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Valkonen S, Mallas B, Impola U, Valkeajärvi A, Eronen J, Javela K, Siljander PRM, Laitinen S. Assessment of Time-Dependent Platelet Activation Using Extracellular Vesicles, CD62P Exposure, and Soluble Glycoprotein V Content of Platelet Concentrates with Two Different Platelet Additive Solutions. Transfus Med Hemother 2019; 46:267-275. [PMID: 31700509 DOI: 10.1159/000499958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel analytical measures are needed to accurately monitor the properties of platelet concentrates (PCs). Since activated platelets produce platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), analyzing EVs of PCs may provide additional information about the condition of platelets. The prospect of using EVs as an auxiliary measure of platelet activation state was investigated by examining the effect of platelet additive solutions (PASs) on EV formation and platelet activation during PC storage. The time-dependent activation of platelets in PCs with PAS-B or with the further developed PAS-E was compared by measuring the exposure of CD62P by flow cytometry and the content of soluble glycoprotein V (sGPV) of PCs by an immunoassay. Changes in the concentration and size distribution of EVs were determined using nanoparticle tracking analysis. A time-dependent increase in platelet activation in PCs was demonstrated by increased CD62P ex-posure, sGPV content, and EV concentration. Using these strongly correlating parameters, PAS-B platelets were shown to be more activated compared to PAS-E platelets. Since the EV concentration correlated well with the established platelet activation markers CD62P and sGPV, it could potentially be used as a complementary parameter for platelet activation for PCs. More detailed characterization of the resulting EVs could help to understand how the PC components contribute the functional effects of transfused PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Valkonen
- EV Group, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Birte Mallas
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ulla Impola
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Juha Eronen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaija Javela
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pia R-M Siljander
- EV Group, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Bouchard BA, Orfeo T, Keith HN, Lavoie EM, Gissel M, Fung M, Mann KG. Microparticles formed during storage of red blood cell units support thrombin generation. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2019; 84:598-605. [PMID: 29251713 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intact red blood cells (RBCs) appear to support thrombin generation in in vitro models of blood coagulation. During storage of RBC units, biochemical, structural, and physiological changes occur including alterations to RBC membranes and release of microparticles, which are collectively known as storage lesion. The clinical consequences of microparticle formation in RBC units are unclear. This study was performed to assess thrombin generation via the prothrombinase complex by washed RBCs and RBC-derived microparticles as a function of RBC unit age. METHODS Well-characterized kinetic and flow cytometric assays were used to quantify and characterize microparticles isolated from leukocyte-reduced RBC units during storage for 42 days under standard blood banking conditions. RESULTS Stored RBCs exhibited known features of storage lesion including decreasing pH, cell lysis, and release of microparticles demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. The rate of thrombin formation by RBC units linearly increased during storage, with the microparticle fraction accounting for approximately 70% of the prothrombinase activity after 35 days. High-resolution flow cytometric analyses of microparticle isolates identified phosphatidylserine-positive RBC-derived microparticles; however, their numbers over time did not correlate with thrombin formation in that fraction. CONCLUSION Red blood cell-derived microparticles capable of supporting prothrombinase function accumulate during storage, suggesting an increased potential of transfused units as they age to interact in unplanned ways with ongoing hemostatic processes in injured individuals, especially given the standard blood bank practice of using the oldest units available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Bouchard
- From the Department of Biochemistry (B.A.B., T.O., H.N.K., E.M.L., M.G., K.G.M.), and Blood Bank and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology (M.F.), The Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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Nanou A, Crespo M, Flohr P, De Bono JS, Terstappen LWMM. Scanning Electron Microscopy of Circulating Tumor Cells and Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E416. [PMID: 30384500 PMCID: PMC6266016 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore morphological features of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (tdEVs), we developed a protocol for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of CTCs and tdEVs. CTCs and tdEVs were isolated by immunomagnetic enrichment based on their Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) expression or by physical separation through 5 μm microsieves from 7.5 mL of blood from Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) patients. Protocols were optimized using blood samples of healthy donors spiked with PC3 and LNCaP cell lines. CTCs and tdEVs were identified among the enriched cells by fluorescence microscopy. The positions of DNA+, CK+, CD45- CTCs and DNA-, CK+, CD45- tdEVs on the CellSearch cartridges and microsieves were recorded. After gradual dehydration and chemical drying, the regions of interest were imaged by SEM. CellSearch CTCs retained their morphology revealing various shapes, some of which were clearly associated with CTCs undergoing apoptosis. The ferrofluid was clearly distinguishable, shielding major portions of all isolated objects. CTCs and leukocytes on microsieves were clearly visible, but revealed physical damage attributed to the physical forces that cells exhibit while entering one or multiple pores. tdEVs could not be identified on the microsieves as they passed through the pores. Insights on the underlying mechanism of each isolation technique could be obtained. Complete detailed morphological characteristics of CTCs are, however, masked by both techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afroditi Nanou
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Mateus Crespo
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Penny Flohr
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
| | - Johann S De Bono
- Division of Clinical Studies, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK.
- Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SM2 5PT, UK.
| | - Leon W M M Terstappen
- Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, University of Twente, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Varga Z, van der Pol E, Pálmai M, Garcia-Diez R, Gollwitzer C, Krumrey M, Fraikin JL, Gasecka A, Hajji N, van Leeuwen TG, Nieuwland R. Hollow organosilica beads as reference particles for optical detection of extracellular vesicles. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:S1538-7836(22)02214-0. [PMID: 29877049 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Standardization of extracellular vesicle (EV) measurements by flow cytometry needs improvement. Hollow organosilica beads were prepared, characterized, and tested as reference particles. Light scattering properties of hollow beads resemble that of platelet-derived EVs. Hollow beads are ideal reference particles to standardize scatter flow cytometry research on EVs. SUMMARY Background The concentration of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in body fluids is a promising biomarker for disease, and flow cytometry remains the clinically most applicable method to identify the cellular origin of single EVs in suspension. To compare concentration measurements of EVs between flow cytometers, solid polystyrene reference beads and EVs were distributed in the first ISTH-organized interlaboratory comparison studies. The beads were used to set size gates based on light scatter, and the concentration of EVs was measured within the size gates. However, polystyrene beads lead to false size determination of EVs, owing to the mismatch in refractive index between beads and EVs. Moreover, polystyrene beads gate different EV sizes on different flow cytometers. Objective To prepare, characterize and test hollow organosilica beads (HOBs) as reference beads to set EV size gates in flow cytometry investigations. Methods HOBs were prepared with a hard template sol-gel method, and extensively characterized for morphology, size, and colloidal stability. The applicability of HOBs as reference particles was investigated by flow cytometry with HOBs and platelet-derived EVs. Results HOBs proved to be monodisperse with a homogeneous shell thickness. Two-angle light-scattering measurements by flow cytometry confirmed that HOBs have light-scattering properties similar to those of platelet-derived EVs. Conclusions Because the structure and light-scattering properties HOBs resemble those of EVs, HOBs with a given size will gate EVs of the same size. Therefore, HOBs are ideal reference beads with which to standardize optical measurements of the EV concentration within a predefined size range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Varga
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - E van der Pol
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Pálmai
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - R Garcia-Diez
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | - C Gollwitzer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | - M Krumrey
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - A Gasecka
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- 1st Chair and Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - N Hajji
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T G van Leeuwen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Vesicle Observation Center, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Schwich E, Rebmann V. The Inner and Outer Qualities of Extracellular Vesicles for Translational Purposes in Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:584. [PMID: 29632535 PMCID: PMC5879062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cause of cancer mortality of women worldwide. BC is a systemic disease with a highly heterogeneous course of disease. Therefore, prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers are required to improve the clinical risk management. Cancer-derived or cancer-associated extracellular vesicles (EVs) procured from the bloodstream of BC patients offer a novel platform for the qualitative and quantitative screening and establishment of biomarkers. Here, we focus on common aspects of EVs, on the function of BC-derived EVs and their translational potential considering the EV abundancy, intravesicular as well as outer membrane-anchored composition and current challenges of implementation in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Schwich
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vera Rebmann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Santilli F, Marchisio M, Lanuti P, Boccatonda A, Miscia S, Davì G. Microparticles as new markers of cardiovascular risk in diabetes and beyond. Thromb Haemost 2018; 116:220-34. [DOI: 10.1160/th16-03-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe term microparticle (MP) identifies a heterogeneous population of vesicles playing a relevant role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases, cancer and metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. MPs are released by virtually all cell types by shedding during cell growth, proliferation, activation, apoptosis or senescence processes. MPs, in particular platelet- and endothelial-derived MPs (PMPs and EMPs), are increased in a wide range of thrombotic disorders, with an interesting relationship between their levels and disease pathophysiology, activity or progression. EMP plasma levels have been associated with several cardiovascular diseases and risk factors. PMPs are also shown to be involved in the progressive formation of atherosclerotic plaque and development of arterial thrombosis, especially in diabetic patients. Indeed, diabetes is characterised by an increased procoagulant state and by a hyperreactive platelet phenotype, with enhanced adhesion, aggregation, and activation. Elevated MP levels, such as TF+ MPs, have been shown to be one of the procoagulant determinants in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerotic plaque constitutes an opulent source of sequestered MPs, called “plaque” MPs. Otherwise, circulating MPs represent a TF reservoir, named “blood-borne” TF, challenging the dogma that TF is a constitutive protein expressed in minute amounts. “Blood-borne” TF is mainly harboured by PMPs, and it can be trapped within the developing thrombus. MP detection and enumeration by polychromatic flow cytometry (PFC) have opened interesting perspectives in clinical settings, particularly for the evaluation of MP numbers and phenotypes as independent marker of cardiovascular risk, disease and outcome in diabetic patients.
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57
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Keister JW, Cibik L, Schreiber S, Krumrey M. Characterization of a quadrant diamond transmission X-ray detector including a precise determination of the mean electron-hole pair creation energy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:407-412. [PMID: 29488919 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517017659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Precise monitoring of the incoming photon flux is crucial for many experiments using synchrotron radiation. For photon energies above a few keV, thin semiconductor photodiodes can be operated in transmission for this purpose. Diamond is a particularly attractive material as a result of its low absorption. The responsivity of a state-of-the art diamond quadrant transmission detector has been determined, with relative uncertainties below 1% by direct calibration against an electrical substitution radiometer. From these data and the measured transmittance, the thickness of the involved layers as well as the mean electron-hole pair creation energy were determined, the latter with an unprecedented relative uncertainty of 1%. The linearity and X-ray scattering properties of the device are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Levent Cibik
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Swenja Schreiber
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Krumrey
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestrasse 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
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58
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Szigyártó IC, Deák R, Mihály J, Rocha S, Zsila F, Varga Z, Beke-Somfai T. Flow Alignment of Extracellular Vesicles: Structure and Orientation of Membrane-Associated Bio-macromolecules Studied with Polarized Light. Chembiochem 2018; 19:545-551. [PMID: 29237098 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are currently in scientific focus, as they have great potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and therapy of various diseases. However, numerous aspects of these species are still poorly understood, and thus, additional insight into their molecular-level properties, membrane-protein interactions, and membrane rigidity is still needed. We here demonstrate the use of red-blood-cell-derived EVs (REVs) that polarized light spectroscopy techniques, linear and circular dichroism, can provide molecular-level structural information on these systems. Flow-linear dichroism (flow-LD) measurements show that EVs can be oriented by shear force and indicate that hemoglobin molecules are associated to the lipid bilayer in freshly released REVs. During storage, this interaction ceases; this is coupled to major protein conformational changes relative to the initial state. Further on, the degree of orientation gives insight into vesicle rigidity, which decreases in time parallel to changes in protein conformation. Overall, we propose that both linear dichroism and circular dichroism spectroscopy can provide simple, rapid, yet efficient ways to track changes in the membrane-protein interactions of EV components at the molecular level, which may also give insight into processes occurring during vesiculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imola Cs Szigyártó
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 286, 1519, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Deák
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 286, 1519, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Judith Mihály
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 286, 1519, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sandra Rocha
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Chemical Biology, Kemigården 4, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ferenc Zsila
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 286, 1519, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 286, 1519, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, 1094, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Beke-Somfai
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 286, 1519, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
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A sumatriptan coarse-grained model to explore different environments: interplay with experimental techniques. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2018; 47:561-571. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-018-1278-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Welsh JA, Holloway JA, Wilkinson JS, Englyst NA. Extracellular Vesicle Flow Cytometry Analysis and Standardization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:78. [PMID: 28913335 PMCID: PMC5582084 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The term extracellular vesicles (EVs) describes membranous vesicles derived from cells, ranging in diameter from 30 to 1,000 nm with the majority thought to be in the region of 100-150 nm. Due to their small diameter and complex and variable composition, conventional techniques have struggled to accurately count and phenotype EVs. Currently, EV characterization using high-resolution flow cytometry is the most promising method when compared to other currently available techniques, due to it being a high-throughput, single particle, multi-parameter analysis technique capable of analyzing a large range of particle diameters. Whilst high resolution flow cytometry promises detection of the full EV diameter range, standardization of light scattering and fluorescence data between different flow cytometers remains an problem. In this mini review, we will discuss the advances in high-resolution flow cytometry development and future direction of EV scatter and fluorescence standardization. Standardization and therefore reproducibility between research groups and instrumentation is lacking, hindering the validation of EVs use as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Welsh
- Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, United Kingdom
| | - Judith A. Holloway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, United Kingdom
| | - James S. Wilkinson
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola A. Englyst
- Faculty of Medicine, University of SouthamptonSouthampton, United Kingdom
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Markowska A, Pendergrast RS, Pendergrast JS, Pendergrast PS. A novel method for the isolation of extracellular vesicles and RNA from urine. J Circ Biomark 2017; 6:1849454417712666. [PMID: 28936266 PMCID: PMC5548307 DOI: 10.1177/1849454417712666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of urinary extracellular biomarkers has been impeded by the lack of efficient methods for the isolation of extracellular vesicles (EVs: exosomes and microvesicles) and extracellular nucleic acid (RNA and DNA) from urine. Ultracentrifugation (UC), considered the gold standard for vesicle isolation from many biofluids, is efficacious but laborious, and, like most commercially available methods, is unable to isolate enough material from small volumes for protein or RNA-based biomarker discovery. We have developed a novel precipitation method for the isolation of EVs and nucleic acids from urine. The method, which is now commercially available, takes less than 30 min and does not require polyethylene glycol. Transmission electron microscopy and Nanosight particle analysis confirm that the method isolates intact vesicles with a similar size, shape, and number to UC. Immunoblot analysis of preparations made from a variety of urine samples demonstrates that the method isolates multiple vesicle protein markers more efficiently than other commercial kits, especially from more diluted samples. Bioanalyzer, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and array analysis show that the method is extremely efficient at the isolation of extracellular miRNAs. The Ymir Genomics EV and Extracellular RNA Isolation Kits offer an efficient and rapid alternative to UC and other commercial kits.
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Almizraq RJ, Seghatchian J, Holovati JL, Acker JP. Extracellular vesicle characteristics in stored red blood cell concentrates are influenced by the method of detection. Transfus Apher Sci 2017; 56:254-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Membrane vesicles released in the extracellular space are composed of a lipid bilayer enclosing soluble cytosolic material and nuclear components. Extracellular vesicles include apoptotic bodies, exosomes, and microvesicles (also known previously as microparticles). Originating from different subcellular compartments, the role of extracellular vesicles as regulators of transfer of biological information, acting locally and remotely, is now acknowledged. Circulating vesicles released from platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and endothelial cells contain potential valuable biological information for biomarker discovery in primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease. Extracellular vesicles also accumulate in human atherosclerotic plaques, where they affect major biological pathways, including inflammation, proliferation, thrombosis, calcification, and vasoactive responses. Extracellular vesicles also recapitulate the beneficial effect of stem cells to treat cardiac consequences of acute myocardial infarction, and now emerge as an attractive alternative to cell therapy, opening new avenues to vectorize biological information to target tissues. Although interest in microvesicles in the cardiovascular field emerged about 2 decades ago, that for extracellular vesicles, in particular exosomes, started to unfold a decade ago, opening new research and therapeutic avenues. This Review summarizes current knowledge on the role of extracellular vesicles in coronary artery disease, and their emerging potential as biomarkers and therapeutic agents.
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Valkonen S, van der Pol E, Böing A, Yuana Y, Yliperttula M, Nieuwland R, Laitinen S, Siljander P. Biological reference materials for extracellular vesicle studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 98:4-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Aatonen M, Valkonen S, Böing A, Yuana Y, Nieuwland R, Siljander P. Isolation of Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1545:177-188. [PMID: 27943214 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6728-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelets participate in several physiological functions, including hemostasis, immunity, and development. Additionally, platelets play key roles in arterial thrombosis and cancer progression. Given this plethora of functions, there is a strong interest of the role of platelet-derived (extracellular) vesicles (PDEVs) as functional mediators and biomarkers. Moreover, the majority of the blood-borne EVs are thought to originate from either platelets or directly from the platelet precursor cells, the megakaryocytes, which reside in the bone marrow. To circumvent confusion, we use the term PDEVs for both platelet-derived and/or megakaryocyte-derived EVs. PDEVs can be isolated from blood or from isolated platelets after activation. In this chapter, we describe all commonly used PDEV isolation methods from blood and prepurified platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Aatonen
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 D, 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Valkonen
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 D, 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Vesicle Observation Center, Academic Medical Centre of the University ofAmsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Böing
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Vesicle Observation Center, Academic Medical Centre of the University ofAmsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuana Yuana
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Vesicle Observation Center, Academic Medical Centre of the University ofAmsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Vesicle Observation Center, Academic Medical Centre of the University ofAmsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pia Siljander
- Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5 D, 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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Mihály J, Deák R, Szigyártó IC, Bóta A, Beke-Somfai T, Varga Z. Characterization of extracellular vesicles by IR spectroscopy: Fast and simple classification based on amide and CH stretching vibrations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1859:459-466. [PMID: 27989744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles isolated by differential centrifugation from Jurkat T-cell line were investigated by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Amide and CH stretching band intensity ratios calculated from IR bands, characteristic of protein and lipid components, proved to be distinctive for the different extracellular vesicle subpopulations. This proposed 'spectroscopic protein-to-lipid ratio', combined with the outlined spectrum-analysis protocol is valid also for low sample concentrations (0.15-0.05mg/ml total protein content) and can carry information about the presence of other non-vesicular formations such as aggregated proteins, lipoproteins and immune complexes. Detailed analysis of IR data reveals compositional changes of extracellular vesicles subpopulations: second derivative spectra suggest changes in protein composition from parent cell towards exosomes favoring proteins with β-turns and unordered motifs at the expense of intermolecular β-sheet structures. The IR-based protein-to-lipid assessment protocol was tested also for red blood cell derived microvesicles for which similar values were obtained. The potential applicability of this technique for fast and efficient characterization of vesicular components is high as the investigated samples require no further preparations and all the different molecular species can be determined in the same sample. The results indicate that ATR-FTIR measurements provide a simple and reproducible method for the screening of extracellular vesicle preparations. It is hoped that this sophisticated technique will have further impact in extracellular vesicle research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Mihály
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Róbert Deák
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imola Csilla Szigyártó
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Bóta
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Beke-Somfai
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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68
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Foster BP, Balassa T, Benen TD, Dominovic M, Elmadjian GK, Florova V, Fransolet MD, Kestlerova A, Kmiecik G, Kostadinova IA, Kyvelidou C, Meggyes M, Mincheva MN, Moro L, Pastuschek J, Spoldi V, Wandernoth P, Weber M, Toth B, Markert UR. Extracellular vesicles in blood, milk and body fluids of the female and male urogenital tract and with special regard to reproduction. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 53:379-95. [PMID: 27191915 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2016.1190682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from almost all cells and tissues. They are able to transport substances (e.g. proteins, RNA or DNA) at higher concentrations than in their environment and may adhere in a receptor-controlled manner to specific cells or tissues in order to release their content into the respective target structure. Blood contains high concentrations of EVs mainly derived from platelets, and, at a smaller amount, from erythrocytes. The female and male reproductive tracts produce EVs which may be associated with fertility or infertility and are released into body fluids and mucosas of the urogenital organs. In this review, the currently relevant detection methods are presented and critically compared. During pregnancy, placenta-derived EVs are dynamically detectable in peripheral blood with changing profiles depending upon progress of pregnancy and different pregnancy-associated pathologies, such as preeclampsia. EVs offer novel non-invasive diagnostic tools which may reflect the situation of the placenta and the foetus. EVs in urine have the potential of reflecting urogenital diseases including cancers of the neighbouring organs. Several methods for detection, quantification and phenotyping of EVs have been established, which include electron microscopy, flow cytometry, ELISA-like methods, Western blotting and analyses based on Brownian motion. This review article summarises the current knowledge about EVs in blood and cord blood, in the different compartments of the male and female reproductive tracts, in trophoblast cells from normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies, in placenta ex vivo perfusate, in the amniotic fluid, and in breast milk, as well as their potential effects on natural killer cells as possible targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Foster
- a Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Biomedicine, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University Research , Manchester , UK
| | - T Balassa
- b Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology , Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary
| | - T D Benen
- c Microtrac GmbH , Krefeld , Germany
| | - M Dominovic
- d Department of Physiology and Immunology , Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka , Rijeka , Croatia
| | - G K Elmadjian
- e Repro Inova Immunology Laboratory , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - V Florova
- f Department of Obstetrics , Gynecology and Perinatology, First Moscow State Medical University , Moscow , Russia
| | - M D Fransolet
- g Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology , GIGA-R, University of Liège , Liège , Belgium
| | - A Kestlerova
- h Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine , Charles University Prague , Czech Republic
- i Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - G Kmiecik
- j Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero , Brescia , Italy
| | - I A Kostadinova
- k Department of Immunoneuroendocrinology , Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - C Kyvelidou
- l Department of Biology , University of Crete , Crete , Greece
| | - M Meggyes
- b Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology , Medical School, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary
| | - M N Mincheva
- m Repro Inova Immunology Laboratory , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - L Moro
- n ISGlobal, Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic- Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
- o Department of Obstetrics , Placenta-Lab, University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - J Pastuschek
- o Department of Obstetrics , Placenta-Lab, University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - V Spoldi
- j Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero , Brescia , Italy
| | - P Wandernoth
- p Institute of Anatomy, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
| | - M Weber
- o Department of Obstetrics , Placenta-Lab, University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany
| | - B Toth
- q Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders , Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg , Germany
| | - U R Markert
- o Department of Obstetrics , Placenta-Lab, University Hospital Jena , Jena , Germany
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69
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Vogel R, Coumans FAW, Maltesen RG, Böing AN, Bonnington KE, Broekman ML, Broom MF, Buzás EI, Christiansen G, Hajji N, Kristensen SR, Kuehn MJ, Lund SM, Maas SLN, Nieuwland R, Osteikoetxea X, Schnoor R, Scicluna BJ, Shambrook M, de Vrij J, Mann SI, Hill AF, Pedersen S. A standardized method to determine the concentration of extracellular vesicles using tunable resistive pulse sensing. J Extracell Vesicles 2016; 5:31242. [PMID: 27680301 PMCID: PMC5040823 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v5.31242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the pathogenic role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in disease and their potential diagnostic and therapeutic utility is extremely reliant on in-depth quantification, measurement and identification of EV sub-populations. Quantification of EVs has presented several challenges, predominantly due to the small size of vesicles such as exosomes and the availability of various technologies to measure nanosized particles, each technology having its own limitations. MATERIALS AND METHODS A standardized methodology to measure the concentration of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been developed and tested. The method is based on measuring the EV concentration as a function of a defined size range. Blood plasma EVs are isolated and purified using size exclusion columns (qEV) and consecutively measured with tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS). Six independent research groups measured liposome and EV samples with the aim to evaluate the developed methodology. Each group measured identical samples using up to 5 nanopores with 3 repeat measurements per pore. Descriptive statistics and unsupervised multivariate data analysis with principal component analysis (PCA) were used to evaluate reproducibility across the groups and to explore and visualise possible patterns and outliers in EV and liposome data sets. RESULTS PCA revealed good reproducibility within and between laboratories, with few minor outlying samples. Measured mean liposome (not filtered with qEV) and EV (filtered with qEV) concentrations had coefficients of variance of 23.9% and 52.5%, respectively. The increased variance of the EV concentration measurements could be attributed to the use of qEVs and the polydisperse nature of EVs. CONCLUSION The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of this standardized methodology to facilitate comparable and reproducible EV concentration measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Vogel
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Izon Science Ltd., Burnside, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Frank A W Coumans
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Raluca G Maltesen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anita N Böing
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marike L Broekman
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Edit I Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Najat Hajji
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Søren R Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Meta J Kuehn
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Medical Centre, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sigrid M Lund
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sybren L N Maas
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xabier Osteikoetxea
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rosalie Schnoor
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin J Scicluna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Mitch Shambrook
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeroen de Vrij
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Shona Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark;
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70
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëtane Lespes
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour; Avenue de l'Université, BP 1155 64013 Pau Cedex France
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71
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Khatun Z, Bhat A, Sharma S, Sharma A. Elucidating diversity of exosomes: biophysical and molecular characterization methods. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2359-77. [PMID: 27488053 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-secreted nanovesicles present in biological fluids in normal and diseased conditions. Owing to their seminal role in cell-cell communication, emerging evidences suggest that exosomes are fundamental regulators of various diseases. Due to their potential usefulness in disease diagnosis, robust isolation and characterization of exosomes is critical in developing exosome-based assays. In the last few years, different exosome characterization methods, both biophysical and molecular, have been developed to characterize these tiny vesicles. Here, in this review we summarize: first, biophysical techniques based on spectroscopy (e.g., Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering) and other principles, for example, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy; second, antibody-based molecular techniques including flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy and third, nanotechnology-dependent exosome characterization methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamila Khatun
- ExoCan Healthcare Technologies Ltd, L4, 400 NCL Innovation Park, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Anjali Bhat
- ExoCan Healthcare Technologies Ltd, L4, 400 NCL Innovation Park, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
| | - Shivani Sharma
- California Nanosystems, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aman Sharma
- ExoCan Healthcare Technologies Ltd, L4, 400 NCL Innovation Park, Pashan, Pune 411008, India
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72
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Rupert DLM, Claudio V, Lässer C, Bally M. Methods for the physical characterization and quantification of extracellular vesicles in biological samples. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3164-3179. [PMID: 27495390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our body fluids contain a multitude of cell-derived vesicles, secreted by most cell types, commonly referred to as extracellular vesicles. They have attracted considerable attention for their function as intercellular communication vehicles in a broad range of physiological processes and pathological conditions. Extracellular vesicles and especially the smallest type, exosomes, have also generated a lot of excitement in view of their potential as disease biomarkers or as carriers for drug delivery. In this context, state-of-the-art techniques capable of comprehensively characterizing vesicles in biological fluids are urgently needed. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review presents the arsenal of techniques available for quantification and characterization of physical properties of extracellular vesicles, summarizes their working principles, discusses their advantages and limitations and further illustrates their implementation in extracellular vesicle research. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The small size and physicochemical heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles make their physical characterization and quantification an extremely challenging task. Currently, structure, size, buoyant density, optical properties and zeta potential have most commonly been studied. The concentration of vesicles in suspension can be expressed in terms of biomolecular or particle content depending on the method at hand. In addition, common quantification methods may either provide a direct quantitative measurement of vesicle concentration or solely allow for relative comparison between samples. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The combination of complementary methods capable of detecting, characterizing and quantifying extracellular vesicles at a single particle level promises to provide new exciting insights into their modes of action and to reveal the existence of vesicle subpopulations fulfilling key biological tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah L M Rupert
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Virginia Claudio
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Center for Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lässer
- Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marta Bally
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, CNRS, UMR168, Physico-Chimie Curie, Paris, France.
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73
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Connor DE, Ly K, Aslam A, Boland J, Low J, Jarvis S, Muller DW, Joseph JE. Effects of antiplatelet therapy on platelet extracellular vesicle release and procoagulant activity in health and in cardiovascular disease. Platelets 2016; 27:805-811. [PMID: 27310292 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2016.1190008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel is commonly used to prevent recurrent ischemic events in patients with cardiovascular disease. Whilst their effects on platelet reactivity are well documented, it is unclear, however, whether antiplatelet therapy inhibits platelet extracellular vesicle (EV) release. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of antiplatelet therapy on platelet EV formation and procoagulant activity. Blood samples from 10 healthy controls not receiving antiplatelet therapy were incubated in vitro with aspirin or a P2Y12 inhibitor (MeSAMP). Blood samples from 50 patients receiving long-term dual antiplatelet therapy and undergoing coronary angiography were also studied. Platelet reactivity was assessed by Multiplate™ impedance aggregometry. Platelet EV formation and procoagulant activity of pretreated and untreated blood samples in response to arachidonic acid (AA), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), ADP+PGE1, and thrombin receptor-activating peptide (TRAP) stimulation were assessed by flow cytometry and Procoag-PL assays, respectively. Incubation of normal platelets with aspirin significantly inhibited AA-induced platelet reactivity, EV formation, and procoagulant activity, whilst MeSAMP significantly inhibited platelet reactivity and EV formation in response to AA, ADP, and TRAP, but had minimal effect on procoagulant activity. Most patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy showed an appropriate reduction in platelet reactivity in response to their treatment; however there was not complete inhibition of increased platelet and EV procoagulant activity in response to ADP, AA, or TRAP. In addition, we could not find any correlation between platelet reactivity and procoagulant activity in patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Connor
- a Blood, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Unit , St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research , Darlinghurst , NSW , Australia.,b St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Randwick , NSW , Australia
| | - Ken Ly
- a Blood, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Unit , St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research , Darlinghurst , NSW , Australia
| | - Anoosha Aslam
- a Blood, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Unit , St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research , Darlinghurst , NSW , Australia.,b St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Randwick , NSW , Australia
| | - John Boland
- c Department of Cardiology , St Vincent's Hospital , Darlinghurst , NSW , Australia
| | - Joyce Low
- d Haemostasis Laboratory, SydPath , St Vincent's Hospital , Darlinghurst , NSW , Australia
| | - Susan Jarvis
- d Haemostasis Laboratory, SydPath , St Vincent's Hospital , Darlinghurst , NSW , Australia
| | - David W Muller
- b St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Randwick , NSW , Australia.,c Department of Cardiology , St Vincent's Hospital , Darlinghurst , NSW , Australia
| | - Joanne E Joseph
- a Blood, Stem Cell and Cancer Research Unit , St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research , Darlinghurst , NSW , Australia.,b St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine , University of New South Wales , Randwick , NSW , Australia.,d Haemostasis Laboratory, SydPath , St Vincent's Hospital , Darlinghurst , NSW , Australia
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74
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Bhattacharjee S. DLS and zeta potential - What they are and what they are not? J Control Release 2016; 235:337-351. [PMID: 27297779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1858] [Impact Index Per Article: 232.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adequate characterization of NPs (nanoparticles) is of paramount importance to develop well defined nanoformulations of therapeutic relevance. Determination of particle size and surface charge of NPs are indispensable for proper characterization of NPs. DLS (dynamic light scattering) and ZP (zeta potential) measurements have gained popularity as simple, easy and reproducible tools to ascertain particle size and surface charge. Unfortunately, on practical grounds plenty of challenges exist regarding these two techniques including inadequate understanding of the operating principles and dealing with critical issues like sample preparation and interpretation of the data. As both DLS and ZP have emerged from the realms of physical colloid chemistry - it is difficult for researchers engaged in nanomedicine research to master these two techniques. Additionally, there is little literature available in drug delivery research which offers a simple, concise account on these techniques. This review tries to address this issue while providing the fundamental principles of these techniques, summarizing the core mathematical principles and offering practical guidelines on tackling commonly encountered problems while running DLS and ZP measurements. Finally, the review tries to analyze the relevance of these two techniques from translatory perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Bhattacharjee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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75
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Paolini L, Zendrini A, Di Noto G, Busatto S, Lottini E, Radeghieri A, Dossi A, Caneschi A, Ricotta D, Bergese P. Residual matrix from different separation techniques impacts exosome biological activity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23550. [PMID: 27009329 PMCID: PMC4806376 DOI: 10.1038/srep23550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are gaining a prominent role in research due to their intriguing biology and several therapeutic opportunities. However, their accurate purification from body fluids and detailed physicochemical characterization remain open issues. We isolated exosomes from serum of patients with Multiple Myeloma by four of the most popular purification methods and assessed the presence of residual contaminants in the preparations through an ad hoc combination of biochemical and biophysical techniques - including Western Blot, colloidal nanoplasmonics, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning helium ion microscopy (HIM). The preparations obtained by iodixanol and sucrose gradients were highly pure. To the contrary, those achieved with limited processing (serial centrifugation or one step precipitation kit) resulted contaminated by a residual matrix, embedding the exosomes. The contaminated preparations showed lower ability to induce NfkB nuclear translocation in endothelial cells with respect to the pure ones, probably because the matrix prevents the interaction and fusion of the exosomes with the cell membrane. These findings suggest that exosome preparation purity must be carefully assessed since it may interfere with exosome biological activity. Contaminants can be reliably probed only by an integrated characterization approach aimed at both the molecular and the colloidal length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Paolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Zendrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Noto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Busatto
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Lottini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, Laboratory of Molecular Magnetism, University of Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Annalisa Radeghieri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dossi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Caneschi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, Laboratory of Molecular Magnetism, University of Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Doris Ricotta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bergese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine and INSTM, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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76
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Chandler WL. Measurement of microvesicle levels in human blood using flow cytometry. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2016; 90:326-36. [PMID: 26606416 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles are fragments of cells released when the cells are activated, injured, or apoptotic. Analysis of microvesicle levels in blood has the potential to shed new light on the pathophysiology of many diseases. Flow cytometry is currently the only method that can simultaneously separate true lipid microvesicles from other microparticles in blood, determine the cell of origin and other microvesicle characteristics, and handle large numbers of clinical samples with a reasonable effort, but expanded use of flow cytometric measurement of microvesicle levels as a clinical and research tool requires improved, standardized assays. The goal of this review is to aid investigators in applying current best practices to microvesicle measurements. First pre-analytical factors are evaluated and data summarized for anticoagulant effects, sample transport and centrifugation. Next flow cytometer optimization is reviewed including interference from background in buffers and reagents, accurate microvesicle counting, swarm interference, and other types of coincidence errors, size calibration, and detection limits using light scattering, impedance and fluorescence. Finally current progress on method standardization is discussed and a summary of current best practices provided. © 2016 Clinical Cytometry Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne L Chandler
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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77
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van der Pol E, Böing AN, Gool EL, Nieuwland R. Recent developments in the nomenclature, presence, isolation, detection and clinical impact of extracellular vesicles. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:48-56. [PMID: 26564379 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The research field of extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as microparticles and exosomes, is growing exponentially. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of recent developments relevant to the readers of the Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. We will discuss nomenclature, the presence of EVs in fluids, methods of isolation and detection, and emerging clinical implications. Although research on EVs has been performed within the ISTH for over a decade, most of the recent research on EVs has been brought together by the International Society on Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV). To achieve an overview of recent developments, the information provided in this review comes not only from publications, but also from latest meetings of the ISEV (April 2015, Washington, DC, USA), the International Society on Advancement of Cytometry (June 2015, Glasgow, UK), and the ISTH (June 2015, Toronto, Canada).
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Affiliation(s)
- E van der Pol
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A N Böing
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E L Gool
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R Nieuwland
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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78
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Linares R, Tan S, Gounou C, Arraud N, Brisson AR. High-speed centrifugation induces aggregation of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:29509. [PMID: 26700615 PMCID: PMC4689953 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.29509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma and other body fluids contain cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), which participate in physiopathological processes and have potential biomedical applications. In order to isolate, concentrate and purify EVs, high-speed centrifugation is often used. We show here, using electron microscopy, receptor-specific gold labelling and flow cytometry, that high-speed centrifugation induces the formation of EV aggregates composed of a mixture of EVs of various phenotypes and morphologies. The presence of aggregates made of EVs of different phenotypes may lead to erroneous interpretation concerning the existence of EVs harbouring surface antigens from different cell origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Linares
- Molecular Imaging and NanoBioTechnology, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Sisareuth Tan
- Molecular Imaging and NanoBioTechnology, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Céline Gounou
- Molecular Imaging and NanoBioTechnology, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Nicolas Arraud
- Molecular Imaging and NanoBioTechnology, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Alain R Brisson
- Molecular Imaging and NanoBioTechnology, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France;
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79
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Erdbrügger U, Lannigan J. Analytical challenges of extracellular vesicle detection: A comparison of different techniques. Cytometry A 2015; 89:123-34. [PMID: 26651033 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs) has grown exponentially over the last decade. Evolving evidence is demonstrating that these EVs are playing an important role in health and disease. They are involved in intercellular communication and have been shown to transfer proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This review focuses on the most commonly used techniques for detection of EVs, to include microparticles, 100-1,000 nm in size, and exosomes, 50-100 nm in size. Conventional flow cytometry is the most prevalent technique, but nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and resistive pulse sensing have also been used to detect EVs. The accurate measurement of these vesicles is challenged by size heterogeneity, low refractive index, and the lack of dynamic measurement range for most of the available technologies. Sample handling during the preanalytical phase can also affect the accuracy of measurements. Currently, there is not one single method which allows phenotyping, sizing, and enumerating the whole range of EVs and, therefore, providing all the necessary information to truly understand the biology of these particles. A combination of methods is probably needed which might also include electron and atomic force microscopy and full RNA, lipid, and protein profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Erdbrügger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
| | - Joanne Lannigan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
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80
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Yuana Y, Böing AN, Grootemaat AE, van der Pol E, Hau CM, Cizmar P, Buhr E, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Handling and storage of human body fluids for analysis of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2015; 4:29260. [PMID: 26563735 PMCID: PMC4643195 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v4.29260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Because procedures of handling and storage of body fluids affect numbers and composition of extracellular vesicles (EVs), standardization is important to ensure reliable and comparable measurements of EVs in a clinical environment. We aimed to develop standard protocols for handling and storage of human body fluids for EV analysis. Conditions such as centrifugation, single freeze-thaw cycle, effect of time delay between blood collection and plasma preparation and storage were investigated. Plasma is the most commonly studied body fluid in EV research. We mainly focused on EVs originating from platelets and erythrocytes and investigated the behaviour of these 2 types of EVs independently as well as in plasma samples of healthy subjects. EVs in urine and saliva were also studied for comparison. All samples were analysed simultaneously before and after freeze-thawing by resistive pulse sensing, nanoparticle tracking analysis, conventional flow cytometry (FCM) and transmission (scanning) electron microscopy. Our main finding is that the effect of centrifugation markedly depends on the cellular origin of EVs. Whereas erythrocyte EVs remain present as single EVs after centrifugation, platelet EVs form aggregates, which affect their measured concentration in plasma. Single erythrocyte and platelet EVs are present mainly in the range of 100-200 nm, far below the lower limit of what can be measured by conventional FCM. Furthermore, the effects of single freeze-thaw cycle, time delay between blood collection and plasma preparation up to 1 hour and storage up to 1 year are insignificant (p>0.05) on the measured concentration and diameter of EVs from erythrocyte and platelet concentrates and EVs in plasma, urine and saliva. In conclusion, in standard protocols for EV studies, centrifugation to isolate EVs from collected body fluids should be avoided. Freezing and storage of collected body fluids, albeit their insignificant effects, should be performed identically for comparative EV studies and to create reliable biorepositories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuana Yuana
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita N Böing
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita E Grootemaat
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin van der Pol
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chi M Hau
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Petr Cizmar
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Egbert Buhr
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Auguste Sturk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Nieuwland
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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81
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Stoner SA, Duggan E, Condello D, Guerrero A, Turk JR, Narayanan PK, Nolan JP. High sensitivity flow cytometry of membrane vesicles. Cytometry A 2015; 89:196-206. [PMID: 26484737 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attracting attention as vehicles for inter-cellular signaling that may have value as diagnostic or therapeutic targets. EVs are released by many cell types and by different mechanisms, resulting in phenotypic heterogeneity that makes them a challenge to study. Flow cytometry is a popular tool for characterizing heterogeneous mixtures of particles such as cell types within blood, but the small size of EVs makes them difficult to measure using conventional flow cytometry. To address this limitation, a high sensitivity flow cytometer was constructed and EV measurement approaches that allowed them to enumerate and estimate the size of individual EVs, as well as measure the presence of surface markers to identify phenotypic subsets of EVs. Several fluorescent membrane probes were evaluated and it was found that the voltage sensing dye di-8-ANEPPS could produce vesicle fluorescence in proportion to vesicle surface area, allowing for accurate measurements of EV number and size. Fluorescence-labeled annexin V and anti-CD61 antibody was used to measure the abundance of these surface markers on EVs in rat plasma. It was shown that treatment of platelet rich plasma with calcium ionophore resulted in an increase in the fraction of annexin V and CD61-positive EVs. Vesicle flow cytometry using fluorescence-based detection of EVs has the potential to realize the potential of cell-derived membrane vesicles as functional biomarkers for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Stoner
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Erika Duggan
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037.,Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - Danilo Condello
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037.,Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, 92121
| | - Abraham Guerrero
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc, Seattle, Washington
| | - James R Turk
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc, Seattle, Washington
| | - Padma K Narayanan
- Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc, Seattle, Washington
| | - John P Nolan
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute, La Jolla, California, 92037.,Scintillon Institute, San Diego, California, 92121
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82
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Breßler I, Kohlbrecher J, Thünemann AF. SASfit: a tool for small-angle scattering data analysis using a library of analytical expressions. J Appl Crystallogr 2015; 48:1587-1598. [PMID: 26500467 PMCID: PMC4603274 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576715016544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A computer program to perform small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering data evaluation is presented. SASfit is one of the mature programs for small-angle scattering data analysis and has been available for many years. This article describes the basic data processing and analysis workflow along with recent developments in the SASfit program package (version 0.94.6). They include (i) advanced algorithms for reduction of oversampled data sets, (ii) improved confidence assessment in the optimized model parameters and (iii) a flexible plug-in system for custom user-provided models. A scattering function of a mass fractal model of branched polymers in solution is provided as an example for implementing a plug-in. The new SASfit release is available for major platforms such as Windows, Linux and MacOS. To facilitate usage, it includes comprehensive indexed documentation as well as a web-based wiki for peer collaboration and online videos demonstrating basic usage. The use of SASfit is illustrated by interpretation of the small-angle X-ray scattering curves of monomodal gold nanoparticles (NIST reference material 8011) and bimodal silica nanoparticles (EU reference material ERM-FD-102).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Breßler
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing , Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin, 12205, Germany
| | - Joachim Kohlbrecher
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, PSI Paul Scherrer Institute , Villigen, CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F Thünemann
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing , Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin, 12205, Germany
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83
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van der Meijden PE, Ozaki Y, Ruf W, de Laat B, Mutch N, Diamond S, Nieuwland R, Peters TC, Heestermans M, Kremers RM, Moorlag M, Boender J, Ünlü B, Reitsma PH. Theme 1: Pathogenesis of venous thromboembolism (and post-thrombotic syndrome). Thromb Res 2015; 136 Suppl 1:S3-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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84
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Vajen T, Mause SF, Koenen RR. Microvesicles from platelets: novel drivers of vascular inflammation. Thromb Haemost 2015; 114:228-36. [PMID: 25994053 DOI: 10.1160/th14-11-0962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles are receiving increased attention not only as biomarkers but also as mediators of cell communication and as integral effectors of disease. Platelets present a major source of microvesicles and release these microvesicles either spontaneously or upon activation. Platelet-derived microvesicles retain many features of their parent cells and have been shown to exert modulatory effects on vascular and immune cells. Accordingly, microvesicles from platelets can be measured at increased levels in patients with cardiovascular disease or individuals at risk. In addition, isolated microvesicles from platelets were shown to exert immunomodulatory actions on various cell types. In this review the various aspects of platelet-derived microvesicles including release, clearance, measurement, occurrence during disease and relevance for the pathophysiology of vascular inflammation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R R Koenen
- Rory R. Koenen, PhD, Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31 43 3881674, Fax: +31 43 3884159, E-mail:
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85
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Arraud N, Gounou C, Turpin D, Brisson AR. Fluorescence triggering: A general strategy for enumerating and phenotyping extracellular vesicles by flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2015; 89:184-95. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Arraud
- Molecular Imaging and NanoBioTechnology, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS-University of Bordeaux-IPB; Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Pessac F-33600 France
| | - Céline Gounou
- Molecular Imaging and NanoBioTechnology, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS-University of Bordeaux-IPB; Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Pessac F-33600 France
| | - Delphine Turpin
- Molecular Imaging and NanoBioTechnology, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS-University of Bordeaux-IPB; Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Pessac F-33600 France
| | - Alain R. Brisson
- Molecular Imaging and NanoBioTechnology, UMR-5248-CBMN CNRS-University of Bordeaux-IPB; Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Pessac F-33600 France
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86
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Size and shape characterization of hydrated and desiccated exosomes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3285-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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87
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Osteikoetxea X, Balogh A, Szabó-Taylor K, Németh A, Szabó TG, Pálóczi K, Sódar B, Kittel Á, György B, Pállinger É, Matkó J, Buzás EI. Improved characterization of EV preparations based on protein to lipid ratio and lipid properties. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121184. [PMID: 25798862 PMCID: PMC4370721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years the study of extracellular vesicles has gathered much scientific and clinical interest. As the field is expanding, it is becoming clear that better methods for characterization and quantification of extracellular vesicles as well as better standards to compare studies are warranted. The goal of the present work was to find improved parameters to characterize extracellular vesicle preparations. Here we introduce a simple 96 well plate-based total lipid assay for determination of lipid content and protein to lipid ratios of extracellular vesicle preparations from various myeloid and lymphoid cell lines as well as blood plasma. These preparations included apoptotic bodies, microvesicles/microparticles, and exosomes isolated by size-based fractionation. We also investigated lipid bilayer order of extracellular vesicle subpopulations using Di-4-ANEPPDHQ lipid probe, and lipid composition using affinity reagents to clustered cholesterol (monoclonal anti-cholesterol antibody) and ganglioside GM1 (cholera toxin subunit B). We have consistently found different protein to lipid ratios characteristic for the investigated extracellular vesicle subpopulations which were substantially altered in the case of vesicular damage or protein contamination. Spectral ratiometric imaging and flow cytometric analysis also revealed marked differences between the various vesicle populations in their lipid order and their clustered membrane cholesterol and GM1 content. Our study introduces for the first time a simple and readily available lipid assay to complement the widely used protein assays in order to better characterize extracellular vesicle preparations. Besides differentiating extracellular vesicle subpopulations, the novel parameters introduced in this work (protein to lipid ratio, lipid bilayer order, and lipid composition), may prove useful for quality control of extracellular vesicle related basic and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Osteikoetxea
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Balogh
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Szabó-Taylor
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Németh
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Géza Szabó
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Pálóczi
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Sódar
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kittel
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence György
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Éva Pállinger
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Matkó
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit Irén Buzás
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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88
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Abstract
This Review focusses on the recent surge in applied research using tunable resistive pulse sensing, a technique used to analyse submicron colloids in aqueous solutions on a particle-by-particle basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Weatherall
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- New Zealand
- Callaghan Innovation
| | - Geoff R. Willmott
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences
- Victoria University of Wellington
- New Zealand
- The Departments of Physics and Chemistry
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89
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Maas SLN, de Vrij J, van der Vlist EJ, Geragousian B, van Bloois L, Mastrobattista E, Schiffelers RM, Wauben MHM, Broekman MLD, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM. Possibilities and limitations of current technologies for quantification of biological extracellular vesicles and synthetic mimics. J Control Release 2014; 200:87-96. [PMID: 25555362 PMCID: PMC4324667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Nano-sized extracelullar vesicles (EVs) released by various cell types play important roles in a plethora of (patho)physiological processes and are increasingly recognized as biomarkers for disease. In addition, engineered EV and EV-inspired liposomes hold great potential as drug delivery systems. Major technologies developed for high-throughput analysis of individual EV include nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), tunable resistive pulse sensing (tRPS) and high-resolution flow cytometry (hFC). Currently, there is a need for comparative studies on the available technologies to improve standardization of vesicle analysis in diagnostic or therapeutic settings. We investigated the possibilities, limitations and comparability of NTA, tRPS and hFC for analysis of tumor cell-derived EVs and synthetic mimics (i.e. differently sized liposomes). NTA and tRPS instrument settings were identified that significantly affected the quantification of these particles. Furthermore, we detailed the differences in absolute quantification of EVs and liposomes using the three technologies. This study increases our understanding of possibilities and pitfalls of NTA, tRPS and hFC, which will benefit standardized and large-scale clinical application of (engineered) EVs and EV-mimics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren L N Maas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Vrij
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Els J van der Vlist
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Biaina Geragousian
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis van Bloois
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Marike L D Broekman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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90
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Lőrincz ÁM, Timár CI, Marosvári KA, Veres DS, Otrokocsi L, Kittel Á, Ligeti E. Effect of storage on physical and functional properties of extracellular vesicles derived from neutrophilic granulocytes. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:25465. [PMID: 25536933 PMCID: PMC4275651 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.25465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To carry out a systematic study on the effect of different storage conditions on the number as well as the physical and functional properties of antibacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human neutrophilic granulocytes. Methods Production of EVs with antibacterial properties was initiated by opsonized Zymosan A particles. The number of released fluorescent EVs was determined by flow cytometry following careful calibration. Physical properties and size of EVs were investigated by flow cytometry, dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Functional properties of EVs were tested by bacterial survival assay. Results Storage at +20°C or +4°C resulted in a significant decrease of EV number and antibacterial effect after 1 day. Storage at −20°C did not influence the EV number up to 28 days, but induced a shift in EV size and almost complete loss of antibacterial function by 28 days. Storage at −80°C had no significant effect either on EV number or size and allowed partial preservation of the antibacterial function up to 28 days. Snap-freezing did not improve the results, whereas the widely used cryoprotectants induced EV lysis. Conclusion Storage significantly alters both the physical and functional properties of EVs even if the number of EVs stays constant. If storage is needed, EVs should be kept at −80°C, preferably not longer than 7 days. For functional tests, freshly prepared EVs are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos M Lőrincz
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba I Timár
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Dániel S Veres
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Otrokocsi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kittel
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Ligeti
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; ;
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91
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Morhayim J, van de Peppel J, Demmers JAA, Kocer G, Nigg AL, van Driel M, Chiba H, van Leeuwen JP. Proteomic signatures of extracellular vesicles secreted by nonmineralizing and mineralizing human osteoblasts and stimulation of tumor cell growth. FASEB J 2014; 29:274-85. [PMID: 25359493 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-261404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Beyond forming bone, osteoblasts play pivotal roles in various biologic processes, including hematopoiesis and bone metastasis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated in intercellular communication via transfer of proteins and nucleic acids between cells. We focused on the proteomic characterization of nonmineralizing (NMOBs) and mineralizing (MOBs) human osteoblast (SV-HFOs) EVs and investigated their effect on human prostate cancer (PC3) cells by microscopic, proteomic, and gene expression analyses. Proteomic analysis showed that 97% of the proteins were shared among NMOB and MOB EVs, and 30% were novel osteoblast-specific EV proteins. Label-free quantification demonstrated mineralization stage-dependent 5-fold enrichment of 59 and 451 EV proteins in NMOBs and MOBs, respectively. Interestingly, bioinformatic analyses of the osteoblast EV proteomes and EV-regulated prostate cancer gene expression profiles showed that they converged on pathways involved in cell survival and growth. This was verified by in vitro proliferation assays where osteoblast EV uptake led to 2-fold increase in PC3 cell growth compared to cell-free culture medium-derived vesicle controls. Our findings elucidate the mineralization stage-specific protein content of osteoblast-secreted EVs, show a novel way by which osteoblasts communicate with prostate cancer, and open up innovative avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Morhayim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Erasmus MC Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute
| | - Jeroen van de Peppel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Erasmus MC Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute
| | | | - Gulistan Kocer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Erasmus MC Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute
| | - Alex L Nigg
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Marjolein van Driel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Erasmus MC Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute
| | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Johannes P van Leeuwen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Erasmus MC Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute,
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92
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van der Meel R, Fens MHAM, Vader P, van Solinge WW, Eniola-Adefeso O, Schiffelers RM. Extracellular vesicles as drug delivery systems: lessons from the liposome field. J Control Release 2014; 195:72-85. [PMID: 25094032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-derived particles surrounded by a (phospho)lipid bilayer that are released by cells in the human body. In addition to direct cell-to-cell contact and the secretion of soluble factors, EVs function as another mechanism of intercellular communication. These vesicles are able to efficiently deliver their parental cell-derived molecular cargo to recipient cells, which can result in structural changes at an RNA, protein, or even phenotypic level. For this reason, EVs have recently gained much interest for drug delivery purposes. In contrast to these 'natural delivery systems', synthetic (phospho)lipid vesicles, or liposomes, have been employed as drug carriers for decades, resulting in several approved liposomal nanomedicines used in the clinic. This review discusses the similarities and differences between EVs and liposomes with the focus on features that are relevant for drug delivery purposes such as circulation time, biodistribution, cellular interactions and cargo loading. By applying beneficial features of EVs to liposomes and vice versa, improved drug carriers can be developed which will advance the field of nanomedicines and ultimately improve patient outcomes. While the application of EVs for therapeutic drug delivery is still in its infancy, issues regarding the understanding of EV biogenesis, large-scale production and in vivo interactions need to be addressed in order to develop successful and cost-effective EV-based drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy van der Meel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel H A M Fens
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Wouter W van Solinge
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Raymond M Schiffelers
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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93
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van der Pol E, Coumans FAW, Grootemaat AE, Gardiner C, Sargent IL, Harrison P, Sturk A, van Leeuwen TG, Nieuwland R. Particle size distribution of exosomes and microvesicles determined by transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and resistive pulse sensing. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1182-92. [PMID: 24818656 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 620] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enumeration of extracellular vesicles has clinical potential as a biomarker for disease. In biological samples, the smallest and largest vesicles typically differ 25-fold in size, 300,000-fold in concentration, 20,000-fold in volume, and 10,000,000-fold in scattered light. Because of this heterogeneity, the currently employed techniques detect concentrations ranging from 10(4) to 10(12) vesicles mL(-1) . OBJECTIVES To investigate whether the large variation in the detected concentration of vesicles is caused by the minimum detectable vesicle size of five widely used techniques. METHODS The size and concentration of vesicles and reference beads were measured with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a conventional flow cytometer, a flow cytometer dedicated to detecting submicrometer particles, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and resistive pulse sensing (RPS). RESULTS Each technique gave a different size distribution and a different concentration for the same vesicle sample. CONCLUSION Differences between the detected vesicle concentrations are primarily caused by differences between the minimum detectable vesicle sizes. The minimum detectable vesicle sizes were 70-90 nm for NTA, 70-100 nm for RPS, 150-190 nm for dedicated flow cytometry, and 270-600 nm for conventional flow cytometry. TEM could detect the smallest vesicles present, albeit after adhesion on a surface. Dedicated flow cytometry was most accurate in determining the size of reference beads, but is expected to be less accurate on vesicles, owing to heterogeneity of the refractive index of vesicles. Nevertheless, dedicated flow cytometry is relatively fast and allows multiplex fluorescence detection, making it most applicable to clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- E van der Pol
- Laboratory of Experimental Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Lőrincz ÁM, Timár CI, Marosvári KA, Veres DS, Otrokocsi L, Kittel Á, Ligeti E. Effect of storage on physical and functional properties of extracellular vesicles derived from neutrophilic granulocytes. J Extracell Vesicles 2014. [PMID: 25536933 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3403.25465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To carry out a systematic study on the effect of different storage conditions on the number as well as the physical and functional properties of antibacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human neutrophilic granulocytes. METHODS Production of EVs with antibacterial properties was initiated by opsonized Zymosan A particles. The number of released fluorescent EVs was determined by flow cytometry following careful calibration. Physical properties and size of EVs were investigated by flow cytometry, dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy. Functional properties of EVs were tested by bacterial survival assay. RESULTS Storage at +20°C or +4°C resulted in a significant decrease of EV number and antibacterial effect after 1 day. Storage at -20°C did not influence the EV number up to 28 days, but induced a shift in EV size and almost complete loss of antibacterial function by 28 days. Storage at -80°C had no significant effect either on EV number or size and allowed partial preservation of the antibacterial function up to 28 days. Snap-freezing did not improve the results, whereas the widely used cryoprotectants induced EV lysis. CONCLUSION Storage significantly alters both the physical and functional properties of EVs even if the number of EVs stays constant. If storage is needed, EVs should be kept at -80°C, preferably not longer than 7 days. For functional tests, freshly prepared EVs are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ákos M Lőrincz
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba I Timár
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Dániel S Veres
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Otrokocsi
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Kittel
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Ligeti
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; ;
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