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Pinent M, Blay M, Serrano J, Ardévol A. Effects of flavanols on the enteroendocrine system: Repercussions on food intake. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:326-334. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.871221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Increased chromogranin a cell density in the large intestine of patients with irritable bowel syndrome after receiving dietary guidance. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015:823897. [PMID: 25918524 PMCID: PMC4397028 DOI: 10.1155/2015/823897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The large intestine contains five types of endocrine cells that regulate its functions by sensing its luminal contents and releasing specific hormones. Chromogranin A (CgA) is a common marker for the gastrointestinal endocrine cells, and it is abnormal in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. Most IBS patients relate their symptoms to certain food elements. The present study investigated the effect of dietary guidance on the total endocrine cells of the large intestine as detected by CgA in 13 IBS patients. Thirteen control subjects were also included. Each patient received three sessions of dietary guidance. Colonoscopies were performed on controls and patients (at baseline and at 3–9 months after receiving guidance). Biopsy samples from the colon and rectum were immunostained for CgA and quantified by computerized image analysis. The densities of CgA cells in the total colon (mean ± SEM) among the controls and the IBS patients before and after receiving dietary guidance were 83.3 ± 10.1, 38.6 ± 3.7, and 64.7 ± 4.2 cells/mm2, respectively (P = 0.0004), and were unchanged in the rectum. In conclusion, the increase in CgA cell density after receiving dietary guidance may reflect a change in the densities of the large intestinal endocrine cells causing an improvement in the IBS symptoms.
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Zhou HR, Pestka JJ. Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin)-Induced Cholecystokinin and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Release in the STC-1 Enteroendocrine Cell Model Is Mediated by Calcium-Sensing Receptor and Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 Channel. Toxicol Sci 2015; 145:407-17. [PMID: 25787141 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Food refusal is a hallmark of exposure of experimental animals to the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), a common foodborne contaminant. Although studies in the mouse suggest that DON suppresses food intake by aberrantly inducing the release of satiety hormones from enteroendocrine cells (EECs) found in the gut epithelium, the underlying mechanisms for this effect are not understood. To address this gap, we employed the murine neuroendocrine tumor STC-1 cell line, a widely used EEC model, to test the hypothesis that DON-induced hormone exocytosis is mediated by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated Ca(2+) signaling. The results indicate for the first time that DON elicits Ca(2)-dependent secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) amide (GLP-1), hormones that regulate food intake and energy homeostasis and that are products of 2 critical EEC populations--I cells of the small intestine and L cells of the large intestine, respectively. Furthermore, these effects were mediated by the GPCR Ca(2+)-sensing receptor (CaSR) and involved the following serial events: (1)PLC-mediated activation of the IP3 receptor and mobilization of intracellular Ca(2+) stores, (2) activation of transient receptor potential melastatin-5 ion channel and resultant L-type voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channel-facilitated extracellular Ca(2+) entry, (3) amplification of extracellular Ca(2+) entry by transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 channel activation, and finally (4) Ca(2+)-driven CCK and GLP-1 excytosis. These in vitro findings provide a foundation for future investigation of mechanisms by which DON and other trichothecenes modulate EEC function in ex vivo and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ren Zhou
- *Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - James J Pestka
- *Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 *Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 *Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Joo E, Muraoka A, Hamasaki A, Harada N, Yamane S, Kondo Y, Suzuki K, Nasteska D, Shibue K, Harada T, Iwasaki K, Tsuji H, Shide K, Inagaki N. Enteral supplementation with glutamine, fiber, and oligosaccharide modulates incretin and glucagon-like peptide-2 secretion. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 6:302-8. [PMID: 25969715 PMCID: PMC4420562 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction A dietary supplementation product enriched with glutamine, dietary fiber and oligosaccharide (GFO) is widely applied for enteral nutrition support in Japan. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of GFO ingestion on secretion of incretins, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2). Materials and Methods We carried out a cross-over study involving 20 healthy Japanese volunteers. The participants received GFO or 17 g of glucose, the equivalent carbohydrate in GFO as the control. Plasma glucose, serum insulin, and plasma total GIP, total GLP-1 and total GLP-2 levels during GFO or glucose loading were determined. Results GFO loading produced significantly higher plasma GLP-1 levels at 30 min and 60 min, area under the curve-GLP-1 value, and area under the curve-GLP-2 value after administration compared with those by glucose loading. In contrast, plasma GIP levels at both 30 and 60 min, and area under the curve-GIP value after glucose loading were significantly higher than those after GFO loading. Conclusions These results show that GFO ingestion stimulates GLP-1 and GLP-2 secretion, and reduces GIP secretion compared with glucose ingestion. Therefore, GFO could have an intestinotrophic effect as well as an ameliorating effect on metabolic disorders through modification of release of gut hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Joo
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Muraoka
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hamasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norio Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamane
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yaeko Kondo
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Suzuki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daniela Nasteska
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Shibue
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takanari Harada
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kanako Iwasaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidemi Tsuji
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Shide
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University Kyoto, Japan
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Fructo-oligosaccharides and iron bioavailability in anaemic rats: the effects on iron species distribution, ferroportin-1 expression, crypt bifurcation and crypt cell proliferation in the caecum. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1286-95. [PMID: 25192308 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on the bioavailability of Fe from ferric pyrophosphate (FP), a water-insoluble compound, in Fe-deficient anaemic rats that were subjected to a Hb repletion assay. Male Wistar rats (n 64) were fed adequate or low (8 mg/kg) Fe diets for 15 d followed by 1 or 2 weeks of Fe repletion with diets providing 35 mg Fe/kg as ferrous sulphate (FS), FP or FP that was mixed with 7·5% FOS in the form of yacon flour or Raftilose P95 (RAF), a purified source of FOS. The effects of FOS were observed within the 1st week of the repletion period. Fe bioavailability was improved by FOS supplementation, as measured by Hb regeneration efficiency and hepatic Fe stores, which were more pronounced in the RAF group. Moreover, RAF supplementation resulted in a higher biological value relative to that of the FP group. FOS supplementation resulted in caecal enlargement, in addition to acidification and Fe species redistribution in the caecal contents relative to the control rats. These effects occurred concomitantly with decreased ferroportin (FPN)-1 expression in the caecal mucosa, which was similar in magnitude to that observed in the FS group. Caecum mucosal morphometry was influenced by FOS supplementation, whereas crypt fission and cell proliferation were highest in the caecum of the RAF group. These results reinforce the effects of FOS as Fe bioavailability enhancers in anaemic rats that are sustained by early changes in their caecal environment (decreased mucosal FPN-1 expression and increased Fe absorbability, crypt fission and cellularity).
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Wu W, Zhou HR, Bursian SJ, Pan X, Link JE, Berthiller F, Adam G, Krantis A, Durst T, Pestka JJ. Comparison of anorectic and emetic potencies of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) to the plant metabolite deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and synthetic deoxynivalenol derivatives EN139528 and EN139544. Toxicol Sci 2014; 142:167-81. [PMID: 25173790 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) elicits robust anorectic and emetic effects in several animal species. However, less is known about the potential for naturally occurring and synthetic congeners of this trichothecene to cause analogous responses. Here we tested the hypothesis that alterations in DON structure found in the plant metabolite deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) and two pharmacologically active synthetic DON derivatives, EN139528 and EN139544, differentially impact their potential to evoke food refusal and emesis. In a nocturnal mouse food consumption model, oral administration with DON, D3G, EN139528, or EN139544 at doses from 2.5 to 10 mg/kg BW induced anorectic responses that lasted up to 16, 6, 6, and 3 h, respectively. Anorectic potency rank orders were EN139544>DON>EN139528>D3G from 0 to 0.5 h but DON>D3G>EN139528>EN139544 from 0 to 3 h. Oral exposure to each of the four compounds at a common dose (2.5 mg/kg BW) stimulated plasma elevations of the gut satiety peptides cholecystokinin and to a lesser extent, peptide YY3-36 that corresponded to reduced food consumption. In a mink emesis model, oral administration of increasing doses of the congeners differentially induced emesis, causing marked decreases in latency to emesis with corresponding increases in both the duration and number of emetic events. The minimum emetic doses for DON, EN139528, D3G, and EN139544 were 0.05, 0.5, 2, and 5 mg/kg BW, respectively. Taken together, the results suggest that although all three DON congeners elicited anorectic responses that mimicked DON over a narrow dose range, they were markedly less potent than the parent mycotoxin at inducing emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Hui-Ren Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Xiao Pan
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jane E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Anthony Krantis
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tony Durst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - James J Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Ripken D, van der Wielen N, Wortelboer HM, Meijerink J, Witkamp RF, Hendriks HFJ. Steviol glycoside rebaudioside A induces glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY release in a porcine ex vivo intestinal model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8365-8370. [PMID: 25062288 DOI: 10.1021/jf501105w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are hormones important for satiation and are involved in the process called "ileal brake". The aim of this study was to investigate the GLP-1- and PYY-stimulating efficacy of rebaudioside A, casein, and sucrose. This was studied using tissue segments collected from various regions of the pig small intestine. GLP-1 release was strongest from the distal ileum. There, control release was 0.06 ± 0.01 (GLP-1) and 0.07 ± 0.01 (PYY) pmol/cm(2) of tissue. Rebaudioside A (2.5, 12.5, and 25 mM) stimulated GLP-1 release (0.14 ± 0.02, 0.16 ± 0.02, and 0.13 ± 0.02 pmol/cm(2) of tissue, p < 0.001) and PYY release (0.19 ± 0.02, 0.42 ± 0.06, and 0.27 ± 0.03 pmol/cm(2) of tissue, p < 0.001). Sucrose stimulated GLP-1 release (0.08 ± 0.01 pmol/cm(2) of tissue, p < 0.05) only at 10 mM. Casein (0.5%, 1%, and 2.5%, w/v) stimulated GLP-1 release (0.15 ± 0.03, 0.13 ± 0.02, and 0.14 ± 0.01 pmol/cm(2) of tissue, p < 0.001) and PYY release (0.13 ± 0.02, 0.20 ± 0.03, and 0.27 ± 0.03 pmol/cm(2) of tissue, p < 0.01). These findings may help in developing dietary approaches for weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Ripken
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Nieuwe Kanaal 9A, 6709 PA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Mazzawi T, Gundersen D, Hausken T, El-Salhy M. Increased gastric chromogranin A cell density following changes to diets of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2322-6. [PMID: 25174455 PMCID: PMC4214334 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut endocrine cells control and regulate several functions of the gastrointestinal tract. They have been reported to be abnormal in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), with alterations occurring in several functions regulated by these cells. Furthermore, it has been established that gut endocrine cells interact with the gut lumen contents, particularly the nutrients. The present study was undertaken to establish whether the positive outcome of dietary guidance observed in patients suffering from IBS is associated with a change in gastric endocrine cells. A total of 46 patients with IBS participated in the present study, of which 14 completed all aspects. These patients included nine females and five males with a mean age of 34 years (range, 20–45 years). In the healthy control group, nine females and five males, with a mean age of 54 years (range 26–70 years) were selected. The patients and controls underwent gastroscopy with biopsy samples taken from the corpus and antrum of the stomach. Each patient attended three sessions that lasted ~45 min each, and received individual guidance on their dietary management. The patients followed the diet prescribed for a minimum of three months, then further samples were taken using a method similar to that used for the initial biopsies. The biopsy samples were immunostained using the avidin-biotin complex method for chromogranin A (CgA) and quantified by computerized image analysis. The patients with IBS presented a low density of CgA compared with the controls. The density of CgA increased in these patients following dietary guidance and changes in food intake. The present observations emphasized the interaction between food intake and gut endocrine cells. The current study also suggests that the positive effects of dietary guidance may be attributed to changes in gut endocrine cell density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Mazzawi
- Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stord Helse‑Fonna Hospital, Stord, Norway
| | - Doris Gundersen
- Department of Research, Helse‑Fonna, Haugesund, Rogaland, Norway
| | - Trygve Hausken
- Section for Gastroenterology, Institute of Medicine, Bergen University, Bergen, Hordaland, Norway
| | - Magdy El-Salhy
- Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stord Helse‑Fonna Hospital, Stord, Norway
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Belchior GG, Sogayar MC, Grikscheit TC. Stem cells and biopharmaceuticals: vital roles in the growth of tissue-engineered small intestine. Semin Pediatr Surg 2014; 23:141-9. [PMID: 24994528 DOI: 10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering currently constitutes a complex, multidisciplinary field exploring ideal sources of cells in combination with scaffolds or delivery systems in order to form a new, functional organ to replace native organ lack or loss. Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a life-threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality rates in children. Current therapeutic strategies consist of costly and risky allotransplants that demand lifelong immunosuppression. A promising alternative is the implantation of autologous organoid units (OU) to create a tissue-engineered small intestine (TESI). This strategy is proven to be stem cell and mesenchyme dependent. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are located at the base of the crypt and are responsible for repopulating the cycling mucosa up to the villus tip. The stem cell niche governs the biology of ISCs and, together with the rest of the epithelium, communicates with the underlying mesenchyme to sustain intestinal homeostasis. Biopharmaceuticals are broadly used in the clinic to activate or enhance known signaling pathways and may greatly contribute to the development of a full-thickness intestine by increasing mucosal surface area, improving blood supply, and determining stem cell fate. This review will focus on tissue engineering as a means of building the new small intestine, highlighting the importance of stem cells and recombinant peptide growth factors as biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mari Cleide Sogayar
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL/NETCEM), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tracy Cannon Grikscheit
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Children׳s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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González-Abuín N, Martínez-Micaelo N, Blay M, Ardévol A, Pinent M. Grape-seed procyanidins prevent the cafeteria-diet-induced decrease of glucagon-like peptide-1 production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:1066-1072. [PMID: 24410268 DOI: 10.1021/jf405239p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Grape-seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) has been reported to improve insulin resistance in cafeteria rats. Because glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is involved in glucose homeostasis, the preventive effects of GSPE on GLP-1 production, secretion, and elimination were evaluated in a model of diet-induced insulin resistance. Rats were fed a cafeteria diet for 12 weeks, and 25 mg of GSPE/kg of body weight was administered concomitantly. Vehicle-treated cafeteria-fed rats and chow-fed rats were used as controls. The cafeteria diet decreased active GLP-1 plasma levels, which is attributed to a decreased intestinal GLP-1 production, linked to reduced colonic enteroendocrine cell populations. Such effects were prevented by GSPE. In the same context, GSPE avoided the decrease on intestinal dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP4) activity and modulated the gene expression of GLP-1 and its receptor in the hypothalamus. In conclusion, the preventive treatment with GSPE abrogates the effects of the cafeteria diet on intestinal GLP-1 production and DPP4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi González-Abuín
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Finelli C, Tarantino G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diet and gut microbiota. EXCLI JOURNAL 2014; 13:461-90. [PMID: 26417275 PMCID: PMC4464355 DOI: pmid/26417275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a severe liver disease that is increasing in prevalence with the worldwide epidemic of obesity and its related insulin-resistance state. Evidence for the role of the gut microbiota in energy storage and the subsequent development of obesity and some of its related diseases is now well established. More recently, a new role of gut microbiota has emerged in NAFLD. The gut microbiota is involved in gut permeability, low-grade inflammation and immune balance, it modulates dietary choline metabolism, regulates bile acid metabolism and produces endogenous ethanol. All of these factors are molecular mechanisms by which the microbiota can induce NAFLD or its progression toward overt non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Modification of the gut microbiota composition and/or its biochemical capacity by specific dietary or pharmacological interventions may advantageously affect host metabolism. Large-scale intervention trials, investigating the potential benefit of prebiotics and probiotics in improving cardiometabolic health in high-risk populations, are fervently awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Finelli
- Center of Obesity and Eating Disorders, Stella Maris Mediterraneum Foundation, Potenza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tarantino
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Italy
- National Cancer Institute "Foundation G. Pascale" -IRCS- 83013 Mercogliano (Av), Italy
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Giovanni Tarantino, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy, E-mail:
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Abstract
Hepatocellular accumulation of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the form of triglycerides constitutes the metabolic basis for the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recent data demonstrate that excess FFA hepatocyte storage is likely to lead to lipotoxicity and hepatocyte apoptosis. Hence, FFA-mediated hepatocyte injury is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, essential hypertension, and other common medical problems together comprise metabolic syndrome. Evidence suggests that peptide hormones from the L cells of the distal small intestine, which comprise the core of the enteroendocrine system (EES), play two key roles, serving either as incretins, or as mediators of appetite and satiety in the central nervous system. Recent data related to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and other known L-cell hormones have accumulated due to the increasing frequency of bariatric surgery, which increase delivery of bile salts to the hindgut. Bile acids are a key stimulus for the TGR5 receptor of the L cells. Enhanced bile-salt flow and subsequent EES stimulation may be central to elimination of hepatic steatosis following bariatric surgery. Although GLP-1 is a clinically relevant pharmacological analogue that drives pancreatic β-cell insulin output, GLP-1 analogues also have independent benefits via their effects on hepatocellular FFA metabolism. The authors also discuss recent data regarding the role of the major peptides released by the EES, which promote satiety and modulate energy homeostasis and utilization, as well as those that control fat absorption and intestinal permeability. Taken together, elucidating novel functions for EES-related peptides and pharmacologic development of peptide analogues offer potential far-ranging treatment for obesity-related human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Eugene Mells
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Frank A. Anania
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Role of GLP-1 in the Hypoglycemic Effects of Wild Bitter Gourd. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:625892. [PMID: 23589719 PMCID: PMC3621175 DOI: 10.1155/2013/625892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the role of GLP-1 in the hypoglycemic activity of wild bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L., BG). In vitro, the GLP-1 secretion in STC-1, a murine enteroendocrine cell line, was dose dependently stimulated by water extract (WE), its fractions (WEL, >3 kD and WES, <3 kD), and a bitter compounds-rich fraction of BG. These stimulations were partially inhibited by probenecid, a bitter taste receptor inhibitor, and by U-73122, a phospholipase Cβ2 inhibitor. These results suggested that the stimulation might involve, at least in part, certain bitter taste receptors and/or PLCβ2-signaling pathway. Two cucurbitane triterpenoids isolated from BG, 19-nor-cucurbita-5(10),6,8,22-(E),24-pentaen-3β-ol, and 5β,19-epoxycucurbita-6,24-diene-3β,23ξ-diol (karavilagenine E,) showed relative high efficacy in the stimulation. In vivo, mice fed BG diet showed higher insulinogenic index in an oral glucose tolerance test. A single oral dose of WE or WES pretreatment significantly improved intraperitoneal glucose tolerance. A single oral dose of WES significantly decreased glucose and increased insulin and GLP-1 in serum after 30 min. This acute hypoglycemic effect of WES was abolished by pretreatment with exendin-9, a GLP-1 receptor antagonist. Our data provide evidence that BG stimulates GLP-1 secretion which contributes, at least in part, to the antidiabetic activity of BG through an incretin effect.
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Forsythe P, Kunze WA. Voices from within: gut microbes and the CNS. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:55-69. [PMID: 22638926 PMCID: PMC11113561 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1028-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in research have greatly increased our understanding of the importance of the gut microbiota. Bacterial colonization of the intestine is critical to the normal development of many aspects of physiology such as the immune and endocrine systems. It is emerging that the influence of the gut microbiota also extends to modulation of host neural development. Furthermore, the overall balance in composition of the microbiota, together with the influence of pivotal species that induce specific responses, can modulate adult neural function, peripherally and centrally. Effects of commensal gut bacteria in adult animals include protection from the central effects of infection and inflammation as well as modulation of normal behavioral responses. There is now robust evidence that gut bacteria influence the enteric nervous system, an effect that may contribute to afferent signaling to the brain. The vagus nerve has also emerged as an important means of communicating signals from gut bacteria to the CNS. Further understanding of the mechanisms underlying microbiome-gut-brain communication will provide us with new insight into the symbiotic relationship between gut microbiota and their mammalian hosts and help us identify the potential for microbial-based therapeutic strategies to aid in the treatment of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Forsythe
- The Brain-Body Institute, St. Joseph's Healthcare, McMaster University, 50 Charlton Avenue East, T3302, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada.
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Gomi H, Kubota-Murata C, Yasui T, Tsukise A, Torii S. Immunohistochemical analysis of IA-2 family of protein tyrosine phosphatases in rat gastrointestinal endocrine cells. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 61:156-68. [PMID: 23087044 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412466872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet-associated protein-2 (IA-2) and IA-2β (also known as phogrin) are unique neuroendocrine-specific protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). The IA-2 family of PTPs was originally identified from insulinoma cells and discovered to be major autoantigens in type 1 diabetes. Despite its expression in the neural and canonical endocrine tissues, data on expression of the IA-2 family of PTPs in gastrointestinal endocrine cells (GECs) are limited. Therefore, we immunohistochemically investigated the expression of the IA-2 family of PTPs in the rat gastrointestinal tract. In the stomach, IA-2 and IA-2β were expressed in GECs that secrete serotonin, somatostatin, and cholecystokinin/gastrin-1. In addition to these hormones, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (also known as the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide), glucagon-like peptide-1, and glucagon, but not ghrelin were coexpressed with IA-2 or IA-2β in duodenal GECs. Pancreatic islet cells that secrete gut hormones expressed the IA-2 family of PTPs. The expression patterns of IA-2 and IA-2β were comparable. These results reveal that the IA-2 family of PTPs is expressed in a cell type-specific manner in rat GECs. The extensive expression of the IA-2 family of PTPs in pancreo-gastrointestinal endocrine cells and in the enteric plexus suggests their systemic contribution to nutritional control through a neuroendocrine signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Gomi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan.
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