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Altered serotonin metabolism in Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 knockout mice protects against diet-induced hepatic fibrosis. LIVER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Godoy G, Antunes MM, Fernandes IDL, Manin LP, Zappielo C, Masi LN, Perles JVCM, Visentainer JV, Curi R, Bazotte RB. Linseed Oil Attenuates Liver Inflammation, Fatty Acid Accumulation, and Lipid Distribution in Periportal and Perivenous Hepatocytes Induced by a High-Carbohydrate Diet in Mice. J Med Food 2022; 25:1133-1145. [PMID: 36450115 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2022.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated whether linseed oil (LO) modulates the effects of a high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) on liver inflammation, fatty acid (FA) accumulation, and lipid distribution in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes. The control group (control high-carbohydrate diet [HCD-C]) received an HCD with lard and soybean oil as the lipid source. The L10 and L100 groups received the HCD with 10% and 100% of LO as the lipid source, respectively. The animals were killed by decapitation before (day 0) and after receiving the diets. Liver FA composition, inflammation, and fibrogenesis gene expression were evaluated. Also, the percentage of lipid-occupied area in periportal end perivenous hepatocytes were measured. The L100 group exhibited a higher (P < .05) liver amount of omega-3 polyunsaturated FA (n-3 PUFA) and lower (P < .05) amounts of saturated FA (SFA), monounsaturated FA (MUFA), and omega-6 polyunsaturated FA (n-6 PUFA) compared with L10 or HCD-C mice. On day 56, interleukin 10 and type IV collagen gene expression were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively in L100. Also, the L100 group showed lower (P < .05) FA accumulation (i.e., total FA, SFA, MUFA, and n-6 PUFA). Also, L10 and L100 presented lower (P < .05) percentage of high lipid-containing portion in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes. We concluded that LO attenuation of liver inflammation promoted by an HCD is associated with increased liver n-3 PUFA levels, so modulating FA composition, deposition, and distribution in periportal and perivenous hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Godoy
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Marina Masetto Antunes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Ingrid de Lima Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pelissari Manin
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Caroline Zappielo
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Laureane Nunes Masi
- Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Juliana Vanessa Colombo Martins Perles
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Jesuí Vergílio Visentainer
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Roberto Barbosa Bazotte
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil
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Panzarini E, Leporatti S, Tenuzzo BA, Quarta A, Hanafy NAN, Giannelli G, Moliterni C, Vardanyan D, Sbarigia C, Fidaleo M, Tacconi S, Dini L. Therapeutic Effect of Polymeric Nanomicelles Formulation of LY2157299-Galunisertib on CCl 4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Rats. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111812. [PMID: 36579532 PMCID: PMC9692463 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis (HF) is a major cause of liver-related disorders and together with cancer-associated fibroblasts can favor liver cancer development by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Advanced HF, characterized by an excess of extracellular matrix (ECM), is mediated by TGF- β1, that activates hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and fibroblasts. A TGF-β1 receptor inhibitor, LY2157299 or Galunisertib (GLY), has shown promising results against chronic liver progression in animal models, and we show that it can be further improved by enhancing GLYs bioavailability through encapsulation in polymeric polygalacturonic-polyacrylic acid nanomicelles (GLY-NMs). GLY-NMs reduced HF in an in vivo rat model of liver fibrosis induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 as shown by the morphological, biochemical, and molecular biology parameters of normal and fibrotic livers. Moreover, GLY-NM was able to induce recovery from HF better than free GLY. Indeed, the encapsulated drug reduces collagen deposition, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation, prevents fatty degeneration and restores the correct lobular architecture of the liver as well as normalizes the serum parameters and expression of the genes involved in the onset of HF. In summary, GLY-NM improved the pharmacological activity of the free TGF- β1 inhibitor in the in vivo HF treatment and thus is a candidate as a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Panzarini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.P.); (B.A.T.); (D.V.)
| | - Stefano Leporatti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC istituto di Nanotecnologia-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.L.); (A.Q.)
| | - Bernardetta Anna Tenuzzo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.P.); (B.A.T.); (D.V.)
| | - Alessandra Quarta
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC istituto di Nanotecnologia-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (S.L.); (A.Q.)
| | - Nemany A. N. Hanafy
- Nanomedicine Department, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh 6860404, Egypt;
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology S. De Bellis, IRCCS Research Hospital, Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy;
| | - Camilla Moliterni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Diana Vardanyan
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (E.P.); (B.A.T.); (D.V.)
| | - Carolina Sbarigia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Marco Fidaleo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (C.S.)
- Research Center for Nanotechnology for Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (S.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Stefano Tacconi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (S.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (C.S.)
- Research Center for Nanotechnology for Engineering of Sapienza (CNIS), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (S.T.); (L.D.)
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Zhang H, Zhou P, Xing W, Chen L, Zhou Y, Yang H, Fu K, Liu Z. GLIS2 Prevents Hepatic Fibrosis by Competitively Binding HDAC3 to Inhibit Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 15:355-372. [PMID: 36397300 PMCID: PMC9792572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of GLIS2 in fibrotic diseases is controversial. GLIS2 deficiency has been reported to contribute to renal fibrosis in mice and has also been reported to prevent high lipid-induced mice hepatic fibrosis. METHODS Hepatic fibrosis in mice was induced by CCl4. Hematoxylin and eosin, Masson, Sirius red, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect and evaluate the stage of hepatic fibrosis in humans or mice. A study model of tetracycline-responsive GLIS2 knockout hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) was constructed and named GLIS2-SG-Dox. By adding transforming growth factor β1 to stimulate the transdifferentiation of HSCs, the activation status of HSCs was comprehensively evaluated from the aspects of cell proliferation, migration, and the amount of lipid droplets. In mechanistic studies, dual-luciferase, coimmunoprecipitation, yeast two-hybrid system, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and DNA pulldown were performed to investigate or to prove the molecular mechanism that GLIS2 was involved in regulating liver fibrosis. Throughout the study, real-time fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction) was used to detect the relative abundance of messenger RNA expression of each target gene, Western blot was used to detect the relative abundance of protein, and immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence was used to observe the subcellular localization of the target protein. RESULTS The expression of GLIS2 was significantly decreased in human liver fibrosis tissues and CCL4-induced mouse liver fibrosis tissues, especially in HSCs. In the GLIS2-SG-Dox cells, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) pathway was inactive and cells underwent myofibroblastic transdifferentiation transformation. Overexpression of GLIS2 can increase the acetylation level of PPAR-γ and alleviate CCL4-induced liver fibrosis in mice. Mechanically, relatively abundant GLIS2 and histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) form chelates to avoid the deacetylation of PPAR-γ, so as to maintain the activation level of PPAR-γ signaling pathway in HSCs cells. In this process, HDAC3 acts as a medium for GLIS2 to influence PPAR-γ signaling. Nonetheless, when GLIS2 is absent, HDAC3 deacetylates PPAR-γ, activates HSCs, and leads to liver fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS GLIS2 deficiency promotes myofibroblastic transdifferentiation and activation of HSCs. Mechanically, GLIS2 regulates the acetylation of PPAR-γ by competitively binding to HDAC3 in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoye Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengcheng Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Xing
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangmei Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangkang Fu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.
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Ramani K, Mavila N, Abeynayake A, Tomasi ML, Wang J, Matsuda M, Seki E. Targeting A-kinase anchoring protein 12 phosphorylation in hepatic stellate cells regulates liver injury and fibrosis in mouse models. eLife 2022; 11:e78430. [PMID: 36193675 PMCID: PMC9531947 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to activated state potentiates liver fibrosis through release of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, distorting the liver architecture. Since limited antifibrotics are available, pharmacological intervention targeting activated HSCs may be considered for therapy. A-kinase anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12) is a scaffolding protein that directs protein kinases A/C (PKA/PKC) and cyclins to specific locations spatiotemporally controlling their biological effects. It has been shown that AKAP12's scaffolding functions are altered by phosphorylation. In previously published work, observed an association between AKAP12 phosphorylation and HSC activation. In this work, we demonstrate that AKAP12's scaffolding activity toward the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident collagen chaperone, heat-shock protein 47 (HSP47) is strongly inhibited by AKAP12's site-specific phosphorylation in activated HSCs. CRISPR-directed gene editing of AKAP12's phospho-sites restores its scaffolding toward HSP47, inhibiting HSP47's collagen maturation functions, and HSC activation. AKAP12 phospho-editing dramatically inhibits fibrosis, ER stress response, HSC inflammatory signaling, and liver injury in mice. Our overall findings suggest a pro-fibrogenic role of AKAP12 phosphorylation that may be targeted for therapeutic intervention in liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Ramani
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesUnited States
- Applied Cell Biology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Nirmala Mavila
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesUnited States
- Applied Cell Biology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Aushinie Abeynayake
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Maria Lauda Tomasi
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesUnited States
- Applied Cell Biology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Jiaohong Wang
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Michitaka Matsuda
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Eki Seki
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesUnited States
- Applied Cell Biology Division, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesUnited States
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Reif S, Atias A, Musseri M, Koroukhov N, Gerstl RG. Beneficial Effects of Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Liver Fibrosis Progression by Inhibiting Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14194049. [PMID: 36235702 PMCID: PMC9571732 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the consequence of various chronic liver diseases, resulting in accumulation of extracellular matrix, following the activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Based on the milk-derived extracellular vesicles’ (MDEs’) characteristics and biological proprieties, we investigate whether MDEs may regulate fibrotic progression by inhibiting HSCs’ activation via the MDEs’ miRNA content. In order to study this question, we examined the effect of human and cow MDEs on HSCs isolated from murine livers, on activation, proliferation and their proteins’ expression. We have shown that MDEs are able to enter into HSCs in vitro and into the livers in vivo. MDEs inhibited HSCs’ proliferation following stimulation with PDGF. Moreover, in vivo treatment with MDEs resulted in an increase of in miRNA-148 and Let7a expression in HSCs. In contrast, treatment with MDEs reduced the expression of miR-21 in HSCs. In addition, MDEs regulate HSC activation, as was shown by downregulation of collagen I expression and alpha smooth muscle actin, and upregulation of PPARγ. MDEs carrying beneficial miRNAs can be a nontoxic natural target for treatment of liver cirrhosis.
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Kołakowski A, Dziemitko S, Chmielecka A, Żywno H, Bzdęga W, Charytoniuk T, Chabowski A, Konstantynowicz-Nowicka K. Molecular Advances in MAFLD—A Link between Sphingolipids and Extracellular Matrix in Development and Progression to Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911380. [PMID: 36232681 PMCID: PMC9569877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) is a major cause of liver diseases globally and its prevalence is expected to grow in the coming decades. The main cause of MAFLD development is changed in the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Increased production of matrix molecules and inflammatory processes lead to progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, and ultimately liver failure. In addition, increased accumulation of sphingolipids accompanied by increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ECM is closely related to lipogenesis, MAFLD development, and its progression to fibrosis. In our work, we will summarize all information regarding the role of sphingolipids e.g., ceramide and S1P in MAFLD development. These sphingolipids seem to have the most significant effect on macrophages and, consequently, HSCs which trigger the entire cascade of overproduction matrix molecules, especially type I and III collagen, proteoglycans, elastin, and also tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, which as a result cause the development of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Kołakowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sylwia Dziemitko
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Hubert Żywno
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wiktor Bzdęga
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Charytoniuk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Antoni Jurasz University Hospital No. 1, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
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Nanda I, Schröder SK, Steinlein C, Haaf T, Buhl EM, Grimm DG, Weiskirchen R. Rat Hepatic Stellate Cell Line CFSC-2G: Genetic Markers and Short Tandem Repeat Profile Useful for Cell Line Authentication. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182900. [PMID: 36139474 PMCID: PMC9497204 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are also known as lipocytes, fat-storing cells, perisinusoidal cells, or Ito cells. These liver-specific mesenchymal cells represent about 5% to 8% of all liver cells, playing a key role in maintaining the microenvironment of the hepatic sinusoid. Upon chronic liver injury or in primary culture, these cells become activated and transdifferentiate into a contractile phenotype, i.e., the myofibroblast, capable of producing and secreting large quantities of extracellular matrix compounds. Based on their central role in the initiation and progression of chronic liver diseases, cultured HSCs are valuable in vitro tools to study molecular and cellular aspects of liver diseases. However, the isolation of these cells requires special equipment, trained personnel, and in some cases needs approval from respective authorities. To overcome these limitations, several immortalized HSC lines were established. One of these cell lines is CFSC, which was originally established from cirrhotic rat livers induced by carbon tetrachloride. First introduced in 1991, this cell line and derivatives thereof (i.e., CFSC-2G, CFSC-3H, CFSC-5H, and CFSC-8B) are now used in many laboratories as an established in vitro HSC model. We here describe molecular features that are suitable for cell authentication. Importantly, chromosome banding and multicolor spectral karyotyping (SKY) analysis demonstrate that the CFSC-2G genome has accumulated extensive chromosome rearrangements and most chromosomes exist in multiple copies producing a pseudo-triploid karyotype. Furthermore, our study documents a defined short tandem repeat (STR) profile including 31 species-specific markers, and a list of genes expressed in CFSC-2G established by bulk mRNA next-generation sequencing (NGS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Nanda
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah K. Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Claus Steinlein
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Julius Maximilians University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva M. Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Domink G. Grimm
- Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability & Weihenstephan-Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Technical University of Munich, D-94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)241-808-8683
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Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells Promote the M1 to M2 Macrophage Transformation and Liver Fibrosis by Elevating the Histone Acetylation Level. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:9883831. [PMID: 36133436 PMCID: PMC9484931 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9883831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis results from the formation of fibrous scars of hepatic stellate cells by various chronic liver diseases. Considering that the liver is the most important metabolic organ in the human body, exploring the metabolic characteristics of liver fibrosis is expected to discover new markers and therapeutic targets. In this study, we first used mouse model to verify that both lactate content and histone acetylation levels were significantly increased in hepatic fibrosis mice. At the same time, it was confirmed that activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) cocultured with M1 macrophages can promote their transformation into M2 macrophages in hepatic stellate cell line and primary hepatic stellate cells. In addition, the addition of lactic acid to the medium in which M1 cells are cultured can promote their transformation into M2 macrophages. Therefore, we concluded that activated HSCs can promote the transformation of M1 to M2 macrophages through lactate accumulation, thereby causing liver fibrosis.
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Wu X, Gu X, Xue M, Ge C, Liang X. Proteomic analysis of hepatic fibrosis induced by a high starch diet in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 43:101007. [PMID: 35714397 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2022.101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Largemouth bass is sensitive to the dietary starch level and excess starch can induce metabolic liver diseases (MLD). Hepatic fibrosis is a typical pathological phenotype of MLD in largemouth bass, but the molecular basis underlying is largely unclear. This study fed fish with a low or high starch diet for 4 weeks. Liver tissues with or without fibrotic symptoms were recognized through histopathological and molecular markers analysis of hepatic fibrosis, following TMT Quantitative proteomics and conducted Parallel Reaction Monitoring (PRM) analyses. 2455 differentially expressed proteins with 1618 up-regulated and 837 down-regulated were identified in this study. In GO terms, up-regulated proteins were correlated with cytoskeleton organization, supramolecular fiber, cytoskeleton protein binding, and actin-binding, while down-regulated proteins were involved in mainly metabolism-related processes, and molecular binding activity. Down-regulated proteins were enriched in 63 KEGG pathways and concentrated in metabolism-related pathways, especially glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. 70 KEGG pathways of up-regulated proteins mainly included immunity and inflammation-related pathways. The expression trends of 11 differentially expressed proteins were consistent with proteome results by PRM analysis. In conclusion, the development of hepatic fibrosis induced by high starch may be related to multi-signaling pathways, metabolism processes, and targets, which provides important data for further study on revealing the molecular mechanism of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Wu
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xu Gu
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Min Xue
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunyu Ge
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaofang Liang
- National Aquafeed Safety Assessment Center, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Hany NM, Eissa S, Basyouni M, Hasanin AH, Aboul-Ela YM, Elmagd NMA, Montasser IF, Ali MA, Skipp PJ, Matboli M. Modulation of hepatic stellate cells by Mutaflor ® probiotic in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease management. Lab Invest 2022; 20:342. [PMID: 35907883 PMCID: PMC9338485 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NAFLD and NASH are emerging as primary causes of chronic liver disease, indicating a need for an effective treatment. Mutaflor® probiotic, a microbial treatment of interest, was effective in sustaining remission in ulcerative colitis patients. OBJECTIVE To construct a genetic-epigenetic network linked to HSC signaling as a modulator of NAFLD/NASH pathogenesis, then assess the effects of Mutaflor® on this network. METHODS First, in silico analysis was used to construct a genetic-epigenetic network linked to HSC signaling. Second, an investigation using rats, including HFHSD induced NASH and Mutaflor® treated animals, was designed. Experimental procedures included biochemical and histopathologic analysis of rat blood and liver samples. At the molecular level, the expression of genetic (FOXA2, TEAD2, and LATS2 mRNAs) and epigenetic (miR-650, RPARP AS-1 LncRNA) network was measured by real-time PCR. PCR results were validated with immunohistochemistry (α-SMA and LATS2). Target effector proteins, IL-6 and TGF-β, were estimated by ELISA. RESULTS Mutaflor® administration minimized biochemical and histopathologic alterations caused by NAFLD/NASH. HSC activation and expression of profibrogenic IL-6 and TGF-β effector proteins were reduced via inhibition of hedgehog and hippo pathways. Pathways may have been inhibited through upregulation of RPARP AS-1 LncRNA which in turn downregulated the expression of miR-650, FOXA2 mRNA and TEAD2 mRNA and upregulated LATS2 mRNA expression. CONCLUSION Mutaflor® may slow the progression of NAFLD/NASH by modulating a genetic-epigenetic network linked to HSC signaling. The probiotic may be a useful modality for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Hany
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, P.O. box, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Sanaa Eissa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, P.O. box, Cairo, 11381, Egypt. .,MASRI Research Institue, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Manal Basyouni
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, P.O. box, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Amany H Hasanin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmin M Aboul-Ela
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa M Abo Elmagd
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman F Montasser
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Ali
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Military Medical Academy, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Paul J Skipp
- Centre for Proteomic Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Marwa Matboli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, P.O. box, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
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Yiew NKH, Finck BN. The mitochondrial pyruvate carrier at the crossroads of intermediary metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E33-E52. [PMID: 35635330 PMCID: PMC9273276 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00074.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate metabolism, a central nexus of carbon homeostasis, is an evolutionarily conserved process and aberrant pyruvate metabolism is associated with and contributes to numerous human metabolic disorders including diabetes, cancer, and heart disease. As a product of glycolysis, pyruvate is primarily generated in the cytosol before being transported into the mitochondrion for further metabolism. Pyruvate entry into the mitochondrial matrix is a critical step for efficient generation of reducing equivalents and ATP and for the biosynthesis of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids from pyruvate. However, for many years, the identity of the carrier protein(s) that transported pyruvate into the mitochondrial matrix remained a mystery. In 2012, the molecular-genetic identification of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), a heterodimeric complex composed of protein subunits MPC1 and MPC2, enabled studies that shed light on the many metabolic and physiological processes regulated by pyruvate metabolism. A better understanding of the mechanisms regulating pyruvate transport and the processes affected by pyruvate metabolism may enable novel therapeutics to modulate mitochondrial pyruvate flux to treat a variety of disorders. Herein, we review our current knowledge of the MPC, discuss recent advances in the understanding of mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism in various tissue and cell types, and address some of the outstanding questions relevant to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K H Yiew
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian N Finck
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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63
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Cheng X, Jia J, Zhang T, Zhang X, Vlodavsky I, Li JP. Heparanase Expression Propagates Liver Damage in CCL4-Induced Mouse Model. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132035. [PMID: 35805119 PMCID: PMC9265342 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase is elevated in various pathological conditions, primarily cancer and inflammation. To investigate the significance and involvement of heparanase in liver fibrosis, we compared the susceptibility of wild-type (WT) and heparanase-overexpressing transgenic (Hpa-tg) mice to carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced fibrosis. In comparison with WT mice, Hpa-tg mice displayed a severe degree of tissue damage and fibrosis, including higher necrotic tendency and intensified expression of smooth muscle actin. While damage to the WT liver started to recover after the acute phase, damage to the Hpa-tg liver was persistent. Recovery was attributed, in part, to heparanase-stimulated autophagic activity in response to CCL4, leading to increased apoptosis and necrosis. The total number of stellate cells was significantly higher in the Hpa-tg than the WT liver, likely contributing to the increased amounts of lipid droplets and smooth muscle actin. Our results support the notion that heparanase enhances inflammatory responses, and hence may serve as a target for the treatment of liver damage and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Cheng
- SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden; (X.C.); (J.J.)
| | - Juan Jia
- SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden; (X.C.); (J.J.)
| | - Tianji Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Uppsala, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center Rappaport, Faculty of Medicine, Technion 31096, Israel;
| | - Jin-ping Li
- SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden; (X.C.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-184-714-241
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NAFLD: Mechanisms, Treatments, and Biomarkers. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060824. [PMID: 35740949 PMCID: PMC9221336 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently renamed metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), is one of the most common causes of liver diseases worldwide. NAFLD is growing in parallel with the obesity epidemic. No pharmacological treatment is available to treat NAFLD, specifically. The reason might be that NAFLD is a multi-factorial disease with an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms involved, an absence of accurate and inexpensive imaging tools, and lack of adequate non-invasive biomarkers. NAFLD consists of the accumulation of excess lipids in the liver, causing lipotoxicity that might progress to metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (NASH), liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The mechanisms for the pathogenesis of NAFLD, current interventions in the management of the disease, and the role of sirtuins as potential targets for treatment are discussed here. In addition, the current diagnostic tools, and the role of non-coding RNAs as emerging diagnostic biomarkers are summarized. The availability of non-invasive biomarkers, and accurate and inexpensive non-invasive diagnosis tools are crucial in the detection of the early signs in the progression of NAFLD. This will expedite clinical trials and the validation of the emerging therapeutic treatments.
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65
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Enrichment Methods for Murine Liver Non-Parenchymal Cells Differentially Affect Their Immunophenotype and Responsiveness towards Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126543. [PMID: 35742987 PMCID: PMC9223567 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes comprise the majority of the liver and largely exert metabolic functions, whereas non-parenchymal cells (NPCs)—comprising Kupffer cells, dendritic cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells—control the immunological state within this organ. Here, we compared the suitability of two isolation methods for murine liver NPCs. Liver perfusion (LP) with collagenase/DNase I applied via the portal vein leads to efficient liver digestion, whereas the modified liver dissociation (LD) method combines mechanical dissociation of the retrieved organ with enzymatic degradation of the extracellular matrix. In cases of both LP and LD, NPCs were enriched by subsequent gradient density centrifugation. Our results indicate that LP and LD are largely comparable with regards to the yield, purity, and composition of liver NPCs. However, LD-enriched liver NPCs displayed a higher degree of activation after overnight cultivation, and accordingly were less responsive towards stimulation with toll-like receptor ligands that are frequently used as adjuvants, e.g., in nano-vaccines. We conclude that LP is more suitable for obtaining liver NPCs for subsequent in vitro studies, whereas LD as the less laborious method, is more convenient for parallel isolation of larger numbers of samples for ex vivo analysis.
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66
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Zhou W, Dong G, Gao G, He Z, Xu J, Aziz S, Ma L, Zhao W. Evaluation of HZX-960, a novel DCN1-UBC12 interaction inhibitor, as a potential antifibrotic compound for liver fibrosis. Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 100:309-324. [PMID: 35544948 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2021-0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a very common health problem and currently lacks effective treatments. Cullin ring E3 ligases (CRLs) regulate the turnover of ~20% of mammalian cell proteins. Neddylation, the process by which NEDD8 is covalently attached to cullin proteins through sequential enzymatic reactions, is critical for the activation of CRLs and was recently found to be elevated in liver fibrosis. NEDD8-activating enzyme E1-specific inhibition led to the reduced liver damage characterized by decreased apoptosis, inflammation and fibrosis. However, the relevance of a co-E3 ligase, DCN1, in liver fibrosis remains unclear. Here, a novel and potent DCN1-UBC12 interaction inhibitor HZX-960 was discovered with an IC50 value of 9.37nM, which could inhibit the neddylation of cullin3. Importantly, we identified that HZX-960 treatment could attenuate TGFβ-induced liver fibrotic responses by reducing the deposition of collagen I and α-SMA, and upregulating cellular NRF2, HO-1 and NQO1 level in two hepatic stellate cell lines. Additionally, DCN1 was shown to be unregulated in CCl4-induced mice liver tissue, and liver fibrotic signaling in mice was reduced by HZX-960. Therefore, our data demonstrated that HZX-960 possessed anti-liver fibrosis ability, and DCN1 may be a potential therapeutic target for liver fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Zhou
- Zhengzhou University, 12636, school of pharmacy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Oslo University Hospital, 155272, Department of Pathology, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Guanjun Dong
- Zhengzhou University, 12636, school of pharmacy, Zhnezhou, China;
| | - Ge Gao
- Zhengzhou University, 12636, school of pharmacy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China;
| | - Zhangxu He
- Zhengzhou University, 12636, school of pharmacy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China;
| | - Jiale Xu
- Zhengzhou University, 12636, school of pharmacy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China;
| | - Shireen Aziz
- Zhengzhou University, 12636, Zhengzhou, Henan, China;
| | - Liying Ma
- Zhengzhou University, 12636, school of pharmacy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China;
| | - Wen Zhao
- Zhengzhou University, 12636, school of pharmacy, Zhengzhou, Henan, China;
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67
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Ye Z, Song B, Lee PM, Ohliger MA, Laustsen C. Hyperpolarized carbon 13 MRI in liver diseases: Recent advances and future opportunities. Liver Int 2022; 42:973-983. [PMID: 35230742 PMCID: PMC9313895 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized carbon-13 magnetic resonance imaging (HP 13 C MRI) is a recently translated metabolic imaging technique. With dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (d-DNP), more than 10 000-fold signal enhancement can be readily reached, making it possible to visualize real-time metabolism and specific substrate-to-metabolite conversions in the liver after injecting carbon-13 labelled probes. Increasing evidence suggests that HP 13 C MRI is a potential tool in detecting liver abnormalities, predicting disease progression and monitoring response treatment. In this review, we will introduce the recent progresses of HP 13 C MRI in diffuse liver diseases and liver malignancies and discuss its future opportunities from a clinical perspective, hoping to provide a comprehensive overview of this novel technique in liver diseases and highlight its scientific and clinical potential in the field of hepatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ye
- Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
- The MR Research Center, Department of Clinical MedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Bin Song
- Department of RadiologyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Philip M. Lee
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Michael A. Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- The MR Research Center, Department of Clinical MedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
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68
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Mooli RGR, Mukhi D, Ramakrishnan SK. Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling in the Pathophysiology of Liver Diseases. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:3167-3192. [PMID: 35578969 PMCID: PMC10074426 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increased production of derivatives of molecular oxygen and nitrogen in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) lead to molecular damage called oxidative stress. Under normal physiological conditions, the ROS generation is tightly regulated in different cells and cellular compartments. Any disturbance in the balance between the cellular generation of ROS and antioxidant balance leads to oxidative stress. In this article, we discuss the sources of ROS (endogenous and exogenous) and antioxidant mechanisms. We also focus on the pathophysiological significance of oxidative stress in various cell types of the liver. Oxidative stress is implicated in the development and progression of various liver diseases. We narrate the master regulators of ROS-mediated signaling and their contribution to liver diseases. Nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) are influenced by a "multiple parallel-hit model" in which oxidative stress plays a central role. We highlight the recent findings on the role of oxidative stress in the spectrum of NAFLD, including fibrosis and liver cancer. Finally, we provide a brief overview of oxidative stress biomarkers and their therapeutic applications in various liver-related disorders. Overall, the article sheds light on the significance of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of the liver. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12:3167-3192, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Gopal Reddy Mooli
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dhanunjay Mukhi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sadeesh K Ramakrishnan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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69
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Liu T, Li H, Li Y, Wang L, Chen G, Pu G, Guo X, Cho WC, Fasihi Harandi M, Zheng Y, Luo X. Integrative Analysis of RNA Expression and Regulatory Networks in Mice Liver Infected by Echinococcus multilocularis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:798551. [PMID: 35399512 PMCID: PMC8989267 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.798551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The larvae of Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis, which poses a great threat to the public health. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the host and parasite interactions are still unclear. Exploring the transcriptomic maps of mRNA, miRNA and lncRNA expressed in the liver in response to E. multilocularis infection will help us to understand its pathogenesis. Using liver perfusion, different cell populations including the hepatic cells, hepatic stellate cells and Kupffer cells were isolated from mice interperitoneally inoculated with protoscoleces. Their transcriptional profiles including lncRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs were done by RNA-seq. Among these cell populations, the most differentially-expressed (DE) mRNA, lncRNAs and miRNAs were annotated and may involve in the pathological processes, mainly including metabolic disorders, immune responses and liver fibrosis. Following the integrative analysis of 38 differentially-expressed DEmiRNAs and 8 DElncRNAs, the lncRNA-mRNA-miRNA networks were constructed, including F63-miR-223-3p-Fbxw7/ZFP36/map1b, F63-miR-27-5p-Tdrd6/Dip2c/Wdfy4 and IFNgAS1-IFN-γ. These results unveil the presence of several potential lncRNA-mRNA-miRNA axes during E. multilocularis infection, and further exploring of these axes may contribute to better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Liqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guiting Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaola Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
| | - William C. Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Yadong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology and College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuenong Luo, ; Yadong Zheng,
| | - Xuenong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuenong Luo, ; Yadong Zheng,
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70
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Wang S, Liang Y, Dai C. Metabolic Regulation of Fibroblast Activation and Proliferation during Organ Fibrosis. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 8:115-125. [PMID: 35527985 DOI: 10.1159/000522417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Activated fibroblasts are present in the injury response, tumorigenesis, fibrosis, and inflammation in a variety of tissues and myriad disease types. Summary During normal tissue repair, quiescent fibroblasts transform into a proliferative and contractile phenotype termed myofibroblasts and are then lost as repair resolves to form a scar. When excessive levels are reached, activated fibroblasts proliferate and produce large amounts of extracellular matrix, which accumulates in the interstitial space of different organs. This accumulation leads to fibrotic dysfunction and multiple-organ dysfunction syndrome. To date, there are limited effective treatments for these conditions. Cellular metabolism is the cornerstone of all biological activities. Emerging evidence shows that metabolic alterations in fibroblasts are important for the activation process and illness progression. These discoveries, along with current clinical advances showing decreased lung fibrosis after targeting specific metabolic pathways, thus offer new possibilities for therapeutic interventions. The purpose of this review was to summarize the most recent knowledge of the major metabolic changes that occur during fibroblast transition from quiescent to activated states and the evidence linking alterations in fibroblast metabolism to the pathobiology of several common fibrotic diseases and tumor-related diseases. Key Messages Metabolic disorders are associated with the progression of chronic kidney diseases. Interfering with fibroblast metabolism may be a promising therapeutic strategy for renal fibrosis and other fibrosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan Wang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunsun Dai
- Center for Kidney Disease, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Genetics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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71
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Martin-Grau M, Marrachelli VG, Monleon D. Rodent models and metabolomics in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: What can we learn? World J Hepatol 2022; 14:304-318. [PMID: 35317178 PMCID: PMC8891675 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v14.i2.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence has increased drastically in recent decades, affecting up to 25% of the world’s population. NAFLD is a spectrum of different diseases that starts with asymptomatic steatosis and continues with development of an inflammatory response called steatohepatitis, which can progress to fibrosis. Several molecular and metabolic changes are required for the hepatocyte to finally vary its function; hence a “multiple hit” hypothesis seems a more accurate proposal. Previous studies and current knowledge suggest that in most cases, NAFLD initiates and progresses through most of nine hallmarks of the disease, although the triggers and mechanisms for these can vary widely. The use of animal models remains crucial for understanding the disease and for developing tools based on biological knowledge. Among certain requirements to be met, a good model must imitate certain aspects of the human NAFLD disorder, be reliable and reproducible, have low mortality, and be compatible with a simple and feasible method. Metabolism studies in these models provides a direct reflection of the workings of the cell and may be a useful approach to better understand the initiation and progression of the disease. Metabolomics seems a valid tool for studying metabolic pathways and crosstalk between organs affected in animal models of NAFLD and for the discovery and validation of relevant biomarkers with biological understanding. In this review, we provide a brief introduction to NAFLD hallmarks, the five groups of animal models available for studying NAFLD and the potential role of metabolomics in the study of experimental NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Martin-Grau
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Vannina G Marrachelli
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Health Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Daniel Monleon
- Department of Pathology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
- Health Research Institute INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Madrid 28029, Spain
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72
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Zou L, Shi C, Wang D, Cheng J, Wang Q, Wang L, Yang G. Long non-coding RNA-non-coding RNA activated by DNA damage inhibition suppresses hepatic stellate cell activation via microRNA-495-3p/sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3 axis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:6150-6162. [PMID: 35200103 PMCID: PMC8973981 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2037841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a damage repair response caused by multiple factors. A growing body of research suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in a wide range of biological processes, and thus regulate disease progression, including hepatic fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of the long non-coding RNA-non-coding RNA activated by DNA damage (NORAD) in modulating hepatic fibrosis development. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) was used to activate LX-2 hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The expression of NORAD and microRNA (miR)-495-3p was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. The effects of PDGF-BB on LX-2 cell viability, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were evaluated using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide), Transwell, flow cytometry, and Western blot assays. The activation of HSCs was further verified by examining the expression of the typical markers, alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I (Col1α1), using qRT-PCR and Western blot assays. StarBase and dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to assess the binding relationship between miR-495-3p and NORAD. The NORAD levels remarkably increased, whereas the miR-495-3p levels decreased, in PDGF-BB-treated LX-2 cells. miR-495-3p was a putative downstream target of NORAD. NORAD silencing played an anti-fibrotic role by targeting miR-495-3p; this was accomplished by hindering PDGF-BB-treated LX-2 cell viability, migration, and invasion, decreasing the levels of α-SMA and Col1α1, and promoting apoptosis. miR-495-3p protected against hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3 (S1PR3) expression. In summary, NORAD silencing inhibited hepatic fibrosis by suppressing HSC activation via the miR-495-3p/S1PR3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yancheng Second People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Cuifen Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yancheng Second People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yancheng Second People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Juan Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yancheng Second People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yancheng Second People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yancheng Second People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Guoya Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yancheng Second People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
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73
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Raftar SKA, Ashrafian F, Abdollahiyan S, Yadegar A, Moradi HR, Masoumi M, Vaziri F, Moshiri A, Siadat SD, Zali MR. The anti-inflammatory effects of Akkermansia muciniphila and its derivates in HFD/CCL4-induced murine model of liver injury. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2453. [PMID: 35165344 PMCID: PMC8844054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in the promotion of hepatocyte damage and liver fibrosis. In recent years the protective role of Akkermansia muciniphila, a next-generation beneficial microbe, has been suggested for metabolic and inflammatory disorders. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of live and pasteurized A. muciniphila and its extra cellular vesicles (EVs) on inflammatory markers involved in liver fibrosis in a mouse model of a high-fat diet (HFD)/carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury. Firstly, the responses of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to live and pasteurized A. muciniphila and its EVs were examined in the quiescent and LPS-activated LX-2 cells. Next, the anti-inflammatory effects of different forms of A. muciniphila were examined in the mouse model of HFD/CCl4-induced liver injury. The gene expression of various inflammatory markers was evaluated in liver, colon, and white adipose tissues. The cytokine secretion in the liver and white adipose tissues was also measured by ELISA. The results showed that administration of live and pasteurized A. muciniphila and its EVs leads to amelioration in HSCs activation. Based on data obtained from the histopathological analysis, an improvement in gut health was observed through enhancing the epithelium and mucosal layer thickness and strengthening the intestinal integrity in all treatments. Moreover, live A. muciniphila and its EVs had inhibitory effects on liver inflammation and hepatocytes damage. In addition, the tissue cytokine production and inflammatory gene expression levels revealed that live A. muciniphila and its EVs had more pronounced anti-inflammatory effects on liver and adipose tissues. Furthermore, EVs had better effects on the modulation of gene expression related to TLRs, PPARs, and immune response in the liver. In conclusion, the present results showed that oral administration of A. muciniphila and its derivatives for four weeks could enhance the intestinal integrity and anti-inflammatory responses of the colon, adipose, and liver tissues and subsequently prevent liver injury in HFD/CCL4 mice.
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Golikov MV, Valuev-Elliston VT, Smirnova OA, Ivanov AV. Physiological Media in Studies of Cell Metabolism. Mol Biol 2022; 56:629-637. [PMID: 36217338 PMCID: PMC9534458 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322050077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Changes in cell metabolism accompany the development of a wide spectrum of pathologies including cancer, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, usage of inhibitors of metabolic enzymes are considered a promising strategy for the development of therapeutic agents. However, the investigation of cellular metabolism is hampered by the significant impact of culture media, which interfere with many cellular processes, thus making cellular models irrelevant. There are numerous reports that show that the results from in vitro systems are not reproduced in in vivo models and patients. Over the last decade a novel approach has emerged, which consists of adaptation of the culture medium composition to that closer to the composition of blood plasma. In 2017‒2019, two plasma-like media were proposed, Plasmax and HPLM. In the review, we have summarized the drawbacks of common media and have analyzed changes in the metabolism of cells cultivated in common and plasma-like media in normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. V. Golikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - V. T. Valuev-Elliston
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - O. A. Smirnova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. V. Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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75
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Li Y, Wu J, Liu R, Zhang Y, Li X. Extracellular vesicles: catching the light of intercellular communication in fibrotic liver diseases. Theranostics 2022; 12:6955-6971. [PMID: 36276639 PMCID: PMC9576620 DOI: 10.7150/thno.77256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of fibrotic liver diseases resulting from different etiologies has become a major global problem for public health. Fibrotic liver diseases represent a redundant accumulation of extracellular matrix, dysregulation of immune homeostasis and angiogenesis, which eventually contribute to the progression of cirrhosis and liver malignancies. The concerted actions among liver cells including hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, kupffer cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and other immune cells are essential for the outcome of liver fibrosis. Recently, a growing body of literature has highlighted that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are critical mediators of intercellular communication among different liver cells either in local or distant microenvironments, coordinating a variety of systemic pathological and physiological processes. Despite the increasing interests in this field, there are still relatively few studies to classify the contents and functions of EVs in intercellular transmission during hepatic fibrogenesis. This review aims to summarize the latest findings with regards to the cargo loading, release, and uptake of EVs in different liver cells and clarify the significant roles of EVs played in fibrotic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jianzhi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Runping Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yinhao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
- ✉ Corresponding author: Xiaojiaoyang Li, Ph.D., School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China. E-mail:
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76
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Duspara K, Bojanic K, Pejic JI, Kuna L, Kolaric TO, Nincevic V, Smolic R, Vcev A, Glasnovic M, Curcic IB, Smolic M. Targeting the Wnt Signaling Pathway in Liver Fibrosis for Drug Options: An Update. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2021; 9:960-971. [PMID: 34966659 PMCID: PMC8666372 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a life-threatening disease, with challenging morbidity and mortality for healthcare systems worldwide. It imparts an enormous economic burden to societies, making continuous research and informational updates about its pathogenesis and treatment crucial. This review's focus is on the current knowledge about the Wnt signaling pathway, serving as an important pathway in liver fibrosis development and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Two types of Wnt pathways are distinguished, namely the ß-catenin-dependent canonical and non-canonical Ca2+ or planar cell polarity (PCP)-dependent pathway. The dynamic balance of physiologically healthy liver and hepatocytes is disturbed by repeated liver injuries. Activation of the ß-catenin Wnt pathway prevents the regeneration of hepatocytes by the replacement of extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to the appearance of scar tissue and the formation of regenerated nodular hepatocytes, lacking the original function of healthy hepatocytes. Therefore, liver function is reduced due to the severely advanced disease. Selective inhibition of ß-catenin inhibits inflammatory processes (since chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced during Wnt activation), reduces growth of activated HSCs and reduces collagen synthesis and angiogenesis, thereby reducing the progression of liver fibrosis in vivo. While the canonical Wnt pathway is usually inactive in a physiologically healthy liver, it shows activity during cell regeneration or renewal and in certain pathophysiological conditions, such as liver diseases and cancer. Targeted blocking of some of the basic components of the Wnt pathway is a therapeutic approach. These include the frizzled transmembrane receptor (Fz) receptors using the secreted frizzled-related protein family (sFRP), Fz-coreceptors low-density LRP 5/6 through dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) or niclosamide, glycogen kinase-3 beta (GSK-3β) using SB-216763, cyclic-AMP response element-binding protein (CBP) using PRI-724 and ICG-001, the lymphoid enhancer binding factor (LEF)/T cell-specific transcription factor (TCF) system as well as Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) and miR-17-5p using pinostilbene hydrate (PSH). Significant progress has been made in inhibiting Wnt and thus stopping the progression of liver fibrosis by diminishing key components for its action. Comprehending the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in liver fibrosis may lead to discovery of novel targets in liver fibrosis therapeutic strategies' development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Duspara
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Kristina Bojanic
- Department of Biophysics and Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Biophysics and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Radiology, Health Center Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Josipa Ivanusic Pejic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lucija Kuna
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Tea Omanovic Kolaric
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vjera Nincevic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Robert Smolic
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Vcev
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marija Glasnovic
- Department of Medicine, Family Medicine and History of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Bilic Curcic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Martina Smolic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Correspondence to: Martina Smolic, University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, J. Huttlera 4, Osijek 31000, Croatia. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6867-826X. Tel: + 385-31-512-800, Fax: +385-31-512-833, E-mail:
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77
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Wang Z, Yang X, Gui S, Yang F, Cao Z, Cheng R, Xia X, Li C. The Roles and Mechanisms of lncRNAs in Liver Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:779606. [PMID: 34899344 PMCID: PMC8652206 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.779606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can potentially regulate all aspects of cellular activity including differentiation and development, metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis, and activation, and benefited from advances in transcriptomic and genomic research techniques and database management technologies, its functions and mechanisms in physiological and pathological states have been widely reported. Liver fibrosis is typically characterized by a reversible wound healing response, often accompanied by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix. In recent years, a range of lncRNAs have been investigated and found to be involved in several cellular-level regulatory processes as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) that play an important role in the development of liver fibrosis. A variety of lncRNAs have also been shown to contribute to the altered cell cycle, proliferation profile associated with the accelerated development of liver fibrosis. This review aims to discuss the functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs in the development and regression of liver fibrosis, to explore the major lncRNAs involved in the signaling pathways regulating liver fibrosis, to elucidate the mechanisms mediated by lncRNA dysregulation and to provide new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifa Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei Anhui, China
| | - Xiaoke Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Siyu Gui
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fan Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhuo Cao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rong Cheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaowei Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanying Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, Hefei, China
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78
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Jia W, Liang S, Cheng B, Ling C. The Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and the Value of Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:763519. [PMID: 34868982 PMCID: PMC8636329 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.763519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion and metastasis are the main reasons for the high mortality of liver cancer, which involve the interaction of tumor stromal cells and malignant cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the major constituents of tumor stromal cells affecting tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. The heterogeneous properties and sources of CAFs make both tumor-supporting and tumor-suppression effects possible. The mechanisms for CAFs in supporting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression can be categorized into upregulated aggressiveness and stemness, transformed metabolism toward glycolysis and glutamine reductive carboxylation, polarized tumor immunity toward immune escape of HCC cells, and increased angiogenesis. The tumor-suppressive effect of fibroblasts highlights the functional heterogenicity of CAF populations and provides new insights into tumor–stromal interplay mechanisms. In this review, we introduced several key inflammatory signaling pathways in the transformation of CAFs from normal stromal cells and the heterogeneous biofunctions of activated CAFs. In view of the pleiotropic regulation properties of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and heterogeneous effects of CAFs, we also introduced the application and values of TCM in the treatment of HCC through targeting CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shufang Liang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Binbin Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changquan Ling
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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79
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Wu KK. Control of Tissue Fibrosis by 5-Methoxytryptophan, an Innate Anti-Inflammatory Metabolite. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:759199. [PMID: 34858185 PMCID: PMC8632247 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.759199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis causes debilitating human diseases such as liver cirrhosis, heart failure, chronic kidney disease and pulmonary insufficiency. It is a dynamic process orchestrated by specific subsets of monocyte-macrophages, fibroblasts, pericytes and hepatic stellate cells. Fibrosis is linked to tissue inflammation. Pro-inflammatory macrophages promote fibrosis by driving myofibroblast differentiation and macrophage myofibroblast transition. Myofibroblasts express α-smooth muscle cell actin (α-SMA) and secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins notably collagen I and III. Deposition of ECM proteins at injury sites and interstitial tissues distorts normal structure and impairs vital functions. Despite advances in the mechanisms of fibrosis at cellular, molecular and genetic levels, prevention and treatment of fibrotic diseases remain poorly developed. Recent reports suggest that 5-methoxytryptophan (5-MTP) is effective in attenuating injury-induced liver, kidney, cardiac and pulmonary fibrosis. It inhibits macrophage activation and blocks fibroblast differentiation to myofibroblasts. Furthermore, it inhibits hepatic stellate cell differentiation into myofibroblasts. As 5-MTP is an endogenous molecule derived from tryptophan catabolism via tryptophan hydroxylase pathway, it is well-suited as a lead compound for developing new anti-fibrotic drugs. This article provides an overview of 5-MTP synthesis, and a critical review of its anti-fibrotic activities. Its mechanisms of actions and potential therapeutic value will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K Wu
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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80
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Montaldo C, Terri M, Riccioni V, Battistelli C, Bordoni V, D'Offizi G, Prado MG, Trionfetti F, Vescovo T, Tartaglia E, Strippoli R, Agrati C, Tripodi M. Fibrogenic signals persist in DAA-treated HCV patients after sustained virological response. J Hepatol 2021; 75:1301-1311. [PMID: 34271004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with HCV who achieve a sustained virological response (SVR) on direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy still need to be monitored for signs of liver disease progression. To this end, the identification of both disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets is necessary. METHODS Extracellular vesicles (EVs) purified from plasma of 15 healthy donors (HDs), and 16 HCV-infected patients before (T0) and after (T6) DAA treatment were utilized for functional and miRNA cargo analysis. EVs purified from plasma of 17 HDs and 23 HCV-infected patients (T0 and T6) were employed for proteomic and western blot analyses. Functional analysis in LX2 cells measured fibrotic markers (mRNAs and proteins) in response to EVs. Structural analysis was performed by qPCR, label-free liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and western blot. RESULTS On the basis of observations indicating functional differences (i.e. modulation of FN-1, ACTA2, Smad2/3 phosphorylation, collagen deposition) of plasma-derived EVs from HDs, T0 and T6, we performed structural analysis of EVs. We found consistent differences in terms of both miRNA and protein cargos: (i) antifibrogenic miR204-5p, miR181a-5p, miR143-3p, miR93-5p and miR122-5p were statistically underrepresented in T0 EVs compared to HD EVs, while miR204-5p and miR143-3p were statistically underrepresented in T6 EVs compared to HD EVs (p <0.05); (ii) proteomic analysis highlighted, in both T0 and T6, the modulation of several proteins with respect to HDs; among them, the fibrogenic protein DIAPH1 was upregulated (Log2 fold change of 4.4). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results highlight structural EV modifications that are conceivably causal for long-term liver disease progression in patients with HCV despite DAA-mediated SVR. LAY SUMMARY Direct-acting antivirals lead to virological cure in the majority of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. However, the risk of liver disease progression or complications in patients with fibrosis and cirrhosis remains in some patients even after virological cure. Herein, we show that extracellular vesicle modifications could be linked to long-term liver disease progression in patients who have achieved virological cure; these modifications could potentially be used as biomarkers or treatment targets in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Montaldo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Italy
| | - Michela Terri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Italy; Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Riccioni
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Battistelli
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Bordoni
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Italy
| | | | - Maria Giulia Prado
- Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Trionfetti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Italy; Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Vescovo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Strippoli
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Italy; Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Italy
| | - Marco Tripodi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, IRCCS, Italy; Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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81
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Zhang J, Liu Q, He J, Li Y. Novel Therapeutic Targets in Liver Fibrosis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:766855. [PMID: 34805276 PMCID: PMC8602792 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.766855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is end-stage liver disease that can be rescued. If irritation continues due to viral infection, schistosomiasis and alcoholism, liver fibrosis can progress to liver cirrhosis and even cancer. The US Food and Drug Administration has not approved any drugs that act directly against liver fibrosis. The only treatments currently available are drugs that eliminate pathogenic factors, which show poor efficacy; and liver transplantation, which is expensive. This highlights the importance of clarifying the mechanism of liver fibrosis and searching for new treatments against it. This review summarizes how parenchymal, nonparenchymal cells, inflammatory cells and various processes (liver fibrosis, hepatic stellate cell activation, cell death and proliferation, deposition of extracellular matrix, cell metabolism, inflammation and epigenetics) contribute to liver fibrosis. We highlight discoveries of novel therapeutic targets, which may provide new insights into potential treatments for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhang Zhang
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinhui Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
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82
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Yin F, Mao LC, Cai QQ, Jiang WH. Effect of Hepatocyte Growth Factor-Transfected Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Hepatic Stellate Cells by Regulating Transforming Growth Factor-β1/Smads Signaling Pathway. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:1070-1081. [PMID: 34514810 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) could ameliorate liver fibrosis (LF) through inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). However, the specific mechanisms have not been studied clearly. The purpose of this study was to explore the possible mechanism of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-transfected hUCMSCs in inhibiting the proliferation and activation of HSCs-T6. The upper and lower double-cell coculture system was established among HGF-hUCMSCs, LV5-NC-hUCMSCs, hUCMSCs, and HSCs-T6 in experimental groups; HSCs-T6 were cultured alone as control group. After coculturing for 1, 2, and 3 days, results showed that HGF-transfected hUCMSCs could decrease cell viability of HSCs-T6 and promote apoptosis; inhibit their activation and reduce the expression of Collagen I, Collagen III, TGF-β1, Smad2 and Smad3, which may be related to inhibiting the activation of TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway. These findings suggested that HGF-transfected hUCMSCs may be used as an alternative and novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li-Cui Mao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qi-Qi Cai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wen-Hua Jiang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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83
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Ahrari A, Najafzadehvarzi H, Taravati A, Tohidi F. The inhibitory effect of PLGA-encapsulated berberine on hepatotoxicity and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) gene expression. Life Sci 2021; 284:119884. [PMID: 34389401 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver injury results in excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in the liver, which is mainly produced by hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and liver enzymes are the two hallmarks of liver injury. Previously, it has been confirmed that berberine (BBR) attenuates liver injury. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) encapsulated BBR against liver injury. METHODS Nanoprecipitation, encapsulation, and physio-chemical characterization of BBR-PLGA nanoparticles (BBR-PLGA-NP) have been done. The protective effects of BBR-PLGA-NPs and BBR against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-treated Wistar rats were investigated. The serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase were measured, and the expression level of α-SMA was quantified by qRT-PCR. To evaluate the liver changes, morphological and histological staining was done. RESULTS BBR-PLGA-NPs markedly reduced serum ALT and AST in rats treated with CCl4. Although the expression level of α-SMA was downregulated in the CCl4-injected rats that were treated with BBR, α-SMA expression in this group was still remarkably higher than the control group. α-SMA mRNA was significantly under-expressed (p < 0.05) by BBR-PLGA-NPs and the hepatic histology revealed BBR-PLGA-NPs made further improvements than free BBR. CONCLUSION The use of nanoparticle to encapsulate BBR is a worthy approach to enhance the curative effect of BBR against liver injuries, which donate a safe and effective drug delivery strategy to treat liver injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ahrari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hossein Najafzadehvarzi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Taravati
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Tohidi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Cancer Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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84
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Kermanizadeh A, Valli J, Sanchez K, Hutter S, Pawlowska A, Whyte G, Moritz W, Stone V. Particulate and drug-induced toxicity assessed in novel quadruple cell human primary hepatic disease models of steatosis and pre-fibrotic NASH. Arch Toxicol 2021; 96:287-303. [PMID: 34668024 PMCID: PMC8748349 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to replace, reduce and refine animal experimentation, there is an unmet need to advance current in vitro models that offer features with physiological relevance and enhanced predictivity of in vivo toxicological output. Hepatic toxicology is key following chemical, drug and nanomaterials (NMs) exposure, as the liver is vital in metabolic detoxification of chemicals as well as being a major site of xenobiotic accumulation (i.e., low solubility particulates). With the ever-increasing production of NMs, there is a necessity to evaluate the probability of consequential adverse effects, not only in health but also in clinically asymptomatic liver, as part of risk stratification strategies. In this study, two unique disease initiation and maintenance protocols were developed and utilised to mimic steatosis and pre-fibrotic NASH in scaffold-free 3D liver microtissues (MT) composed of primary human hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, Kupffer cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells. The characterized diseased MT were utilized for the toxicological assessment of a panel of xenobiotics. Highlights from the study included: 1. Clear experimental evidence for the pre-existing liver disease is important in the augmentation of xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity and 2. NMs are able to activate stellate cells. The data demonstrated that pre-existing disease is vital in the intensification of xenobiotic-induced liver damage. Therefore, it is imperative that all stages of the wide spectrum of liver disease are incorporated in risk assessment strategies. This is of significant consequence, as a substantial number of the general population suffer from sub-clinical liver injury without any apparent or diagnosed manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kermanizadeh
- Human Sciences Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, UK. .,School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Jessica Valli
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Simon Hutter
- InSphero AG, Wagistrasse 27a, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Graeme Whyte
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Vicki Stone
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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85
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Hwang S, Chung KW. Targeting fatty acid metabolism for fibrotic disorders. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:839-856. [PMID: 34664210 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is defined by abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix, which can affect virtually every organ system under diseased conditions. Fibrotic tissue remodeling often leads to organ dysfunction and is highly associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The disease burden caused by fibrosis is substantial, and the medical need for effective antifibrotic therapies is essential. Significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanism and pathobiology of fibrosis, such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated signaling pathways. However, owing to the complex and dynamic properties of fibrotic disorders, there are currently no therapeutic options that can prevent or reverse fibrosis. Recent studies have revealed that alterations in fatty acid metabolic processes are common mechanisms and core pathways that play a central role in different fibrotic disorders. Excessive lipid accumulation or defective fatty acid oxidation is associated with increased lipotoxicity, which directly contributes to the development of fibrosis. Genetic alterations or pharmacologic targeting of fatty acid metabolic processes have great potential for the inhibition of fibrosis development. Furthermore, mechanistic studies have revealed active interactions between altered metabolic processes and fibrosis development. Several well-known fibrotic factors change the lipid metabolic processes, while altered metabolic processes actively participate in fibrosis development. This review summarizes the recent evidence linking fatty acid metabolism and fibrosis, and provides new insights into the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases for the development of drugs for fibrosis prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghwan Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46214, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46214, Republic of Korea.
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86
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Xu P, Yi Y, Luo Y, Liu Z, Xu Y, Cai J, Zeng Z, Liu A. Radiation‑induced dysfunction of energy metabolism in the heart results in the fibrosis of cardiac tissues. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:842. [PMID: 34633055 PMCID: PMC8524410 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracic radiotherapy increases the risk of radiation‑induced heart damage (RIHD); however, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes are not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of radiation on the mouse heart using high‑throughput proteomics. Male C57BL/6J mice were used to establish a model of RIHD by exposing the entire heart to 16 Gy high‑energy X‑rays, and cardiac injuries were verified using a cardiac echocardiogram, as well as by measuring serum brain natriuretic peptide levels and conducting H&E and Masson staining 5 months after irradiation. Proteomics experiments were performed using the heart apex of 5‑month irradiated mice and control mice that underwent sham‑irradiation. The most significantly differentially expressed proteins were enriched in 'cardiac fibrosis' and 'energy metabolism'. Next, the cardiac fibrosis and changes to energy metabolism were confirmed using immunohistochemistry staining and western blotting. Extracellular matrix proteins, such as collagen type 1 α 1 chain, collagen type III α 1 chain, vimentin and CCCTC‑binding factor, along with metabolism‑related proteins, such as fatty acid synthase and solute carrier family 25 member 1, exhibited upregulated expression following exposure to ionizing radiation. Additionally, the myocardial mitochondria inner membranes were injured, along with a decrease in ATP levels and the accumulation of lactic acid in the irradiated heart tissues. These results suggest that the high doses of ionizing radiation used lead to structural remodeling, functional injury and fibrotic alterations in the mouse heart. Radiation‑induced mitochondrial damage and metabolic alterations of the cardiac tissue may thus be a pathogenic mechanism of RIHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yali Yi
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yijing Luo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The First Clinical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Yilin Xu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Zeng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Anwen Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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87
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Yang H, Xie Y, Li T, Liu S, Zeng S, Wang B. A novel minimally invasive OFM technique with orthotopic transplantation of hUC-MSCs and in vivo monitoring of liver metabolic microenvironment in liver fibrosis treatment. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:534. [PMID: 34627378 PMCID: PMC8502355 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02599-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) transplantation showed promising therapeutic results in liver fibrosis. However, efficient cell delivery method is urgently needed and the therapeutic mechanism remains unclear. This study focused on developing a minimally invasive open-flow microperfusion (OFM) technique, which combined orthotopic transplantation of human umbilical cord-derived (hUC)-MSCs to liver and in vivo monitoring of liver microenvironment in mice with CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Methods The therapeutic potential of OFM route was evaluated by comparing OFM with intravenous (IV) injection route in terms of hUC-MSCs engraftment at the fibrosis liver, liver histopathological features, liver function and fibrotic markers expression after hUC-MSCs administration. OFM was also applied to sample liver interstitial fluid in vivo, and subsequent metabolomic analysis was performed to investigate metabolic changes in liver microenvironment. Results Compared with IV route, OFM route caused more hUC-MSCs accumulation in the liver and was more effective in improving the remodeling of liver structure and reducing collagen deposition in fibrotic liver. OFM transplantation of hUC-MSCs reduced blood ALT, AST, ALP and TBIL levels and increased ALB levels, to a greater extent than IV route. And OFM route appeared to have a more pronounced effect on ameliorating the CCl4-induced up-regulation of the fibrotic markers, such as α-SMA, collagen I and TGF-β. In vivo monitoring of liver microenvironment demonstrated the metabolic perturbations induced by pathological condition and treatment intervention. Two metabolites and eight metabolic pathways, which were most likely to be associated with the liver fibrosis progression, were regulated by hUC-MSCs administration. Conclusion The results demonstrated that the novel OFM technique would be useful for hUC-MSCs transplantation in liver fibrosis treatment and for monitoring of the liver metabolic microenvironment to explore the underlying therapeutic mechanisms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02599-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Center for Clinic Stem Cell Research, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Center for Clinic Stem Cell Research, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tuo Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Center for Clinic Stem Cell Research, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Zeng
- Center for Clinic Stem Cell Research, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Center for Clinic Stem Cell Research, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
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88
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Liu YF, Niu GC, Li CY, Guo JB, Song J, Li H, Zhang XL. Mechanism of Ulcerative Colitis-Aggravated Liver Fibrosis: The Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells and TLR4 Signaling Through Gut-Liver Axis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:695019. [PMID: 34603071 PMCID: PMC8484790 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.695019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The progression of liver disorders is frequently associated with inflammatory bowel disease through the gut-liver axis. However, no direct evidence showed the mechanisms of ulcerative colitis (UC) in the development of liver fibrosis per se. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of UC on liver fibrosis and its potential mechanism in the experimental model. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were allocated into five groups (n = 10 per group) to receive either drinking water (control), 2% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), olive oil, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or DSS + CCl4 for 4 cycles. Blood was collected for biochemical analysis. Colons were excised for the evaluation of colon length and morphological score. Liver, colon, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) were collected for histopathological staining, expression analysis, and bacterial translocation assay to evaluate the inflammation, fibrosis, the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and gut barrier function. Results: DSS caused severe colitis in mice treated or treated with CCl4, as evident from the elevation of disease activity index (DAI), histological abnormalities, and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17A). Histopathological staining revealed that DSS treatment aggravated the CCl4-induced extracellular matrix deposition, liver fibrosis, and inflammation in mice. Additionally, biochemical and expression analysis indicated the DSS treatment caused the increase of hydroxyproline and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the abnormal liver function indexes in CCl4-induced mice. Gut barrier function was impaired in DSS- and DSS + CCl4-treated mice, manifesting as the increase in bacterial translocation and lipopolysaccharide level, and the reduction in tight junction proteins (occluding, claudin-1 and ZO-1) expression. Further, the activations of HSCs and TLR4 signaling pathway were observed after DSS + CCl4 treatment, presenting with the increase in expression of α-SMA, vimentin, TGF-β, collagen type I, collagen type II, TIMP-2, TLR4, TRAF6, and NF-κB p65, and a decrease in GFAP and MMP-2 expression. Conclusion: The present study verified that UC aggravated CCl4-induced liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis in mice through the gut-liver axis. Gut barrier dysfunction in UC leads to bacterial translocation and elevated lipopolysaccharide, which may promote the activation of TLR4 signaling and HSCs in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Dingzhou People's Hospital of Hebei Province, Dingzhou, China
| | - Guo-Chao Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chen-Yang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jin-Bo Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jia Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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89
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Alipoor B, Nikouei S, Rezaeinejad F, Malakooti-Dehkordi SN, Sabati Z, Ghasemi H. Long non-coding RNAs in metabolic disorders: pathogenetic relevance and potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:2015-2041. [PMID: 33792864 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) could be associated with the incidence and development of metabolic disorders. AIM Accordingly, this narrative review described the molecular mechanisms of lncRNAs in the development of metabolic diseases including insulin resistance, diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, and coronary artery diseases (CAD). Furthermore, we investigated the up-to-date findings on the association of deregulated lncRNAs in the metabolic disorders, and potential use of lncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. CONCLUSION LncRNAs/miRNA/regulatory proteins axis plays a crucial role in progression of metabolic disorders and may be used in development of therapeutic and diagnostic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Alipoor
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - S Nikouei
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - F Rezaeinejad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | | | - Z Sabati
- MSc student of Hematology, Student Research Committee, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - H Ghasemi
- Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
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90
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Zhou Y, Adewale F, Kim S, Su Q, Glass D, Sleeman MW, Murphy AJ, Cheng X. Five-in-One: Simultaneous isolation of multiple major liver cell types from livers of normal and NASH mice. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9878-9883. [PMID: 34558178 PMCID: PMC8505823 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NASH is a chronic liver disease that affects 3%-6% of individuals and requires urgent therapeutic developments. Isolating the key cell types in the liver is a necessary step towards understanding their function and roles in disease pathogenesis. However, traditional isolation methods through gradient centrifugation can only collect one or a few cell types simultaneously and pose technical difficulties when applied to NASH livers. Taking advantage of identified cell surface markers from liver single-cell RNAseq, here we established the combination of gradient centrifugation and antibody-based cell sorting techniques to isolate five key liver cell types (hepatocytes, endothelial cells, stellate cells, macrophages and other immune cells) from a single mouse liver. This method yielded high purity of each cell type from healthy and NASH livers. Our five-in-one protocol simultaneously isolates key liver cell types with high purity under normal and NASH conditions, enabling for systematic and accurate exploratory experiments such as RNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhou
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.TarrytownNYUSA
| | | | - Sun Kim
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.TarrytownNYUSA
| | - Qi Su
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.TarrytownNYUSA
| | - David Glass
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.TarrytownNYUSA
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91
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Chen X, Ma H, Gao Y, Jin Y, Ning W, Hou Y, Su J. Long non-coding RNA AC012668 suppresses non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by competing for microRNA miR-380-5p with lipoprotein-related protein LRP2. Bioengineered 2021; 12:6738-6747. [PMID: 34511037 PMCID: PMC8806601 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1960463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by high morbidity. Although long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to have a role in NAFLD pathogenesis, the identified lncRNA types are limited. In this study, NAFLD models were established in vitro and in vivo using free fatty acid-treated LO2 cells and high-fat diet-fed mice, respectively. Microarray data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and AC012668 was selected for further analysis. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured using Cell Counting Kit 8 and flow cytometry assays. RNA expression was detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Triglyceride (TG) content and lipid deposition were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Oil-Red O staining. Western blotting was used to visualize protein expression. Starbase and TargetScan were used to predict the target miRNA and gene, and the predictions were verified through RNA pull-down and luciferase reporter assays. AC012668 expression levels were significantly suppressed in NAFLD models, whereas AC012668 overexpression inhibited lipogenesis-related gene (SCD1, SREBP1, FAS) expression and TG/lipid accumulation in vitro. Subsequently, miR-380-5p was predicted and verified to target AC012668, and its expression was notably increased in the NAFLD cell model. Moreover, transfection of miR-380-5p antagonized the effects of AC012668 on lipid formation and accumulation. LRP2 was confirmed to be the target gene of miR-380-5p and was downregulated in the NAFLD cell model. Silencing LRP2 reversed the effects of the miR-380-5p inhibitor on lipid formation and accumulation. AC012668 inhibited NAFLD progression via the miR-380-5p/LRP2 axis. These findings may provide a novel strategy against NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Chen
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Ye Jin
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Wei Ning
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Yue Hou
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
| | - Jianrong Su
- Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, China
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92
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Mesenchymal stem cells attenuate liver fibrosis by targeting Ly6C hi/lo macrophages through activating the cytokine-paracrine and apoptotic pathways. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:239. [PMID: 34518510 PMCID: PMC8437974 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has become a promising treatment for liver fibrosis due to its predominant immunomodulatory performance in hepatic stellate cell inhibition and fibrosis resolution. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying these processes remain limited. In the present study, we provide insights into the functional role of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) in alleviating liver fibrosis by targeting intrahepatic Ly6Chi and Ly6Clo macrophage subsets in a mouse model. Upon chronic injury, the Ly6Chi subset was significantly increased in the inflamed liver. Transplantation of BM-MSCs markedly promoted a phenotypic switch from pro-fibrotic Ly6Chi subset to restorative Ly6Clo subpopulation by secreting paracrine cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 from the BM-MSCs. The Ly6Chi/Ly6Clo subset switch significantly blocked the source of fibrogenic TGF-β, PDGF, TNF-α, and IL-1β cytokines from Ly6Chi macrophages. Unexpectedly, BM-MSCs experienced severe apoptosis and produced substantial apoptotic bodies in the fibrotic liver during the 72 h period of transplantation. Most apoptotic bodies were engulfed by Ly6Clo macrophages, and this engulfment robustly triggered MMP12 expression for fibrosis resolution through the PtdSer-MerTK-ERK signaling pathway. This paper is the first to show previously unrecognized dual regulatory functions of BM-MSCs in attenuating hepatic fibrosis by promoting Ly6Chi/Ly6Clo subset conversion and Ly6Clo macrophage restoration through secreting antifibrogenic-cytokines and activating the apoptotic pathway.
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93
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Cheng R, Xu H, Hong Y. miR221 regulates TGF-β1-induced HSC activation through inhibiting autophagy by directly targeting LAMP2. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:777. [PMID: 34498712 PMCID: PMC8436230 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a serious threat to human life and health. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play a key role in the occurrence and development of liver fibrosis. Studies have reported that microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are involved in the pathological process of fibrosis, as well as its relevance in clinical diagnosis. However, the role of miR221 in hepatic fibrosis remains controversial. Remarkably, transforming growth factor‑β (TGF‑β1) caused HSC dysfunction in autophagic activation, characterized by an increase in P62 aggregation and LC3II expression. The present study aimed to determine whether autophagy regulates hepatic fibrosis by mediating HSC activation and explore the potential targets leading to the sequence of events associated with miR221. The expression of miR221 was quantified in a liver fibrosis model in vivo and in vitro, and its specific target gene lysosome‑associated membrane glycoprotein 2 (LAMP2) was predicted by bioinformatics. The results showed that the expression levels of collagen‑I (COL‑I) and α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA) were increased in miR221‑overexpressing LX2 cells, while the autophagy inducer rapamycin reversed the inhibition of autophagic flux induced by miR221. Additionally, the overexpression of LAMP2 could significantly inhibit TGF‑β1‑induced COL‑I and α‑SMA expression, which was similar to the effect of the miR221 inhibitor on the regulation of TGF‑β1‑induced HSC activation. These results indicated that miR221 may regulate TGF‑β1‑induced HSC activation through inhibiting autolysosome function by directly targeting LAMP2. The molecular mechanism of miR221 in regulating TGF‑β1‑induced HSC activation may provide novel insight into therapies to ameliorate the pathological progression of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Cheng
- The First Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Xu
- Medical Insurance Office, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Hong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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Rombaut M, Boeckmans J, Rodrigues RM, van Grunsven LA, Vanhaecke T, De Kock J. Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into induced hepatocytes: Cracking the Enigma code. J Hepatol 2021; 75:690-705. [PMID: 33989701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There is an unmet need for functional primary human hepatocytes to support the pharmaceutical and (bio)medical demand. The unique discovery, a decade ago, that somatic cells can be drawn out of their apparent biological lockdown to reacquire a pluripotent state has revealed a completely new avenue of possibilities for generating surrogate human hepatocytes. Since then, the number of papers reporting the direct conversion of somatic cells into induced hepatocytes (iHeps) has burgeoned. A hepatic cell fate can be established via the ectopic expression of native liver-enriched transcription factors in somatic cells, thereby bypassing the need for an intermediate (pluripotent) stem cell state. That said, understanding and eventually controlling the processes that give rise to functional iHeps remains challenging. In this review, we provide an overview of the state-of-the-art reprogramming cocktails and techniques, as well as their corresponding conversion efficiencies. Special attention is paid to the role of liver-enriched transcription factors as hepatogenic reprogramming tools and small molecules as facilitators of hepatic transdifferentiation. To conclude, we formulate recommendations to optimise, standardise and enrich the in vitro production of iHeps to reach clinical standards, and propose minimal criteria for their characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rombaut
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Joost Boeckmans
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robim M Rodrigues
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tamara Vanhaecke
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joery De Kock
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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95
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Kumar S, Duan Q, Wu R, Harris EN, Su Q. Pathophysiological communication between hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells in liver injury from NAFLD to liver fibrosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113869. [PMID: 34280515 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial disease that encompasses a spectrum of pathological conditions, ranging from simple steatosis (NAFL), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis/cirrhosis which can further progress to hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. The progression of NAFL to NASH and liver fibrosis is closely associated with a series of liver injury resulting from lipotoxicity, oxidative stress, redox imbalance (excessive nitric oxide), ER stress, inflammation and apoptosis that occur sequentially in different liver cells which ultimately leads to the activation of liver regeneration and fibrogenesis, augmenting collagen and extracellular matrix deposition and promoting liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Type 2 diabetes is a significant risk factor in NAFLD development by accelerating liver damage. Here, we overview recent findings from human study and animal models on the pathophysiological communication among hepatocytes (HCs), Kupffer cells (KCs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) during the disease development. The mechanisms of crucial signaling pathways, including Toll-like receptor, TGFβ and hedgehog mediated hepatic injury are also discussed. We further highlight the potentials of precisely targeting hepatic individual cell-type using nanotechnology as therapeutic strategy for the treatment of NASH and liver fibrosis.
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96
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Yan Y, Zeng J, Xing L, Li C. Extra- and Intra-Cellular Mechanisms of Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081014. [PMID: 34440218 PMCID: PMC8391653 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by the pathological accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in the liver resulting from the persistent liver injury and wound-healing reaction induced by various insults. Although hepatic fibrosis is considered reversible after eliminating the cause of injury, chronic injury left unchecked can progress to cirrhosis and liver cancer. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling the fibrotic response is needed to develop novel clinical strategies. It is well documented that activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is the most principal cellular players promoting synthesis and deposition of ECM components. In the current review, we discuss pathways of HSC activation, emphasizing emerging extra- and intra-cellular signals that drive this important cellular response to hepatic fibrosis. A number of cell types and external stimuli converge upon HSCs to promote their activation, including hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, macrophages, cytokines, altered ECM, hepatitis viral infection, enteric dysbiosis, lipid metabolism disorder, exosomes, microRNAs, alcohol, drugs and parasites. We also discuss the emerging signaling pathways and intracellular events that individually or synergistically drive HSC activation, including TGFβ/Smad, Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog and Hippo signaling pathways. These findings will provide novel potential therapeutic targets to arrest or reverse fibrosis and cirrhosis.
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97
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Xia S, Wang Z, Chen L, Zhou Y, Li Y, Wang S, Chen A, Xu X, Shao J, Zhang Z, Tan S, Zhang F, Zheng S. Dihydroartemisinin regulates lipid droplet metabolism in hepatic stellate cells by inhibiting lncRNA-H19-induced AMPK signal. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114730. [PMID: 34400125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a central event in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and is often accompanied by the disappearance of lipid droplets (LDs). Although interference with LD metabolism can effectively reverse the activation of HSCs, there is currently no effective therapy for liver fibrosis. Our previous evidence indicates that long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-H19 plays an essential role in LD metabolism of HSC. In this study, we investigated the potential molecular mechanism of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) inhibits LD metabolism and liver fibrosis by regulating H19-AMPK pathway. We found that DHA restores LDs content in activated HSCs via reducing the transcription of H19 driven by hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha (HIF1α) and inhibiting the lipid oxidation signal mediated by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. In vivo experiments, we have proved that DHA reduced the deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and reduce the level of liver fibrosis in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis of mice. In summary, our results emphasize the importance of H19 in liver fibrosis and the potential of DHA to regulate H19 to treat liver fibrosis, providing a new direction for the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Xia
- Jangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Xuzhou Pharmaceutical Vocational College, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Li Chen
- Jangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Jangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Li
- Jangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shijun Wang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250035, China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, MO 63104, USA
| | - Xuefen Xu
- Jangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiangjuan Shao
- Jangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zili Zhang
- Jangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shanzhong Tan
- Department of Integrated TCM and Western Medicine, Nanjing Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Jangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Jangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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98
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Betsou A, Lambropoulou M, Georgakopoulou AE, Kostomitsopoulos N, Konstandi O, Anagnostopoulos K, Tsalikidis C, Simopoulos CE, Valsami G, Tsaroucha AK. The hepatoprotective effect of silibinin after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion in a rat model is confirmed by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1274-1284. [PMID: 33847359 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the positive effect of silibinin after IV administration as silibinin-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin lyophilized product, by measuring gene expression and liver tissue protein levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, matrix metalloproteinases matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2. METHODS 63 Wistar rats of age 13.24±4.40 weeks underwent ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the liver. The animals were randomized into three groups: Sham (S; n = 7); Control (C; n-28); silibinin (Si; n-28). The C and Si groups underwent 45 min ischemia. Si received silibinin-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin intravenously immediately before reperfusion at a dose of 5 mg/kg. Both groups were further divided into 4 subgroups, based on euthanasia time (i.e., 60, 120, 180 and 240 min). KEY FINDINGS qRT-PCR results confirmed the statistically significant reduction of the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors at 240 min after I/R injury (tumor necrosis factor-α: P < 0.05; MCR1: P < 0.05) and matrix metalloproteinases (matrix metalloproteinases 2: P < 0.05; matrix metalloproteinases 3: P < 0.05) and the increase of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 in liver tissue in the Si group. Moreover, results of immunohistochemistry levels confirmed that at 240 min pro-inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-α: P < 0.05; MCR1: P < 0.05) and matrix metalloproteinases ( matrix metalloproteinases 2: P < 0.05; matrix metalloproteinases 3: P < 0.05) had a statistically significantly lower expression in the Si group while tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-2 had a higher expression. CONCLUSIONS Silibinin may have a beneficial effect on the protection of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrodite Betsou
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | | | - Ourania Konstandi
- Faculty of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christos Tsalikidis
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Constantinos E Simopoulos
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra K Tsaroucha
- Postgraduate Program in Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Laboratory of Bioethics, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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99
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Bourebaba N, Marycz K. Hepatic stellate cells role in the course of metabolic disorders development - A molecular overview. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105739. [PMID: 34171492 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents in the liver parenchyma that lead to hepatic cirrhosis. After liver injury, the hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) undergo a response called "activation", transforming the cells into proliferative, fibrogenic and contractile myofibroblasts, representing the main collagen-producing cells in the injured tissue. Activated HSCs are considered as pro-inflammatory cells producing cytokines and several hepatomatogens; they are additionally involved in the recruitment of Kupffer cells, circulating monocytes and macrophages through the production of chemokines. Moreover, HSC have been proposed as being involved in the development of insulin resistance mainly mediated by their inflammatory properties, which undeniably links their activation to the development of diabetes and Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. In addition, when the liver is injured, a complex interaction between hepatocytes and HSCs occurs, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, which contributes to the accumulation of fats in hepatocytes that trigger to liver lipotoxicity. These mechanisms underlying the activation of HSC suggest their major role in the development of metabolic disorders. It turns out that several molecules including MicroRNAs and proteins have the ability to inhibit the activation and the proliferation of HSCs, which makes them interesting therapeutic targets for the subsequent management of metabolic conditions. This review focuses on the mechanisms and molecular pathways underlying the initiation and onset of metabolic disorders following HSCs activation, as well as on molecular therapeutic targets, which could limit their fibrogenic transdifferentiation and therefore improve the liver condition in the course of metabolic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, 55-114, Malin, Wisznia Mała, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa 11, 55-114, Malin, Wisznia Mała, Poland.
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100
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Yang Y, Sun M, Li W, Liu C, Jiang Z, Gu P, Li J, Wang W, You R, Ba Q, Li X, Wang H. Rebalancing TGF-β/Smad7 signaling via Compound kushen injection in hepatic stellate cells protects against liver fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e410. [PMID: 34323416 PMCID: PMC8255064 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver fibrosis and fibrosis-related hepatocarcinogenesis are a rising cause for morbidity and death worldwide. Although transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a critical mediator of chronic liver fibrosis, targeting TGF-β isoforms and receptors lead to unacceptable side effect. This study was designed to explore the antifibrotic effect of Compound kushen injection (CKI), an approved traditional Chinese medicine formula, via a therapeutic strategy of rebalancing TGF-β/Smad7 signaling. METHODS A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate CKI intervention on viral hepatitis-induced fibrosis or cirrhosis in clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Mice were given carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) injection or methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet to induce liver fibrosis, followed by CKI treatment. We examined the expression of TGF-β/Smad signaling and typical fibrosis-related genes in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and fibrotic liver tissues by qRT-PCR, Western blotting, RNA-seq, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Based on meta-analysis results, CKI improved the liver function and relieved liver fibrosis among patients. In our preclinical studies by using two mouse models, CKI treatment demonstrated promising antifibrotic effects and postponed hepatocarcinogenesis with improved liver function and histopathologic features. Mechanistically, we found that CKI inhibited HSCs activation by stabilizing the interaction of Smad7/TGF-βR1 to rebalance Smad2/Smad3 signaling, and subsequently decreased the extracellular matrix formation. Importantly, Smad7 depletion abolished the antifibrotic effect of CKI in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, matrine, oxymatrine, sophocarpine, and oxysophocarpine were identified as material basis responsible for the antifibrosis effect of CKI. CONCLUSIONS Our results unveil the approach of CKI in rebalancing TGF-β/Smad7 signaling in HSCs to protect against hepatic fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis in both preclinical and clinical studies. Our study suggests that CKI can be a candidate for treatment of hepatic fibrosis and related oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single‐Cell Omics, School of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food SafetyShanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Mayu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single‐Cell Omics, School of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food SafetyShanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Weida Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single‐Cell Omics, School of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Chaobao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single‐Cell Omics, School of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zheshun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single‐Cell Omics, School of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Pengfei Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single‐Cell Omics, School of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jingquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single‐Cell Omics, School of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Wang
- Beijing Zhendong Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co., Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Rongli You
- Beijing Zhendong Pharmaceutical Research Institute Co., Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Qian Ba
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single‐Cell Omics, School of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single‐Cell Omics, School of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single‐Cell Omics, School of Public HealthShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food SafetyShanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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