xu F, Zhao M, Bergquist J, Yang C, Liu X, Tan Y, Wang X, Li S, Jiang W, Ong Q, Lu L, Mi J, Tian G. System biology analysis reveals the role of voltage-dependent anion channel in mitochondrial dysfunction during non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression into hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:4288-4302. [PMID: 32945042 PMCID: PMC7648023 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the underlying mechanisms behind the correlation of NAFLD with HCC are unclear. We aimed to uncover the genes and potential mechanisms that drive this progression. This study uncovered the genes and potential mechanisms through a multiple ’omics integration approach. Quantitative proteomics combined with phenotype‐association analysis was performed. To investigate the potential mechanisms, a comprehensive transcriptome/lipidome/phenome‐wide association analysis was performed in genetic reference panel BXD mice strains. The quantitative proteomics combined with phenotype‐association results showed that VDAC1 was significantly increased in tumor tissues and correlated with NAFLD‐related traits. Gene co‐expression network analysis indicated that VDAC1 is involved in mitochondria dysfunction in the tumorigenic/tumor progression. The association between VDAC1 and mitochondria dysfunction can be explained by the fact that VDAC1 was associated with mitochondria membrane lipids cardiolipin (CL) composition shift. VDAC1 was correlated with the suppression of mature specie CL(LLLL) and elevation level of nascent CL species. Such profiling shift was supported by the significant positive correlation between VDAC1 and PTPMT1, as well as negative correlation with CL remodeling enzyme Tafazzin (TAZ). This study confirmed that the expression of VADC1 was dysregulated in NAFLD‐driven HCC and associated with NAFLD progression. The VDAC1‐driven mitochondria dysfunction is associated with cardiolipin composition shift, which causes alteration of mitochondria membrane properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chao Zhang
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Fuyi Xu
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Jonas Bergquist
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.,Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Xiuxiu Liu
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | | | - Qunxiang Ong
- Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lu Lu
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jia Mi
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Geng Tian
- Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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73
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Yu X, Lin Q, Wu Z, Zhang Y, Wang T, Zhao S, Song X, Chen C, Wang Z, Xu L, Li C, Gao L, Liang X, Yue X, Ma C. ZHX2 inhibits SREBP1c-mediated de novo lipogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma via miR-24-3p. J Pathol 2020; 252:358-370. [PMID: 32770671 DOI: 10.1002/path.5530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Lipogenesis has been considered as a critical player in HCC initiation and progression. However, the underlying mechanism is still not fully understood. Here, we identified zinc fingers and homeoboxes 2 (ZHX2), an HCC-associated tumor suppressor, as an important repressor of de novo lipogenesis. Ectopic expression of ZHX2 significantly inhibited de novo lipogenesis in HCC cells and decreased expression of FASN, ACL, ACC1, and SCD1. In accordance with this, ZHX2 was negatively associated with SREBP1c, the master regulator of de novo lipogenesis, in HCC cell lines and human specimens. Results from silencing and overexpression demonstrated that ZHX2 inhibited de novo lipogenesis and consequent HCC progression via repression of SREBP1c. Furthermore, treatment with the SREBP1c inhibitor fatostatin dampened the spontaneous formation of tumors in liver-specific Zhx2 knockout mice. Mechanistically, ZHX2 increased expression of miR-24-3p transcriptionally, which targeted SREBP1c and led to its degradation. In conclusion, our data suggest a novel mechanism through which ZHX2 suppresses HCC progression, which may provide a new strategy for the treatment of HCC. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguo Yu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Qinghai Lin
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Zhuanchang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yankun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Tixiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Songbai Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiaojia Song
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Chaojia Chen
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Leiqi Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Lifen Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xuetian Yue
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.,Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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74
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Tang C, Ma J, Liu X, Liu Z. Identification of a prognostic signature of nine metabolism-related genes for hepatocellular carcinoma. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9774. [PMID: 32953265 PMCID: PMC7473097 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer. Since changes in liver metabolism contribute to liver disease development, it is necessary to build a metabolism-related prognostic model for HCC. Methods We constructed a metabolism-related-gene (MRG) signature comprising nine genes, which segregated HCC patients into high- and low-risk groups. Results The survival rate (overall survival: OS; relapse-free survival; and progression-free survival) of patients in the low-risk group of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort was significantly higher than that of patients in the high-risk group. The OS prognostic signature was validated in the International Cancer Genome Consortium independent cohort. The corresponding receiver operating characteristic curves of the model indicated that the signature had good diagnostic efficiency, in terms of improving OS over 1, 3, and 5 years. Hierarchical analysis demonstrated that the MRG signature was significantly associated with better prognosis in male patients, patients aged ≤ 65 years, and patients carrying the wild-type TP53 or CTNNB1 genes. A nomogram was established, and good performance and clinical practicability were confirmed. Additionally, using the GSE109211 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, we were able to verify that the nine genes in this MRG signature had different responses to sorafenib, suggesting that some of these MRGs may act as therapeutic targets for HCC. Conclusions We believe that these findings will add value in terms of the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhi Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiakang Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiuli Liu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhengchun Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
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75
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Zhao C, Wang B, Liu E, Zhang Z. Loss of PTEN expression is associated with PI3K pathway-dependent metabolic reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:131. [PMID: 32831114 PMCID: PMC7444061 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00622-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic reprogramming, in which energetic metabolism changes from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, is well-accepted as a hallmark of cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A growing body of evidence suggests the involvement of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the control of metabolic reprogramming. In this study, we attempt to investigate whether loss of PTEN, a recognized tumor suppressor, drives metabolic reprogramming of HCC. Methods Cancerous liver tissues were surgically resected from 128 HCC patients, with 43 adjacent noncancerous liver tissues as control. Aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) was reflected by measurements of glucose uptake and lactate production, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse was observed by JC-1 staining, glycolytic rate and mitochondrial respiration were evaluated by determining glycolytic proton efflux rate (glycoPER) and oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in cultured human HHCC cells. Results Reciprocal expression of PTEN and PI3K was determined in cancer liver tissues. Overexpression of PTEN suppressed the Warburg effect, as evidenced by reductions in glucose uptake and lactate production, maintenance of mitochondrial function, and transformation of energetic metabolism from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation in cultured PTEN-negative HHCC cells. Importantly, 740 Y-P, a PI3K agonist that leads to activation of the PI3K pathway, partially abrogated the function of PTEN and reprogramed glucose metabolism in cultured HHCC cells. Conclusions The discovery that loss of PTEN allows the tumor metabolic program has been a major advance in understanding the carcinogenesis of HCC. Video abstract
Graphical abstract Graphic abstract showing that loss of PTEN regulates the tumor metabolic program in hepatocellular carcinoma. Loss of PTEN leads to activation of the PI3K pathway enhances the Warburg effect, thereby promoting the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzong Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, P. R. China
| | - Ben Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Enyu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Zongli Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, P. R. China.
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76
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Hanai T, Shiraki M, Imai K, Suetugu A, Takai K, Shimizu M. Usefulness of Carnitine Supplementation for the Complications of Liver Cirrhosis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071915. [PMID: 32610446 PMCID: PMC7401279 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnitine is a vitamin-like substance that regulates lipid metabolism and energy production. Carnitine homeostasis is mainly regulated by dietary intake and biosynthesis in the organs, including the skeletal muscle and the liver. Therefore, liver cirrhotic patients with reduced food intake, malnutrition, biosynthetic disorder, and poor storage capacity of carnitine in the skeletal muscle and liver are more likely to experience carnitine deficiency. In particular, liver cirrhotic patients with sarcopenia are at a high risk for developing carnitine deficiency. Carnitine deficiency impairs the important metabolic processes of the liver, such as gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism, albumin biosynthesis, and ammonia detoxification by the urea cycle, and causes hypoalbuminemia and hyperammonemia. Carnitine deficiency should be suspected in liver cirrhotic patients with severe malaise, hepatic encephalopathy, sarcopenia, muscle cramps, and so on. Importantly, the blood carnitine level does not always decrease in patients with liver cirrhosis, and it sometimes exceeds the normal level. Therefore, patients with liver cirrhosis should be treated as if they are in a state of relative carnitine deficiency at the liver, skeletal muscle, and mitochondrial levels, even if the blood carnitine level is not decreased. Recent clinical trials have revealed the effectiveness of carnitine supplementation for the complications of liver cirrhosis, such as hepatic encephalopathy, sarcopenia, and muscle cramps. In conclusion, carnitine deficiency is not always rare in liver cirrhosis, and it requires constant attention in the daily medical care of this disease. Carnitine supplementation might be an important strategy for improving the quality of life of patients with liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Hanai
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(58)-230-6308; Fax: +81-(58)-230-6310
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Lipid Metabolism in Development and Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061419. [PMID: 32486341 PMCID: PMC7352397 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
: Metabolic reprogramming is critically involved in the development and progression of cancer. In particular, lipid metabolism has been investigated as a source of energy, micro-environmental adaptation, and cell signalling in neoplastic cells. However, the specific role of lipid metabolism dysregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been widely described yet. Alterations in fatty acid synthesis, β-oxidation, and cellular lipidic composition contribute to initiation and progression of HCC. The aim of this review is to elucidate the mechanisms by which lipid metabolism is involved in hepatocarcinogenesis and tumour adaptation to different conditions, focusing on the transcriptional aberrations with new insights in lipidomics and lipid zonation. This will help detect new putative therapeutic approaches in the second most frequent cause of cancer-related death.
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78
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Wang HYJ, Hsu FF. Revelation of Acyl Double Bond Positions on Fatty Acyl Coenzyme A Esters by MALDI/TOF Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1047-1057. [PMID: 32167298 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.9b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acyl coenzyme A esters (FA-CoAs) are important crossroad intermediates in lipid catabolism and anabolism, and the structures are complicated. Several mass spectrometric approaches have been previously described to elucidate their structures. However, a direct mass spectrometric approach toward a complete identification of the molecule, including the location of unsaturated bond(s) in the fatty acid chain has not been reported. In this study, we applied a simple MALDI/TOF mass spectrometric method to a near-complete characterization of long-chain FA-CoAs, including the location(s) of the double bond in the fatty acyl chain, and the common structural features that recognize FA-CoAs. Negative ion mass spectra of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FA-CoAs were acquired with a MALDI/TOF mass spectrometer using 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as the matrix and ionized with a laser fluence two folds of the threshold to induce the in-source fragmentation (ISF) of the analytes. The resulting ISF spectra contained fragment ions arising from specific cleavages of the C-C bond immediate adjacent to the acyl double-bond. This structural feature affords locating the double-bond position(s) of the fatty acyl substituent. Thereby, positional isomer such as 18:3(n - 3) and 18:3(n - 6) FA-CoA can be differentiated without applying tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hay-Yan J Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine Box 8127, 660 S Euclid Ave., St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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Repression of the transcriptional activity of ERRα with sequence-specific DNA-binding polyamides. Med Chem Res 2020; 29:607-616. [PMID: 34552311 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-019-02493-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptors estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) bind to the estrogen-related receptor response element (ERRE) to regulate transcriptional programs in cellular metabolism and cancer cell growth. In this study, we evaluated the potential for a pyrrole-imidazole polyamide to block ERRα binding to ERREs to inhibit gene expression. We demonstrated that the ERRE-targeted polyamide 1 blocked the binding of ERRα to the consensus ERRE and reduced the transcriptional activity of ERRα in cell culture. We further showed that inhibiting ERRα transcriptional activity with polyamide 1 led to reduced mitochondrial oxygen consumption, a primary biological effect regulated by ERRα. Finally, our data demonstrated that polyamide 1 is an inhibitor for cancer cell growth.
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Transcriptomic profiling of peroxisome-related genes reveals a novel prognostic signature in hepatocellular carcinoma. Genes Dis 2020; 9:116-127. [PMID: 35005112 PMCID: PMC8720664 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that peroxisomes play a role in the regulation of tumorigenesis and cancer progression. However, the prognostic value of peroxisome-related genes has been rarely investigated. This study aimed to establish a peroxisome-related gene signature for overall survival (OS) prediction in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). First, univariate Cox regression analysis was employed to identify prognostic peroxisome-related genes in The Cancer Genome Atlas liver cancer cohort, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression analysis was used to construct a 10-gene signature. The risk score based on the signature was positively correlated with poor prognosis (HR = 4.501, 95% CI = 3.021–6.705, P = 1.39e−13). Second, multivariate Cox regression incorporating additional characteristics revealed that the signature was an independent predictor. Time-dependent ROC curves demonstrated good performance of the signature in predicting the OS of HCC patients. The prognostic performance was validated using International Cancer Genome Consortium HCC cohort data. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the signature-related alterations in biological processes mainly involved peroxisomal functions. Finally, we developed a nomogram model based on the gene signature and TNM stage, which showed a superior prognostic power (C-index = 0.702). Thus, our study revealed a novel peroxisome-related gene signature that may help improve personalized OS prediction in HCC patients.
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81
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Sugar Alcohols Have a Key Role in Pathogenesis of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Whole Blood and Liver Tissues. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020484. [PMID: 32092943 PMCID: PMC7072169 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are hepatitis C and B viral infections that proceed to Chronic Liver Disease (CLD). Yet, the early diagnosis and treatment of HCC are challenging because the pathogenesis of HCC is not fully defined. To better understand the onset and development of HCC, untargeted GC-TOF MS metabolomics data were acquired from resected human HCC tissues and their paired non-tumor hepatic tissues (n = 46). Blood samples of the same HCC subjects (n = 23) were compared to CLD (n = 15) and healthy control (n = 15) blood samples. The participants were recruited from the National Liver Institute in Egypt. The GC-TOF MS data yielded 194 structurally annotated compounds. The most strikingly significant alteration was found for the class of sugar alcohols that were up-regulated in blood of HCC patients compared to CLD subjects (p < 2.4 × 10−12) and CLD compared to healthy controls (p = 4.1 × 10−7). In HCC tissues, sugar alcohols were the most significant (p < 1 × 10−6) class differentiating resected HCC tissues from non-malignant hepatic tissues for all HCC patients. Alteration of sugar alcohol levels in liver tissues also defined early-stage HCC from their paired non-malignant hepatic tissues (p = 2.7 × 10−6). In blood, sugar alcohols differentiated HCC from CLD subjects with an ROC-curve of 0.875 compared to 0.685 for the classic HCC biomarker alpha-fetoprotein. Blood sugar alcohol levels steadily increased from healthy controls to CLD to early stages of HCC and finally, to late-stage HCC patients. The increase in sugar alcohol levels indicates a role of aldo-keto reductases in the pathogenesis of HCC, possibly opening novel diagnostic and therapeutic options after in-depth validation.
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82
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Martín-Sierra C, Colombo S, Martins R, Laranjeira P, Melo T, Abrantes AM, Oliveira RC, Tralhão JG, Botelho MF, Furtado E, Domingues P, Domingues MR, Paiva A. Tumor Resection Induces Alterations on Serum Phospholipidome of Liver Cancer Patients. Lipids 2020; 55:185-191. [PMID: 32045496 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma are the most common primary malignant liver tumors. Since the liver plays a key role in lipid metabolism, the study of serum phospholipid (PL) profiles may provide a better understanding of alterations in hepatic lipid metabolism. In this study, we used a high-resolution HILIC-LC-MS lipidomic approach to establish the serum phospholipidome profile of patients with liver cancer before (T0) and after tumor resection (T1) and a control group (CT) of healthy individuals. After the analysis of PL profiles, we observed that the phospholipidome of patients with liver cancer was significantly modified after the tumor resection procedure. We observed an upregulation of some phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) species, namely, PtdCho(36:6), PtdCho(42:6), PtdCho(38:5), PtdCho(36:5), PtdCho(38:6) and choline plasmalogens (PlsCho), and/or 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-glycerophosphocholine (PakCho) in patients with liver cancer at T0 compared to the CT group, and a downregulation after tumor resection (T1) when compared to T0. These results show that LC-MS can detect different serum PL profiles in patients with liver cancer, before and after tumor resection, by defining a specific PL fingerprint that was used to determine the effect of tumor and tumor resection on lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martín-Sierra
- Unidade de Gestão Operacional em Citometria, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Simone Colombo
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry & LAQV, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Unidade Transplantação Hepática Pediátrica e de Adultos, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (UTHPA, CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Serviço de Cirurgia A, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Instituto de Biofísica, IBILI, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula Laranjeira
- Unidade de Gestão Operacional em Citometria, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tânia Melo
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry & LAQV, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Departamento de Química & CESAM& ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Abrantes
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Unidade Transplantação Hepática Pediátrica e de Adultos, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (UTHPA, CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Caetano Oliveira
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Instituto de Biofísica, IBILI, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Guilherme Tralhão
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Unidade Transplantação Hepática Pediátrica e de Adultos, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (UTHPA, CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Serviço de Cirurgia A, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Instituto de Biofísica, IBILI, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Filomena Botelho
- Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Instituto de Biofísica, IBILI, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Furtado
- Unidade Transplantação Hepática Pediátrica e de Adultos, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (UTHPA, CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry & LAQV, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Rosario Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry & LAQV, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.,Departamento de Química & CESAM& ECOMARE, Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur Paiva
- Unidade de Gestão Operacional em Citometria, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Ciências Biomédicas Laboratoriais, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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83
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Hu B, Lin JZ, Yang XB, Sang XT. Aberrant lipid metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma cells as well as immune microenvironment: A review. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12772. [PMID: 32003505 PMCID: PMC7106960 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver with a high worldwide prevalence and poor prognosis. Researches are urgently needed on its molecular pathogenesis and biological characteristics. Metabolic reprogramming for adaptation to the tumour microenvironment (TME) has been recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism especially fatty acid (FA) metabolism, which involved in the alternations of the expression and activity of lipid‐metabolizing enzymes, is a hotspot in recent study, and it may be involved in HCC development and progression. Meanwhile, immune cells are also known as key players in the HCC microenvironment and show complicated crosstalk with cancer cells. Emerging evidence has shown that the functions of immune cells in TME are closely related to abnormal lipid metabolism. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of lipid metabolic reprogramming in TME and relate these findings to HCC progression. Our understanding of dysregulated lipid metabolism and associated signalling pathways may suggest a novel strategy to treat HCC by reprogramming cell lipid metabolism or modulating TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Zhen Lin
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Ting Sang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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84
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Raza S, Rajak S, Anjum B, Sinha RA. Molecular links between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:42. [PMID: 31867441 PMCID: PMC6924993 DOI: 10.20517/2394-5079.2019.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its advanced complication, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), have become leading causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. In this review, we discuss the role of metabolic, gut microbial, immune and endocrine mediators which promote the progression of NAFLD to HCC. In particular, this progression involves multiple hits resulting from lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, inhibition of hepatic autophagy and inflammation. Furthermore, dysbiosis in the gut associated with obesity also promotes HCC via induction of proinflammatory cytokines and Toll like receptor signalling as well as altered bile metabolism. Additionally, compromised T-cell function and impaired hepatic hormonal action promote the development of NASH-associated HCC. Lastly, we discuss the current challenges involved in the diagnosis and treatment of NAFLD/NASH-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Raza
- Department of Bioscience, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India
| | - Sangam Rajak
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Baby Anjum
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Rohit A Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
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85
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Desterke C, Chiappini F. Lipid Related Genes Altered in NASH Connect Inflammation in Liver Pathogenesis Progression to HCC: A Canonical Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225594. [PMID: 31717414 PMCID: PMC6888337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is becoming a public health problem worldwide. While the number of research studies on NASH progression rises every year, sometime their findings are controversial. To identify the most important and commonly described findings related to NASH progression, we used an original bioinformatics, integrative, text-mining approach that combines PubMed database querying and available gene expression omnibus dataset. We have identified a signature of 25 genes that are commonly found to be dysregulated during steatosis progression to NASH and cancer. These genes are implicated in lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, inflammation, and cancer. They are functionally connected, forming the basis necessary for steatosis progression to NASH and further progression to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We also show that five of the identified genes have genome alterations present in HCC patients. The patients with these genes associated to genome alteration are associated with a poor prognosis. In conclusion, using an integrative literature- and data-mining approach, we have identified and described a canonical pathway underlying progression of NASH. Other parameters (e.g., polymorphisms) can be added to this pathway that also contribute to the progression of the disease to cancer. This work improved our understanding of the molecular basis of NASH progression and will help to develop new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franck Chiappini
- Laboratoire Croissance, Régénération, Réparation et Régénération Tissulaires (CRRET)/ EAC CNRS 7149, Univ Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), F-94010 Créteil, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)1-45177080; Fax: +33-(0)1-45171816
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86
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Zhao Z, Liu Y, Liu Q, Wu F, Liu X, Qu H, Yuan Y, Ge J, Xu Y, Wang H. The mRNA Expression Signature and Prognostic Analysis of Multiple Fatty Acid Metabolic Enzymes in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Cancer 2019; 10:6599-6607. [PMID: 31777589 PMCID: PMC6856888 DOI: 10.7150/jca.33024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a metabolic disease, and accumulating evidences indicate significant alterations in the cellular metabolism, especial aerobic glycolysis and glutamine metabolism, in RCC. However, fatty acid (FA) metabolism has received less attention, and the mRNA expression pattern and prognostic role of FA metabolic enzymes in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) have not been carefully examined. In the current study, we first investigated the mRNA expression profiles of multiple FA metabolic enzymes, i.e., ACLY, ACC, FASN, SCD, CPT1A, HADHA, HADHB, and ACAT1, in 42 ccRCC and 33 normal kidney tissues using the Oncomine database, validated their mRNA expression profiles using GEPIA resource, then evaluated and validated the prognostic significance of these metabolic enzymes in 530 ccRCC patients using Kaplan-Meier plotter and GEPIA analyses respectively. The Oncomine and GEPIA confirmed higher ACLY, SCD, and lower ACAT1 mRNA expression in ccRCC than normal tissues (P<0.05). And further prognostic analysis displayed that overexpression of the some FA anabolic enzymes (FASN) was correlated to poor overall survival (OS), while overexpression of the FA catabolic enzymes (CPT1A, HADHA, HADHB, and ACAT1) was correlated to favorable OS in ccRCC patients. In conclusion, multiple FA metabolic enzymes, such as FASN, HADHA, and ACAT1, were potential prognostic markers of ccRCC, which implied alterations in FA metabolism might be involved in ccRCC tumorigenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuohui Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jingshi Road, No. 16766, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Yueran Liu
- Department of Operatology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road, No. 44, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jingshi Road, No. 16766, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jingshi Road, No. 16766, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jiyan Road, No. 440, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| | - Hongyi Qu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jingshi Road, No. 16766, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Yijiao Yuan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jingshi Road, No. 16766, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Juntao Ge
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jingshi Road, No. 16766, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jingshi Road, No. 16766, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jingshi Road, No. 16766, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
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87
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Léveillé M, Estall JL. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Transition from NASH to HCC. Metabolites 2019; 9:E233. [PMID: 31623280 PMCID: PMC6836234 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver constantly adapts to meet energy requirements of the whole body. Despite its remarkable adaptative capacity, prolonged exposure of liver cells to harmful environmental cues (such as diets rich in fat, sugar, and cholesterol) results in the development of chronic liver diseases (including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)) that can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The pathogenesis of these diseases is extremely complex, multifactorial, and poorly understood. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction or maladaptation contributes to detrimental effects on hepatocyte bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and cell death leading to NASH and HCC. The present review highlights the potential contribution of altered mitochondria function to NASH-related HCC and discusses how agents targeting this organelle could provide interesting treatment strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Léveillé
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
| | - Jennifer L Estall
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, QC H3G 2M1, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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88
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Wang S, Wang W, Han X, Wang Y, Ge Y, Tan Z. Dysregulation of miR484-TUSC5 axis takes part in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Biochem 2019; 166:271-279. [PMID: 31157375 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide. miR-484 is previously reported to be a crucial modulator during the process from precancerous lesion to cancer. Tumour suppressor candidate 5 (TUSC5) is a potential tumour suppressor, but its expression and function in HCC are obscure. In this study, we aimed to explore the roles of miR-484 and TUSC5 in HCC, and clarify the relationship between them. We demonstrated that miR-484 was significantly up-regulated in HCC, while TUSC5 was down-regulated. TUSC5 was validated as the target gene of miR-484 and both of them were associated with the prognosis of HCC patients. miR-484 mimics markedly promoted the malignant phenotypes while TUSC5 plasmid had the opposite effect. In conclusion, miR-484/TUSC5 is potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapy targets for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzong Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Huaxia Road No. 117, Linyi Economic and Technological Development Zone, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Weijuan Wang
- Department of Gynaecology, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Huaxia Road No. 117, Linyi Economic and Technological Development Zone, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoguang Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Huaxia Road No. 117, Linyi Economic and Technological Development Zone, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Youli Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Huaxia Road No. 117, Linyi Economic and Technological Development Zone, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Yunzhen Ge
- Department of Pathology, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Huaxia Road No. 117, Linyi Economic and Technological Development Zone, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Department of Pathology, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Huaxia Road No. 117, Linyi Economic and Technological Development Zone, Linyi, Shandong, China
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89
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Targeting Cellular Metabolism Modulates Head and Neck Oncogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163960. [PMID: 31416244 PMCID: PMC6721038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the great energy and biomass demand for cell survival, cancer cells exhibit unique metabolic signatures compared to normal cells. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the most prevalent neoplasms worldwide. Recent findings have shown that environmental challenges, as well as intrinsic metabolic manipulations, could modulate HNSCC experimentally and serve as clinic prognostic indicators, suggesting that a better understanding of dynamic metabolic changes during HNSCC development could be of great benefit for developing adjuvant anti-cancer schemes other than conventional therapies. However, the following questions are still poorly understood: (i) how does metabolic reprogramming occur during HNSCC development? (ii) how does the tumorous milieu contribute to HNSCC tumourigenesis? and (iii) at the molecular level, how do various metabolic cues interact with each other to control the oncogenicity and therapeutic sensitivity of HNSCC? In this review article, the regulatory roles of different metabolic pathways in HNSCC and its microenvironment in controlling the malignancy are therefore discussed in the hope of providing a systemic overview regarding what we knew and how cancer metabolism could be translated for the development of anti-cancer therapeutic reagents.
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90
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Altered serum acylcarnitine profile is associated with the status of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and NAFLD-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10663. [PMID: 31337855 PMCID: PMC6650415 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47216-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disturbance of lipids is a hallmark of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we measured the serum levels of 15 acylcarnitine species of various carbon chain lengths from 2 to 18 in 241 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD, including 23 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and analyzed the relationship between serum acylcarnitine profile and NAFLD status. Long-chain acylcarnitines AC14:1 and AC18:1 increased gradually with the progression of fibrosis and further increased in patients with HCC, whereas the middle-chain acylcarnitine AC5:0 exhibited the opposite trend. In particular, AC18:1, which we previously showed to possess a tumor promoting effect, was significantly elevated in patients with HCC compared to those without HCC. In addition, long-chain acylcarntines including AC18:1 were positively correlated with serum levels of inflammatory cytokines. Although none of the acylcarnitine species were independently associated with the presence of HCC, (AC16:0 + AC18:1)/AC2:0, an index for the diagnosis of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 (CPT2) deficiency, was independently associated with the presence of HCC after adjusting for age and liver fibrosis stage, likely reflecting the downregulation of CPT2 in HCC tissues. Thus, serum acylcarnitine profiles changed significantly according to the status of NAFLD, which may be implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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91
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Liu GM, Xie WX, Zhang CY, Xu JW. Identification of a four-gene metabolic signature predicting overall survival for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1624-1636. [PMID: 31309563 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
While hundreds of consistently altered metabolic genes had been identified in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the prognostic role of them remains to be further elucidated. Messenger RNA expression profiles and clinicopathological data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas-Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma and GSE14520 data set from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Univariate Cox regression analysis and lasso Cox regression model established a novel four-gene metabolic signature (including acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 1, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2, phosphatidylserine synthase 2, and uridine-cytidine kinase 2) for HCC prognosis prediction. Patients in the high-risk group shown significantly poorer survival than patients in the low-risk group. The signature was significantly correlated with other negative prognostic factors such as higher α-fetoprotein. The signature was found to be an independent prognostic factor for HCC survival. Nomogram including the signature shown some clinical net benefit for overall survival prediction. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analyses revealed several significantly enriched pathways, which might help explain the underlying mechanisms. Our study identified a novel robust four-gene metabolic signature for HCC prognosis prediction. The signature might reflect the dysregulated metabolic microenvironment and provided potential biomarkers for metabolic therapy and treatment response prediction in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Min Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, China
| | - Wen-Xuan Xie
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cai-Yun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, China
| | - Ji-Wei Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Meizhou People's Hospital, Meizhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka Population, Meizhou, China
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92
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Anstee QM, Reeves HL, Kotsiliti E, Govaere O, Heikenwalder M. From NASH to HCC: current concepts and future challenges. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:411-428. [PMID: 31028350 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 831] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caloric excess and sedentary lifestyle have led to a global epidemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome. The hepatic consequence of metabolic syndrome and obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is estimated to affect up to one-third of the adult population in many developed and developing countries. This spectrum of liver disease ranges from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Owing to the high prevalence of NAFLD, especially in industrialized countries but also worldwide, and the consequent burden of progressive liver disease, there is mounting epidemiological evidence that NAFLD has rapidly become a leading aetiology underlying many cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this Review, we discuss NAFLD-associated HCC, including its epidemiology, the key features of the hepatic NAFLD microenvironment (for instance, adaptive and innate immune responses) that promote hepatocarcinogenesis and the management of HCC in patients with obesity and associated metabolic comorbidities. The challenges and future directions of research will also be discussed, including clinically relevant biomarkers for early detection, treatment stratification and monitoring as well as approaches to therapies for both prevention and treatment in those at risk or presenting with NAFLD-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M Anstee
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- The Liver Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Helen L Reeves
- The Liver Unit, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Multidisciplinary Team, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Elena Kotsiliti
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olivier Govaere
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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93
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Mo Y, Wang Y, Zhang L, Yang L, Zhou M, Li X, Li Y, Li G, Zeng Z, Xiong W, Xiong F, Guo C. The role of Wnt signaling pathway in tumor metabolic reprogramming. J Cancer 2019; 10:3789-3797. [PMID: 31333796 PMCID: PMC6636296 DOI: 10.7150/jca.31166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and development of tumors is a complex process involving long-term multi-factor participation. In this process, tumor cells from a set of abnormal metabolic patterns that are different from normal cells. This abnormal metabolic change is called metabolic reprogramming of tumors. Wnt signaling pathway is one of the critical signaling pathways regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. In recent years, it has been found that Wnt signaling participates in the occurrence and development of malignant tumors by affecting metabolic reprogramming. This paper reviews the role of Wnt signaling in tumor metabolic reprogramming to provide crucial theoretical guidance for targeted therapy and drug response of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Mo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yumin Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Lishen Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Liting Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Can Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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94
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Zou Q, Xiao Z, Huang R, Wang X, Wang X, Zhao H, Yang X. Survey of the translation shifts in hepatocellular carcinoma with ribosome profiling. Theranostics 2019; 9:4141-4155. [PMID: 31281537 PMCID: PMC6592166 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the critical position of translation in the multilevel gene expression regulation program, high-resolution and genome-wide view of the landscape of RNA translation in solid tumors is still limited. Methods: With a ribosome profiling procedure optimized for solid tissue samples, we profiled the translatomes of liver tumors and their adjacent noncancerous normal liver tissues from 10 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A set of bioinformatics tools was then applied to these data for the mining of novel insights into the translation shifts in HCC. Results: This is the first translatome data resource for dissecting dysregulated translation in HCC at the sub-codon resolution. Based on our data, quantitative comparisons of mRNA translation rates yielded the genes and processes that were subjected to patient specific or universal dysregulations of translation efficiencies in tumors. For example, multiple proteins involved in extracellular matrix organization exhibited significant translational upregulation in tumors. We then experimentally validated the tumor-promoting functions of two such genes as examples: AGRN and VWA1. In addition, the data was also used for de novo annotation of the translatomes in tumors and normal tissues, including multiple types of novel non-canonical small ORFs, which would be a resource for further functional studies. Conclusions: The present study generates the first survey of the HCC translatome with ribosome profiling, which is an insightful data resource for dissecting the translatome shift in liver cancer, at sub-codon resolution.
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95
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Pizato N, Kiffer LFMV, Luzete BC, Assumpção JAF, Correa LH, Melo HABD, Sant'Ana LPD, Ito MK, Magalhães KG. Omega 3-DHA and Delta-Tocotrienol Modulate Lipid Droplet Biogenesis and Lipophagy in Breast Cancer Cells: the Impact in Cancer Aggressiveness. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1199. [PMID: 31141912 PMCID: PMC6627337 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega 3-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and vitamin E Delta-tocotrienol (Delta-T3) are extensively studied as protective nutrients against cancer development. Little is known about the biological mechanisms targeted by these bioactive molecules on lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis, an important breast cancer aggressiveness marker, and the occurrence of lipophagy in breast cancer cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of DHA, Delta-T3 and DHA plus Delta-T3 co-treatment in LD biogenesis and lipophagy process in triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Cells were treated with 50 μM DHA and/or 5 μM Delta-T3. Our results demonstrated that DHA can trigger an increase in LD biogenesis and co-treatment with Delta-T3 was able to reduce this LD biogenesis. In addition, we showed that a higher cytoplasmic LD content is associated with a higher breast cancer cells malignance and proliferation. Reduction of cytoplasmic LD content by silencing ADRP (adipose differentiation-related protein), a structural LD protein, also decreased cell proliferation in MDA-MB-231 cells. Treatment with DHA and Delta-T3 alone or co-treatment did not reduce cell viability. Moreover, we showed here that DHA can trigger lipophagy in MDA-MB-231 cells and DHA plus Delta-T3 co-treatment was able to enhance this lipophagy process. Our findings demonstrated that co-treatment with DHA plus Delta-T3 in MDA-MB-231 cells could reduce LD biogenesis and potentiate lipophagy in these cells, possibly having a positive impact to inhibit breast cancer malignancy. Therefore, suitable doses of DHA and Delta-T3 vitamin E isoform supplementation can be a prominent tool in therapeutic treatments against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Pizato
- Department of Nutrition, University of Brasilia, UnB, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Fernanda Melo Vasconcelos Kiffer
- Department of Nutrition, University of Brasilia, UnB, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, UnB, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz Christina Luzete
- Department of Nutrition, University of Brasilia, UnB, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, UnB, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - José Antonio Fagundes Assumpção
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, UnB, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Luis Henrique Correa
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, UnB, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Heloisa Antoniella Braz de Melo
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, UnB, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Lívia Pimentel de Sant'Ana
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, UnB, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Marina Kiyomi Ito
- Department of Nutrition, University of Brasilia, UnB, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
| | - Kelly Grace Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, UnB, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil.
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96
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Characterization of Lipid and Lipid Droplet Metabolism in Human HCC. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050512. [PMID: 31137921 PMCID: PMC6562484 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer in adults and the most common cause of death in people with cirrhosis. While previous metabolic studies of HCC have mainly focused on the glucose metabolism (Warburg effect), less attention has been paid to tumor-specific features of the lipid metabolism. Here, we applied a computational approach to analyze major pathways of fatty acid utilization in individual HCC. To this end, we used protein intensity profiles of eleven human HCCs to parameterize tumor-specific kinetic models of cellular lipid metabolism including formation, enlargement, and degradation of lipid droplets (LDs). Our analysis reveals significant inter-tumor differences in the lipid metabolism. The majority of HCCs show a reduced uptake of fatty acids and decreased rate of β-oxidation, however, some HCCs display a completely different metabolic phenotype characterized by high rates of β-oxidation. Despite reduced fatty acid uptake in the majority of HCCs, the content of triacylglycerol is significantly enlarged compared to the tumor-adjacent tissue. This is due to tumor-specific expression profiles of regulatory proteins decorating the surface of LDs and controlling their turnover. Our simulations suggest that HCCs characterized by a very high content of triglycerides comprise regulatory peculiarities that render them susceptible to selective drug targeting without affecting healthy tissue.
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97
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Zhao YJ, Xie L. Potential role of exosomes in cancer therapy. PRECISION RADIATION ONCOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pro6.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ya jing Zhao
- School of Medicine and Life SciencesUniversity of Jinan, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences Jinan China
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryShandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityShandong Academy of Medical Sciences Jinan China
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryShandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityShandong Academy of Medical Sciences Jinan China
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98
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Mello T, Simeone I, Galli A. Mito-Nuclear Communication in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metabolic Rewiring. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050417. [PMID: 31060333 PMCID: PMC6562577 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As the main metabolic and detoxification organ, the liver constantly adapts its activity to fulfill the energy requirements of the whole body. Despite the remarkable adaptive capacity of the liver, prolonged exposure to noxious stimuli such as alcohol, viruses and metabolic disorders results in the development of chronic liver disease that can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is currently the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Metabolic rewiring is a common feature of cancers, including HCC. Altered mito-nuclear communication is emerging as a driving force in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells, affecting all aspects of cancer biology from neoplastic transformation to acquired drug resistance. Here, we explore relevant aspects (and discuss recent findings) of mito-nuclear crosstalk in the metabolic reprogramming of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Mello
- Clinical Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biomedical Clinical and Experimental Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, V.le Pieraccini 6, Florence 50129, Italy.
| | - Irene Simeone
- Clinical Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biomedical Clinical and Experimental Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, V.le Pieraccini 6, Florence 50129, Italy.
- University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Andrea Galli
- Clinical Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Biomedical Clinical and Experimental Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, V.le Pieraccini 6, Florence 50129, Italy.
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99
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Gapeyev AB, Aripovsky AV, Kulagina TP. Fatty Acid Content and Tumor Growth Changes in Mice After Exposure to Extremely High-Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation and Consumption of N-3 Fatty Acids. Nutr Cancer 2019; 71:1325-1334. [PMID: 30990087 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1601746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The topical problem is to find new, more effective and safe treatments for cancer. The purpose of the present work was to study the combined effects of low-intensity extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR) and consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on tumor growth and the content of FAs in the thymus and tumor tissue in mice. Fatty acid composition was determined using gas chromatography. Exposure of tumor-bearing mice with solid Ehrlich carcinoma to EHF EMR with effective parameters (42.2 GHz, 0.1 mW/cm2, 20 min daily for 5 consecutive days beginning on the first day after the tumor inoculation) led to delaying the tumor growth and restored the content of almost all FAs in thymic tissue to the level of intact animals. Animal intake of the preparation enriched with n-3 PUFAs increased the content of n-3 PUFAs in thymic tissue significantly, but did not affect the tumor growth, even in combination with EHF EMR exposure. Combined action of EHF EMR exposure and n-3 preparation promoted recovery of thymus weight in tumor-bearing animals. The data obtained assume a complex interaction between the immune system and the tumor, and the important role of FAs in the regulation of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Gapeyev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino , Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Alexander V Aripovsky
- State Scientific Center of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , Obolensk , Moscow Region , Russia
| | - Tatyana P Kulagina
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Pushchino , Moscow Region , Russia
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100
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Chiarini F, Evangelisti C, Lattanzi G, McCubrey JA, Martelli AM. Advances in understanding the mechanisms of evasive and innate resistance to mTOR inhibition in cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:1322-1337. [PMID: 30928610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of drug-resistance by neoplastic cells is recognized as a major cause of targeted therapy failure and disease progression. The mechanistic (previously mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a highly conserved Ser/Thr kinase that acts as the catalytic subunit of two structurally and functionally distinct large multiprotein complexes, referred to as mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. Both mTORC1 and mTORC2 play key roles in a variety of healthy cell types/tissues by regulating physiological anabolic and catabolic processes in response to external cues. However, a body of evidence identified aberrant activation of mTOR signaling as a common event in many human tumors. Therefore, mTOR is an attractive target for therapeutic targeting in cancer and this fact has driven the development of numerous mTOR inhibitors, several of which have progressed to clinical trials. Nevertheless, mTOR inhibitors have met with a very limited success as anticancer therapeutics. Among other reasons, this failure was initially ascribed to the activation of several compensatory signaling pathways that dampen the efficacy of mTOR inhibitors. The discovery of these regulatory feedback mechanisms greatly contributed to a better understanding of cancer cell resistance to mTOR targeting agents. However, over the last few years, other mechanisms of resistance have emerged, including epigenetic alterations, compensatory metabolism rewiring and the occurrence of mTOR mutations. In this article, we provide the reader with an updated overview of the mechanisms that could explain resistance of cancer cells to the various classes of mTOR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Chiarini
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, 40136 Bologna, BO, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Camilla Evangelisti
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, 40136 Bologna, BO, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Giovanna Lattanzi
- CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, 40136 Bologna, BO, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy.
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