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Wang Y, Hao Y, Fa S, Zheng W, Yuan C, Wang W. Nanomedicine for the Diagnosis and Therapy of COVID-19. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:758121. [PMID: 34805116 PMCID: PMC8599128 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.758121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemics caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been spreading around the world due to its high infection rate, long incubation period, as well as lack of effective diagnosis and therapy or vaccines, which is tearing global health systems apart. It is an urgent demand for point-of-care diagnosis and effective treatment to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Currently, based on the rapid development of functional materials with unique physicochemical features through advanced fabrication and chemical modification, nanomaterials provide an emerging tool to detect SARS-CoV-2, inhibit the interplay in the virus and host cell interface, and enhance host immune response. In our manuscript, we summarized recent advances of nanomaterials for the diagnosis and therapy of COVID-19. The limitation, current challenges, and perspectives for the nano-diagnosis and nano-therapy of COVID-19 are proposed. The review is expected to enable researchers to understand the effect of nanomaterials for the diagnosis and therapy of COVID-19 and may catalyze breakthroughs in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingruo Wang
- Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuanping Hao
- Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shunxin Fa
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,York School, Monterey, CA, United States
| | - Weiping Zheng
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Changqing Yuan
- Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wanchun Wang
- Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Bisht A, Mishra A, Bisht H, Tripathi RM. Nanomaterial Based Biosensors for Detection of Viruses Including SARS-CoV-2: A Review. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2021; 5:327-340. [PMID: 34777896 PMCID: PMC8572656 DOI: 10.1007/s41664-021-00200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak led to an uncontrollable situation and was later declared a global pandemic. RT-PCR is one of the reliable methods for the detection of COVID-19, but it requires transporting samples to sophisticated laboratories and takes a significant amount of time to amplify the viral genome. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a large-scale, rapid, specific, and portable detection kit. Nowadays nanomaterials-based detection technology has been developed and it showed advancement over the conventional methods in selectivity and sensitivity. This review aims at summarising some of the most promising nanomaterial-based sensing technologies for detecting SARS-CoV-2. Nanomaterials possess unique physical, chemical, electrical and optical properties, which can be exploited for the application in biosensors. Furthermore, nanomaterials work on the same scale as biological processes and can be easily functionalized with substrates of interest. These devices do not require extraordinary sophistication and are suitable for use by common individuals without high-tech laboratories. Electrochemical and colorimetric methods similar to glucometer and pregnancy test kits are discussed and reviewed as potential diagnostic devices for COVID-19. Other devices working on the principle of immune response and microarrays are also discussed as possible candidates. Nanomaterials such as metal nanoparticles, graphene, quantum dots, and CNTs enhance the limit of detection and accuracy of the biosensors to give spontaneous results. The challenges of industrial-scale production of these devices are also discussed. If mass production is successfully developed, these sensors can ramp up the testing to provide the accurate number of people affected by the virus, which is extremely critical in today's scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Bisht
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201303 India
| | - Abhishek Mishra
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201303 India
| | - Harender Bisht
- Reliance Industries Limited, Motikhavdi, Jamnagar, 361140 India
| | - R. M. Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201303 India
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Chaouch M. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): An effective molecular point-of-care technique for the rapid diagnosis of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2215. [PMID: 33476080 PMCID: PMC7995099 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) public health emergency has caused enormous loss around the world. This pandemic is a concrete example of the existing gap between availability of advanced diagnostics and current need for cost-effective methodology. The advent of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay provided an innovative tool for establishing a rapid diagnostic technique based on the molecular amplification of pathogen RNA or DNA. In this review, we explore the applications, diagnostic effectiveness of LAMP test for molecular diagnosis and surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Our results show that LAMP can be considered as an effective point-of-care test for the diagnosis of Covid-19 in endemic areas, especially for low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melek Chaouch
- Laboratory of Medical ParasitologyBiotechnology and Biomolecules LR 11 IPT 06Institut Pasteur de TunisTunisTunisia
- Laboratory of BioinformaticsBiomathematics and Biostatistics LR 16 IPT 09Institut Pasteur de TunisTunisTunisia
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Nasrollahi F, Haghniaz R, Hosseini V, Davoodi E, Mahmoodi M, Karamikamkar S, Darabi MA, Zhu Y, Lee J, Diltemiz SE, Montazerian H, Sangabathuni S, Tavafoghi M, Jucaud V, Sun W, Kim H, Ahadian S, Khademhosseini A. Micro and Nanoscale Technologies for Diagnosis of Viral Infections. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100692. [PMID: 34310048 PMCID: PMC8420309 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The growth of globalization significantly increases the risk of virus spreading, making it a global threat to future public health. In particular, the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak emphasizes the importance of devices and methods for rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective diagnosis of viral infections in the early stages by which their quick and global spread can be controlled. Micro and nanoscale technologies have attracted tremendous attention in recent years for a variety of medical and biological applications, especially in developing diagnostic platforms for rapid and accurate detection of viral diseases. This review addresses advances of microneedles, microchip-based integrated platforms, and nano- and microparticles for sampling, sample processing, enrichment, amplification, and detection of viral particles and antigens related to the diagnosis of viral diseases. Additionally, methods for the fabrication of microchip-based devices and commercially used devices are described. Finally, challenges and prospects on the development of micro and nanotechnologies for the early diagnosis of viral diseases are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nasrollahi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Reihaneh Haghniaz
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Elham Davoodi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics EngineeringUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooONN2L 3G1Canada
| | - Mahboobeh Mahmoodi
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYazd BranchIslamic Azad UniversityYazd8915813135Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Ali Darabi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Junmin Lee
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Sibel Emir Diltemiz
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceEskisehir Technical UniversityEskisehir26470Turkey
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | | | - Maryam Tavafoghi
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California‐Los AngelesLos AngelesCA90095USA
| | - Vadim Jucaud
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Wujin Sun
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Han‐Jun Kim
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation (TIBI)Los AngelesCA90024USA
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Dielectric Engineering to Suppress Cell-to-Cell Programming Voltage Interference in 3D NAND Flash Memory. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111297. [PMID: 34832709 PMCID: PMC8619526 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to conventional 2-dimensional (2D) NAND flash memory, in 3D NAND flash memory, cell-to-cell interference stemming from parasitic capacitance between the word-lines (WLs) is difficult to control because the number of WLs, achieved for better packing density, have been dramatically increased under limited height of NAND string. In this context, finding a novel approach based on dielectric engineering seems timely and applicable. This paper covers the voltage interference characteristics in 3D NAND with respect to dielectrics, then proposes an alternative cell structure to suppress such interference.
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Akter N, Hasan MM, Pala N. A Review of THz Technologies for Rapid Sensing and Detection of Viruses including SARS-CoV-2. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:349. [PMID: 34677305 PMCID: PMC8534088 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Virus epidemics such as Ebola virus, Zika virus, MERS-coronavirus, and others have wreaked havoc on humanity in the last decade. In addition, a coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic and its continuously evolving mutants have become so deadly that they have forced the entire technical advancement of healthcare into peril. Traditional ways of detecting these viruses have been successful to some extent, but they are costly, time-consuming, and require specialized human resources. Terahertz-based biosensors have the potential to lead the way for low-cost, non-invasive, and rapid virus detection. This review explores the latest progresses in terahertz technology-based biosensors for the virus, viral particle, and antigen detection, as well as upcoming research directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nezih Pala
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA; (N.A.); (M.M.H.)
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Nuertey BD, Ekremet K, Haidallah AR, Mumuni K, Addai J, Attibu RIE, Damah MC, Duorinaa E, Seidu AS, Adongo VC, Adatsi RK, Suri HC, Komei AAK, Abubakari BB, Weyori E, Allegye-Cudjoe E, Sylverken A, Owusu M, Phillips RO. Performance of COVID-19 associated symptoms and temperature checking as a screening tool for SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257450. [PMID: 34534249 PMCID: PMC8448301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), which started in late December, 2019, has spread to affect 216 countries and territories around the world. Globally, the number of cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection has been growing exponentially. There is pressure on countries to flatten the curves and break transmission. Most countries are practicing partial or total lockdown, vaccination, massive education on hygiene, social distancing, isolation of cases, quarantine of exposed and various screening approaches such as temperature and symptom-based screening to break the transmission. Some studies outside Africa have found the screening for fever using non-contact thermometers to lack good sensitivity for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of clinical symptoms in accurately predicting a final diagnosis of COVID-19 disease in the Ghanaian setting. METHOD The study analysed screening and test data of COVID-19 suspected, probable and contacts for the months of March to August 2020. A total of 1,986 participants presenting to Tamale Teaching hospital were included in the study. Logistic regression and receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis were carried out. RESULTS Overall SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate was 16.8%. Those with symptoms had significantly higher positivity rate (21.6%) compared with asymptomatic (17.0%) [chi-squared 15.5, p-value, <0.001]. Patients that were positive for SARS-CoV-2 were 5.9 [3.9-8.8] times more likely to have loss of sense of smell and 5.9 [3.8-9.3] times more likely to having loss of sense of taste. Using history of fever as a screening tool correctly picked up only 14.8% of all true positives of SARS-CoV-2 infection and failed to pick up 86.2% of positive cases. Using cough alone would detect 22.4% and miss 87.6%. Non-contact thermometer used alone, as a screening tool for COVID-19 at a cut-off of 37.8 would only pick 4.8% of positive SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. CONCLUSION The use of fever alone or other symptoms individually [or in combination] as a screening tool for SARS-CoV-2 infection is not worthwhile based on ROC analysis. Use of temperature check as a COVID-19 screening tool to allow people into public space irrespective of the temperature cut-off is of little benefit in diagnosing infected persons. We recommend the use of facemask, hand hygiene, social distancing as effective means of preventing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Demah Nuertey
- Tamale Teaching Hospital, COVID-19 Management Team, Accra, Ghana
- Community Health Department, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
- Public Health Department, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Kwame Ekremet
- Tamale Teaching Hospital, COVID-19 Management Team, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Kareem Mumuni
- Tamale Teaching Hospital, COVID-19 Management Team, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Obstetric and Gynaecology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joyce Addai
- Department of Medicine, Korle-Bu teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Rosemary Ivy E. Attibu
- Tamale Teaching Hospital, COVID-19 Management Team, Accra, Ghana
- Public Health Department, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Michael C. Damah
- Tamale Teaching Hospital, COVID-19 Management Team, Accra, Ghana
- Pharmacy Department, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Elvis Duorinaa
- Tamale Teaching Hospital, COVID-19 Management Team, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Surgery, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Anwar Sadat Seidu
- Tamale Teaching Hospital, COVID-19 Management Team, Accra, Ghana
- Public Health Department, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Victor C. Adongo
- Tamale Teaching Hospital, COVID-19 Management Team, Accra, Ghana
- Laboratory Department, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Richard Kujo Adatsi
- Tamale Teaching Hospital, COVID-19 Management Team, Accra, Ghana
- Laboratory Department, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Hisyovi Caedenas Suri
- Tamale Teaching Hospital, COVID-19 Management Team, Accra, Ghana
- Intensive Care Unit, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale, Ghana
| | | | - Braimah Baba Abubakari
- Regional Health Directorate, Northern Region, Tamale, Ghana
- School of Medical Sciences, University for development studies, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Enoch Weyori
- Zonal Public Health Reference Laboratory, Tamale, Ghana
| | | | - Augustina Sylverken
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Michael Owusu
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Richard O. Phillips
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Afshar D, Moghadam SO, Heidarzadeh S, Fardsanei F, Arshadi M, Ranjbar R. Current and Emerging Technologies for the Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Open Microbiol J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285802115010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are numerous under development or developed assays with various sensitivities and specificities for diagnosis of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The World Health Organization (WHO) has approved several detection protocols based on real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and the reliability of tests to detect the N, S, or RdRp/Hel genes of the SARS-Cov-2 virus has also investigated. Among these targets, COVID-19-RdRp/Hel targets represented the highest sensitivity. Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) has also been developed to rapidly and efficiently amplify RNA under isothermal conditions. Other isothermal amplification approaches such as nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), and rolling circle amplification (RCA) have also been reported for detecting coronaviruses but like LAMP assay. Different serological tests, including neutralization tests, immunofluorescent (IFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA), and western blotting assays, are available. Point-of-care tests (POCT) are emerging to detect the virus genome, IgG, or IgM antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The advent of more sensitive, cheaper, and easier-to-perform diagnostic tests seems to be a fundamental prerequisite to improve the diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. Herein, we reviewed several commercially available diagnostic methods used in many clinical laboratories to detect COVID-19.
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Jayakody H, Kiddle G, Perera S, Tisi L, Leese HS. Molecular diagnostics in the era of COVID-19. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3744-3763. [PMID: 34473144 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00947h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to escalate globally and acquires new mutations, accurate diagnostic technologies continue to play a vital role in controlling and understanding the epidemiology of this disease. A plethora of technologies have enabled the diagnosis of individuals, informed clinical management, aided population-wide screening to determine transmission rates and identified cases within the wider community and high-risk settings. This review explores the application of molecular diagnostics technologies in controlling the spread of COVID-19, and the key factors that affect the sensitivity and specificity of the tests used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harindi Jayakody
- Materials for Health Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
- Erba Molecular, Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK.
| | - Guy Kiddle
- Erba Molecular, Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK.
| | - Semali Perera
- Materials for Health Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
| | | | - Hannah S Leese
- Materials for Health Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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Rapid Test Ag 2019-nCoV (PROGNOSIS, BIOTECH, Larissa, Greece); Performance Evaluation in Hospital Setting with Real Time RT-PCR. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179151. [PMID: 34501741 PMCID: PMC8431120 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Rapid antigen tests (RATs) are convenient for SARS-CoV-2 detection because they are simpler and faster than nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). This study aimed to assess the accuracy of a locally manufactured test; Rapid Test Ag 2019-nCoV (PROGNOSIS, BIOTECH, Larissa, Greece) in a clinical setting and during mass screening. Methods: Nasopharyngeal samples from 624 individuals were analyzed. The results of the rapid test were compared to real-time reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). At the end of the test’s procedure, positive test strips were scanned in an S-Flow reader in order to roughly estimate the antigen concentration. Results: The lower limit of detection of the test was 468.75 genome copies/mL. The PROGNOSIS rapid test displayed a sensitivity of 85.5% (141/165) (95%CI: 79.1–90.5) and a specificity of 99.8% (458/459) (95%CI: 98.8–100.0%). The general inter-rater agreement was 0.89 (95%CI: 85.1–93.3). The regression analysis between the S-flow reader measurements (viral antigen) and the viral load of the positive samples demonstrated a weak correlation (R2 = 0.288, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The Rapid Test Ag 2019-nCoV demonstrated sufficient sensitivity, excellent specificity and could be available to be used with low overall cost. Thus, it could be used as point of care test, but also for mass screening for rapid detection of infected persons (e.g., for travelers).
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Martín J, Tena N, Asuero AG. Current state of diagnostic, screening and surveillance testing methods for COVID-19 from an analytical chemistry point of view. Microchem J 2021; 167:106305. [PMID: 33897053 PMCID: PMC8054532 DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since December 2019, we have been in the battlefield with a new threat to the humanity known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this review, we describe the four main methods used for diagnosis, screening and/or surveillance of SARS-CoV-2: Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); chest computed tomography (CT); and different complementary alternatives developed in order to obtain rapid results, antigen and antibody detection. All of them compare the highlighting advantages and disadvantages from an analytical point of view. The gold standard method in terms of sensitivity and specificity is the RT-PCR. The different modifications propose to make it more rapid and applicable at point of care (POC) are also presented and discussed. CT images are limited to central hospitals. However, being combined with RT-PCR is the most robust and accurate way to confirm COVID-19 infection. Antibody tests, although unable to provide reliable results on the status of the infection, are suitable for carrying out maximum screening of the population in order to know the immune capacity. More recently, antigen tests, less sensitive than RT-PCR, have been authorized to determine in a quicker way whether the patient is infected at the time of analysis and without the need of specific instruments.
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Key Words
- 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus
- ACE2, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- AI, Artificial Intelligence
- ALP, Alkaline Phosphatase
- ASOs, Antisense Oligonucleotides
- Antigen and antibody tests
- AuNIs, Gold Nanoislands
- AuNPs, Gold Nanoparticles
- BSL, Biosecurity Level
- CAP, College of American Pathologists
- CCD, Charge-Coupled Device
- CG, Colloidal Gold
- CGIA, Colloidal Gold Immunochromatographic Assay
- CLIA, Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassay
- CLIA, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus disease-19
- CRISPR, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- CT, Chest Computed Tomography
- Cas, CRISPR Associate Protein
- China CDC, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- Ct, Cycle Threshold
- DETECTR, SARS-CoV-2 DNA Endonuclease-Targeted CRISPR Trans Reporter
- DNA, Dexosyrosyribonucleic Acid
- E, Envelope protein
- ELISA, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- EUA, Emergence Use Authorization
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FET, Field-Effect Transistor
- GISAID, Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data
- GeneBank, Genetic sequence data base of the National Institute of Health
- ICTV, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
- IgA, Immunoglobulins A
- IgG, Immunoglobulins G
- IgM, Immunoglobulins M
- IoMT, Internet of Medical Things
- IoT, Internet of Things
- LFIA, Lateral Flow Immunochromatographic Assays
- LOC, Lab-on-a-Chip
- LOD, Limit of detection
- LSPR, Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance
- M, Membrane protein
- MERS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- MNP, Magnetic Nanoparticle
- MS, Mass spectrometry
- N, Nucleocapsid protein
- NER, Naked Eye Readout
- NGM, Next Generation Molecular
- NGS, Next Generation Sequencing
- NIH, National Institute of Health
- NSPs, Nonstructural Proteins
- Net, Neural Network
- ORF, Open Reading Frame
- OSN, One Step Single-tube Nested
- PDMS, Polydimethylsiloxane
- POC, Point of Care
- PPT, Plasmonic Photothermal
- QD, Quantum Dot
- R0, Basic reproductive number
- RBD, Receptor-binding domain
- RNA, Ribonucleic Acid
- RNaseH, Ribonuclease H
- RT, Reverse Transcriptase
- RT-LAMP, Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
- RT-PCR, Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RT-PCR, chest computerized tomography
- RdRp, RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
- S, Spike protein
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
- SERS, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
- SHERLOCK, Specific High Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter UnLOCKing
- STOPCovid, SHERLOCK Testing on One Pot
- SVM, Support Vector Machine
- SiO2@Ag, Complete silver nanoparticle shell coated on silica core
- US CDC, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- VOC, Variant of Concern
- VTM, Viral Transport Medium
- WGS, Whole Genome Sequencing
- WHO, World Health Organization
- aM, Attomolar
- dNTPs, Nucleotides
- dPCR, Digital PCR
- ddPCR, Droplet digital PCR
- fM, Femtomolar
- m-RNA, Messenger Ribonucleic Acid
- nM, Nanomolar
- pM, Picomolar
- pfu, Plaque-forming unit
- rN, Recombinant nucleocapsid protein antigen
- rS, Recombinant Spike protein antigen
- ssRNA, Single-Stranded Positive-Sense RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, Sevilla E-41011, Spain
| | - Noelia Tena
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Prof. García González, 2, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Agustin G Asuero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Prof. García González, 2, Sevilla 41012, Spain
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62
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Singh B, Datta B, Ashish A, Dutta G. A comprehensive review on current COVID-19 detection methods: From lab care to point of care diagnosis. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2:100119. [PMID: 34766062 PMCID: PMC8302821 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Without a doubt, the current global pandemic affects all walks of our life. It affected almost every age group all over the world with a disease named COVID-19, declared as a global pandemic by WHO in early 2020. Due to the high transmission and moderate mortality rate of this virus, it is also regarded as the panic-zone virus. This potentially deadly virus has pointed up the significance of COVID-19 research. Due to the rapid transmission of COVID-19, early detection is very crucial. Presently, there are different conventional techniques are available for coronavirus detection like CT-scan, PCR, Sequencing, CRISPR, ELISA, LFA, LAMP. The urgent need for rapid, accurate, and cost-effective detection and the requirement to cut off shortcomings of traditional detection methods, make scientists realize to advance new technologies. Biosensors are one of the reliable platforms for accurate, early diagnosis. In this article, we have pointed recent diagnosis approaches for COVID-19. The review includes basic virology of SARS-CoV-2 mainly clinical and pathological features. We have also briefly discussed different types of biosensors, their working principles, and current advancement for COVID-19 detection and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Singh
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Brateen Datta
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Amlan Ashish
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Gorachand Dutta
- School of Medical Science and Technology (SMST), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
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63
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Rapid diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 virus: point-of-care testing and lessons learned during the pandemic. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1165-1167. [PMID: 34286599 PMCID: PMC8320651 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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64
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Basnet BB, Basnet R, Panday R. Prospects for controlling future pandemics of SARS in highlights of SARS-CoV-2. Virusdisease 2021; 32:770-773. [PMID: 34307770 PMCID: PMC8280605 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout human history infectious diseases have emerged to become global threats once in a while. Sometimes the previously established infections surfaced due to geographical extension or by increasing their transmissibility or pathogenicity while in other instances new infections have periodically emerged by transmitting from animals to humans. A proper strengthening of the existing health care system, disease surveillance, advancement in medical technology and healthy lifestyle is a must for controlling the future re-emergence of pandemics. Similarly, a deeper understanding of (1) key medical and social elements; (2) treatment and prevention options; (3) epidemic preparedness of the health care system; and (4) investing in ethno medicine research is necessary to prevent the future devastating pandemic emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buddha Bahadur Basnet
- Faculty of Science, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Rajesh Basnet
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Raju Panday
- Biology Section, National Forensic Science Laboratory, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal
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65
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Malekmohammad K, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Mechanistic Aspects of Medicinal Plants and Secondary Metabolites against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:3996-4007. [PMID: 34225607 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210705160130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly pathogenic virus, is responsible for a respiratory disease termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes various structural and non-structural proteins, which are necessary for viral entry and replication. Among these proteins, papain-like protease (PLpro), 3C-like protease (3CLpro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), helicase, a serine protease, and spike protein are potential targets of herbal remedies and phytocompounds for inhibition of viral infection and replication. There is at present no confirmed cure for the COVID-19. Various plants and their components have been introduced against SARS-Co-2. A number of review articles have also been published on them. This article is focusing on the mechanistic aspects of these plants and their derivatives on SARS-CV-2. METHOD The material in this review article was prepared from significant scientific databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar. RESULTS Different medicinal plants and their phytocompounds interact with important structural and non-structural of SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Natural compounds form strong bonds with the active site of SARS-CoV-2 protease and make large conformational changes. These phytochemicals are potential inhibitors of structural and non-structural of SARS-CoV-2 proteins such as Spike protein, PLpro, and 3CLpro. Some important anti-SARS-CoV-2 actions of medicinal plants and their metabolites are inhibition of the virus replication or entry, blocking the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor and "Transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2)" regulation of inflammatory mediators, inhibition of endothelial activation, toll-like receptors (TLRs) and activation of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Some of these important natural immune boosters that are helpful for prevention and curing various symptoms related to COVID-19 include Allium sativum, Nigella sativa, Glycyrrhiza glabra Zingiber officinalis, Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, and Scutellaria baicalensis. Also, Kaempferol, Quercetin, Baicalin, Scutellarin, Glycyrrhizin, Curcumin, Apigenin, Ursolic acid, and Chloroquine are the best candidates for treating the symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. CONCLUSION Medicinal plants and/or their bioactive compounds with inhibitory effects against SARS-CoV-2 support the human immune system and help in fighting against COVID-19 and rejuvenating the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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66
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Guha SK, Biswas M, Gupta B, Acharya A, Halder S, Saha B, Chatterjee M, Kundu PK, Maji AK. A report on incidence of COVID-19 among febrile patients attending a malaria clinic. Trop Parasitol 2021; 11:38-41. [PMID: 34195059 PMCID: PMC8213116 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_105_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Screening for malaria and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in all patients with acute febrile illness is necessary in malaria-endemic areas to reduce malaria-related mortality and to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 by isolation. Aims: A pilot study was undertaken to determine the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among febrile patients attending a malaria clinic. Subjects and Methods: All patients were tested for malaria parasite by examining thick and thin blood smears as well as by rapid malaria antigen tests. COVID-19 was detected by rapid antigen test and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction in patients agreeing to undergo the test. Results: Out of 262 patients examined, 66 (25.19%) were positive for Plasmodium vivax, 45 (17.17%) for Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) with a slide positivity rate of 42.40%, and Pf% of 40.50%. Only 29 patients consented for COVID-19 testing along with malaria; of them, 3 (10.34%) were positive for COVID-19 alone and 2 (6.89%) were positive for both COVID-19 and P. vivax with an incidence of 17.24%. A maximum number of patients (196) did not examine for COVID-19 as they did not agree to do the test. Conclusion: Diagnosis of COVID-19 among three patients (10.34%) is significant both in terms of identification of cases and to isolate them for preventing transmission in the community. Detection of COVID-19 along with malaria is equally important for their proper management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasish Kamal Guha
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Malabika Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bishal Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Alisha Acharya
- Department of Microbiology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Supriya Halder
- Protozoology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Bibhuti Saha
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Moytrey Chatterjee
- Protozoology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Pratip Kumar Kundu
- Director and Department of Microbiology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ardhendu Kumar Maji
- Protozoology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Hemida MG. The next-generation coronavirus diagnostic techniques with particular emphasis on the SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4219-4241. [PMID: 33751621 PMCID: PMC8207115 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The potential zoonotic coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) are of global health concerns. Early diagnosis is the milestone in their mitigation, control, and eradication. Many diagnostic techniques are showing great success and have many advantages, such as the rapid turnover of the results, high accuracy, and high specificity and sensitivity. However, some of these techniques have several pitfalls if samples were not collected, processed, and transported in the standard ways and if these techniques were not practiced with extreme caution and precision. This may lead to false-negative/positive results. This may affect the downstream management of the affected cases. These techniques require regular fine-tuning, upgrading, and optimization. The continuous evolution of new strains and viruses belong to the coronaviruses is hampering the success of many classical techniques. There are urgent needs for next generations of coronaviruses diagnostic assays that overcome these pitfalls. This new generation of diagnostic tests should be able to do simultaneous, multiplex, and high-throughput detection of various coronavirus in one reaction. Furthermore, the development of novel assays and techniques that enable the in situ detection of the virus on the environmental samples, especially air, water, and surfaces, should be given considerable attention in the future. These approaches will have a substantial positive impact on the mitigation and eradication of coronaviruses, including the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged G. Hemida
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKing Faisal UniversityAl AhsaSaudi Arabia
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineKafrelsheikh UniversityKafr ElsheikhEgypt
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68
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Zhang Y, Malekjahani A, Udugama BN, Kadhiresan P, Chen H, Osborne M, Franz M, Kucera M, Plenderleith S, Yip L, Bader GD, Tran V, Gubbay JB, McGeer A, Mubareka S, Chan WCW. Surveilling and Tracking COVID-19 Patients Using a Portable Quantum Dot Smartphone Device. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5209-5216. [PMID: 34110166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ability to rapidly diagnose, track, and disseminate information for SARS-CoV-2 is critical to minimize its spread. Here, we engineered a portable smartphone-based quantum barcode serological assay device for real-time surveillance of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Our device achieved a clinical sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 100% for SARS-CoV-2, as compared to 34% and 100%, respectively, for lateral flow assays in a head-to-head comparison. The lateral flow assay misdiagnosed ∼2 out of 3 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. Our quantum dot barcode device has ∼3 times greater clinical sensitivity because it is ∼140 times more analytically sensitive than lateral flow assays. Our device can diagnose SARS-CoV-2 at different sampling dates and infectious severity. We developed a databasing app to provide instantaneous results to inform patients, physicians, and public health agencies. This assay and device enable real-time surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and potential immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ayden Malekjahani
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Buddhisha N Udugama
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Pranav Kadhiresan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Hongmin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Matthew Osborne
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Max Franz
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Mike Kucera
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Simon Plenderleith
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Lily Yip
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1A8, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 2E4, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Vanessa Tran
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Gubbay
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Allison McGeer
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3M7, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Warren C W Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
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Kang BH, Lee Y, Yu ES, Na H, Kang M, Huh HJ, Jeong KH. Ultrafast and Real-Time Nanoplasmonic On-Chip Polymerase Chain Reaction for Rapid and Quantitative Molecular Diagnostics. ACS NANO 2021; 15:10194-10202. [PMID: 34008961 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advent and fast spread of pandemic diseases draw worldwide attention to rapid, prompt, and accurate molecular diagnostics with technical development of ultrafast polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Microfluidic on-chip PCR platforms provide highly efficient and small-volume bioassay for point-of-care diagnostic applications. Here we report ultrafast, real-time, and on-chip nanoplasmonic PCR for rapid and quantitative molecular diagnostics at point-of-care level. The plasmofluidic PCR chip comprises glass nanopillar arrays with Au nanoislands and gas-permeable microfluidic channels, which contain reaction microchamber arrays, a precharged vacuum cell, and a vapor barrier. The on-chip configuration allows both spontaneous sample loading and microbubble-free PCR reaction during which the plasmonic nanopillar arrays result in ultrafast photothermal cycling. After rapid sample loading less than 3 min, two-step PCR results for 40 cycles show rapid amplification in 264 s for lambda-DNA, and 306 s for plasmids expressing SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein. In addition, the in situ cyclic real-time quantification of amplicons clearly demonstrates the amplification efficiencies of more than 91%. This PCR platform can provide rapid point-of-care molecular diagnostics in helping slow the fast-spreading pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Hoon Kang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseop Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sil Yu
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamin Na
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Kang
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Smart Healthcare Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Device Management and Research, SAIHST (Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hun Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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70
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Lu S, Lin S, Zhang H, Liang L, Shen S. Methods of Respiratory Virus Detection: Advances towards Point-of-Care for Early Intervention. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12060697. [PMID: 34203612 PMCID: PMC8232111 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections threaten human life and inflict an enormous healthcare burden worldwide. Frequent monitoring of viral antibodies and viral load can effectively help to control the spread of the virus and make timely interventions. However, current methods for detecting viral load require dedicated personnel and are time-consuming. Additionally, COVID-19 detection is generally relied on an automated PCR analyzer, which is highly instrument-dependent and expensive. As such, emerging technologies in the development of respiratory viral load assays for point-of-care (POC) testing are urgently needed for viral screening. Recent advances in loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), biosensors, nanotechnology-based paper strips and microfluidics offer new strategies to develop a rapid, low-cost, and user-friendly respiratory viral monitoring platform. In this review, we summarized the traditional methods in respiratory virus detection and present the state-of-art technologies in the monitoring of respiratory virus at POC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, China; (S.L.); (H.Z.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China;
| | - Sha Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China;
| | - Hongrui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, China; (S.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Liguo Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China;
- Centre for Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (S.S.); Tel.: +86-15861481568 (L.L.)
| | - Shien Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou 310003, China; (S.L.); (H.Z.)
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (S.S.); Tel.: +86-15861481568 (L.L.)
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Bidram E, Esmaeili Y, Amini A, Sartorius R, Tay FR, Shariati L, Makvandi P. Nanobased Platforms for Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19: From Benchtop to Bedside. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:2150-2176. [PMID: 33979143 PMCID: PMC8130531 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory viral infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Among the various respiratory viruses, coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2) have created the greatest challenge and most frightening health threat worldwide. Human coronaviruses typically infect the upper respiratory tract, causing illnesses that range from common cold-like symptoms to severe acute respiratory infections. Several promising vaccine formulations have become available since the beginning of 2021. Nevertheless, achievement of herd immunity is still far from being realized. Social distancing remains the only effective measure against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nanobiotechnology enables the design of nanobiosensors. These nanomedical diagnostic devices have opened new vistas for early detection of viral infections. The present review outlines recent research on the effectiveness of nanoplatforms as diagnostic and antiviral tools against coronaviruses. The biological properties of coronavirus and infected host organs are discussed. The challenges and limitations encountered in combating SARS-CoV-2 are highlighted. Potential nanodevices such as nanosensors, nanobased vaccines, and smart nanomedicines are subsequently presented for combating current and future mutated versions of coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Bidram
- Biosensor
Research Center, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Avenue, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Yasaman Esmaeili
- Biosensor
Research Center, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Avenue, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Abbas Amini
- Centre
for Infrastructure Engineering, Western
Sydney University, Locked
Bag 1797, Penrith 2751, New South Wales, Australia
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Australian College
of Kuwait, Al Aqsa Mosque
Street, Mishref, Safat 13015, Kuwait
| | - Rossella Sartorius
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Franklin R. Tay
- The
Graduate
School, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Laleh Shariati
- Applied
Physiology Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Avenue, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
- Department
of Biomaterials, Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering, School of
Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan
University of Medical Sciences, Hezarjerib Avenue, Isfahan 8174673461, Iran
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Centre
for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, viale
Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera 56025, Pisa, Italy
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Naseri M, Ziora ZM, Simon GP, Batchelor W. ASSURED‐compliant point‐of‐care diagnostics for the detection of human viral infections. Rev Med Virol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Naseri
- Department of Chemical Engineering Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA) Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Zyta M Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD Australia
| | - George P Simon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Warren Batchelor
- Department of Chemical Engineering Bioresource Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA) Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
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73
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Mahmoud SA, Ganesan S, Ibrahim E, Thakre B, Teddy JG, Raheja P, Zaher WA. Evaluation of six different rapid methods for nucleic acid detection of SARS-COV-2 virus. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5538-5543. [PMID: 34002401 PMCID: PMC8242416 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic there is a mass screening of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) happening around the world due to the extensive spread of the infections. There is a high demand for rapid diagnostic tests to expedite the identification of cases and to facilitate early isolation and control spread. Hence this study evaluates six different rapid nucleic acid detection assays that are commercially available for SARS‐CoV‐2 virus detection. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 4981 participants and were tested for the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus by the gold standard real‐time reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) method and with one of these six rapid methods of detection. Evaluation of the rapid nucleic acid detection assays was done by comparing the results of these rapid methods with the gold standard RT‐qPCR results for SARS‐COV‐2 detection. AQ‐TOP had the highest sensitivity (98%) and a strong kappa value of 0.943 followed by Genechecker and Abbot ID NOW. The POCKIT (ii RT‐PCR) assay had the highest test accuracy of 99.29% followed by Genechecker and Cobas Liat. Atila iAMP showed the highest percentage of invalid reports (35.5%) followed by AQ‐TOP with 6% and POCKIT with 3.7% of invalid reports. Genechecker system, Abbott ID NOW, and Cobas Liat were found to have the best performance and agreement when compared with the standard RT‐PCR for COVID‐19 detection. With further research, these rapid tests have the potential to be employed in large‐scale screening of COVID‐19. The rapid nucleic acid detection kits for detection of SARS‐COV‐2, has the potential to be employed as mass testing strategy. Variable sensitivity and specificity have been identified for the different rapid detection platforms. This evaluation will help laboratories in making choices on purchasing and further evaluation of these platforms. This evaluation considers various parameters like the diagnostic reliability of the platforms, turn around time and throughput, which are not much evaluated in other papers.
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Evaluation of the E gene RT-PCR Ct Values in Clinical Samples from Symptomatic and Asymptomatic COVID-19 Patients. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread globally and is a major public health issue. Procedures that have been established to decrease the spread of the virus depend on the careful and precise detection of infected individuals using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). There have been many ambiguous concerns among the public regarding the severity of infection and its connection with the Cycle threshold (Ct) value and there was forceful need to inform the values to the public especially those with symptoms. The main objective of this study was to determine the association between the E (Envelop) gene Ct values of the symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID 19 patients. The study was conducted at the Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL), Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh. Between March 2020 and June 2020, samples were collected from the Bastar region as per the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) guidelines. A total of 29228 clinical samples were tested by qRT-PCR targeting the E and RdRp (RNA-dependant RNA polymerase) genes as well as the ORF (open reading frame) gene that encode polyproteins of SARS-CoV-2. Of the 29228 samples tested, 75 were tested positive and 29153 were tested negative. In addition, the Ct values varied between the symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. It was observed that, the Ct values ranged from 15 to 32 in the asymptomatic patients and between 13 to 34 in the symptomatic patients. E gene Ct value analysis showed no significant difference between the asymptomatic and symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Thus, we observed that there was no association between the Ct values of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients of COVID-19.
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75
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Ahmadi S, Rabiee N, Fatahi Y, Hooshmand SE, Bagherzadeh M, Rabiee M, Jajarmi V, Dinarvand R, Habibzadeh S, Saeb MR, Varma RS, Shokouhimehr M, Hamblin MR. Green chemistry and coronavirus. SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACY 2021; 21:100415. [PMID: 33686371 PMCID: PMC7927595 DOI: 10.1016/j.scp.2021.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus pandemic has rapidly spread around the world since December 2019. Various techniques have been applied in identification of SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 infection including computed tomography imaging, whole genome sequencing, and molecular methods such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). This review article discusses the diagnostic methods currently being deployed for the SARS-CoV-2 identification including optical biosensors and point-of-care diagnostics that are on the horizon. These innovative technologies may provide a more accurate, sensitive and rapid diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 to manage the present novel coronavirus outbreak, and could be beneficial in preventing any future epidemics. Furthermore, the use of green synthesized nanomaterials in the optical biosensor devices could leads to sustainable and environmentally-friendly approaches for addressing this crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Center (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Emad Hooshmand
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterial Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Jajarmi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammadreza Shokouhimehr
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
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76
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Yadav AK, Verma D, Kumar A, Kumar P, Solanki PR. The perspectives of biomarker-based electrochemical immunosensors, artificial intelligence and the Internet of Medical Things toward COVID-19 diagnosis and management. MATERIALS TODAY. CHEMISTRY 2021; 20:100443. [PMID: 33615086 PMCID: PMC7877231 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2021.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the COVID-19 an international health emergency due to the severity of infection progression, which became more severe due to its continuous spread globally and the unavailability of appropriate therapy and diagnostics systems. Thus, there is a need for efficient devices to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection at an early stage. Nowadays, the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique is being applied for detecting this virus around the globe; however, factors such as stringent expertise, long diagnostic times, invasive and painful screening, and high costs have restricted the use of RT-PCR methods for rapid diagnostics. Therefore, the development of cost-effective, portable, sensitive, prompt and selective sensing systems to detect SARS-CoV-2 in biofluids at fM/pM/nM concentrations would be a breakthrough in diagnostics. Immunosensors that show increased specificity and sensitivity are considerably fast and do not imply costly reagents or instruments, reducing the cost for COVID-19 detection. The current developments in immunosensors perhaps signify the most significant opportunity for a rapid assay to detect COVID-19, without the need of highly skilled professionals and specialized tools to interpret results. Artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) can also be equipped with this immunosensing approach to investigate useful networking through database management, sharing, and analytics to prevent and manage COVID-19. Herein, we represent the collective concepts of biomarker-based immunosensors along with AI and IoMT as smart sensing strategies with bioinformatics approach to monitor non-invasive early stage SARS-CoV-2 development, with fast point-of-care (POC) diagnostics as the crucial goal. This approach should be implemented quickly and verified practicality for clinical samples before being set in the present times for mass-diagnostic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Yadav
- Special Center for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - D Verma
- Special Center for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - A Kumar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - P Kumar
- Sri Aurobindo College, Delhi University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - P R Solanki
- Special Center for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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77
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Rezvani Ghomi E, Khosravi F, Mohseni-M A, Nourbakhsh N, Haji Mohammad Hoseini M, Singh S, Hedenqvist MS, Ramakrishna S. A collection of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) detection assays, issues, and challenges. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07247. [PMID: 34124407 PMCID: PMC8179727 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 has rapidly increased the number of infected cases as well as asymptomatic individuals in many, if not all the societies around the world. This issue increases the demand for accurate and rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2. While accurate and rapid detection is critical for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2, the appropriate course of treatment must be chosen to help patients and prevent its further spread. Testing platform accuracy with high sensitivity and specificity for SARS-CoV-2 is equally important for clinical, regional, and global arenas to mitigate secondary transmission rounds. The objective of this article is to compare the current detection technology and introduce the most accurate and rapid ones that are suitable for pandemic circumstances. Hence, the importance of rapid detection in societies is discussed initially. Following this, the current technology for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 is explained and classified into three different categories: nucleic acid-based, protein-based, and point of care (PoC) detection testing. Then, the current issues for diagnostic procedures in laboratories are discussed. Finally, the role of new technologies in countering COVID-19 is also introduced to assist researchers in the development of accurate and timely detection of coronaviruses. As coronavirus continues to affect human lives in a detrimental manner, the development of rapid and accurate virus detection methods could promote COVID-19 diagnosis accessible to both individuals and the mass population at patient care. In this regard, rRT-PCR and multiplex RT-PCR detection techniques hold promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Rezvani Ghomi
- Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117581, Singapore
| | - Fatemeh Khosravi
- Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117581, Singapore
| | - Ali Mohseni-M
- Executive Vice President and Chief Food Safety Officer, American Foods Group, LLC, 500 South Washington St., Green Bay, WI, 54301, USA
- Dir. Ag. Group. Qoqnoos – Phoenix Project Incorporated, USA
| | - Nooshin Nourbakhsh
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | | | - Sunpreet Singh
- Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117581, Singapore
| | - Mikael S. Hedenqvist
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 100 44, Sweden
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117581, Singapore
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78
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Kubota K, Nagakura KI, Ebisawa M, Kaneda G, Yanagida N. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Two School Children and a Neonate. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 75:86-88. [PMID: 34053952 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spreading worldwide and is a public health problem. Although real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is gold standard for diagnosing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and there are many reports discussing it, reports about loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) tests for SARS-CoV-2, especially in children, are limited. We report the test results of three children with COVID-19 in a family cluster and assess the results of LAMP tests. The LAMP results of these children showed a sensitivity and specificity of 63.6% and 100%, respectively, that was relative to the RT-PCR results. LAMP tests using nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) and RT-PCR were almost consistent throughout hospitalization in the school children, except in the very early stage of infection. The preliminary results suggest that salivary samples would be less sensitive than NPS for LAMP testing in the late stage of infection, and that LAMP would not provide accurate results in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, National Sagamihara Hospital, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nagakura
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, National Sagamihara Hospital, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Motohiro Ebisawa
- Department of Allergy, Clinical Research Center for Allergology and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization, Sagamihara National Hospital, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Goro Kaneda
- National Hospital Organization, National Sagamihara Hospital, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Yanagida
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization, National Sagamihara Hospital, Japan
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79
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Phan LMT, Tieu MV, Pham TT, Cho S. Clinical Utility of Biosensing Platforms for Confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11060167. [PMID: 34073756 PMCID: PMC8225209 DOI: 10.3390/bios11060167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite collaborative efforts from all countries, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been continuing to spread globally, forcing the world into social distancing period, making a special challenge for public healthcare system. Before vaccine widely available, the best approach to manage severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is to achieve highest diagnostic accuracy by improving biosensor efficacy. For SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, intensive attempts have been made by many scientists to ameliorate the drawback of current biosensors of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical diagnosis to offer benefits related to platform proposal, systematic analytical methods, system combination, and miniaturization. This review assesses ongoing research efforts aimed at developing integrated diagnostic tools to detect RNA viruses and their biomarkers for clinical diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2 infection and further highlights promising technology for SARS-CoV-2 specific diagnosis. The comparisons of SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers as well as their applicable biosensors in the field of clinical diagnosis were summarized to give scientists an advantage to develop superior diagnostic platforms. Furthermore, this review describes the prospects for this rapidly growing field of diagnostic research, raising further interest in analytical technology and strategic plan for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Minh Tu Phan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea;
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, The University of Danang, Danang 550000, Vietnam;
| | - My-Van Tieu
- TST Trading Service Technology Co., Ltd., Hochiminh City 723000, Vietnam;
| | - Thi-Thu Pham
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, The University of Danang, Danang 550000, Vietnam;
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea;
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
- Correspondence:
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80
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Zitek T, Fraiman JB. Ending the Pandemic: Are Rapid COVID-19 Tests a Step Forward or Back? West J Emerg Med 2021; 22:543-546. [PMID: 34125024 PMCID: PMC8202993 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2021.2.50550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Some experts have promoted the use of rapid testing for COVID-19. However, with the current technologies available, continuing to replace laboratory-based, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction tests with rapid (point-of-care) tests may lead to an increased number of false negative tests. Moreover, the more rapid dissemination of false negative results that can occur with the use of rapid tests for COVID-19 may lead to increased spread of the novel coronavirus if patients do not understand the concept of false negative tests. One means of combatting this would be to tell patients who have a "negative" rapid COVID-19 test that their test result was "indeterminate."
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Zitek
- Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Joseph B Fraiman
- Lallie Kemp Regional Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Independence, Louisiana
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81
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Singh V, Allawadhi P, Khurana A, Banothu AK, Bharani KK. Critical neurological features of COVID-19: Role of imaging methods and biosensors for effective diagnosis. SENSORS INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2:100098. [PMID: 34766055 PMCID: PMC8117537 DOI: 10.1016/j.sintl.2021.100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a respiratory infection that has been declared as a global health crisis by the WHO. It mainly affects the respiratory system. Apart from respiratory system, it also affects other organs as well including the brain. Numerous emerging reports have demonstrated that the COVID-19 has detrimental effects on neurological functions, and can lead to severe impairment of the central nervous system (CNS). The neurological manifestations linked with COVID-19 include headache, anosmia, encephalitis, epileptic seizures, Guillain-Barre syndrome, stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage alongwith multiple others complications. The CNS related complications may be severe and are linked with poor diagnosis which may worsen the condition. Therefore, there is a need to precisely understand the neurological sequelae along with upcoming clinical outcomes. Here, we present a brief review of the neurological complications and symptoms associated with COVID-19 along with brain imaging findings. Further, we have discussed about the emerging biosensing approaches which may aid in rapid, precise and mass diagnosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishakha Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee, Roorkee - 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Prince Allawadhi
- Department of Pharmacy, Vaish Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (VIPER), Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences (Pt. B. D. S. UHS), Rohtak - 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering (CBME), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110016, India
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Mamnoor, Warangal - 506166, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Banothu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, College of Fishery Science, Pebbair, Wanaparthy- 509104, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India
| | - Kala Kumar Bharani
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Mamnoor, Warangal - 506166, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health Management, College of Fishery Science, Pebbair, Wanaparthy- 509104, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India
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82
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Zhu Y, Oishi W, Maruo C, Saito M, Chen R, Kitajima M, Sano D. Early warning of COVID-19 via wastewater-based epidemiology: potential and bottlenecks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:145124. [PMID: 33548842 PMCID: PMC7825884 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
An effective early warning tool is of great administrative and social significance to the containment and control of an epidemic. Facing the unprecedented global public health crisis caused by COVID-19, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been given high expectations as a promising surveillance complement to clinical testing which had been plagued by limited capacity and turnaround time. In particular, recent studies have highlighted the role WBE may play in being a part of the early warning system. In this study, we briefly discussed the basics of the concept, the benefits and critical points of such an application, the challenges faced by the scientific community, the progress made so far, and what awaits to be addressed by future studies to make the concept work. We identified that the shedding dynamics of infected individuals, especially in the form of a mathematical shedding model, and the back-calculation of the number of active shedders from observed viral load are the major bottlenecks of WBE application in the COVID-19 pandemic that deserve more attention, and the sampling strategy (location, timing, and interval) needs to be optimized to fit the purpose and scope of the WBE project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Wakana Oishi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Chikako Maruo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'a University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
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83
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Yin G, Li L, Lu S, Yin Y, Su Y, Zeng Y, Luo M, Ma M, Zhou H, Orlandini L, Yao D, Liu G, Lang J. An efficient primary screening of COVID-19 by serum Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY : JRS 2021; 52:949-958. [PMID: 33821082 PMCID: PMC8014023 DOI: 10.1002/jrs.6080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus disease around the end of 2019 has become a pandemic. The preferred method for COVID-19 detection is the real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based technique; however, it also has certain limitations, such as sample-dependent procedures with a relatively high false negative ratio. We propose a safe and efficient method for screening COVID-19 based on Raman spectroscopy. A total of 177 serum samples are collected from 63 confirmed COVID-19 patients, 59 suspected cases, and 55 healthy individuals as a control group. Raman spectroscopy is adopted to analyze these samples, and a machine learning support-vector machine (SVM) method is applied to the spectrum dataset to build a diagnostic algorithm. Furthermore, 20 independent individuals, including 5 asymptomatic COVID-19 patients and 5 symptomatic COVID-19 patients, 5 suspected patients, and 5 healthy patients, were sampled for external validation. In these three groups-confirmed COVID-19, suspected, and healthy individuals-the distribution of statistically significant points of difference showed highly consistency for intergroups after repeated sampling processes. The classification accuracy between the COVID-19 cases and the suspected cases is 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85-0.88), and the accuracy between the COVID-19 and the healthy controls is 0.90 (95% CI: 0.89-0.91), while the accuracy between the suspected cases and the healthy control group is 0.68 (95% CI: 0.67-0.73). For the independent test dataset, we apply the obtained SVM model to the classification of the independent test dataset to have all the results correctly classified. Our model showed that the serum-level classification results were all correct for independent test dataset. Our results suggest that Raman spectroscopy could be a safe and efficient technique for COVID-19 screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yin
- Department of Radiation OncologySichuan Cancer Hospital & InstituteChengduChina
- Physical Engineering LaboratoryRadiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengduChina
| | - Lintao Li
- Department of Radiation OncologySichuan Cancer Hospital & InstituteChengduChina
- Physical Engineering LaboratoryRadiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengduChina
| | - Shun Lu
- Department of Radiation OncologySichuan Cancer Hospital & InstituteChengduChina
- Physical Engineering LaboratoryRadiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengduChina
| | - Yu Yin
- Sichuan Institute for Brain Science and Brain‐Inspired Intelligence, MOE Key Lab for NeuroinformationUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Yuanzhang Su
- School of Foreign LanguagesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Yilan Zeng
- Clinical LaboratoryThe Public Health Clinical Center of ChengduChengduChina
| | - Mei Luo
- Clinical LaboratoryThe Public Health Clinical Center of ChengduChengduChina
| | - Maohua Ma
- Clinical LaboratoryThe Public Health Clinical Center of ChengduChengduChina
| | - Hongyan Zhou
- Department of Radiation OncologySichuan Cancer Hospital & InstituteChengduChina
- Physical Engineering LaboratoryRadiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengduChina
| | - Lucia Orlandini
- Department of Radiation OncologySichuan Cancer Hospital & InstituteChengduChina
- Physical Engineering LaboratoryRadiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengduChina
| | - Dezhong Yao
- Sichuan Institute for Brain Science and Brain‐Inspired Intelligence, MOE Key Lab for NeuroinformationUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical CollegeChengduChina
| | - Jinyi Lang
- Department of Radiation OncologySichuan Cancer Hospital & InstituteChengduChina
- Physical Engineering LaboratoryRadiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan ProvinceChengduChina
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84
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Development and Clinical Evaluation of an Immunochromatography-Based Rapid Antigen Test (GenBody™ COVAG025) for COVID-19 Diagnosis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050796. [PMID: 33946860 PMCID: PMC8146967 DOI: 10.3390/v13050796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis are simpler and faster than their molecular counterparts. Clinical validation of such tests is a prerequisite before their field applications. We developed and clinically evaluated an immunochromatographic immunoassay, GenBody™ COVAG025, for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (NP) antigen in two different clinical studies. Retrospectively, 130 residual nasopharyngeal swabs transferred in viral transport medium (VTM), pre-examined for COVID-19 through emergency use authorization (EUA)-approved real-time RT-PCR assay and tested with GenBody™ COVAG025, revealed a sensitivity and specificity of 90.00% (27/30; 95% CI: 73.47% to 97.89%) and 98.00% (98/100; 95% CI: 92.96% to 99.76%), respectively, fulfilling WHO guidelines. Subsequently, the prospective examination of 200 symptomatic and asymptomatic nasopharyngeal swabs, collected on site and tested with GenBody™ COVAG025 and EUA-approved real-time RT-PCR assay simultaneously, revealed a significantly higher sensitivity and specificity of 94.00% (94/100; 95% CI: 87.40% to 97.77%) and 100.00% (100/100; 95% CI: 96.38% to 100.00%), respectively. Clinical sensitivity and specificity were significantly high for samples with Ct values ≤ 30 as well as within 3 days of symptom onset, justifying its dependency on the viral load. Thus, it is assumed this can help with the accurate diagnosis and timely isolation and treatment of patients with COVID-19, contributing to better control of the global pandemic.
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85
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Colorimetric RT-LAMP SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic sensitivity relies on color interpretation and viral load. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9026. [PMID: 33907239 PMCID: PMC8079700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of RT-LAMP (reverse transcriptase—loop mediated isothermal amplification) has been considered as a promising point-of-care method to diagnose COVID-19. In this manuscript we show that the RT-LAMP reaction has a sensitivity of only 200 RNA virus copies, with a color change from pink to yellow occurring in 100% of the 62 clinical samples tested positive by RT-qPCR. We also demonstrated that this reaction is 100% specific for SARS-CoV-2 after testing 57 clinical samples infected with dozens of different respiratory viruses and 74 individuals without any viral infection. Although the majority of manuscripts recently published using this technique describe only the presence of two-color states (pink = negative and yellow = positive), we verified by naked-eye and absorbance measurements that there is an evident third color cluster (orange), in general related to positive samples with low viral loads, but which cannot be defined as positive or negative by the naked eye. Orange colors should be repeated or tested by RT-qPCR to avoid a false diagnostic. RT-LAMP is therefore very reliable for samples with a RT-qPCR Ct < 30 being as sensitive and specific as a RT-qPCR test. All reactions were performed in 30 min at 65 °C. The use of reaction time longer than 30 min is also not recommended since nonspecific amplifications may cause false positives.
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86
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Portable RT-PCR System: a Rapid and Scalable Diagnostic Tool for COVID-19 Testing. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:JCM.03004-20. [PMID: 33674285 PMCID: PMC8091859 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03004-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Combating the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demands accurate, rapid, and point-of-care testing with fast results to triage cases for isolation and treatment. The current testing relies on reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), which is routinely performed in well-equipped laboratories by trained professionals at specific locations. Combating the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demands accurate, rapid, and point-of-care testing with fast results to triage cases for isolation and treatment. The current testing relies on reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), which is routinely performed in well-equipped laboratories by trained professionals at specific locations. However, during busy periods, high numbers of samples queued for testing can delay the test results, impacting efforts to reduce the infection risk. Besides, the absence of well-established laboratories at remote sites and low-resourced environments can contribute to a silent spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). These reasons compel the need to accommodate point-of-care testing for COVID-19 that meets the ASSURED criteria (affordable, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid and robust, equipment-free, and deliverable). This study assessed the agreement and accuracy of the portable Biomeme SARS-CoV-2 system against the gold standard tests. Nasopharyngeal and nasal swabs were used. Of the 192 samples tested using the Biomeme SARS-CoV-2 system, the results from 189 samples (98.4%) were in agreement with the reference standard-of-care RT-PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2. The portable system generated simultaneous results for nine samples in 80 min with high positive and negative percent agreements of 99.0% and 97.8%, respectively. We performed separate testing in a sealed glove box, offering complete biosafety containment. Thus, the Biomeme SARS-CoV-2 system can help decentralize COVID-19 testing and offer rapid test results for patients in remote and low-resourced settings.
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87
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Maddali H, Miles CE, Kohn J, O'Carroll DM. Optical Biosensors for Virus Detection: Prospects for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1176-1189. [PMID: 33119960 PMCID: PMC8048644 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The recent pandemic of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused huge worldwide disruption due to the lack of available testing locations and equipment. The use of optical techniques for viral detection has flourished in the past 15 years, providing more reliable, inexpensive, and accurate detection methods. In the current minireview, optical phenomena including fluorescence, surface plasmons, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and colorimetry are discussed in the context of detecting virus pathogens. The sensitivity of a viral detection method can be dramatically improved by using materials that exhibit surface plasmons or SERS, but often this requires advanced instrumentation for detection. Although fluorescence and colorimetry lack high sensitivity, they show promise as point-of-care diagnostics because of their relatively less complicated instrumentation, ease of use, lower costs, and the fact that they do not require nucleic acid amplification. The advantages and disadvantages of each optical detection method are presented, and prospects for applying optical biosensors in COVID-19 detection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth Maddali
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Catherine E Miles
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Joachim Kohn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Deirdre M O'Carroll
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers University, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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88
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Perivolaropoulos C, Vlacha V. A reduction of the number of assays and turnaround time by optimizing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) pooled testing for SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4508-4515. [PMID: 33783005 PMCID: PMC8250672 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection can decrease the spread of the disease and provide therapeutic options promptly in affected individuals. However, the diagnosis by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction is costly and time‐consuming. Several methods of group testing have been developed to overcome this problem. The proposed strategy offers optimization of group testing according to the available resources by decreasing not only the number of the assays but also the turnaround time. The initial classification of the samples would be done according to the intention of testing defined as diagnostic or screening/surveillance, achieving the best possible homogeneity. The proposed stratification of pooling is based on branching (divisions) and depth (levels of re‐pooling) of the original group in association with the estimated probability of a positive sample. The dilutional effect of the grouped samples has also been considered. The margins of minimum and maximum conservation of assays of pooled specimens are calculated and the optimum strategy can be selected in association with the probability of positive samples in the original group. This algorithm intends to be a useful tool for group testing offering a choice of strategies according to the requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasiliki Vlacha
- Department of Early Years Learning and Care, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Paediatric Department, Karamandanio Children's Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
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89
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Ikonne EU, Ikpeazu VO, Ugbogu OC, Emmanuel O, Nwakuche IP, Iweala EJ, Ugbogu EA. A review on the clinical trials of repurposing therapeutic drugs, mechanisms and preventive measures against SARS-CoV-2. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 36:dmdi-2020-0184. [PMID: 33818026 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2020-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmittable pathogenic viral infection that causes a disease known as COVID-19. It is a pandemic and public health challenge ravaging the world today. Unfortunately, with the daily increase of infected individuals, there is no known drug approved for the treatment of COVID-19. However, there are therapeutic drugs with the potentials to inhibit endocytic pathways, suppress ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase activities, and reduce the replication of SARS-CoV-2. These drugs modifications are aimed at reducing inflammation, time of recovery, and number of deaths. This review is aimed at providing updated information on the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, preventive measures and therapeutic drugs used against SARS-CoV-2. The finding of this review revealed that some of these drugs are transmembrane protease, serine 2, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitors with the capacity to block the entrance/replication of SARS-CoV-2 in a host cell and therefore, may be promising in preventing the spread and mortality of SARS-CoV-2. However, these drugs may cause detrimental health effects such as toxic and non-efficacy issues. Therefore great caution should be employed by health professionals when prescribing these drugs to COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleazer U Ikonne
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - Victor O Ikpeazu
- Department of Biochemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - Ositadinma C Ugbogu
- Department of Microbiology, Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - Okezie Emmanuel
- Department of Biochemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria
| | - Ikechukwu P Nwakuche
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Emeka J Iweala
- Department of Biochemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Eziuche A Ugbogu
- Department of Biochemistry, Abia State University, Uturu, Abia State, Nigeria
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90
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Reynés B, Serra F, Palou A. Rapid visual detection of SARS-CoV-2 by colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification. Biotechniques 2021; 70:218-225. [PMID: 33820475 PMCID: PMC8023013 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2020-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the performance of a new set of primers defined from the ORF1ab sequence, and its combination with a previously published set of primers from the N sequence, to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA by the loop-mediated isothermal amplification technique is presented. The ORF1ab primer set enables visual detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 16 min. In addition, a simultaneous reaction with both ORF1ab and N primers allows for higher sensitivity of detection, particularly when low numbers of copies are present (250 viral RNA copies). Further, the protocol is able to detect viral RNA in saliva samples. The procedure reported could be easily implemented in the generation of a new and sensitive rapid point-of care device for SARS-CoV-2 RNA visual detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bàrbara Reynés
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition & Biotechnology, NUO Group, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, 07122, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, 07120, Spain
- Alimentómica S.L., Spin-off no. 1 of The University of The Balearic Islands, Palma, 07121, Spain
| | - Francisca Serra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition & Biotechnology, NUO Group, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, 07122, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, 07120, Spain
- Alimentómica S.L., Spin-off no. 1 of The University of The Balearic Islands, Palma, 07121, Spain
| | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition & Biotechnology, NUO Group, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, 07122, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, 07120, Spain
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91
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Abdelhamid HN, Badr G. Nanobiotechnology as a platform for the diagnosis of COVID-19: a review. NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021. [PMCID: PMC7988262 DOI: 10.1007/s41204-021-00109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method for diagnosing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly required to fight the current and future global health threats due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV 2). However, most of the current methods exhibited high false‐negative rates, resulting in patient misdiagnosis and impeding early treatment. Nanoparticles show promising performance and great potential to serve as a platform for diagnosing viral infection in a short time and with high sensitivity. This review highlighted the potential of nanoparticles as platforms for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, and graphene (G) were applied to detect SARS-CoV 2. They have been used for molecular-based diagnosis methods and serological methods. Nanoparticles improved specificity and shorten the time required for the diagnosis. They may be implemented into small devices that facilitate the self-diagnosis at home or in places such as airports and shops. Nanoparticles-based methods can be used for the analysis of virus-contaminated samples from a patient, surface, and air. The advantages and challenges were discussed to introduce useful information for designing a sensitive, fast, and low-cost diagnostic method. This review aims to present a helpful survey for the lesson learned from handling this outbreak to prepare ourself for future pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Nasser Abdelhamid
- Advanced Multifunctional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Gamal Badr
- Laboratory of Immunology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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92
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Kierkegaard P, McLister A, Buckle P. Rapid point-of-care testing for COVID-19: quality of supportive information for lateral flow serology assays. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e047163. [PMID: 33741675 PMCID: PMC7985936 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a lack of evidence addressing several important human factors questions pertaining to the quality of supportive information provided by commercial manufacturers that can affect the adoption and use of lateral flow serology assays in practice. We aimed to: (1) identify and assess the quality of information that commercial manufacturers provided for their point-of-care tests (POCTs) and (2) examine the implications of these findings on real-world settings. DESIGN We used a content analysis methodology in two stages to systematically, code and analyse textual data from documents of commercial manufacturers. A deductive approach was applied using a coding guide based on the validated Point-of-Care Key Evidence Tool (POCKET) multidimensional checklist. An inductive approach was used to identify new patterns or themes generated from our textual analysis. SETTING Publicly available supportive information documents by commercial manufacturers for lateral flow serology, were identified and gathered from online searches. PARTICIPANTS Supportive information documents retrieved from online searches over 3 months (March 2020 to June 2020). RESULTS A total of 79 POCTs were identified that met the study inclusion criteria. Using the POCKET coding guide, we found that the quality of information varied significantly between the manufacturers and was often lacking in detail. Our inductive approach further examined these topics and found that several statements were vague and that significant variations in the level of details existed between manufacturers. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed significant concerns surrounding the supportive information reported by manufacturers for lateral flow serology assays. Information transparency was poor and human factor issues were not properly addressed to mitigate the risk of improper device use, although it should be noted that the results of our study are limited by the data that manufactures were prepared to disclose. Overall, commercial manufacturers should improve the quality and value of information presented in their supporting documentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Kierkegaard
- NIHR London In Vitro Diagnostics Co-operative, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
- CRUK Convergence Science Centre, Institute of Cancer Research & Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna McLister
- NIHR London In Vitro Diagnostics Co-operative, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Buckle
- NIHR London In Vitro Diagnostics Co-operative, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
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93
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El Jaddaoui I, Allali M, Raoui S, Sehli S, Habib N, Chaouni B, Al Idrissi N, Benslima N, Maher W, Benrahma H, Hamamouch N, El Bissati K, El Kasmi S, Hamdi S, Bakri Y, Nejjari C, Amzazi S, Ghazal H. A review on current diagnostic techniques for COVID-19. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:141-160. [PMID: 33593219 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1886927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SARS-Cov-2 first appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and spread all over the world soon after that. Given the infectious nature ofSARS-CoV-2, fast and accurate diagnosis tools are important to detect the virus. In this review, we discuss the different diagnostic tests that are currently being implemented in laboratories and provide a description of various COVID-19 kits. AREAS COVERED We summarize molecular techniques that target the viral load, serological methods used for SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies detection as well as newly developed faster assays for the detection of SARS-COV 2 in various biological samples. EXPERT OPINION In the light of the widespread pandemic, the massive diagnosis of COVID-19, using various detection techniques, appears to be the most effective strategy for monitoring and containing its propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam El Jaddaoui
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Malika Allali
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.,Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Research, Institut Pasteur Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sanae Raoui
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sofia Sehli
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Nihal Habib
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Bouchra Chaouni
- , Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Physiology, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Najib Al Idrissi
- , Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Najwa Benslima
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Wissal Maher
- Research Center, Abulcasis University of Health Sciences, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Houda Benrahma
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Noureddine Hamamouch
- , Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Physiology, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Kamal El Bissati
- Coalition Center for Innovation and Prevention of Epidemies in Morocco (CIPEM), Mohammed VI Polytechnical University (UM6P), Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Sahar El Kasmi
- Faculty of Scineces, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Salsabil Hamdi
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Department of Research, Institut Pasteur Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Youssef Bakri
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Chakib Nejjari
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, International School of Public Health, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Saaïd Amzazi
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, and Genomic Center of Human Pathologies, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hassan Ghazal
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco.,Scientific Department, National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST),Rabat, Morocco
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94
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Kabasakal E, Özpulat F, Akca A, Özcebe LH. Mental health status of health sector and community services employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 94:1249-1262. [PMID: 33687541 PMCID: PMC7941118 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01678-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Purpose This study was conducted to evaluate the depression, anxiety and stress status of health sector and community service workers who were actively working during the pandemic period. Methods This is a descriptive study. A total of 735 people consisting of 426 health sector employees and 309 service sector employees, constituted the study sample. In this study, the data were collected using the personal information form and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21). A regression model was established to test the effect of socio-demographic characteristics on depression, anxiety, and stress levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results While there was no difference in working a second job across different sectors (p = 0.450), the household income (p < 0.001) and the increase in expenditures during the COVID-19 pandemic (p < 0.001) were different across the sectors. The scores of the overall scale and its sub-dimensions were significantly different across the sectors (p < 0.001). The DASS-21 scores were higher in the participants, who started to smoke more and who had their sleep duration decreased (p < 0.001). There is a statistically significant difference between social media use and the DASS-21 score (p < 0.001). There is a significant difference across all DASS-21 subgroups by the daily working hours in the health sector (p < 0.001). Conclusion Our study provides significant findings regarding the mental health of individuals who continued working during the pandemic. To implement effective mental health interventions to risk groups and affected people in the COVID-19 pandemic, the recommendations of leading organizations, including WHO and ILO, should be implemented effectively concerning occupational health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Kabasakal
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Funda Özpulat
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Akca
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - L Hilal Özcebe
- Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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95
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Guliy O, Zaitsev B, Teplykh A, Balashov S, Fomin A, Staroverov S, Borodina I. Acoustical Slot Mode Sensor for the Rapid Coronaviruses Detection. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051822. [PMID: 33807879 PMCID: PMC7961855 DOI: 10.3390/s21051822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A method for the rapid detection of coronaviruses is presented on the example of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) directly in aqueous solutions with different conductivity. An acoustic sensor based on a slot wave in an acoustic delay line was used for the research. The addition of anti-TGEV antibodies (Abs) diluted in an aqueous solution led to a change in the depth and frequency of resonant peaks on the frequency dependence of the insertion loss of the sensor. The difference in the output parameters of the sensor before and after the biological interaction of the TGE virus in solutions with the specific antibodies allows drawing a conclusion about the presence/absence of the studied viruses in the analyzed solution. The possibility for virus detection in aqueous solutions with the conductivity of 1.9–900 μs/cm, as well as in the presence of the foreign viral particles, has been demonstrated. The analysis time did not exceed 10 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Guliy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov 410049, Russia; (O.G.); (A.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Boris Zaitsev
- Kotel’nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, Saratov Branch, Saratov 410019, Russia; (B.Z.); (A.T.)
| | - Andrey Teplykh
- Kotel’nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, Saratov Branch, Saratov 410019, Russia; (B.Z.); (A.T.)
| | - Sergey Balashov
- Information Technology Center Renato Archer, Campinas CEP, SP 13069-901, Brazil;
| | - Alexander Fomin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov 410049, Russia; (O.G.); (A.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Sergey Staroverov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov 410049, Russia; (O.G.); (A.F.); (S.S.)
| | - Irina Borodina
- Kotel’nikov Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of RAS, Saratov Branch, Saratov 410019, Russia; (B.Z.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-8452-272401
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96
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Smith DM, Keller A. DNA Nanostructures in the Fight Against Infectious Diseases. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021; 1:2000049. [PMID: 33615315 PMCID: PMC7883073 DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout history, humanity has been threatened by countless epidemic and pandemic outbreaks of infectious diseases, from the Justinianic Plague to the Spanish flu to COVID-19. While numerous antimicrobial and antiviral drugs have been developed over the last 200 years to face these threats, the globalized and highly connected world of the 21st century demands for an ever-increasing efficiency in the detection and treatment of infectious diseases. Consequently, the rapidly evolving field of nanomedicine has taken up the challenge and developed a plethora of strategies to fight infectious diseases with the help of various nanomaterials such as noble metal nanoparticles, liposomes, nanogels, and virus capsids. DNA nanotechnology represents a comparatively recent addition to the nanomedicine arsenal, which, over the past decade, has made great progress in the area of cancer diagnostics and therapy. However, the past few years have seen also an increasing number of DNA nanotechnology-related studies that particularly focus on the detection and inhibition of microbial and viral pathogens. Herein, a brief overview of this rather young research field is provided, successful concepts as well as potential challenges are identified, and promising directions for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Smith
- DNA Nanodevices UnitDepartment DiagnosticsFraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI04103LeipzigGermany
- Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter PhysicsFaculty of Physics and Earth SciencesUniversity of Leipzig04103LeipzigGermany
- Institute of Clinical ImmunologyUniversity of Leipzig Medical School04103LeipzigGermany
- Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication TechnologyGandhinagar382 007India
| | - Adrian Keller
- Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryPaderborn UniversityWarburger Str. 10033098PaderbornGermany
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97
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Radfar P, Bazaz SR, Mirakhorli F, Warkiani ME. The role of 3D printing in the fight against COVID-19 outbreak. JOURNAL OF 3D PRINTING IN MEDICINE 2021. [PMCID: PMC8098653 DOI: 10.2217/3dp-2020-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Along with the COVID-19 pandemic, urgent needs for medical and specialized products, especially personal protective equipment, has been overwhelming. The conventional production line of medical devices has been challenged by excessive global demand, and the need for an easy, low-cost and rapid fabrication method is felt more than ever. In a scramble to address this shortfall, manufacturers referred to additive manufacturing or 3D printing to fill the gap and increase the production line of medical devices. Various previously/conventionally fabricated designs have been modified and redesigned to suit the 3D printing requirement to fight against COVID-19. In this perspective, various designs accommodated for the current worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 are discussed and how 3D printing could help the global community against the current and future conditions has been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payar Radfar
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Fateme Mirakhorli
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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98
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Eggleton EJ. Simple, fast and affordable triaging pathway for COVID-19. Postgrad Med J 2021; 97:192-195. [PMID: 32439731 PMCID: PMC10016986 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 has caused a global pandemic. The majority of patients will experience mild disease, but others will develop a severe respiratory infection that requires hospitalisation. This is causing a significant strain on health services. Patients are presenting at emergency departments with symptoms of dyspnoea, dry cough and fever with varying severity. The appropriate triaging of patients will assist in preventing health services becoming overwhelmed during the pandemic. This is assisted through clinical assessment and various imaging and laboratory investigations, including chest X-ray, blood analysis and identification of viral infection with SARS-CoV-2. Here, a succinct triaging pathway that aims to be fast, reliable and affordable is presented. The hope is that such a pathway will assist health services in appropriately combating the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Jane Eggleton
- Cardiology Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
- Medical School, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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99
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Mei‐Dan E, Satkunaratnam A, Cahan T, Leung M, Katz K, Aviram A. Questionnaire-based vs universal PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 in women admitted for delivery. Birth 2021; 48:96-103. [PMID: 33263210 PMCID: PMC7753601 DOI: 10.1111/birt.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that women admitted for delivery should have universal PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2. Yet, the considerable difference in the incidence of COVID-19 between different geographic regions may affect screening strategies. Therefore, we aimed to compare questionnaire-based testing versus universal PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 in women admitted for delivery. METHODS A prospective cohort study of women admitted for delivery at a single center during a four-week period (April 22-May 25, 2020). All women completed a questionnaire about COVID-19 signs, symptoms, or risk factors, and a nasopharyngeal swab for PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Women who were flagged as suspected COVID-19 by the questionnaire (questionnaire-positive) were compared with women who were not flagged by the questionnaire (questionnaire-negative). RESULTS Overall, 446 women were eligible for analysis, of which 54 (12.1%) were questionnaire-positive. PCR swab detected SARS-CoV-2 in four (0.9%) women: 3 of 392 (0.8%) in the questionnaire-negative group, and 1 of 54 (1.9%) in the questionnaire-positive group (P = .43), yielding a number needed to screen of 92 (95% CI 62-177). In 96% of the cases, the PCR results were obtained only in the postpartum period. No positive PCR results were obtained from neonatal testing for SARS-CoV-2. The sensitivity of the questionnaire was 75.0%, and the negative predictive value was 99.7%. CONCLUSIONS Although the rate of positive PCR results was not significantly different between the groups, the number needed to screen is considerably high. The use of questionnaire-based PCR testing in areas with low incidence of COVID-19 allows for a reasonable allocation of resources and is easy to implement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Mei‐Dan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North York General HospitalUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada,Division of Maternal‐Fetal MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologySunnybrook Health Sciences CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Abheha Satkunaratnam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North York General HospitalUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Tal Cahan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North York General HospitalUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Marian Leung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North York General HospitalUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Kevin Katz
- Infection Prevention and ControlNorth York General HospitalUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Amir Aviram
- Division of Maternal‐Fetal MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologySunnybrook Health Sciences CentreUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
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100
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Hadisi Z, Walsh T, Dabiri SMH, Seyfoori A, Hamdi D, Mirani B, Pagan E, Jardim A, Akbari M. Management of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: From Diagnosis to Treatment Strategies. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021; 4:2000173. [PMID: 33614905 PMCID: PMC7883285 DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Following the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, the world is now combating a third large-scale outbreak caused by a coronavirus, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). After the rapid spread of SARS-coronavirus (CoV)-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) from its origin in China, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) on January 30, 2020. From the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant number of studies have been conducted to better understand the biology and pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus, and to aid in developing effective treatment regimens, therapeutics, and vaccines. This review focuses on the recent advancements in the rapidly evolving areas of clinical care and management of COVID-19. The emerging strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease are explored, and the development of effective vaccines is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhina Hadisi
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Victoria3800 Finnerty Rd.VictoriaBCV8P 2C5Canada
| | - Tavia Walsh
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Victoria3800 Finnerty Rd.VictoriaBCV8P 2C5Canada
| | - Seyed Mohammad Hossein Dabiri
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Victoria3800 Finnerty Rd.VictoriaBCV8P 2C5Canada
| | - Amir Seyfoori
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Victoria3800 Finnerty Rd.VictoriaBCV8P 2C5Canada
| | - David Hamdi
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Victoria3800 Finnerty Rd.VictoriaBCV8P 2C5Canada
| | - Bahram Mirani
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM5S 3G8Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering (IBBME)University of TorontoTorontoONM5S 3G9Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (BME)Ted Rogers Centre for Heart ResearchUniversity of TorontoTorontoONM5G 1M1Canada
| | - Erik Pagan
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Victoria3800 Finnerty Rd.VictoriaBCV8P 2C5Canada
| | - Armando Jardim
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Victoria3800 Finnerty Rd.VictoriaBCV8P 2C5Canada
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovation in Microengineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Victoria3800 Finnerty Rd.VictoriaBCV8P 2C5Canada
- Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of Victoria3800 Finnerty Rd.VictoriaBCV8P 2C5Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC)University of Victoria3800 Finnerty Rd.VictoriaBCV8P 2C5Canada
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