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Caglayan MO, Üstündağ Z. Saxitoxin aptasensor based on attenuated internal reflection ellipsometry for seafood. Toxicon 2020; 187:255-261. [PMID: 32949570 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we proposed label-free saxitoxin (STX) sensor using STX specific aptamer in combination with spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and attenuated internal reflection (AIR) spectroscopic ellipsometry method which is operated under surface plasmon resonance (SPR) conditions. Besides the other surface plasmon resonance-based applications, AIR-SE applications have unique advantages in terms of sensitivity and it was used herein for real-time detection of STX in real samples. Another method, SE, was also used and compared with AIR-SE. Analytical performances were satisfactory with low detection limits and a wide detection range. Limit of detection was 0.01 ng/mL for AIR-SE and 0.11 ng/mL for SE. Both proposed sensors were operable in 0.01 nM-1000 nM STX range. These methods were also used for the accurate, selective, and sensitive detection of STX from fish and shrimp samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zafer Üstündağ
- Kutahya Dumlupinar University, Chemistry Department, Kutahya, Turkiye
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Dean KJ, Hatfield RG, Lee V, Alexander RP, Lewis AM, Maskrey BH, Teixeira Alves M, Hatton B, Coates LN, Capuzzo E, Ellis JR, Turner AD. Multiple New Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Vectors in Offshore North Sea Benthos, a Deep Secret Exposed. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E400. [PMID: 32751216 PMCID: PMC7460140 DOI: 10.3390/md18080400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In early 2018, a large easterly storm hit the East Anglian coast of the UK, colloquially known as the 'Beast from the East', which also resulted in mass strandings of benthic organisms. There were subsequent instances of dogs consuming such organisms, leading to illness and, in some cases, fatalities. Epidemiological investigations identified paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) as the cause, with toxins present in a range of species and concentrations exceeding 14,000 µg STX eq./kg in the sunstar Crossaster papposus. This study sought to better elucidate the geographic spread of any toxicity and identify any key organisms of concern. During the summers of 2018 and 2019, various species of benthic invertebrates were collected from demersal trawl surveys conducted across a variety of locations in the North Sea. An analysis of the benthic epifauna using two independent PST testing methods identified a 'hot spot' of toxic organisms in the Southern Bight, with a mean toxicity of 449 µg STX eq./kg. PSTs were quantified in sea chervil (Alcyonidium diaphanum), the first known detection in the phylum bryozoan, as well as eleven other new vectors (>50 µg STX eq./kg), namely the opisthobranch Scaphander lignarius, the starfish Anseropoda placenta, Asterias rubens, Luidia ciliaris, Astropecten irregularis and Stichastrella rosea, the brittlestar Ophiura ophiura, the crustaceans Atelecyclus rotundatus and Munida rugosa, the sea mouse Aphrodita aculeata, and the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. The two species that showed consistently high PST concentrations were C. papposus and A. diaphanum. Two toxic profiles were identified, with one dominated by dcSTX (decarbamoylsaxitoxin) associated with the majority of samples across the whole sampling region. The second profile occurred only in North-Eastern England and consisted of mostly STX (Saxitoxin) and GTX2 (gonyautoxin 2). Consequently, this study highlights widespread and variable levels of PSTs in the marine benthos, together with the first evidence for toxicity in a large number of new species. These findings highlight impacts to 'One Health', with the unexpected sources of toxins potentially creating risks to animal, human and environmental health, with further work required to assess the severity and geographical/temporal extent of these impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J. Dean
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Robert G. Hatfield
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Vanessa Lee
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Ryan P. Alexander
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Adam M. Lewis
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Benjamin H. Maskrey
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Mickael Teixeira Alves
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Benjamin Hatton
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK; (B.H.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Lewis N. Coates
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Elisa Capuzzo
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
| | - Jim R. Ellis
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK; (B.H.); (J.R.E.)
| | - Andrew D. Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK; (R.G.H.); (V.L.); (R.P.A.); (A.M.L.); (B.H.M.); (M.T.A.); (L.N.C.); (E.C.); (A.D.T.)
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Tse SPK, Lee FWF, Mak DYL, Kong HK, Chan KKY, Lo PY, Lo SCL. Production of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PSTs) in Toxic Alexandrium catenella is Intertwined with Photosynthesis and Energy Production. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080477. [PMID: 32727048 PMCID: PMC7472304 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism for the production of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) in toxic dinoflagellates, with a 2D-gel based approach, we had made two sets of proteomic comparisons: (a) between a toxic Alexandrium catenella (AC-T) and a phylogenetically closely related non-toxic strain (AC-N), (b) between toxic AC-T grown in a medium with 10% normal amount of phosphate (AC-T-10%P) known to induce higher toxicity and AC-T grown in normal medium. We found that photosynthesis and energy production related proteins were up-regulated in AC-T when compared to AC-N. However, the same group of proteins was down-regulated in AC-T-10%P when compared to normal AC-T. Examining the relationship of photosynthesis and toxin content of AC-T upon continuous photoperiod experiment revealed that while growth and associated toxin content increased after 8 days of continuous light, toxin content maintained constant when cells were shifted from continuous light to continuous dark for 3 days. This emphasized the cruciality of light availability on toxin biosynthesis in AC-T, while another light-independent mechanism may be responsible for higher toxicity in AC-T-10%P compared to normal AC-T. Taken all together, it is believed that the interplay between “illumination”, “photosynthesis”, “phosphate availability”, and “toxin production” is much more complicated than what we had previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirius Pui-kam Tse
- The Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (S.P.-k.T.); (D.Y.-l.M.); (H.-k.K.); (K.K.-y.C.); (P.-y.L.)
| | - Fred Wang-fat Lee
- Department of Science, School of Science and Technology, The Open University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;
| | - Daniel Yun-lam Mak
- The Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (S.P.-k.T.); (D.Y.-l.M.); (H.-k.K.); (K.K.-y.C.); (P.-y.L.)
| | - Hang-kin Kong
- The Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (S.P.-k.T.); (D.Y.-l.M.); (H.-k.K.); (K.K.-y.C.); (P.-y.L.)
| | - Kenrick Kai-yuen Chan
- The Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (S.P.-k.T.); (D.Y.-l.M.); (H.-k.K.); (K.K.-y.C.); (P.-y.L.)
| | - Pak-yeung Lo
- The Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (S.P.-k.T.); (D.Y.-l.M.); (H.-k.K.); (K.K.-y.C.); (P.-y.L.)
| | - Samuel Chun-lap Lo
- The Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; (S.P.-k.T.); (D.Y.-l.M.); (H.-k.K.); (K.K.-y.C.); (P.-y.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Barua A, Ajani PA, Ruvindy R, Farrell H, Zammit A, Brett S, Hill D, Sarowar C, Hoppenrath M, Murray SA. First Detection of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins from Alexandrium pacificum above the Regulatory Limit in Blue Mussels ( Mytilus galloprovincialis) in New South Wales, Australia. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E905. [PMID: 32560067 PMCID: PMC7356031 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2016, 2017 and 2018, elevated levels of the species Alexandrium pacificum were detected within a blue mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) aquaculture area at Twofold Bay on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia. In 2016, the bloom persisted for at least eight weeks and maximum cell concentrations of 89,000 cells L-1 of A. pacificum were reported. The identity of A. pacificum was confirmed using molecular genetic tools (qPCR and amplicon sequencing) and complemented by light and scanning electron microscopy of cultured strains. Maximum reported concentrations of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in mussel tissue was 7.2 mg/kg PST STX equivalent. Elevated cell concentrations of A. pacificum were reported along the adjacent coastal shelf areas, and positive PST results were reported from nearby oyster producing estuaries during 2016. This is the first record of PSTs above the regulatory limit (0.8 mg/kg) in commercial aquaculture in New South Wales since the establishment of routine biotoxin monitoring in 2005. The intensity and duration of the 2016 A. pacificum bloom were unusual given the relatively low abundances of A. pacificum in estuarine and coastal waters of the region found in the prior 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abanti Barua
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; (P.A.A.); (R.R.); (S.A.M.)
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Penelope A. Ajani
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; (P.A.A.); (R.R.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Rendy Ruvindy
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; (P.A.A.); (R.R.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Hazel Farrell
- NSW Food Authority, NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 232, Taree 2430, Australia; (H.F.); (A.Z.)
| | - Anthony Zammit
- NSW Food Authority, NSW Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 232, Taree 2430, Australia; (H.F.); (A.Z.)
| | - Steve Brett
- Microalgal Services, 308 Tucker Rd, Ormond 3204, Australia; (S.B.); (D.H.)
| | - David Hill
- Microalgal Services, 308 Tucker Rd, Ormond 3204, Australia; (S.B.); (D.H.)
| | - Chowdhury Sarowar
- Sydney Institute of Marine Science, 19 Chowder Bay Road, Mosman 2088, Australia;
| | - Mona Hoppenrath
- Senckenberg am Meer, Deutsches Zentrum für Marine Biodiversitätsforschung (DZMB), Südstrand 44, 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany;
| | - Shauna A. Murray
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney 2007, Australia; (P.A.A.); (R.R.); (S.A.M.)
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55
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A facile label-free electrochemical aptasensor constructed with nanotetrahedron and aptamer-triplex for sensitive detection of small molecule: Saxitoxin. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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56
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Van Hemert C, Schoen SK, Litaker RW, Smith MM, Arimitsu ML, Piatt JF, Holland WC, Ransom Hardison D, Pearce JM. Algal toxins in Alaskan seabirds: Evaluating the role of saxitoxin and domoic acid in a large-scale die-off of Common Murres. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 92:101730. [PMID: 32113594 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Elevated seawater temperatures are linked to the development of harmful algal blooms (HABs), which pose a growing threat to marine birds and other wildlife. During late 2015 and early 2016, a massive die-off of Common Murres (Uria aalge; hereafter, murres) was observed in the Gulf of Alaska coincident with a strong marine heat wave. Previous studies have documented illness and death among seabirds resulting from exposure to the HAB neurotoxins saxitoxin (STX) and domoic acid (DA). Given the unusual mortality event, corresponding warm water anomalies, and recent detection of STX and DA throughout coastal Alaskan waters, HABs were identified as a possible factor of concern. To evaluate whether algal toxins may have contributed to murre deaths, we tested for STX and DA in a suite of tissues obtained from beach-cast murre carcasses associated with the die-off as well as from apparently healthy murres and Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla; hereafter, kittiwakes) sampled in the preceding and following summers. We also tested forage fish and marine invertebrates collected in the Gulf of Alaska in 2015-2017 to evaluate potential sources of HAB toxin exposure for seabirds. Saxitoxin was present in multiple tissue types of both die-off (36.4 %) and healthy (41.7 %) murres and healthy kittiwakes (54.2 %). Among birds, we detected the highest concentrations of STX in liver tissues (range 1.4-10.8 μg 100 g-1) of die-off murres. Saxitoxin was relatively common in forage fish (20.3 %) and invertebrates (53.8 %). No established toxicity limits currently exist for seabirds, but concentrations of STX in birds and forage fish in our study were lower than values reported from most other bird die-offs in which STX intoxication was causally linked. We detected low concentrations of DA in a single bird sample and in 33.3 % of invertebrates and 4.0 % of forage fish samples. Although these results do not support the hypothesis that acute exposure to STX or DA was a primary factor in the 2015-2016 mortality event, additional information about the sensitivity of murres to these toxins is needed before we can discount their potential role in the die-off. The widespread occurrence of STX in seabirds, forage fish, and invertebrates in the Gulf of Alaska indicates that algal toxins should be considered in future assessments of seabird health, especially given the potential for greater occurrence of HABs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah K Schoen
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - R Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort, NC, United States
| | - Matthew M Smith
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - Mayumi L Arimitsu
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - John F Piatt
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States
| | - William C Holland
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort, NC, United States
| | - D Ransom Hardison
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort, NC, United States
| | - John M Pearce
- US Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, United States
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Biessy L, Boundy MJ, Smith KF, Harwood DT, Hawes I, Wood SA. Tetrodotoxin in marine bivalves and edible gastropods: A mini-review. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 236:124404. [PMID: 31545201 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent neurotoxin responsible for countless human intoxications and deaths around the world. The distribution of TTX and its analogues is diverse and the toxin has been detected in organisms from both marine and terrestrial environments. Increasing detections seafood species, such as bivalves and gastropods, has drawn attention to the toxin, reinvigorating scientific interest and regulatory concerns. There have been reports of TTX in 21 species of bivalves and edible gastropods from ten countries since the 1980's. While TTX is structurally dissimilar to saxitoxin (STX), another neurotoxin detected in seafood, it has similar sodium channel blocking action and potency and both neurotoxins have been shown to have additive toxicities. The global regulatory level for the STX group toxins applied to shellfish is 800 μg/kg. The presence of TTX in shellfish is only regulated in one country; The Netherlands, with a regulatory level of 44 μg/kg. Due to the recent interest surrounding TTX in bivalves, the European Food Safety Authority established a panel to assess the risk and regulation of TTX in bivalves, and their final opinion was that a concentration below 44 μg of TTX per kg of shellfish would not result in adverse human effects. In this article, we review current knowledge on worldwide TTX levels in edible gastropods and bivalves over the last four decades, the different methods of detection used, and the current regulatory status. We suggest research needs that will assist with knowledge gaps and ultimately allow development of robust monitoring and management protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Biessy
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Centre, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | | | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
| | - D Tim Harwood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Centre, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Ian Hawes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand.
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7010, New Zealand.
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Abstract
Due to the expanding occurrence of marine toxins, and their potential impact on human health, there is an increased need for tools for their rapid and efficient detection. We give an overview of the use of magnetic beads (MBs) for the detection of marine toxins in shellfish and fish samples, with an emphasis on their incorporation into electrochemical biosensors. The use of MBs as supports for the immobilization of toxins or antibodies, as signal amplifiers as well as for target pre-concentration, is reviewed. In addition, the exploitation of MBs in Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment (SELEX) for the selection of aptamers is presented. These MB-based strategies have led to the development of sensitive, simple, reliable and robust analytical systems for the detection of toxins in natural samples, with applicability in seafood safety and human health protection.
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59
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McCall JR, Holland WC, Keeler DM, Hardison DR, Litaker RW. Improved Accuracy of Saxitoxin Measurement Using an Optimized Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110632. [PMID: 31683507 PMCID: PMC6891710 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is precipitated by a family of toxins produced by harmful algae, which are consumed by filter-feeding and commercially popular shellfish. The toxins, including saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, and gonyautoxins, accumulate in shellfish and cause intoxication when consumed by humans and animals. Symptoms can range from minor neurological dysfunction to respiratory distress and death. There are over 40 different chemical congeners of saxitoxin and its analogs, many of which are toxic and many of which have low toxicity or are non-toxic. This makes accurate toxicity assessment difficult and complicates decisions regarding whether or not shellfish are safe to consume. In this study, we describe a new antibody-based bioassay that is able to detect toxic congeners (saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin, and gonyautoxins) with little cross-reactivity with the low or non-toxic congeners (decarbamoylated or di-sulfated forms). The anti-saxitoxin antibody used in this assay detects saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin, the two most toxic congers equally well, but not the relatively highly toxic gonyautoxins. By incorporating an incubation step with L-cysteine, it is possible to convert a majority of the gonyautoxins present to saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin, which are readily detected. The assay is, therefore, capable of detecting the most toxic PSP congeners found in commercially relevant shellfish. The assay was validated against samples whose toxicity was determined using standard HPLC methods and yielded a strong linear agreement between the methods, with R2 values of 0.94–0.96. As ELISAs are rapid, inexpensive, and easy-to-use, this new commercially available PSP ELISA represents an advance in technology allowing better safety management of the seafood supply and the ability to screen large numbers of samples that can occur when monitoring is increased substantially in response to toxic bloom events
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R McCall
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA.
| | - W Christopher Holland
- Beaufort Laboratory, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
| | | | - D Ransom Hardison
- Beaufort Laboratory, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA.
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Pinto EP, Rodrigues SM, Gouveia N, Timóteo V, Costa PR. Tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin in two native species of puffer fish, Sphoeroides marmoratus and Lagocephalus lagocephalus, from NE Atlantic Ocean (Madeira Island, Portugal). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 151:104780. [PMID: 31514973 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence in EU waters of invasive tetrodotoxin (TTX) -harbouring puffer fishes has been receiving increasingly attention due to potential new threats posed by this potent neurotoxin. The present study investigates the occurrence of tetrodotoxin, saxitoxin (STX), and their analogues in two native puffer fish species from the NE Atlantic. High TTX content was detected by LC-MS/MS in several tissues of the Guinean puffer Sphoeroides marmoratus from Madeira Island (Portugal), reaching concentrations as high as 15 mg TTX kg-1 in the digestive tract of a male specimen and 7.4 mg TTX kg-1 in gonads of a female specimen. Several TTX analogues were also detected, including the 4-epi-TTX, 4,9-Anhydro-TTX, 5- 11- deoxyTTX and 6,11-dideoxyTTX. Although at low levels, STX was detected in liver of the Oceanic puffer Lagocephalus lagocephalus. Trace levels of decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) were also observed in L. lagocephalus. This study reports the presence of TTX and STX in native fish from EU waters, highlighting the need for a proper understating of the origin, distribution and fate of these toxins in NE Atlantic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Pereira Pinto
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Neide Gouveia
- Regional Fisheries Management-Madeira Government, DSI-DRP, Estrada da Pontinha, 9004-562, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Viriato Timóteo
- Regional Fisheries Management-Madeira Government, DSI-DRP, Estrada da Pontinha, 9004-562, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- IPMA-Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal; CCMAR-Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
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Watanabe R, Kanamori M, Yoshida H, Okumura Y, Uchida H, Matsushima R, Oikawa H, Suzuki T. Development of Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Post-Column Fluorescent Derivatization for the Rapid Detection of Saxitoxin Analogues and Analysis of Bivalve Monitoring Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E573. [PMID: 31581573 PMCID: PMC6832970 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) and its analogues produced by toxic dinoflagellates accumulate in bivalves, and routine monitoring of bivalves is important to prevent cases of human poisoning. In this study, we describe a rapid detection method for the analysis of STXs using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with post-column fluorescent detection and to investigate water depths and sampling points optimal for shellfish toxin monitoring. Cultured scallops (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) and mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were collected from various water depths and sampling points were used in this study. Irrespective of bivalve species, toxin concentrations in bivalves were lower at deeper water depths. The toxin concentrations of bivalves did not differ greatly when bivalves were collected from the same bay. Although the levels of contamination of bivalves with STXs can depend on various environmental and geographical factors, our findings are useful for formulating a sampling protocol for the prevention of harvesting contaminated shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Watanabe
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fukuura 2-12-4, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Makoto Kanamori
- Hakodate Fisheries Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization, Benten-cho 20-5, Hakodate, Hokkaido 040-0051, Japan.
| | - Hidetsugu Yoshida
- Hakodate Fisheries Research Institute, Hokkaido Research Organization, Benten-cho 20-5, Hakodate, Hokkaido 040-0051, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Okumura
- Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute, Shinhama-cho 3-27-5, Shiogama, Miyagi 985-0001, Japan.
| | - Hajime Uchida
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fukuura 2-12-4, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Ryoji Matsushima
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fukuura 2-12-4, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Oikawa
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fukuura 2-12-4, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Suzuki
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fukuura 2-12-4, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648, Japan.
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62
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Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Ocean Warming: Bioaccumulation and Ecotoxicological Responses in Juvenile Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata). Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070408. [PMID: 31337041 PMCID: PMC6669718 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Warmer seawater temperatures are expected to increase harmful algal blooms (HABs) occurrence, intensity, and distribution. Yet, the potential interactions between abiotic stressors and HABs are still poorly understood from ecological and seafood safety perspectives. The present study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the bioaccumulation/depuration mechanisms and ecotoxicological responses of juvenile gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) exposed to paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) under different temperatures (18, 21, 24 °C). PST were detected in fish at the peak of the exposure period (day five, 0.22 µg g-1 N-sulfocarbamoylGonyautoxin-1-2 (C1 and C2), 0.08 µg g-1 Decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) and 0.18 µg g-1 Gonyautoxin-5 (B1)), being rapidly eliminated (within the first 24 h of depuration), regardless of exposure temperature. Increased temperatures led to significantly higher PST contamination (275 µg STX eq. kg-1). During the trial, fish antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione S-transferase, GST) in both muscle and viscera were affected by temperature, whereas a significant induction of heat shock proteins (HSP70), Ubiquitin (Ub) activity (viscera), and lipid peroxidation (LPO; muscle) was observed under the combination of warming and PST exposure. The differential bioaccumulation and biomarker responses observed highlight the need to further understand the interactive effects between PST and abiotic stressors, to better estimate climate change impacts on HABs events, and to develop mitigation strategies to overcome the potential risks associated with seafood consumption.
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Alves RN, Rambla-Alegre M, Braga AC, Maulvault AL, Barbosa V, Campàs M, Reverté L, Flores C, Caixach J, Kilcoyne J, Costa PR, Diogène J, Marques A. Bioaccessibility of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins in seafood: An in vitro digestion approach. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 129:153-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Andrade-Villagrán PV, Navarro JM, Aliste S, Chaparro OR, Ortíz A. Trophic transfer of paralytic shellfish toxin (PST): Physiological and reproductive effects in the carnivorous gastropod Acanthina monodon (Pallas, 1774). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 212:37-46. [PMID: 31055221 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms can adversely affect different levels of the trophic chain, from primary consumers, such as bivalve molluscs, to higher links such as large fish, birds and mammals, including humans. Among secondary consumers, it has been described that carnivorous gastropods can accumulate these toxins when they prey on bivalves that have been exposed to toxic microalgae; these could also harm human health. In Chile, frequent events of harmful algal blooms caused by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella have been described. This organism produces paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) which has been identified in some carnivorous gastropods. The objective of this research was to identify the physiological and reproductive response of the carnivorous gastropod Acanthina monodon fed on the Mytilid Perumytilus purpuratus, which had previously been maintained on a diet containing PST. Specimens of A. monodon showed a decrease in ingestion and absorption rate when they consumed PST indirectly through their diet. The oxygen consumption rate was also affected by the diet-time interaction. The variations of these parameters were reflected in the scope for growth, since the available energy was lower in gastropods exposed to toxic diet. Consumption of PST had a negative effect on the reproduction of A. monodon, since intoxicated adults presented lower egg-masses and delayed start of oviposition. We observed a delay in the development of the embryos inside the capsules, and a lower number of hatched juveniles, although these few juveniles from intoxicated parents accomplished higher growth rates during the next 6 months. We may therefore suggest that toxin transfer, from harmful microalgae through the trophic chain, can generate deleterious effects on the physiological energetics of the organisms that consume them, affecting their reproductive capacity and early ontogenetic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola V Andrade-Villagrán
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes sustentables (CIBAS), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción. Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge M Navarro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile. Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Samyra Aliste
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Oscar R Chaparro
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Alejandro Ortíz
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile. Valdivia, Chile
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65
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Rountos KJ, Kim JJ, Hattenrath-Lehmann TK, Gobler CJ. Effects of the harmful algae, Alexandrium catenella and Dinophysis acuminata, on the survival, growth, and swimming activity of early life stages of forage fish. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 148:46-56. [PMID: 31085422 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of co-occurring harmful algal blooms (HABs) on marine organisms is largely unknown. We assessed the individual and combined impacts of the toxin producing HABs, Alexandrium catenella and Dinophysis acuminata, and a non-toxin-producing HAB (Gymnodinium instriatum) on early life stages of two estuarine fish species (Menidia beryllina and Cyprinodon variegatus). Lethal (i.e. time to death) and sublethal (i.e. growth, grazing rate, and swimming activity) effects of cultured HABs were investigated for eleutheroembryo and larval life stages. Mixed algal treatments (i.e. A. catenella and D. acuminata mixtures) were often equally toxic as A. catenella monoculture treatments alone, although responses depended on the fish species and life stage. Fish exposed to toxin producing HABs died significantly sooner (i.e. <1-3 days) than controls. Significant differences in sublethal effects were also found between fed controls and toxic HAB treatments, although responses were often similar to G. instriatum or starved controls. Collectively, the results demonstrate that HABs may reduce fish productivity and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantine J Rountos
- Department of Biology, St. Joseph's College, 155 West Roe Boulevard, Patchogue, NY, 11772, USA.
| | - Jennifer J Kim
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook Southampton, 39 Tuckahoe Road, Southampton, NY, 11968, USA
| | - Theresa K Hattenrath-Lehmann
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook Southampton, 39 Tuckahoe Road, Southampton, NY, 11968, USA
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Stony Brook Southampton, 39 Tuckahoe Road, Southampton, NY, 11968, USA.
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66
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Label-Free Direct Detection of Saxitoxin Based on a Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Aptasensor. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050274. [PMID: 31096619 PMCID: PMC6563244 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Seafood is an emerging health food, and interest in improving the quality of seafood is increasing. Saxitoxin (STX) is a neurotoxin produced by marine dinoflagellates that is accumulated in seafood. It can block the neuronal transmission between nerves and muscle cell membranes, resulting in the disturbance of neuromuscular transmission and subsequent voluntary muscle paralysis. Here, we developed a new aptamer for the detection of STX using graphene oxide–systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (GO-SELEX). Furthermore, we confirmed sensitivity and selectivity of the developed aptamer specific to STX using a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensor. The sensing chip was fabricated by fixing the new STX aptamer immobilized on the gold nanorod (GNR) substrate. The STX LSPR aptasensor showed a broad, linear detection range from 5 to 10,000 μg/L, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.46 μg/L (3σ). Moreover, it was suitable for the detection of STX (10, 100, and 2000 μg/L) in spiked mussel samples and showed a good recovery rate (96.13–116.05%). The results demonstrated that the new STX aptamer-modified GNR chip was sufficiently sensitive and selective to detect STX and can be applied to real samples as well. This LSPR aptasensor is a simple, label-free, cost-effective sensing system with a wide detectable range.
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67
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Valbi E, Ricci F, Capellacci S, Casabianca S, Scardi M, Penna A. A model predicting the PSP toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum occurrence in the coastal waters of the NW Adriatic Sea. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4166. [PMID: 30862824 PMCID: PMC6414647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40664-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased anthropic pressure on the coastal zones of the Mediterranean Sea caused an enrichment in nutrients, promoting microalgal proliferation. Among those organisms, some species, such as the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum, can produce neurotoxins. Toxic blooms can cause serious impacts to human health, marine environment and economic maritime activities at coastal sites. A mathematical model predicting the presence of A. minutum in coastal waters of the NW Adriatic Sea was developed using a Random Forest (RF), which is a Machine Learning technique, trained with molecular data of A. minutum occurrence obtained by molecular PCR assay. The model is able to correctly predict more than 80% of the instances in the test data set. Our results showed that predictive models may play a useful role in the study of Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Valbi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Campus E. Mattei, Via Cà le Suore 2/4, 61029, Urbino (PU), Italy.,CoNISMa, Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Pz. Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Ricci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Campus E. Mattei, Via Cà le Suore 2/4, 61029, Urbino (PU), Italy.,CoNISMa, Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Pz. Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Samuela Capellacci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Campus E. Mattei, Via Cà le Suore 2/4, 61029, Urbino (PU), Italy.,CoNISMa, Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Pz. Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Casabianca
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Campus E. Mattei, Via Cà le Suore 2/4, 61029, Urbino (PU), Italy.,CoNISMa, Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Pz. Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Scardi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,CoNISMa, Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Pz. Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Penna
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Campus E. Mattei, Via Cà le Suore 2/4, 61029, Urbino (PU), Italy. .,CoNISMa, Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Pz. Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy. .,CNR-IRBIM, Largo Fiera della Pesca 1, 60125, Ancona, Italy.
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68
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Calado SLDM, Santos GS, Wojciechowski J, Magalhães VFD, Silva de Assis HC. The accumulation dynamics, elimination and risk assessment of paralytic shellfish toxins in fish from a water supply reservoir. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:3222-3229. [PMID: 30463170 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish Toxins (PSTs) or saxitoxins are neurotoxins that block the neural transmission by binding to the voltage-gated sodium channels in the nerve cells. There are >50 analogues described, which could be biotransformed into a molecular form of greater or lesser toxicity. The Alagados Reservoir is used for water supply, and persistent cyanobacterial blooms as well as PSTs concentrations have been found in this water body since 2002. The aims of this study were to quantify the concentrations of PSTs in the water and fish samples from the Alagados Reservoir. In addition, we evaluated the elimination of PSTs for 90 days in fish and estimated the potential risk to human health. Water and fish samples were collected from the reservoir. For the water samples the phytoplankton and chemical analyses were carried out. Fish were divided into two sample times: Field Samples (FS) and Elimination Experiment Samples (EES), which were maintained for 90 days in filtered and dechlorinated water. For chemical analysis, the muscles of FS were collected on the fish sampling day and the muscles and feces of EES were collected at 7, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days. PSTs concentrations were present in water and fish samples, and they were estimated as a potential risk to humans; mainly for children. In addition, toxins were accumulated, biotransformed to other analogues and excreted by the fish. However, after 90 days, the toxins were still present in the water and fish muscle. Therefore, PSTs can remain for a long period in water, and fish can be a carrier of these neurotoxins. New approaches of monitoring and management are necessary in the actual global context of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Loise de Morais Calado
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Souza Santos
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Wojciechowski
- Ecology and Conservation Program Post-Graduation - Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Box 19031, 81530-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Freitas de Magalhães
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Box 21941-902, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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69
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Rapid analysis of paralytic shellfish toxins and tetrodotoxins by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a porous graphitic carbon column. Food Chem 2018; 269:166-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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70
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Extensive Contamination of Water with Saxitoxin Near the Dam of the Irkutsk Hydropower Station Reservoir (East Siberia, Russia). Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100402. [PMID: 30275378 PMCID: PMC6215233 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An area of discolored water 50 m wide and 30 m long was found in September 2017 close to the dam of the Irkutsk hydroelectric power station. Water from this spot was sampled for investigation in the present study. Microscopic analysis revealed that the suspended matter in the sample was composed of clumps of filaments, vegetative cells, akinetes and heterocysts that formed short filaments and solitary cells. This matter was found to consist of partially degraded cells of the cyanobacterium Dolichospermum lemmermannii. Nucleotide sequencing of DNA isolated from the biomass revealed the presence of the sxtA gene which is involved in the synthesis of saxitoxin. Water from the polluted area contained 600 ± 100 μg L−1 saxitoxin as measured by HPLC-MS with pre-column modification of the toxin with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. Immunoassay analysis (ELISA) showed a concentration of saxitoxins in the water of 2900 ± 900 μg L−1. Hydrochemical and microbiological analyses suggested the contaminated area appeared as a result of a D. lemmermannii bloom, followed by its decay and release of saxitoxin and nutrients. The present paper describes the results of a case study. Better understanding of the phenomenon will depend on the possibility to perform implementation of a large-scale monitoring program.
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71
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Silva M, Rey V, Barreiro A, Kaufmann M, Neto AI, Hassouani M, Sabour B, Botana A, Botana LM, Vasconcelos V. Paralytic Shellfish Toxins Occurrence in Non-Traditional Invertebrate Vectors from North Atlantic Waters (Azores, Madeira, and Morocco). Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10090362. [PMID: 30200645 PMCID: PMC6162766 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10090362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are potent alkaloids of microalgal and cyanobacterial origin, with worldwide distribution. Over the last 20 years, the number of poisoning incidents has declined as a result of the implementation of legislation and monitoring programs based on bivalves. In the summer of 2012 and 2013, we collected a total of 98 samples from 23 different species belonging to benthic and subtidal organisms, such as echinoderms, crustaceans, bivalves, and gastropods. The sampling locations were Madeira, São Miguel Island (Azores archipelago), and the northwestern coast of Morocco. The samples were analyzed using post-column oxidation liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detection method. Our main goal was to detect new vectors for these biotoxins. After reporting a total of 59 positive results for PSTs with 14 new vectors identified, we verified that some of the amounts exceeded the limit value established in the EU. These results suggest that routine monitoring of saxitoxin and its analogs should be extended to more potential vectors other than bivalves, including other edible organisms, for a better protection of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Silva
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S/N Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Verónica Rey
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Aldo Barreiro
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S/N Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Manfred Kaufmann
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S/N Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Life Sciences Faculty, Madeira University, Marine Biology Station, 9000-107 Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal.
- Center of Interdisciplinary Marine and Environmental Research of Madeira-CIIMAR-Madeira, Edificio Madeira Tecnopolo, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal.
| | - Ana Isabel Neto
- cE3c/GBA-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Meryem Hassouani
- Phycology Research Unit-Biotechnology, Ecosystems Ecology and Valorization Laboratory, Science Faculty, University of Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida BP20, Morocco.
| | - Brahim Sabour
- Phycology Research Unit-Biotechnology, Ecosystems Ecology and Valorization Laboratory, Science Faculty, University of Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida BP20, Morocco.
| | - Ana Botana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S/N Matosinhos, Portugal.
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72
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Vilariño N, Louzao MC, Abal P, Cagide E, Carrera C, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Human Poisoning from Marine Toxins: Unknowns for Optimal Consumer Protection. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E324. [PMID: 30096904 PMCID: PMC6116008 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10080324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine biotoxins are produced by aquatic microorganisms and accumulate in shellfish or finfish following the food web. These toxins usually reach human consumers by ingestion of contaminated seafood, although other exposure routes like inhalation or contact have also been reported and may cause serious illness. This review shows the current data regarding the symptoms of acute intoxication for several toxin classes, including paralytic toxins, amnesic toxins, ciguatoxins, brevetoxins, tetrodotoxins, diarrheic toxins, azaspiracids and palytoxins. The information available about chronic toxicity and relative potency of different analogs within a toxin class are also reported. The gaps of toxicological knowledge that should be studied to improve human health protection are discussed. In general, gathering of epidemiological data in humans, chronic toxicity studies and exploring relative potency by oral administration are critical to minimize human health risks related to these toxin classes in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vilariño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Paula Abal
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Eva Cagide
- Laboratorio CIFGA S.A., Plaza Santo Domingo 20-5°, 27001 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Cristina Carrera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
- Hospital Veterinario Universitario Rof Codina, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Mercedes R Vieytes
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
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Aptamer-Based Biosensors to Detect Aquatic Phycotoxins and Cyanotoxins. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18072367. [PMID: 30037056 PMCID: PMC6068809 DOI: 10.3390/s18072367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aptasensors have a great potential for environmental monitoring, particularly for real-time on-site detection of aquatic toxins produced by marine and freshwater microorganisms (cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates, and diatoms), with several advantages over other biosensors that are worth considering. Freshwater monitoring is of vital importance for public health, in numerous human activities, and animal welfare, since these toxins may cause fatal intoxications. Similarly, in marine waters, very effective monitoring programs have been put in place in many countries to detect when toxins exceed established regulatory levels and accordingly enforce shellfish harvesting closures. Recent advances in the fields of aptamer selection, nanomaterials and communication technologies, offer a vast array of possibilities to develop new imaginative strategies to create improved, ultrasensitive, reliable and real-time devices, featuring unique characteristics to produce and amplify the signal. So far, not many strategies have been used to detect aquatic toxins, mostly limited to the optic and electrochemical sensors, the majority applied to detect microcystin-LR using a target-induced switching mode. The limits of detection of these aptasensors have been decreasing from the nM to the fM order of magnitude in the past 20 years. Aspects related to sensor components, performance, aptamers sequences, matrices analyzed and future perspectives, are considered and discussed.
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Turner AD, Dhanji-Rapkova M, Dean K, Milligan S, Hamilton M, Thomas J, Poole C, Haycock J, Spelman-Marriott J, Watson A, Hughes K, Marr B, Dixon A, Coates L. Fatal Canine Intoxications Linked to the Presence of Saxitoxins in Stranded Marine Organisms Following Winter Storm Activity. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E94. [PMID: 29495385 PMCID: PMC5869382 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10030094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At the start of 2018, multiple incidents of dog illnesses were reported following consumption of marine species washed up onto the beaches of eastern England after winter storms. Over a two-week period, nine confirmed illnesses including two canine deaths were recorded. Symptoms in the affected dogs included sickness, loss of motor control, and muscle paralysis. Samples of flatfish, starfish, and crab from the beaches in the affected areas were analysed for a suite of naturally occurring marine neurotoxins of dinoflagellate origin. Toxins causing paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) were detected and quantified using two independent chemical testing methods in samples of all three marine types, with concentrations over 14,000 µg saxitoxin (STX) eq/kg found in one starfish sample. Further evidence for PSP intoxication of the dogs was obtained with the positive identification of PSP toxins in a vomited crab sample from one deceased dog and in gastrointestinal samples collected post mortem from a second affected dog. Together, this is the first report providing evidence of starfish being implicated in a PSP intoxication case and the first report of PSP in canines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Monika Dhanji-Rapkova
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Karl Dean
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Steven Milligan
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Mike Hamilton
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Julie Thomas
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Chris Poole
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Jo Haycock
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
| | - Jo Spelman-Marriott
- Taverham Veterinary Hospital, Fir Covert Road, Taverham, Norwich, Norfolk NR8 6HT, UK.
| | - Alice Watson
- Taverham Veterinary Hospital, Fir Covert Road, Taverham, Norwich, Norfolk NR8 6HT, UK.
| | - Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
| | - Bridget Marr
- Environment Agency, Dragonfly House, 2 Gilders Way, Norwich, Norfolk NR3 1UB, UK.
| | - Alan Dixon
- North Norfolk District Council, Holt Road, Cromer, Norfolk, NR27 9EN, UK.
| | - Lewis Coates
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK.
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Zhou Z, Tang X, Chen H, Wang Y. Comparative studies of saxitoxin (STX) -induced cytotoxicity in Neuro-2a and RTG-2 cell lines: An explanation with respect to changes in ROS. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 192:66-74. [PMID: 29100123 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX), a paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) produced from toxic bloom-forming dinoflagellates, was selected to comparatively investigate the induction of cytotoxicity and apoptosis and a possible mechanism based on changes in the antioxidant defence system of two cellular strains: the mouse neuroblastoma cell line Neuro-2a and the rainbow trout fish cell line RTG-2. Increasing concentrations of STX (0-256 nM) presented little cytotoxic or apoptotic effects on the two cell lines. Measurements of cellular viability, lethal ratio and LDH leakage showed slight changes in Neuro-2a and RTG-2 cells (p > 0.05), and similar results were observed for cellular morphology and apoptotic rates. The contents of the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) components, superoxide anion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), were markedly increased in Neuro-2a cell with STX exposure at middle (15 nM) and high (150 nM) concentrations (p < 0.05), and the simultaneous increase of the ratio of reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) (p < 0.05) inferred the occurrence of oxidative stress. However, little difference was observed in all treated groups of RTG-2 cells. The activities of three antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR), were significantly enhanced in Neuro-2a cells in the middle and high concentration groups (p < 0.05), while glutathione peroxidase (GPX) obviously decreased (p < 0.05) in all treated groups. Little change was found in RTG-2 cells with the same exposures. These results provided evidence that STX exposure altered the redox status of Neuro-2a cells and resulted in oxidative stress, but the same exposure exerted little effect on RTG-2 cells. Therefore, Neuro-2a cells are more sensitive than reproductive cells to STX exposure, and the antioxidant systems appears to be partly responsible for this differentiation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Zhou
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Pharmacology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002, China.
| | - You Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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76
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Li M, Chen D, Liu Y, Chuang CY, Kong F, Harrison PJ, Zhu X, Jiang Y. Exposure of engineered nanoparticles to Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyceae): Healthy impacts of nanoparticles via toxin-producing dinoflagellate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:356-366. [PMID: 28806552 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Human activities can enhance the frequency, intensity and occurrence of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), contained in many materials, will inevitably enter coastal waters and thus cause unpredictable impacts on aquatic organisms. However, knowledge of the influence of ENPs on HAB species is still lacking. In this study, we examined the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2), zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) and aluminum oxide nanoparticles (nAl2O3) on physiological changes and paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins (PSTs) production of Alexandrium tamarense. We found a dose-dependent decrease in photosynthetic activity of A. tamarense under all three ENPs and a significant growth inhibition induced by nZnO. The largest reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was induced by nTiO2, followed by nZnO and nAl2O3. Moreover, the PSTs production rate increased by 3.9-fold for nTiO2 (p<0.01) and 4.5-fold for nAl2O3 (p<0.01) at a concentration of 200mgL-1. The major component, C2 was transformed to its epimer C1 and the proportion of decarbamoyl toxins increased under 200mgL-1 of nZnO and nAl2O3. In addition, the proportion of carbamate toxins increased upon exposure to 2mgL-1 ENPs, while decreased upon exposure to 200mgL-1 ENPs. The changes in PSTs production and composition might be an adaptive response for A. tamarense to overcome the stress of ENPs exposure. This work brings the first evidence that ENP would affect PSTs production and profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlu Li
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Daoyi Chen
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chia Ying Chuang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fanzhou Kong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Paul J Harrison
- Dept Earth & Ocean Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuelu Jiang
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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77
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Eangoor P, Indapurkar AS, Vakkalanka M, Yeh JS, Knaack JS. Rapid and Sensitive ELISA Screening Assay for Several Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Human Urine. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:755-759. [PMID: 28977469 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paralytic shellfish poisoning is caused by a group of paralytic shellfish toxins that are produced by dinoflagellates. Toxins in this group include saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin and gonyautoxins. A rapid diagnostic test to identify poisoning by these toxins can be helpful in guiding the appropriate treatment of victims. Additionally, quick receipt of diagnostic results can provide timely proof that shellfish harvesting should be stopped in a given area, thereby preventing additional exposures. We have developed and validated a rapid urinary enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based screening test to diagnose exposure to several major paralytic shellfish toxins. The lower limit of detection (LLOD) for multiple paralytic shellfish toxins was characterized as 0.02, 0.10, 0.10, 1.0, 1.0 and 15 ng/mL for saxitoxin, gonyautoxin 2,3, decarbamoyl gonyautoxin 2,3, decarbamoyl saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin and gonyautoxin 1,4, respectively. No interferences were identified in unspiked pooled urine or in specimens collected from unexposed individuals indicating that this method is specific for the paralytic shellfish toxins tested. The accuracy of this test was demonstrated in 10 individual urine specimens with osmolalities ranging from 217 to 1,063 mOsmol/kg and pHs ranging between 5.06 and 7.45. These specimens were spiked with toxins at their LLODs and the presence of toxins at these concentrations was accurately identified in all cases. These results indicate that this diagnostic test can be used to rapidly and accurately screen urine for paralytic shellfish toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Eangoor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Dr, Atlanta, GA-30341, USA
| | - A S Indapurkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Dr, Atlanta, GA-30341, USA
| | - M Vakkalanka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Dr, Atlanta, GA-30341, USA
| | - J S Yeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Dr, Atlanta, GA-30341, USA
| | - J S Knaack
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Dr, Atlanta, GA-30341, USA
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78
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Darius HT, Roué M, Sibat M, Viallon J, Gatti CMI, Vandersea MW, Tester PA, Litaker RW, Amzil Z, Hess P, Chinain M. Tectus niloticus (Tegulidae, Gastropod) as a Novel Vector of Ciguatera Poisoning: Detection of Pacific Ciguatoxins in Toxic Samples from Nuku Hiva Island (French Polynesia). Toxins (Basel) 2017; 10:E2. [PMID: 29267222 PMCID: PMC5793089 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood (fish and marine invertebrates) contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus. The report of a CFP-like mass-poisoning outbreak following the consumption of Tectus niloticus (Tegulidae, Gastropod) from Anaho Bay on Nuku Hiva Island (Marquesas archipelago, French Polynesia) prompted field investigations to assess the presence of CTXs in T. niloticus. Samples were collected from Anaho Bay, 1, 6 and 28 months after this poisoning outbreak, as well as in Taiohae and Taipivai bays. Toxicity analysis using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) detected the presence of CTXs only in Anaho Bay T. niloticus samples. This is consistent with qPCR results on window screen samples indicating the presence of Gambierdiscus communities dominated by the species G. polynesiensis in Anaho Bay. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses revealed that P-CTX-3B was the major congener, followed by P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-4A and P-CTX-4B in toxic samples. Between July 2014 and November 2016, toxin content in T. niloticus progressively decreased, but was consistently above the safety limit recommended for human consumption. This study confirms for the first time T. niloticus as a novel vector of CFP in French Polynesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae—UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Mélanie Roué
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)—UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 529, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia;
| | - Manoella Sibat
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (Z.A.); (P.H.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae—UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Clémence Mahana iti Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae—UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Mark W. Vandersea
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (M.W.V.); (R.W.L.)
| | | | - R. Wayne Litaker
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, Beaufort Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA; (M.W.V.); (R.W.L.)
| | - Zouher Amzil
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (Z.A.); (P.H.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- IFREMER, Phycotoxins Laboratory, F-44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (Z.A.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Toxic Microalgae—UMR 241-EIO, P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
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79
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Assessing the presence of marine toxins in bivalve molluscs from southwest India. Toxicon 2017; 140:147-156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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80
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Cirés S, Delgado A, González-Pleiter M, Quesada A. Temperature Influences the Production and Transport of Saxitoxin and the Expression of sxt Genes in the Cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9100322. [PMID: 29027918 PMCID: PMC5666369 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon gracile is the most widely distributed producer of the potent neurotoxin saxitoxin in freshwaters. In this work, total and extracellular saxitoxin and the transcriptional response of three genes linked to saxitoxin biosynthesis (sxtA) and transport (sxtM, sxtPer) were assessed in Aphanizomenon gracile UAM529 cultures under temperatures covering its annual cycle (12 °C, 23 °C, and 30 °C). Temperature influenced saxitoxin production being maximum at high temperatures (30 °C) above the growth optimum (23 °C), concurring with a 4.3-fold increased sxtA expression at 30 °C. Extracellular saxitoxin transport was temperature-dependent, with maxima at extremes of temperature (12 °C with 16.9% extracellular saxitoxin; and especially 30 °C with 53.8%) outside the growth optimum (23 °C), coinciding with a clear upregulation of sxtM at both 12 °C and 30 °C (3.8–4.1 fold respectively), and yet with just a slight upregulation of sxtPer at 30 °C (2.1-fold). Nitrate depletion also induced a high extracellular saxitoxin release (51.2%), although without variations of sxtM and sxtPer transcription, and showing evidence of membrane damage. This is the first study analysing the transcriptional response of sxtPer under environmental gradients, as well as the effect of temperature on putative saxitoxin transporters (sxtM and sxtPer) in cyanobacteria in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cirés
- Departamento de Biología, Darwin, 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Adrián Delgado
- Departamento de Biología, Darwin, 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Antonio Quesada
- Departamento de Biología, Darwin, 2, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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81
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Electrochemical aptasensors for contaminants detection in food and environment: Recent advances. Bioelectrochemistry 2017; 118:47-61. [PMID: 28715665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The growing number of contaminants requires the development of new analytical tools to meet the increasing demand for legislative actions on food safety and environmental pollution control. In this context, electrochemical aptamer-based sensors appear promising among all biosensors because they permit multiplexed analysis and provide fast response, sensitivity, specificity and low cost. The aim of this review is to give the readers an overview of recent important achievements in the development of electrochemical aptamer-based biosensors for contaminant detection over the last two years. Special emphasis is placed on aptasensors based on screen-printed electrodes which show a substantial improvement of analytical performances.
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82
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Finnis S, Krstic N, McIntyre L, Nelson TA, Henderson SB. Spatiotemporal patterns of paralytic shellfish toxins and their relationships with environmental variables in British Columbia, Canada from 2002 to 2012. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:190-200. [PMID: 28359039 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harmful algal blooms produce paralytic shellfish toxins that accumulate in the tissues of filter feeding shellfish. Ingestion of these toxic shellfish can cause a serious and potentially fatal condition known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). The coast of British Columbia is routinely monitored for shellfish toxicity, and this study uses data from the monitoring program to identify spatiotemporal patterns in shellfish toxicity events and their relationships with environmental variables. METHODS The dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium produces the most potent paralytic shellfish toxin, saxitoxin (STX). Data on all STX measurements were obtained from 49 different shellfish monitoring sites along the coast of British Columbia for 2002-2012, and monthly toxicity events were identified. We performed hierarchical cluster analysis to group sites that had events in similar areas with similar timing. Machine learning techniques were used to model the complex relationships between toxicity events and environmental variables in each group. RESULTS The Strait of Georgia and the west coast of Vancouver Island had unique toxicity regimes. Out of the seven environmental variables used, toxicity in each cluster could be described by multivariable models including monthly sea surface temperature, air temperature, sea surface salinity, freshwater discharge, upwelling, and photosynthetically active radiation. The sea surface salinity and freshwater discharge variables produced the strongest univariate models for both geographic areas. CONCLUSIONS Applying these methods in coastal regions could allow for the prediction of shellfish toxicity events by environmental conditions. This has the potential to optimize biotoxin monitoring, improve public health surveillance, and engage the shellfish industry in helping to reduce the risk of PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Finnis
- Spatial Pattern Analysis & Research Lab, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V8P 5C2.
| | - Nikolas Krstic
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4R4.
| | - Lorraine McIntyre
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4R4.
| | - Trisalyn A Nelson
- Spatial Pattern Analysis & Research Lab, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, Canada V8P 5C2.
| | - Sarah B Henderson
- Environmental Health Services, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4R4; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall, 3rd Floor, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.
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83
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Oyaneder Terrazas J, Contreras HR, García C. Prevalence, Variability and Bioconcentration of Saxitoxin-Group in Different Marine Species Present in the Food Chain. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E190. [PMID: 28604648 PMCID: PMC5488040 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9060190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The saxitoxin-group (STX-group) corresponds to toxic metabolites produced by cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates of the genera Alexandrium, Gymnodinium, and Pyrodinium. Over the last decade, it has been possible to extrapolate the areas contaminated with the STX-group worldwide, including Chile, a phenomenon that has affected ≈35% of the Southern Pacific coast territory, generating a high economic impact. The objective of this research was to study the toxicity of the STX-group in all aquatic organisms (bivalves, algae, echinoderms, crustaceans, tunicates, cephalopods, gastropods, and fish) present in areas with a variable presence of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Then, the toxic profiles of each species and dose of STX equivalents ingested by a 60 kg person from 400 g of shellfish were determined to establish the health risk assessment. The toxins with the highest prevalence detected were gonyautoxin-4/1 (GTX4/GTX1), gonyautoxin-3/2 (GTX3/GTX2), neosaxitoxin (neoSTX), decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX), and saxitoxin (STX), with average concentrations of 400, 2800, 280, 200, and 2000 µg kg-1 respectively, a species-specific variability, dependent on the evaluated tissue, which demonstrates the biotransformation of the analogues in the trophic transfer with a predominance of α-epimers in all toxic profiles. The identification in multiple vectors, as well as in unregulated species, suggests that a risk assessment and risk management update are required; also, chemical and specific analyses for the detection of all analogues associated with the STX-group need to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javiera Oyaneder Terrazas
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Héctor R Contreras
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
| | - Carlos García
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile.
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Miller TR, Beversdorf LJ, Weirich CA, Bartlett SL. Cyanobacterial Toxins of the Laurentian Great Lakes, Their Toxicological Effects, and Numerical Limits in Drinking Water. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E160. [PMID: 28574457 PMCID: PMC5484110 DOI: 10.3390/md15060160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous phototrophic bacteria that inhabit diverse environments across the planet. Seasonally, they dominate many eutrophic lakes impacted by excess nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) forming dense accumulations of biomass known as cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms or cyanoHABs. Their dominance in eutrophic lakes is attributed to a variety of unique adaptations including N and P concentrating mechanisms, N₂ fixation, colony formation that inhibits predation, vertical movement via gas vesicles, and the production of toxic or otherwise bioactive molecules. While some of these molecules have been explored for their medicinal benefits, others are potent toxins harmful to humans, animals, and other wildlife known as cyanotoxins. In humans these cyanotoxins affect various tissues, including the liver, central and peripheral nervous system, kidneys, and reproductive organs among others. They induce acute effects at low doses in the parts-per-billion range and some are tumor promoters linked to chronic diseases such as liver and colorectal cancer. The occurrence of cyanoHABs and cyanotoxins in lakes presents challenges for maintaining safe recreational aquatic environments and the production of potable drinking water. CyanoHABs are a growing problem in the North American (Laurentian) Great Lakes basin. This review summarizes information on the occurrence of cyanoHABs in the Great Lakes, toxicological effects of cyanotoxins, and appropriate numerical limits on cyanotoxins in finished drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Miller
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Lucas J Beversdorf
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Chelsea A Weirich
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
| | - Sarah L Bartlett
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
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86
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Morabito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Serena Silvestro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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87
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Starr M, Lair S, Michaud S, Scarratt M, Quilliam M, Lefaivre D, Robert M, Wotherspoon A, Michaud R, Ménard N, Sauvé G, Lessard S, Béland P, Measures L. Multispecies mass mortality of marine fauna linked to a toxic dinoflagellate bloom. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176299. [PMID: 28472048 PMCID: PMC5417436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Following heavy precipitation, we observed an intense algal bloom in the St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE) that coincided with an unusually high mortality of several species of marine fish, birds and mammals, including species designated at risk. The algal species was identified as Alexandrium tamarense and was determined to contain a potent mixture of paralytic shellfish toxins (PST). Significant levels of PST were found in the liver and/or gastrointestinal contents of several carcasses tested as well as in live planktivorous fish, molluscs and plankton samples collected during the bloom. This provided strong evidence for the trophic transfer of PST resulting in mortalities of multiple wildlife species. This conclusion was strengthened by the sequence of mortalities, which followed the drift of the bloom along the coast of the St. Lawrence Estuary. No other cause of mortality was identified in the majority of animals examined at necropsy. Reports of marine fauna presenting signs of neurological dysfunction were also supportive of exposure to these neurotoxins. The event reported here represents the first well-documented case of multispecies mass mortality of marine fish, birds and mammals linked to a PST-producing algal bloom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Starr
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Mont-Joli, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Stéphane Lair
- Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal (UM), St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Sonia Michaud
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Mont-Joli, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael Scarratt
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Mont-Joli, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael Quilliam
- National Research Council of Canada (NRCC), Biotoxin Metrology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Denis Lefaivre
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Mont-Joli, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Robert
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrew Wotherspoon
- National Research Council of Canada (NRCC), Biotoxin Metrology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Robert Michaud
- Groupe de Recherche et D’éducation sur les Mammifères Marins (GREMM), Tadoussac, Québec, Canada
| | - Nadia Ménard
- Parks Canada, Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park, Tadoussac, Québec, Canada
| | - Gilbert Sauvé
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lessard
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Mont-Joli, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Béland
- St. Lawrence National Institute of Ecotoxicology (SLNIE), Knowlton, Québec, Canada
| | - Lena Measures
- Maurice Lamontagne Institute, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Mont-Joli, Québec, Canada
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88
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Coleman R, Lemire SW, Bragg W, Garrett A, Ojeda-Torres G, Wharton R, Hamelin E, Thomas J, Johnson RC. Development and validation of a high-throughput online solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of gonyautoxins 1&4 and gonyautoxins 2&3 in human urine. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Coleman
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Centers for Environmental Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Sharon W. Lemire
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Centers for Environmental Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta GA USA
| | - William Bragg
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Centers for Environmental Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Alaine Garrett
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center; Fort Detrick MD USA
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Hamelin
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Centers for Environmental Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Jerry Thomas
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Centers for Environmental Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta GA USA
| | - Rudolph C. Johnson
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Centers for Environmental Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta GA USA
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89
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McLeod C, Dowsett N, Hallegraeff G, Harwood DT, Hay B, Ibbott S, Malhi N, Murray S, Smith K, Tan J, Turnbull A. Accumulation and depuration of paralytic shellfish toxins by Australian abalone Haliotis rubra : Conclusive association with Gymnodinium catenatum dinoflagellate blooms. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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90
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Calado SLDM, Wojciechowski J, Santos GS, Magalhães VFD, Padial AA, Cestari MM, Silva de Assis HCD. Neurotoxins in a water supply reservoir: An alert to environmental and human health. Toxicon 2017; 126:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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91
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O'Neill K, Musgrave IF, Humpage A. Low dose extended exposure to saxitoxin and its potential neurodevelopmental effects: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 48:7-16. [PMID: 27716534 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) and its analogs, the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs), are a group of potent neurotoxins well known for their role in acute paralytic poisoning by preventing the generation of action potentials in neuronal cells. They are found in both marine and freshwater environments globally and although acute exposure from the former has previously received more attention, low dose extended exposure from both sources is possible and to date has not been investigated. Given the known role of cellular electrical activity in neurodevelopment this pattern of exposure may be a significant public health concern. Additionally, the presence of PSTs is likely to be an ongoing and possibly increasing problem in the future. This review examines the neurodevelopmental toxicity of STX, the risk of extended or repeated exposure to doses with neurodevelopmental effects, the potential implications of this exposure and briefly, the steps taken and difficulties faced in preventing exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie O'Neill
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 3 Medical School South, Frome Rd, Adelaide, 5005, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Ian F Musgrave
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Level 3 Medical School South, Frome Rd, Adelaide, 5005, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Andrew Humpage
- Australian Water Quality Center, SA Water House, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, 5000, South Australia, Australia.
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92
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Biological toxins of potential bioterrorism risk: Current status of detection and identification technology. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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93
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Turner LM, Alsterberg C, Turner AD, Girisha SK, Rai A, Havenhand JN, Venugopal MN, Karunasagar I, Godhe A. Pathogenic marine microbes influence the effects of climate change on a commercially important tropical bivalve. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32413. [PMID: 27576351 PMCID: PMC5006160 DOI: 10.1038/srep32413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that climate change will increase the prevalence of toxic algae and harmful bacteria, which can accumulate in marine bivalves. However, we know little about any possible interactions between exposure to these microorganisms and the effects of climate change on bivalve health, or about how this may affect the bivalve toxin-pathogen load. In mesocosm experiments, mussels, Perna viridis, were subjected to simulated climate change (warming and/or hyposalinity) and exposed to harmful bacteria and/or toxin-producing dinoflagellates. We found significant interactions between climate change and these microbes on metabolic and/or immunobiological function and toxin-pathogen load in mussels. Surprisingly, however, these effects were virtually eliminated when mussels were exposed to both harmful microorganisms simultaneously. This study is the first to examine the effects of climate change on determining mussel toxin-pathogen load in an ecologically relevant, multi-trophic context. The results may have considerable implications for seafood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M Turner
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christian Alsterberg
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset, DT4 8UB, United Kingdom
| | - S K Girisha
- Department of Fishery Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, 575002, India
| | - Ashwin Rai
- Department of Fishery Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, 575002, India
| | - Jonathan N Havenhand
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - M N Venugopal
- Department of Fishery Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, College of Fisheries, Mangalore, 575002, India
| | - Indrani Karunasagar
- UNESCO-MIRCEN for Medical and Marine Biotechnology, Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research (NUCSER), Nitte University, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Anna Godhe
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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94
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Abstract
The five most commonly recognized Harmful Algal Bloom related illnesses include Ciguatera poisoning, Paralytic Shellfish poisoning, Neurotoxin Shellfish poisoning, Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning and Amnesic Shellfish poisoning. Although they are each the product of different toxins, toxin assemblages or HAB precursors these clinical syndromes have much in common. Exposure occurs through the consumption of fish or shellfish; routine clinical tests are not available for diagnosis; there is no known antidote for exposure; and the risk of these illnesses can negatively impact local fishing and tourism industries. Thus, illness prevention is of paramount importance to minimize human and public health risks. To accomplish this, close communication and collaboration is needed among HAB scientists, public health researchers and local, state and tribal health departments at academic, community outreach, and policy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M Grattan
- Department of Neurology: Division of Neuropsychology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S. Paca St. 3 Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201,
| | - Sailor Holobaugh
- Department of Neurology: Division of Neuropsychology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 S. Paca St. 3 Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201,
| | - J Glenn Morris
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Road; Box 100009, Gainesville, FL 32610,
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95
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Lee MJ, Lee JJ, Chung HY, Choi SH, Kim BS. Analysis of microbiota on abalone (Haliotis discus hannai) in South Korea for improved product management. Int J Food Microbiol 2016; 234:45-52. [PMID: 27371902 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abalone is a popular seafood in South Korea; however, because it contains various microorganisms, its ingestion can cause food poisoning. Therefore, analysis of the microbiota on abalone can improve understanding of outbreaks and causes of food poisoning and help to better manage seafood products. In this study, we collected a total of 40 abalones from four different regions in March and July, which are known as the maximum abalone production areas in Korea. The microbiota were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing, and bacterial loads on abalone were quantified by real-time PCR. Over 2700 species were detected in the samples, and Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria were the predominant classes. The differences in microbiota among regions and at each sampling time were also investigated. Although Psychrobacter was the dominant genus detected on abalone in both March and July, the species compositions were different between the two sampling times. Five potential pathogens (Lactococcus garvieae, Yersinia kristensenii, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus warneri, and Staphylococcus epidermidis) were detected among the abalone microbiota. In addition, we analyzed the influence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection on shifts in abalone microbiota during storage at different temperatures. Although the proportion of Vibrio increased over time in infected and non-infected abalone, the shifts of microbiota were more dynamic in infected abalone. These results can be used to better understand the potential of food poisoning caused by abalone consumption and manage abalone products according to the microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Food Safety and Toxicology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea.
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96
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Loftin KA, Graham JL, Hilborn ED, Lehmann SC, Meyer MT, Dietze JE, Griffith CB. Cyanotoxins in inland lakes of the United States: Occurrence and potential recreational health risks in the EPA National Lakes Assessment 2007. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 56:77-90. [PMID: 28073498 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A large nation-wide survey of cyanotoxins (1161 lakes) in the United States (U.S.) was conducted during the EPA National Lakes Assessment 2007. Cyanotoxin data were compared with cyanobacteria abundance- and chlorophyll-based World Health Organization (WHO) thresholds and mouse toxicity data to evaluate potential recreational risks. Cylindrospermopsins, microcystins, and saxitoxins were detected (ELISA) in 4.0, 32, and 7.7% of samples with mean concentrations of 0.56, 3.0, and 0.061μg/L, respectively (detections only). Co-occurrence of the three cyanotoxin classes was rare (0.32%) when at least one toxin was detected. Cyanobacteria were present and dominant in 98 and 76% of samples, respectively. Potential anatoxin-, cylindrospermopsin-, microcystin-, and saxitoxin-producing cyanobacteria occurred in 81, 67, 95, and 79% of samples, respectively. Anatoxin-a and nodularin-R were detected (LC/MS/MS) in 15 and 3.7% samples (n=27). The WHO moderate and high risk thresholds for microcystins, cyanobacteria abundance, and total chlorophyll were exceeded in 1.1, 27, and 44% of samples, respectively. Complete agreement by all three WHO microcystin metrics occurred in 27% of samples. This suggests that WHO microcystin metrics based on total chlorophyll and cyanobacterial abundance can overestimate microcystin risk when compared to WHO microcystin thresholds. The lack of parity among the WHO thresholds was expected since chlorophyll is common amongst all phytoplankton and not all cyanobacteria produce microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Loftin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Graham
- U.S. Geological Survey, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
| | - Elizabeth D Hilborn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, NHEERL, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Sarah C Lehmann
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds, Ariel Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Mail Code 4503T, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
| | - Michael T Meyer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
| | - Julie E Dietze
- U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
| | - Christopher B Griffith
- U.S. Geological Survey, Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory, Kansas Water Science Center, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA.
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97
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Lefebvre KA, Quakenbush L, Frame E, Huntington KB, Sheffield G, Stimmelmayr R, Bryan A, Kendrick P, Ziel H, Goldstein T, Snyder JA, Gelatt T, Gulland F, Dickerson B, Gill V. Prevalence of algal toxins in Alaskan marine mammals foraging in a changing arctic and subarctic environment. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 55:13-24. [PMID: 28073526 PMCID: PMC8276754 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Current climate trends resulting in rapid declines in sea ice and increasing water temperatures are likely to expand the northern geographic range and duration of favorable conditions for harmful algal blooms (HABs), making algal toxins a growing concern in Alaskan marine food webs. Two of the most common HAB toxins along the west coast of North America are the neurotoxins domoic acid (DA) and saxitoxin (STX). Over the last 20 years, DA toxicosis has caused significant illness and mortality in marine mammals along the west coast of the USA, but has not been reported to impact marine mammals foraging in Alaskan waters. Saxitoxin, the most potent of the paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins, has been well-documented in shellfish in the Aleutians and Gulf of Alaska for decades and associated with human illnesses and deaths due to consumption of toxic clams. There is little information regarding exposure of Alaskan marine mammals. Here, the spatial patterns and prevalence of DA and STX exposure in Alaskan marine mammals are documented in order to assess health risks to northern populations including those species that are important to the nutritional, cultural, and economic well-being of Alaskan coastal communities. In this study, 905 marine mammals from 13 species were sampled including; humpback whales, bowhead whales, beluga whales, harbor porpoises, northern fur seals, Steller sea lions, harbor seals, ringed seals, bearded seals, spotted seals, ribbon seals, Pacific walruses, and northern sea otters. Domoic acid was detected in all 13 species examined and had the greatest prevalence in bowhead whales (68%) and harbor seals (67%). Saxitoxin was detected in 10 of the 13 species, with the highest prevalence in humpback whales (50%) and bowhead whales (32%). Pacific walruses contained the highest concentrations of both STX and DA, with DA concentrations similar to those detected in California sea lions exhibiting clinical signs of DA toxicosis (seizures) off the coast of Central California, USA. Forty-six individual marine mammals contained detectable concentrations of both toxins emphasizing the potential for combined exposure risks. Additionally, fetuses from a beluga whale, a harbor porpoise and a Steller sea lion contained detectable concentrations of DA documenting maternal toxin transfer in these species. These results provide evidence that HAB toxins are present throughout Alaska waters at levels high enough to be detected in marine mammals and have the potential to impact marine mammal health in the Arctic marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathi A Lefebvre
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Lori Quakenbush
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Arctic Marine Mammal Program, 1300 College Road, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Elizabeth Frame
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kathy Burek Huntington
- Alaska Veterinary Pathology Services (AVPS), 23834 The Clearing Drive, Eagle River, AK, USA
| | - Gay Sheffield
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Sea Grant, Marine Advisory Program, PO Box 400, Nome, AK, USA
| | - Raphaela Stimmelmayr
- North Slope Borough Department of Wildlife Management, PO Box 69, Barrow, AK, USA
| | - Anna Bryan
- Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Arctic Marine Mammal Program, 1300 College Road, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Preston Kendrick
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Heather Ziel
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tracey Goldstein
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan A Snyder
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, 1011 East Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Tom Gelatt
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frances Gulland
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Fort Cronkhite, Sausalito, CA, USA
| | - Bobette Dickerson
- Marine Mammal Laboratory, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Verena Gill
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Marine Mammals Management, 1011 East Tudor Rd., Anchorage, AK, USA
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98
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Amperometric aptasensor for saxitoxin using a gold electrode modified with carbon nanotubes on a self-assembled monolayer, and methylene blue as an electrochemical indicator probe. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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99
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Results of a Saxitoxin Proficiency Test Including Characterization of Reference Material and Stability Studies. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4852-67. [PMID: 26602927 PMCID: PMC4690102 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A saxitoxin (STX) proficiency test (PT) was organized as part of the Establishment of Quality Assurance for the Detection of Biological Toxins of Potential Bioterrorism Risk (EQuATox) project. The aim of this PT was to provide an evaluation of existing methods and the European laboratories’ capabilities for the analysis of STX and some of its analogues in real samples. Homogenized mussel material and algal cell materials containing paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins were produced as reference sample matrices. The reference material was characterized using various analytical methods. Acidified algal extract samples at two concentration levels were prepared from a bulk culture of PSP toxins producing dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii. The homogeneity and stability of the prepared PT samples were studied and found to be fit-for-purpose. Thereafter, eight STX PT samples were sent to ten participating laboratories from eight countries. The PT offered the participating laboratories the possibility to assess their performance regarding the qualitative and quantitative detection of PSP toxins. Various techniques such as official Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods, immunoassays, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used for sample analyses.
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100
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Harju K, Rapinoja ML, Avondet MA, Arnold W, Schär M, Burrell S, Luginbühl W, Vanninen P. Optimization of Sample Preparation for the Identification and Quantification of Saxitoxin in Proficiency Test Mussel Sample using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:4868-80. [PMID: 26610567 PMCID: PMC4690103 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Saxitoxin (STX) and some selected paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) analogues in mussel samples were identified and quantified with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Sample extraction and purification methods of mussel sample were optimized for LC-MS/MS analysis. The developed method was applied to the analysis of the homogenized mussel samples in the proficiency test (PT) within the EQuATox project (Establishment of Quality Assurance for the Detection of Biological Toxins of Potential Bioterrorism Risk). Ten laboratories from eight countries participated in the STX PT. Identification of PSP toxins in naturally contaminated mussel samples was performed by comparison of product ion spectra and retention times with those of reference standards. The quantitative results were obtained with LC-MS/MS by spiking reference standards in toxic mussel extracts. The results were within the z-score of ±1 when compared to the results measured with the official AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) method 2005.06, pre-column oxidation high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Harju
- VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Marja-Leena Rapinoja
- VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 FI-00014, Finland.
| | - Marc-André Avondet
- Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport, SPIEZ LABORATORY, Austrasse 1, Spiez CH-3700, Switzerland.
| | - Werner Arnold
- Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport, SPIEZ LABORATORY, Austrasse 1, Spiez CH-3700, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Schär
- Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sport, SPIEZ LABORATORY, Austrasse 1, Spiez CH-3700, Switzerland.
| | - Stephen Burrell
- Marine Institute, Marine Environment and Food Safety Services, Rinville, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland.
| | | | - Paula Vanninen
- VERIFIN (Finnish Institute for Verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention), Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 FI-00014, Finland.
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