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Kamdem MH, Ojo O, Kemkuignou BM, Talla RM, Fonkui TY, Silihe KK, Tata CM, Fotsing MC, Mmutlane EM, Ndinteh DT. Pentacyclic Triterpenoids, Phytosteroids and Fatty Acid Isolated from the Stem-bark of Cola lateritia K. Schum. (Sterculiaceae) of Cameroon origin; Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activity. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Short-Chain and Total Fatty Acid Profile of Faeces or Plasma as Predictors of Food-Responsive Enteropathy in Dogs: A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010089. [PMID: 35011195 PMCID: PMC8749849 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Food-responsive enteropathy is the most common diagnosis given for dogs with chronic enteropathy, and there are no tests that can replace treatment trials. Furthermore, there is a lack of information on the specific nutritional status of these patients regarding the lipid profile that could relate them to the state of health/disease. This study evaluated differences in short-chain fatty acids and the total fatty acid profile of faeces and plasma as possible indicators of food-responsive enteropathy (FRE), as well as its relationship with body condition and the chronic enteropathy activity index. Changes in the long-chain fatty acid of plasma, and short-chain, branched and odd-chain fatty acids of faeces were detected in sick dogs, and high correlations were observed between some of these compounds and the existing calculated indices. Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the total fatty acid profile of faeces or plasma as possible indicators of FRE in comparison with healthy dogs. FRE dogs had a lower concentration (p = 0.026) of plasma α-tocopherol as an indicator of the oxidative status of the animal, and lower C20:5n-3 (p = 0.033), C22:5n-3 (p = 0.005), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p = 0.021) and n-6 (p = 0.041) when compared with the control dogs; furthermore, sick dogs had higher proportions of plasma C20:3n-6 (p = 0.0056). The dogs with FRE showed a decrease in the production of faecal levels of SCFAs, mainly propionic acid (C3) (p = 0.0001) and isovaleric acid (iC5) (p = 0.014). FRE dogs also had a lower proportion of C15:0 (p = 0.0003), C16:1n-9 (p = 0.0095), C16:1n-7 (p = 0.0001), C20:5n-3 (p = 0.0034) and monounsaturated fatty acids (p = 0.0315), and tended to have lower n-3 (p = 0.058) and a reduced desaturase activity index in the stool when compared with the control group. However, the dogs with chronic enteropathy tended to have greater C20:4n-6 (p = 0.065) in their faeces as signs of damage at the intestinal level. The faecal parameters were better predictors than plasma. The highest correlations between faecal odd-chain, medium- or long-chain fatty acids and SCFAs were observed for C15:0 that correlated positively with faecal acetic acid (C2) (r = 0.72, p = 0.004), propionic acid (r = 0.95, p = 0.0001), isobutyric acid (iC4) (r = 0.59, p = 0.027) and isovaleric acid (r = 0.64, p = 0.0136), as well as with total SCFAs (r = 0.61, p = 0.02). Conversely, faecal C20:4n-6 showed a high inverse correlation (r = −0.83, p = 0.0002) with C2 and C3 (r = −0.59, p = 0.027). Canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) activity (CIBDAI) index correlated negatively mainly with faecal measurements, such as C3 (r = −0.869, p = 0.0005) and C15:0 (r = −0.825, p = 0.0018), followed by C16:1/C16:0 (r = −0.66, p= 0.0374) and iC5 (r = −0.648, p = 0.0310), which would indicate that these fatty acids could be good non-invasive indicators of the chronic inflammatory status, specifically FRE.
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Divya Kuravi S, Venkata Mohan S. Mixotrophic cultivation of isolated Messastrum gracile SVMIICT7: Photosynthetic response and product profiling. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 341:125798. [PMID: 34469817 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The isolated Messastrum gracile SVMIICT7 was mixotrophically cultivated in flat panel photobioreactor (FP-PBR) towards understanding the photosynthetic transient and product profile. Biomass productivity attained a maximum of 45 mg L-1d-1, with COD, nitrate and phosphate removal of 83.3%, 84.05%, and 74.98% respectively. Messastrum sp. showed good assimilation of proteins (124 mg g-1) (w/w), carbohydrates (119 mg g-1) (w/w) and lipids (26%) (w/w). The myristoleic acid (C14:1-39.1%) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0-29.1%) are abundant fatty acids with therapeutic, food and feed applications. The cellular ultrastructure studies revealed facile arrangement of chloroplast and starch covered pyrenoids supporting increased carbohydrate accumulation. Photosystem II (PSII) [Y(II), ETR(II), Y(NPQ), and Y(NO)] and photosystem I (PSI) [Y(I), ETR(I), Y(NA), and Y(ND)] transients showed improved photosynthetic efficiency directing microalgae growth and biomass productivity. Higher Fv/Fm values indicates relatively good water splitting and carbon fixation at PSII and PSI facilitating improved photosynthetic electron transport and synthesis of value-added products thereby enabling bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Divya Kuravi
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering (DEEE), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Tamana SK, Tun HM, Konya T, Chari RS, Field CJ, Guttman DS, Becker AB, Moraes TJ, Turvey SE, Subbarao P, Sears MR, Pei J, Scott JA, Mandhane PJ, Kozyrskyj AL. Bacteroides-dominant gut microbiome of late infancy is associated with enhanced neurodevelopment. Gut Microbes 2021; 13:1-17. [PMID: 34132157 PMCID: PMC8210878 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1930875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis of gut microbiota has been retrospectively linked to autism spectrum disorders but the temporal association between gut microbiota and early neurodevelopment in healthy infants is largely unknown. We undertook this study to determine associations between gut microbiota at two critical periods during infancy and neurodevelopment in a general population birth cohort.Here, we analyzed data from 405 infants (199 females) from the CHILD (Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development) Cohort Study. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were objectively assessed using the Bayley Scale of Infant Development (BSID-III) at 1 and 2 years of age. Microbiota profiling with 16S rRNA gene sequencing was conducted on fecal samples obtained at a mean age of 4 and 12 months.Using clustering methods, we identified three groups of infants based on relative abundance of gut microbiota at 12 months: Proteobacteria-dominant cluster (22.4% higher abundance at 12 months), Firmicutes-dominant cluster (46.0% higher abundance at 12 months) and Bacteroidetes-dominant cluster (31.6% higher abundance at 12 months). Relative to the Proteobacteria-dominant cluster, the Bacteroidetes-dominant cluster was associated with higher scores for cognitive (4.8 points; FDRp = .02), language (4.2 points; FDRp≤0.001), and motor (3.1 points; FDRp = .03) development at age 2 in models adjusted for covariates. When stratified by sex, only male infants with a Bacteroidetes-dominant microbiota had more favorable cognitive (5.9 points, FDRp = .06) and language (7.9 points; FDRp≤0.001) development. Genus Bacteroides abundance in gut microbiota was positively correlated with cognitive and language scores at age 2. Fully adjusted linear mixed model analysis revealed a positive association between Bacteroidetes-dominant cluster and change in cognitive and language performance from 1 to 2 years, predominantly among males. No associations were evident between 4-month microbiota clusters and BSID-II scores. Noteworthy is that enhanced sphingolipid synthesis and metabolism, and antagonism or competition between Bacteroides and Streptococcus were characteristic of a Bacteroidetes-dominant gut microbiota.This study found strong evidence of positive associations between Bacteroidetes gut microbiota in late infancy and subsequent neurodevelopment, most prominently among males but not females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hein M. Tun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Theodore Konya
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Radha S. Chari
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine J. Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David S. Guttman
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Allan B. Becker
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Theo J. Moraes
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart E. Turvey
- Department of Pediatrics, Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Padmaja Subbarao
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Malcolm R. Sears
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Pei
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James A. Scott
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Piush J. Mandhane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anita L. Kozyrskyj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,CONTACT Anita L. Kozyrskyj Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 3-527 Edmonton Clinic Health Academy, 11405-87th Ave, Edmonton, ABT6G 1C9, Canada
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55
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Seppo AE, Bu K, Jumabaeva M, Thakar J, Choudhury RA, Yonemitsu C, Bode L, Martina CA, Allen M, Tamburini S, Piras E, Wallach DS, Looney RJ, Clemente JC, Järvinen KM. Infant gut microbiome is enriched with Bifidobacterium longum ssp. infantis in Old Order Mennonites with traditional farming lifestyle. Allergy 2021; 76:3489-3503. [PMID: 33905556 DOI: 10.1111/all.14877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing up on traditional, single-family farms is associated with protection against asthma in school age, but the mechanisms against early manifestations of atopic disease are largely unknown. We sought determine the gut microbiome and metabolome composition in rural Old Order Mennonite (OOM) infants at low risk and Rochester, NY urban/suburban infants at high risk for atopic diseases. METHODS In a cohort of 65 OOM and 39 Rochester mother-infant pairs, 101 infant stool and 61 human milk samples were assessed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing for microbiome composition and qPCR to quantify Bifidobacterium spp. and B. longum ssp. infantis (B. infantis), a consumer of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Fatty acids (FAs) were analyzed in 34 stool and human 24 milk samples. Diagnoses and symptoms of atopic diseases by 3 years of age were assessed by telephone. RESULTS At a median age of 2 months, stool was enriched with Bifidobacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Aerococcaceae in the OOM compared with Rochester infants. B. infantis was more abundant (p < .001) and prevalent, detected in 70% of OOM compared with 21% of Rochester infants (p < .001). Stool colonized with B. infantis had higher levels of lactate and several medium- to long/odd-chain FAs. In contrast, paired human milk was enriched with a distinct set of FAs including butyrate. Atopic diseases were reported in 6.5% of OOM and 35% of Rochester children (p < .001). CONCLUSION A high rate of B. infantis colonization, similar to that seen in developing countries, is found in the OOM at low risk for atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti E. Seppo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Center for Food Allergy Department of Pediatrics University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Golisano Children's Hospital Rochester New York USA
| | - Kevin Bu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology Precision Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City NY USA
| | - Madina Jumabaeva
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Center for Food Allergy Department of Pediatrics University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Golisano Children's Hospital Rochester New York USA
| | - Juilee Thakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biostatistics University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester New York USA
| | - Rakin A. Choudhury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Biostatistics University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester New York USA
| | - Chloe Yonemitsu
- Division of Neonatology and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Department of Pediatrics University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Lars Bode
- Division of Neonatology and Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Department of Pediatrics University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
- Mother‐Milk‐Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE) University of California, San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Camille A. Martina
- Department of Public Health & Environmental Medicine University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester New York USA
| | - Maria Allen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology Department of Medicine University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester New York USA
| | - Sabrina Tamburini
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology Precision Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City NY USA
| | - Enrica Piras
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology Precision Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City NY USA
| | - David S. Wallach
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology Precision Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City NY USA
| | - R. John Looney
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology Department of Medicine University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester New York USA
| | - Jose C. Clemente
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology Precision Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York City NY USA
| | - Kirsi M. Järvinen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology Center for Food Allergy Department of Pediatrics University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Golisano Children's Hospital Rochester New York USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester New York USA
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He Y, Phan K, Bhatia S, Pickford R, Fu Y, Yang Y, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Halliday GM, Kim WS. Increased VLCFA-lipids and ELOVL4 underlie neurodegeneration in frontotemporal dementia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21348. [PMID: 34725421 PMCID: PMC8560873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rare, yet biologically critical, lipids that contain very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA-lipids) are synthesized in the brain by the enzyme ELOVL4. High levels of VLCFA-lipids are toxic to cells and excess VLCFA-lipids are actively removed by ABCD1 in an ATP-dependent manner. Virtually nothing is known about the impact of VLCFA-lipids in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we investigated the possible role of VLCFA-lipids in frontotemporal dementia (FTD), which is a leading cause of younger-onset dementia. Using quantitative discovery lipidomics, we identified three VLCFA-lipid species that were significantly increased in FTD brain compared to controls, with strong correlations with ELOVL4. Increases in ELOVL4 expression correlated with significant decreases in the membrane-bound synaptophysin in FTD brain. Furthermore, increases in ABCD1 expression correlated with increases in VLCFA-lipids. We uncovered a new pathomechanism that is pertinent to understanding the pathogenesis of FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Katherine Phan
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Surabhi Bhatia
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Russell Pickford
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - YuHong Fu
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Yue Yang
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Woojin Scott Kim
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Wouters CP, Toquet MP, Renaud B, François AC, Fortier-Guillaume J, Marcillaud-Pitel C, Boemer F, De Tullio P, Richard EA, Votion DM. Metabolomic Signatures Discriminate Horses with Clinical Signs of Atypical Myopathy from Healthy Co-grazing Horses. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4681-4692. [PMID: 34435779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Atypical myopathy (AM) is a severe rhabdomyolysis syndrome that occurs in grazing horses. Despite the presence of toxins in their blood, all horses from the same pasture are not prone to display clinical signs of AM. The objective of this study was to compare the blood metabolomic profiles of horses with AM clinical signs with those of healthy co-grazing (Co-G) horses. To do so, plasma samples from 5 AM horses and 11 Co-G horses were investigated using untargeted metabolomics. Metabolomic data were evaluated using unsupervised, supervised, and pathway analyses. Unsupervised principal component analysis performed with all detected features separated AM and healthy Co-G horses. Supervised analyses had identified 1276 features showing differential expression between both groups. Among them, 46 metabolites, belonging predominantly to the fatty acid, fatty ester, and amino acid chemical classes, were identified by standard comparison. Fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, organic dicarboxylic acids, and fatty esters were detected with higher intensities in AM horses in link with the toxins' pathological mechanism. The main relevant pathways were lipid metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine metabolism; and glycine metabolism. This study revealed characteristic metabolite changes in the plasma of clinically affected horses, which might ultimately help scientists and field veterinarians to detect and manage AM. The raw data of metabolomics are available in the MetaboLights database with the access number MTBLS2579.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis P Wouters
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France.,Normandie Université, UniCaen, EA7450 Biotargen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France.,Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium.,Pommier-Nutrition, 28170 Châteauneuf-en-Thymerais, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Toquet
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France.,Normandie Université, UniCaen, EA7450 Biotargen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Benoit Renaud
- Service of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Christine François
- Service of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Functional Sciences, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | - François Boemer
- Biochemical Genetics Lab, Department of Human Genetics, CHU of Liege, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Pascal De Tullio
- Center of Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines, Metabolomics group, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric A Richard
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053 Caen Cedex 4, France.,Normandie Université, UniCaen, EA7450 Biotargen, 3 rue Nelson Mandela, 14280 Saint-Contest, France
| | - Dominique-Marie Votion
- Equine Pole, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Sadek J, Hall DT, Colalillo B, Omer A, Tremblay AK, Sanguin‐Gendreau V, Muller W, Di Marco S, Bianchi ME, Gallouzi I. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of iNOS prevents cachexia-mediated muscle wasting and its associated metabolism defects. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13591. [PMID: 34096686 PMCID: PMC8261493 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia syndrome develops in patients with diseases such as cancer and sepsis and is characterized by progressive muscle wasting. While iNOS is one of the main effectors of cachexia, its mechanism of action and whether it could be targeted for therapy remains unexplored. Here, we show that iNOS knockout mice and mice treated with the clinically tested iNOS inhibitor GW274150 are protected against muscle wasting in models of both septic and cancer cachexia. We demonstrate that iNOS triggers muscle wasting by disrupting mitochondrial content, morphology, and energy production processes such as the TCA cycle and acylcarnitine transport. Notably, iNOS inhibits oxidative phosphorylation through impairment of complexes II and IV of the electron transport chain and reduces ATP production, leading to energetic stress, activation of AMPK, suppression of mTOR, and, ultimately, muscle atrophy. Importantly, all these effects were reversed by GW274150. Therefore, our data establish how iNOS induces muscle wasting under cachectic conditions and provide a proof of principle for the repurposing of iNOS inhibitors, such as GW274150 for the treatment of cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Sadek
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Derek T Hall
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell ResearchRegenerative Medicine ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaONCanada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | - Bianca Colalillo
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Amr Omer
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Anne‐Marie K Tremblay
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Virginie Sanguin‐Gendreau
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - William Muller
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Sergio Di Marco
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Marco Emilio Bianchi
- Division of Genetics and Cell BiologyChromatin Dynamics UnitIRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita‐Salute San Raffaele UniversityMilanItaly
| | - Imed‐Eddine Gallouzi
- Department of BiochemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research CenterMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- KAUST Smart‐Health Initiative and Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE) DivisionKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)JeddahSaudi Arabia
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Prada M, Wittenbecher C, Eichelmann F, Wernitz A, Drouin-Chartier JP, Schulze MB. Association of the odd-chain fatty acid content in lipid groups with type 2 diabetes risk: A targeted analysis of lipidomics data in the EPIC-Potsdam cohort. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:4988-4999. [PMID: 34364238 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma odd-chain saturated fatty acids (OCFA) are inversely associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk and may serve as biomarkers for dairy fat intake. Their distribution across different lipid classes and consequences for diabetes risk remain unknown. AIM To investigate the prospective associations of OCFA-containing lipid species with T2D risk and their dietary determinants. METHODS Within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam study (n = 27,548), we applied a nested case-cohort design (subcohort: n = 1,248; T2D cases: n = 820; median follow-up 6.5 years). OCFA-containing lipids included triacylglycerols, free fatty acids (FFA), cholesteryl esters (CE), phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylcholines, lysophosphatidylethanolamines, monoacylglycerols, and diacylglycerols. We estimated lipid class-specific associations between OCFA-containing lipids and T2D in sex-stratified Cox proportional-hazards models. We investigated correlations between lipids and dietary intakes derived from food-frequency questionnaires. RESULTS We observed heterogeneous integration of OCFA in different lipid classes: triacylglycerols, FFA, CE, and phosphatidylcholines contributed most to the total OCFA-plasma abundance. The relative concentration of OCFA was particularly high in monoacylglycerols, and the contribution of C15:0 versus C17:0 to the total OCFA-abundance differed across lipid classes. In women, several OCFA-containing phospholipids were inversely associated with T2D risk [phosphatidylcholine(C15:0), HR Q5 vs Q1: 0.56, 95% CI 0.32-0.97; phosphatidylcholine(C17:0), HR per SD: 0.59, 95% CI 0.48-0.71; lysophosphatidylcholine(C17:0), HR Q5 vs Q1: 0.42, 95% CI 0.23-0.76]. In men, we did not detect statistically significant inverse associations in phospholipids, and lysophosphatidylcholine(C15:0) was associated with higher T2D risk (HR Q5 vs. Q1: 1.96, 95% CI 1.06-3.63). Besides, CE(C17:0), monoacylglycerols(C15:0), and diacylglycerols(C15:0) were inversely associated with T2D risk; FFA(C17:0) was positively associated with T2D risk in women. Consumption of fat-rich dairy and fiber-rich foods were positively and red meat inversely correlated to OCFA-containing lipid plasma levels. CONCLUSIONS OCFA-containing lipids are linked to T2D risk in a lipid class and sex-specific manner, and they are correlated with several foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Prada
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Wittenbecher
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fabian Eichelmann
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wernitz
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Drouin-Chartier
- Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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60
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Microbiota and Metabolite Modifications after Dietary Exclusion of Dairy Products and Reduced Consumption of Fermented Food in Young and Older Men. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061905. [PMID: 34205926 PMCID: PMC8228243 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota adapts to age-related changes in host physiology but is also affected by environmental stimuli, like diet. As a source of both pre- and probiotics, dairy and fermented foods modulate the gut microbiota composition, which makes them interesting food groups to use for the investigation of interactions between diet and ageing. Here we present the effects of excluding dairy products and limiting fermented food consumption for 19 days on gut microbiota composition and circulating metabolites of 28 healthy, young (YA) and older (OA) adult men. The intervention affected gut microbial composition in both groups, with significant increases in Akkermansia muciniphila and decreases in bacteria of the Clostridiales order. Lower fasting levels of glucose and insulin, as well as dairy-associated metabolites like lactose and pentadecanoic acid, were observed after the intervention, with no effect of age. The intervention also decreased HDL and LDL cholesterol levels. Dairy fat intake was positively associated with the HDL cholesterol changes but not with the LDL/HDL ratio. In conclusion, restricting the intake of dairy and fermented foods in men modified their gut microbiota and blood metabolites, while the impact of the dietary restrictions on these outcomes was more marked than the effect of age.
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61
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Nychyk O, Barton W, Rudolf AM, Boscaini S, Walsh A, Bastiaanssen TFS, Giblin L, Cormican P, Chen L, Piotrowicz Y, Derous D, Fanning Á, Yin X, Grant J, Melgar S, Brennan L, Mitchell SE, Cryan JF, Wang J, Cotter PD, Speakman JR, Nilaweera KN. Protein quality and quantity influence the effect of dietary fat on weight gain and tissue partitioning via host-microbiota changes. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109093. [PMID: 33979605 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated how protein quantity (10%-30%) and quality (casein and whey) interact with dietary fat (20%-55%) to affect metabolic health in adult mice. Although dietary fat was the main driver of body weight gain and individual tissue weight, high (30%) casein intake accentuated and high whey intake reduced the negative metabolic aspects of high fat. Jejunum and liver transcriptomics revealed increased intestinal permeability, low-grade inflammation, altered lipid metabolism, and liver dysfunction in casein-fed but not whey-fed animals. These differential effects were accompanied by altered gut size and microbial functions related to amino acid degradation and lipid metabolism. Fecal microbiota transfer confirmed that the casein microbiota increases and the whey microbiota impedes weight gain. These data show that the effects of dietary fat on weight gain and tissue partitioning are further influenced by the quantity and quality of the associated protein, primarily via effects on the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Nychyk
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Wiley Barton
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Agata M Rudolf
- Key State Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Serena Boscaini
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Aaron Walsh
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Linda Giblin
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Paul Cormican
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, County Meath, Ireland
| | - Liang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yolanda Piotrowicz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Davina Derous
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Áine Fanning
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Xiaofei Yin
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jim Grant
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Silvia Melgar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sharon E Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Jun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - John R Speakman
- Key State Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China; Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kanishka N Nilaweera
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
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DeltaF508 CFTR Hetero- and Homozygous Paediatric Patients with Cystic Fibrosis Do Not Differ with Regard to Nutritional Status. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051402. [PMID: 33919435 PMCID: PMC8143312 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional status between deltaF508 CFTR hetero- and homozygous paediatric patients with cystic fibrosis. We assessed the percentage profiles of fatty acids measured in erythrocyte membranes and the serum levels of vitamins A, D3, E and K1 in the studied groups. We also measured the weights and heights and calculated the body mass indexes (BMIs). The studied groups consisted of 34 heterozygous and 30 homozygous patients. No statistically significant differences were found in the serum vitamins or erythrocyte membrane fatty acid profiles between the hetero- and homozygous patient groups, except for heptadecanoic acid (p = 0.038). The mean percentiles of height, weight and BMI did not differ significantly between the two groups. The homozygous and heterozygous paediatric patients with cystic fibrosis were similar in terms of their nutritional statuses.
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Kokova D, Verhoeven A, Perina EA, Ivanov VV, Heijink M, Yazdanbakhsh M, Mayboroda OA. Metabolic Homeostasis in Chronic Helminth Infection Is Sustained by Organ-Specific Metabolic Rewiring. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:906-916. [PMID: 33764039 PMCID: PMC8154418 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Opisthorchiasis, is a hepatobiliary disease caused by flukes of the trematode family Opisthorchiidae. A chronic form of the disease implies a prolonged coexistence of a host and the parasite. The pathological changes inflicted by the worm to the host's hepatobiliary system are well documented. Yet, the response to the infection also triggers a deep remodeling of the host systemic metabolism reaching a new homeostasis and affecting the organs beyond the worm location. Understanding the metabolic alternation in chronic opisthorchiasis, could help us to pinpoint pathways that underlie infection opening possibilities for the development of more selective treatment strategies. Here, with this report we apply an integrative, multicompartment metabolomics analysis, using multiple biofluids, stool samples and tissue extracts to describe metabolic changes in Opisthorchis felineus infected animals at the chronic stage. We show that the shift in lipid metabolism in the serum, a depletion of the amino acids pool, an alteration of the ketogenic pathways in the jejunum and a suppressed metabolic activity of the spleen are the key features of the metabolic host adaptation at the chronic stage of O. felineus infection. We describe this combination of the metabolic changes as a "metabolically mediated immunosuppressive status of organism" which develops during a chronic infection. This status in combination with other factors (e.g., parasite-derived immunomodulators) might increase risk of infection-related malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kokova
- Department
of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden, 2333ZA, The Netherlands
- Laboratory
of Clinical Metabolomics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Aswin Verhoeven
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina A. Perina
- Central
Research Laboratory Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V. Ivanov
- Central
Research Laboratory Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk 634050, Russian Federation
| | - Marieke Heijink
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department
of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical
Center, Leiden, 2333ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Oleg A. Mayboroda
- Center
for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden
University Medical Center, Leiden, 2333ZA, The Netherlands
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Naegeli H, Bresson JL, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, Firbank LG, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Moreno FJ, Mullins E, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Álvarez F, Ardizzone M, Fernandez A, Gennaro A, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Kagkli DM, Lanzoni A, Neri FM, Papadopoulou N, Paraskevopoulos K, Raffaello T, Streissl F, De Sanctis G. Assessment of genetically modified soybean GMB151 for food and feed uses, under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-NL-2018-153). EFSA J 2021; 19:e06424. [PMID: 33897857 PMCID: PMC8054566 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean GMB151 was developed to confer tolerance to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor herbicides and resistance to nematodes. The molecular characterisation data and bioinformatic analyses do not identify issues requiring food/feed safety assessment. None of the identified differences in the agronomic/phenotypic and compositional characteristics tested between soybean GMB151 and its conventional counterpart needs further assessment, except for palmitic acid and heptadecenoic acid in seeds and carbohydrate and crude protein in forage, which does not raise nutritional and safety concerns. The GMO Panel does not identify safety concerns regarding the toxicity and allergenicity of the HPPD-4 and Cry14Ab-1 proteins as expressed in soybean GMB151, and finds no evidence that the genetic modification would change the overall allergenicity of soybean GMB151. In the context of this application, the consumption of food and feed from soybean GMB151 does not represent a nutritional concern in humans and animals. The GMO Panel concludes that soybean GMB151 is as safe as the conventional counterpart and non-GM soybean reference varieties tested, and no post-market monitoring of food/feed is considered necessary. In the case of accidental release of viable soybean GMB151 seeds into the environment, this would not raise environmental safety concerns. The post-market environmental monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses of soybean GMB151. The GMO Panel concludes that soybean GMB151 is as safe as its conventional counterpart and the tested non-GM soybean reference varieties with respect to potential effects on human and animal health and the environment.
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Patel A, Sarkar O, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Matsakas L. Valorization of volatile fatty acids derived from low-cost organic waste for lipogenesis in oleaginous microorganisms-A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 321:124457. [PMID: 33316701 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To meet environmental sustainability goals, microbial oils have been suggested as an alternative to petroleum-based products. At present, microbial fermentation for oil production relies on pure sugar-based feedstocks. However, these feedstocks are expensive and are in limited supply. Volatile fatty acids, which are generated as intermediates during anaerobic digestion of organic waste have emerged as a renewable feedstock that has the potential to replace conventional sugar sources for microbial oil production. They comprise short-chain (C2 to C6) organic acids and are employed as building blocks in the chemical industry. The present review discusses the use of oleaginous microorganisms for the production of biofuels and added-value products starting from volatile fatty acids as feedstocks. The review describes the metabolic pathways enabling lipogenesis from volatile fatty acids, and focuses on strategies to enhance lipid accumulation in oleaginous microorganisms by tuning the ratios of volatile fatty acids generated via anaerobic fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Omprakash Sarkar
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
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Park YK, Bordes F, Letisse F, Nicaud JM. Engineering precursor pools for increasing production of odd-chain fatty acids in Yarrowia lipolytica. Metab Eng Commun 2021; 12:e00158. [PMID: 33391990 PMCID: PMC7773535 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2020.e00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial production of lipids is one of the promising alternatives to fossil resources with increasing environmental and energy concern. Odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA), a type of unusual lipids, are recently gaining a lot of interest as target compounds in microbial production due to their diverse applications in the medical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. In this study, we aimed to enhance the pool of precursors with three-carbon chain (propionyl-CoA) and five-carbon chain (β-ketovaleryl-CoA) for the production of OCFAs in Yarrowia lipolytica. We evaluated different propionate-activating enzymes and the overexpression of propionyl-CoA transferase gene from Ralstonia eutropha increased the accumulation of OCFAs by 3.8 times over control strain, indicating propionate activation is the limiting step of OCFAs synthesis. It was shown that acetate supplement was necessary to restore growth and to produce a higher OCFA contents in total lipids, suggesting the balance of the precursors between acetyl-CoA and propionyl-CoA is crucial for OCFA accumulation. To improve β-ketovaleryl-CoA pools for further increase of OCFA production, we co-expressed the bktB encoding β-ketothiolase in the producing strain, and the OCFA production was increased by 33% compared to control. Combining strain engineering and the optimization of the C/N ratio promoted the OCFA production up to 1.87 g/L representing 62% of total lipids, the highest recombinant OCFAs titer reported in yeast, up to date. This study provides a strong basis for the microbial production of OCFAs and its derivatives having high potentials in a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kyoung Park
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florence Bordes
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabien Letisse
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marc Nicaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Izadi B, Mohebbi-Fani M, Hosseinzadeh S, Shekarforoush SS, Nazifi S, Rasooli A. Alteration of fatty acid profile of milk in Holstein cows fed Bacillus coagulans as probiotic: a field study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2021; 22:100-106. [PMID: 34306106 PMCID: PMC8294820 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2021.38159.5558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics may improve milk quality and the general health status of animals. AIMS The effects of dietary Bacillus coagulans PRM101 on milk components, milk fatty acids (FA), and some health indicators of dairy cows were investigated. METHODS The probiotic was added to the feed of 12 Holstein cows (2 g/cow: 2 × 1011 CFU/cow) for 63 days compared to a control group fed on the basal ration (n=11). Milk and blood samples were taken on days 0, 21, 42, and 63. RESULTS The yields of milk and energy corrected milk (ECM; computed from milk weight and its fat and protein content) decreased linearly and similarly (P=0.60) in both groups. The treatment cows, however, showed quadratic increases in the weights of milk (P=0.03) and ECM (P=0.04) at d42 of the study. Energy corrected milk (d42, P<0.05) and crude protein content of milk (d42, P<0.05; d63, P<0.1) were higher in the cows receiving the probiotic. The proportions of heptadecanoic (C17:0; P=0.002) and linoleic (C18:2; P=0.077) acids in milk fat (g/100 g fat) were higher in the treatment cows on d63. Milk total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and similarly, amyloid A (AA) and haptoglobin (Hp) of milk and blood were not affected. Total antioxidant capacity and MDA were negatively correlated in the control group (r=-0.669, P=0.005). Heptadecanoic acid correlated negatively with milk MDA (r=-0.611, P=0.035) and positively (r=0.591, P=0.043) with serum Hp in the treatment cows. CONCLUSION Dietary B. coagulans PRM101 may improve the proportions of C17:0 and C18:2 FA in milk. Some improvements in milk protein and the health status of the cows may also be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Izadi
- Graduated from School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M. Mohebbi-Fani
- Department of Animal Health Management, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S. Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S. S. Shekarforoush
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S. Nazifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A. Rasooli
- Department of Animal Health Management, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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68
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Poppitt SD. Cow's Milk and Dairy Consumption: Is There Now Consensus for Cardiometabolic Health? Front Nutr 2020; 7:574725. [PMID: 33364249 PMCID: PMC7753100 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.574725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow's milk and dairy products derived from this complex food source have long been proposed as beneficial to human health, yet underlying clinical evidence of direct benefit continues to raise controversy. Limited evidence supports positive cardiometabolic effects of a number of dairy macro- and micronutrient components including whey protein and casein, unsaturated fats, milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) and polar phospholipids, vitamin D and calcium, in addition to non-bovine components including bacterial and yeast probiotics. More controversial remain lipid components trans fats, including trans vaccenic acid, trans palmitoleic acid, and conjugated cis trans linoleic acid (CLA), plus medium-chain and odd-chain dairy fats. New evidence is rapidly identifying multiple pathways by which these dairy nutrients may effect health. Processing, including fermentation and homogenization, may also have positive effects. Conversely, the high saturated fat content of dairy has long raised concern, aligned with international guidelines to minimize dietary intake of animal-origin saturated fatty acids (SFA) to achieve better cardiometabolic health. However, led in part by observational studies and meta-analyses showing dairy to have no or even an inverse association with cardiometabolic health, evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has been scrutinized over the last 5 years, and focus on low-fat dairy has been challenged. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that adverse effects of SFAs on metabolic health may be ameliorated when these fats are consumed within a complex matrix such as milk, cheese or yogurt, and that dairy food categories may influence outcomes as much as total fat content. For example, yogurt and high-fat, high-SFA cheese have a negative association with risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in many, not all, published trials. However, large sample dairy RCTs of long duration with CVD or T2D incidence as primary endpoints are lacking. This is a clear research gap, with these clinical studies required if a causative link between dairy and improved cardiometabolic health is to be confirmed and in turn promoted through dietary guidelines. Current advisories from national guidance groups such as American Heart Association (AHA) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) continue to promote consumption of low-fat dairy products, whilst liquid milk and yogurt remain part of nutrition guidelines from joint American Diabetes Association (ADA)/European Association for Study of Diabetes (EASD) reports, and as part of a “no-one-size-fits-all” answer to diet and T2D by the ADA in their most recent 2019 Consensus Report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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B. Gowda SG, Gowda D, Liang C, Li Y, Kawakami K, Fukiya S, Yokota A, Chiba H, Hui SP. Chemical Labeling Assisted Detection and Identification of Short Chain Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acid in Rat Colon and Cecum Contents. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10100398. [PMID: 33050007 PMCID: PMC7600112 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are novel endogenous lipids with important physiological functions in mammals. We previously identified a new type of FAHFAs, named short-chain fatty acid esterified hydroxy fatty acids (SFAHFAs), with acetyl or propyl esters of hydroxy fatty acids of carbon chains, C ≥ 20. However, sensitive determination of SFAHFAs is still a challenge, due to their high structural similarity and low abundance in biological samples. This study employs one-step chemical derivatization following total lipid extraction using 2-dimethylaminoethylamine (DMED) for enhanced detection of SFAHFAs. The labeled extracts were subjected to ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to linear ion trap quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC/LTQ-Orbitrap MS). Our results demonstrated that the detection sensitivities of SFAHFAs increased after DMED labeling, and is highly helpful in discovering six additional novel SFAHFAs in the cecum and colon contents of WKAH/HKmSlc rats fed with normal and high-fat diet (HFD). The identified DMED labeled SFAHFAs were characterized by their detailed MS/MS analysis, and their plausible fragmentation patterns were proposed. The concentrations of SFAHFAs were significantly reduced in the cecum of HFD group compared to the control. Hence, the proposed method could be a promising tool to apply for the enhanced detection of SFAHFAs in various biological matrices, which in turn facilitate the understanding of their sources, and physiological functions of these novel lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddabasave Gowda B. Gowda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (S.G.B.G.); (D.G.)
- Graduate School of Global Food Resources, Hokkaido University, Kita-9, Nishi-9, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0809, Japan
| | - Divyavani Gowda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (S.G.B.G.); (D.G.)
| | - Chongsheng Liang
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (C.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yonghan Li
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (C.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kentaro Kawakami
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (K.K.); (S.F.); (A.Y.)
| | - Satoru Fukiya
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (K.K.); (S.F.); (A.Y.)
| | - Atsushi Yokota
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan; (K.K.); (S.F.); (A.Y.)
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Nakanuma Nishi-4-3-1-15, Higashi-Ku, Sapporo 007-0894, Japan;
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan; (S.G.B.G.); (D.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +8111-706-3692
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Xiang AS, Giles C, Loh RK, Formosa MF, Eikelis N, Lambert GW, Meikle PJ, Kingwell BA, Carey AL. Plasma Docosahexaenoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Concentrations Are Positively Associated with Brown Adipose Tissue Activity in Humans. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10100388. [PMID: 32998426 PMCID: PMC7601733 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation is a possible therapeutic strategy to increase energy expenditure and improve metabolic homeostasis in obesity. Recent studies have revealed novel interactions between BAT and circulating lipid species—in particular, the non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and oxylipin lipid classes. This study aimed to identify individual lipid species that may be associated with cold-stimulated BAT activity in humans. A panel of 44 NEFA and 41 oxylipin species were measured using mass-spectrometry-based lipidomics in the plasma of fourteen healthy male participants before and after 90 min of mild cold exposure. Lipid measures were correlated with BAT activity measured via 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), along with norepinephrine (NE) concentration (a surrogate marker of sympathetic activity). The study identified a significant increase in total NEFA concentration following cold exposure that was positively associated with NE concentration change. Individually, 33 NEFA and 11 oxylipin species increased significantly in response to cold exposure. The concentration of the omega-3 NEFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at baseline was significantly associated with BAT activity, and the cold-induced change in 18 NEFA species was significantly associated with BAT activity. No significant associations were identified between BAT activity and oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie S. Xiang
- Metabolic and Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia; (A.S.X.); (R.K.C.L.); (M.F.F.); (B.A.K.); (A.L.C.)
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Corey Giles
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-8532-1536
| | - Rebecca K.C. Loh
- Metabolic and Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia; (A.S.X.); (R.K.C.L.); (M.F.F.); (B.A.K.); (A.L.C.)
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Melissa F. Formosa
- Metabolic and Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia; (A.S.X.); (R.K.C.L.); (M.F.F.); (B.A.K.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Nina Eikelis
- Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne Institute of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia; (N.E.); (G.W.L.)
| | - Gavin W. Lambert
- Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne Institute of Technology, Melbourne 3122, Australia; (N.E.); (G.W.L.)
| | - Peter J. Meikle
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia;
| | - Bronwyn A. Kingwell
- Metabolic and Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia; (A.S.X.); (R.K.C.L.); (M.F.F.); (B.A.K.); (A.L.C.)
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3004, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- Research Therapeutic Area, CSL Limited, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew L. Carey
- Metabolic and Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia; (A.S.X.); (R.K.C.L.); (M.F.F.); (B.A.K.); (A.L.C.)
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne 3800, Australia
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71
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Gowda SGB, Liang C, Gowda D, Hou F, Kawakami K, Fukiya S, Yokota A, Chiba H, Hui SP. Identification of short-chain fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (SFAHFAs) in a murine model by nontargeted analysis using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/linear ion trap quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8831. [PMID: 32415683 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are recently discovered endogenous lipids with outstanding health benefits. FAHFAs are known to exhibit antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. The number of known long-chain FAHFAs in mammalian tissues and dietary resources increased recently because of the latest developments in high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry techniques. However, there are no reports on the identification of short-chain fatty acid esterified hydroxy fatty acids (SFAHFAs). METHODS Intestinal contents, tissues, and plasma of rats fed with high-fat diet (HFD) and normal diet (ND) were analyzed for fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids, and FAHFAs using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and linear trap quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (LTQ Orbitrap MS) with negative heated electrospray ionization. RESULTS Untargeted analysis of total lipid extracts from murine samples (male 13-week-old WKAH/HKmSlc rats) led to the identification of several new SFAHFAs of acetic acid or propanoic acid esterified long-chain (>C20)-hydroxy fatty acids. Furthermore, MS3 analysis revealed the position of the hydroxyl group in the long-chain fatty acid as C-2. The relative amounts of SFAHFAs were quantified in intestinal contents and their tissues (Cecum, small intestine, and large intestine), liver, and plasma of rats fed with HFD and ND. The large intestine showed the highest abundance of SFAHFAs with a concentration range from 0.84 to 57 pmol/mg followed by the cecum with a range of 0.66 to 28.6 pmol/mg. The SFAHFAs were significantly altered between the HFD and ND groups, with a strong decreasing tendency under HFD conditions. CONCLUSIONS Identification of these novel SFAHFAs can contribute to a better understanding of the chemical and biological properties of individual SFAHFAs and their possible sources in the gut, which in turn helps us tackle the role of these lipids in various metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chongsheng Liang
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Divyavani Gowda
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Fengjue Hou
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawakami
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Satoru Fukiya
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yokota
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita-9 Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Nakanuma Nishi-4-3-1-15, Higashi-Ku, Sapporo, 007-0894, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12 Nishi-5, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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Lipidomic UPLC-MS/MS Profiles of Normal-Appearing White Matter Differentiate Primary and Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10090366. [PMID: 32911763 PMCID: PMC7569864 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative inflammatory disease where an autoimmune response to components of the central nervous system leads to a loss of myelin and subsequent neurological deterioration. People with MS can develop primary or secondary progressive disease (PPMS, SPMS) and differentiation of the specific differences in the pathogenesis of these two courses, at the molecular level, is currently unclear. Recently, lipidomics studies using human biofluids, mainly plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, have highlighted a possible role for lipids in the initiation and progression of MS. However, there is a lack of lipidomics studies in MS on CNS tissues, such as normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), where local inflammation initially occurs. Herein, we developed an untargeted reverse phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (RP-UPLC-TOF MSE)-based workflow, in combination with multivariate and univariate statistical analysis, to assess significant differences in lipid profiles in brain NAWM from post-mortem cases of PPMS, SPMS and controls. Groups of eight control, nine PPMS and seven SPMS NAWM samples were used. Correlation analysis of the identified lipids by RP-UPLC-TOF MSE was undertaken to remove those lipids that correlated with age, gender and post-mortem interval as confounding factors. We demonstrate that there is a significantly altered lipid profile of control cases compared with MS cases and that progressive disease, PPMS and SPMS, can be differentiated on the basis of the lipidome of NAWM with good sensitivity, specificity and prediction accuracy based on receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that the most altered lipid pathways between PPMS and SPMS were glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycerophosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchor synthesis and linoleic acid metabolism. Further understanding of the impact of these lipid alterations described herein associated with progression will provide an increased understanding of the mechanisms underpinning progression and highlight possible new therapeutic targets.
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73
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Yeow LC, Chew BL, Sreeramanan S. Elevation of secondary metabolites production through light-emitting diodes (LEDs) illumination in protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of Dendrobium hybrid orchid rich in phytochemicals with therapeutic effects. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 27:e00497. [PMID: 32695616 PMCID: PMC7365977 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds with anticancer properties in protocorm-like-body (PLB) cultures of a Dendrobium hybrid orchid (Dendrobium Enopi x Dendrobium Pink Lady). Pre-illumination of red fluorescent light lessened the stimulating effects of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on secondary metabolites production among in vitro PLB cultures, possibly due to habituation. The highest flavonoid content of 16.79 μmol/ g of fresh weight (FW) was achieved under blue-red (1:1) LED for PLBs pre-treated with white LED for more than 3 subculture cycles. Phenolics content significantly reduced as PLBs pre-cultured under red fluorescent light for 2 subculture cycles were exposed to LED illuminations, where far red LED resulted in the lowest total phenolic content (18.85 μmol/ g FW). High intensity green LED (16.9 μmol/s) enhanced the accumulation of phenolics while amino acids such as L-leucine, glycine and proline exhibited no significant stimulating effect for secondary metabolites production.
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Key Words
- Bioactive compounds
- DDMP, 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl
- GCMS, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- GSH, Reduced glutathione
- Habituation
- LED, Light-emitting diode
- Light-emitting diodes
- NF-KB, Nuclear factor kappa B
- PAL, Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase
- PLB, Protocorm-like bodies
- Phenolics
- Protocorm-like-body
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- Lit Chow Yeow
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11700 Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Bee Lynn Chew
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11700 Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Subramaniam Sreeramanan
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11700 Gelugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
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Nudda A, Cannas A, Correddu F, Atzori AS, Lunesu MF, Battacone G, Pulina G. Sheep and Goats Respond Differently to Feeding Strategies Directed to Improve the Fatty Acid Profile of Milk Fat. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081290. [PMID: 32731516 PMCID: PMC7459846 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sheep and goat milk, as well as dairy products, are considered good sources of high-quality nutrients, particularly proteins and fats. Many positive effects on human health have been attributed to the consumption of dairy containing specific fatty acids, including some compounds originating from the polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) biohydrogenation operated by rumen microbes. In this bibliographic review, several nutritional strategies able to improve the milk fatty acids (FA) profile, in terms of an increase in the concentration of fatty acids considered beneficial to human health, are presented and discussed, with special attention to the differences between the two species. Abstract This bibliographic review presents and discusses the nutritional strategies able to increase the concentration of beneficial fatty acids (FA) in sheep and goat milk, and dairy products, with a particular focus on the polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), and highlights differences between the two species. In fact, by adopting appropriate feeding strategies, it is possible to markedly vary the concentration of fat in milk and improve its FA composition. These strategies are based mostly on the utilization of herbage rich in PUFA, or on the inclusion of vegetable, marine, or essential oils in the diet of lactating animals. Sheep respond more effectively than goats to the utilization of fresh herbage and to nutritional approaches that improve the milk concentration of c9,t11-conjugated linoleic acid (c9,t11-CLA) and α-linolenic acid. Dietary polyphenols can influence milk FA profile, reducing or inhibiting the activity and growth of some strains of rumen microbes involved in the biohydrogenation of PUFA. Although the effectiveness of plant secondary compounds in improving milk FA composition is still controversial, an overall positive effect has been observed on the concentration of PUFA and RA, without marked differences between sheep and goats. On the other hand, the positive effect of dietary polyphenols on the oxidative stability of milk fat appears to be more consistent.
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Sato A, Ohhara Y, Miura S, Yamakawa-Kobayashi K. The presence of odd-chain fatty acids in Drosophila phospholipids. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:2139-2148. [PMID: 32633700 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1790337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most fatty acids in phospholipids and other lipid species carry an even number of carbon atoms. Also odd-chain fatty acids (OCFAs), such as C15:0 and C17:0, are widespread throughout the living organism. However, the qualitative and quantitative profiles of OCFAs-containing lipids in living organisms remain unclear. Here, we show that OCFAs are present in Drosophila phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and that their level increases in accordance with progression of growth. Furthermore, we found that food-derived propionic acid/propanoic acid (C3:0) is utilized for production of OCFA-containing PC and PE. This study provides the basis for understanding in vivo function of OCFA-containing phospholipids in development and lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Sato
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuya Ohhara
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka, Japan.,School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka, Japan.,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinji Miura
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka, Japan.,School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kimiko Yamakawa-Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka, Japan.,School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka , Shizuoka, Japan
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76
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Ellsworth L, Perng W, Harman E, Das A, Pennathur S, Gregg B. Impact of maternal overweight and obesity on milk composition and infant growth. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2020; 16:e12979. [PMID: 32074402 PMCID: PMC7296794 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Overweight and obesity (OW/OB) impact half of the pregnancies in the United States and can have negative consequences for offspring health. Studies are limited on human milk alterations in the context of maternal obesity. Alterations in milk are hypothesized to impact offspring development during the critical period of lactation. We aimed to evaluate the relationships between mothers with OW/OB (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2 ), infant growth, and selected milk nutrients. We recruited mother-infant dyads with pre-pregnancy OW/OB and normal weight status. The primary study included 52 dyads with infant growth measures through 6 months. Thirty-two dyads provided milk at 2 weeks, which was analysed for macronutrients, long-chain fatty acids, and insulin. We used multivariable linear regression to examine the association of maternal weight status with infant growth, maternal weight status with milk components, and milk components with infant growth. Mothers with OW/OB had infants with higher weight-for-length (WFL) and BMI Z-scores at birth. Mothers with OW/OB had higher milk insulin and dihomo-gamma-linolenic, adrenic, and palmitic acids and reduced conjugated linoleic and oleic acids. N6 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA)-driven factor 1 was associated with higher WFL, lower length-for-age (LFA), and lower head circumference-for-age Z-scores change from 2 weeks to 2 months in human milk-fed infants, whereas N6 LC-PUFA-driven factor 5 was associated with lower LFA Z-score change. Human milk composition is associated with maternal pre-pregnancy weight status and composition may be a contributing factor to early infant growth trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Ellsworth
- Division of Neonatal‐Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable DiseasesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Wei Perng
- Nutrition Sciences at the School of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Department of Epidemiology and Lifecourse Epidemiology and Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public HealthUniversity of Colorado DenverAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Emma Harman
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable DiseasesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Arun Das
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Brigid Gregg
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable DiseasesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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77
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Saturated Fats and Health: A Reassessment and Proposal for Food-Based Recommendations: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020; 76:844-857. [PMID: 32562735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The recommendation to limit dietary saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake has persisted despite mounting evidence to the contrary. Most recent meta-analyses of randomized trials and observational studies found no beneficial effects of reducing SFA intake on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and total mortality, and instead found protective effects against stroke. Although SFAs increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, in most individuals, this is not due to increasing levels of small, dense LDL particles, but rather larger LDL particles, which are much less strongly related to CVD risk. It is also apparent that the health effects of foods cannot be predicted by their content in any nutrient group without considering the overall macronutrient distribution. Whole-fat dairy, unprocessed meat, and dark chocolate are SFA-rich foods with a complex matrix that are not associated with increased risk of CVD. The totality of available evidence does not support further limiting the intake of such foods.
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78
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Jarrell ZR, Smith MR, Hu X, Orr M, Liu KH, Quyyumi AA, Jones DP, Go YM. Plasma acylcarnitine levels increase with healthy aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:13555-13570. [PMID: 32554854 PMCID: PMC7377890 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Acylcarnitines transport fatty acids into mitochondria and are essential for β-oxidation and energy metabolism. Decreased mitochondrial activity results in increased plasma acylcarnitines, and increased acylcarnitines activate proinflammatory signaling and associate with age-related disease. Changes in acylcarnitines associated with healthy aging, however, are not well characterized. In the present study, we examined the associations of plasma acylcarnitines with age (range: 20-90) in 163 healthy, non-diseased individuals from the predictive medicine research cohort (NCT00336570) and tested for gender-specific differences. The results show that long-chain and very long-chain acylcarnitines increased with age, while many odd-chain acylcarnitines decreased with age. Gender-specific differences were observed for several acylcarnitines, e.g., eicosadienoylcarnitine varied with age in males, and hydroxystearoylcarnitine varied in females. Metabolome-wide association study (MWAS) of age-associated acylcarnitines with all untargeted metabolic features showed little overlap between genders. These results show that plasma concentrations of acylcarnitines vary with age and gender in individuals selected for criteria of health. Whether these variations reflect mitochondrial dysfunction with aging, mitochondrial reprogramming in response to chronic environmental exposures, early pre-disease change, or an adaptive response to healthy aging, is unclear. The results highlight a potential utility for untargeted metabolomics research to elucidate gender-specific mechanisms of aging and age-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R. Jarrell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - M. Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xin Hu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Orr
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ken H. Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Arshed A. Quyyumi
- Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Pentadecanoic Acid, an Odd-Chain Fatty Acid, Suppresses the Stemness of MCF-7/SC Human Breast Cancer Stem-Like Cells through JAK2/STAT3 Signaling. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061663. [PMID: 32503225 PMCID: PMC7352840 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Saturated fatty acids possess few health benefits compared to unsaturated fatty acids. However, increasing experimental evidence demonstrates the nutritionally beneficial role of odd-chain saturated fatty acids in human health. In this study, the anti-cancer effects of pentadecanoic acid were evaluated in human breast carcinoma MCF-7/stem-like cells (SC), a cell line with greater mobility, invasiveness, and cancer stem cell properties compared to the parental MCF-7 cells. Pentadecanoic acid exerted selective cytotoxic effects in MCF-7/SC compared to in the parental cells. Moreover, pentadecanoic acid reduced the stemness of MCF-7/SC and suppressed the migratory and invasive ability of MCF-7/SC as evidenced by the results of flow cytometry, a mammosphere formation assay, an aldehyde dehydrogenase activity assay, and Western blot experiments conducted to analyze the expression of cancer stem cell markers—CD44, β-catenin, MDR1, and MRP1—and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers—snail, slug, MMP9, and MMP2. In addition, pentadecanoic acid suppressed interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced JAK2/STAT3 signaling, induced cell cycle arrest at the sub-G1 phase, and promoted caspase-dependent apoptosis in MCF-7/SC. These findings indicate that pentadecanoic acid can serve as a novel JAK2/STAT3 signaling inhibitor in breast cancer cells and suggest the beneficial effects of pentadecanoic acid-rich food intake during breast cancer treatments.
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80
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Efficacy of dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acid pentadecanoic acid parallels broad associated health benefits in humans: could it be essential? Sci Rep 2020; 10:8161. [PMID: 32424181 PMCID: PMC7235264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64960-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acids (OCFAs) are present in trace levels in dairy fat and some fish and plants. Higher circulating concentrations of OCFAs, pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), are associated with lower risks of cardiometabolic diseases, and higher dietary intake of OCFAs is associated with lower mortality. Population-wide circulating OCFA levels, however, have been declining over recent years. Here, we show C15:0 as an active dietary fatty acid that attenuates inflammation, anemia, dyslipidemia, and fibrosis in vivo, potentially by binding to key metabolic regulators and repairing mitochondrial function. This is the first demonstration of C15:0's direct role in attenuating multiple comorbidities using relevant physiological mechanisms at established circulating concentrations. Pairing our findings with evidence that (1) C15:0 is not readily made endogenously, (2) lower C15:0 dietary intake and blood concentrations are associated with higher mortality and a poorer physiological state, and (3) C15:0 has demonstrated activities and efficacy that parallel associated health benefits in humans, we propose C15:0 as a potential essential fatty acid. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential impact of decades of reduced intake of OCFA-containing foods as contributors to C15:0 deficiencies and susceptibilities to chronic disease.
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81
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Vissers LET, Soedamah-Muthu SS, van der Schouw YT, Zuithoff NPA, Geleijnse JM, Sluijs I. Consumption of a diet high in dairy leads to higher 15:0 in cholesteryl esters of healthy people when compared to diets high in meat and grain. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:804-809. [PMID: 32139254 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A higher dairy product intake has been associated to higher blood concentrations of 15:0 (pentadecanoic acid), 17:0 (margaric acid), and 14:0 (myristic acid). This study investigates whether a diet high in dairy products influences cholesteryl ester fatty acid concentrations of these specific fatty acids (FA). METHODS AND RESULTS In a randomized multiple cross-over study, 13 men and 17 women aged 22 ± 4 years with a BMI of 21.6 ± 2.2 kg/m2 received 3 isocaloric intervention diets (dairy, meat or grain) in random order. For this post-hoc analysis, FA in plasma cholesteryl esters were measured using gas chromatography. We performed a linear mixed model per centered log-ratio transformed FA, adjusting for period, and the interaction between diet and period. Consumed total fat intake per controlled intervention diet was 31.0 ± 0.9 en%/day (dairy), 31.5 ± 0.6 en%/day (meat), and 28.4 ± 1.2 en%/day (grain), respectively. The dairy diet led to higher relative concentrations of 15:0 when compared to diets high in meat and grain, (β; 0.27, 95%CI: 0.18,0.37; p = 1.2 × 10-5, and β: 0.15; 95%CI: 0.06,0.24; p = 1.2 × 10-2, respectively). The dairy diet also led to higher 14:0 when compared to the meat diet (β: 0.34; 95%CI: 0.21,0.46; p = 6.0 × 10-5), but not when compared to the grain diet. 17:0 did not differ between diets. CONCLUSION The plasma cholesteryl ester fraction after a diet high in dairy was characterized by higher 15:0 levels. Concentrations of 14:0 were only higher when comparing the FA profile after a diet high in dairy when compared to a diet high in meat. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01314040.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda E T Vissers
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Sabita S Soedamah-Muthu
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Center of Research on Psychological and Somatic Disorders (CORPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, the Netherlands; Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas P A Zuithoff
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna M Geleijnse
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne Sluijs
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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82
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Kukharenko A, Brito A, Kozhevnikova MV, Moskaleva N, Markin PA, Bochkareva N, Korobkova EO, Belenkov YN, Privalova EV, Larcova EV, Ariani A, La Frano MR, Appolonova SA. Relationship between the plasma acylcarnitine profile and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 507:250-256. [PMID: 32376321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is often asymptomatic. Identification of initial indicators of cardiometabolic disruption may assist in its early detection. The objective was to determine the relationships between plasma acylcarnitines (ACs) and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with and without CVDs. The AC profile in human plasma of healthy controls [non-CVD group, n = 13)] and individuals diagnosed with CVDs (CVD group, n = 34) were compared. A targeted analysis of 29 ACs was performed using flow injection analysis-tandem mass spectrometry. There were significant direct correlations (p < 0.05) between ACs and cardiometabolic risk factors. Comparing the groups after adjustment for covariates, showed that the ACs that were best differentiated (p < 0.05) between the two groups and that presented "good" diagnostic accuracy were carnitine [30.7 (25.5-37.7) vs. 37.7 (32.3-45.0) µM], the short-chain ACs: acetylcarnitine [8.9 (7.4-10.2) vs. 11.9 (9.2-14.4) µM] and isovalerylcarnitine [0.10 (0.06-0.13) vs. 0.13 (0.10-0.16) µM], and the medium-chain ACs: hexanoylcarnitine [0.04 (0.03-0.05) vs. 0.06 (0.05-0.07) µM] and decenoylcarnitine [0.18 (0.12-0.22) vs. 0.22 (0.17-0.32) µM]. This assessment contributes to the identification of the unique metabolic features exhibited in association with cardiometabolic risk in adults diagnosed with CVD. The altered metabolites have the potential to be used as biomarkers for early detection of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Kukharenko
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alex Brito
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Population Health, Nutrition and Health Research Group, Luxembourg.
| | - Maria V Kozhevnikova
- Hospital Therapy N°1 Department, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Moskaleva
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel A Markin
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Bochkareva
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina O Korobkova
- Hospital Therapy N°1 Department, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri N Belenkov
- Hospital Therapy N°1 Department, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Privalova
- Hospital Therapy N°1 Department, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina V Larcova
- Center of Medical Rehabilitation, University Clinical Hospital N°2, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrea Ariani
- Basf - BBCC - Innovation Center Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael R La Frano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA; Center for Health Research, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Svetlana A Appolonova
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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83
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Valença RDL, Silva Sobrinho AGD, Romanzini EP, Andrade ND, Borghi TH, Zeola NMBL, Cirne LGA, Oliveira VDS. Peanut meal and crude glycerin in lamb diets: Meat quality and fatty acid profile. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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84
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Zhao L, Vo TD, Kaiser M, Bode HB. Phototemtide A, a Cyclic Lipopeptide Heterologously Expressed from Photorhabdus temperata Meg1, Shows Selective Antiprotozoal Activity. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1288-1292. [PMID: 31814269 PMCID: PMC7317862 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A new cyclic lipopeptide, phototemtide A (1), was isolated from Escherichia coli expressing the biosynthetic gene cluster pttABC from Photorhabdus temperata Meg1. The structure of 1 was elucidated by HR-ESI-MS and NMR experiments. The absolute configurations of amino acids and 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid in 1 were determined by using the advanced Marfey's method and comparison after total synthesis of 1, respectively. Additionally, three new minor derivatives, phototemtides B-D (2-4), were identified by detailed HPLC-MS analysis. Phototemtide A (1) showed weak antiprotozoal activity against Plasmodium falciparum, with an IC50 value of 9.8 μm. The biosynthesis of phototemtides A-D (1-4) was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, QianHuHouCun 1, 210014, Nanjing, China
| | - Tien Duy Vo
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helge B Bode
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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85
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Park YK, Ledesma-Amaro R, Nicaud JM. De novo Biosynthesis of Odd-Chain Fatty Acids in Yarrowia lipolytica Enabled by Modular Pathway Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:484. [PMID: 32039184 PMCID: PMC6987463 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial oils are regarded as promising alternatives to fossil fuels as concerns over environmental issues and energy production systems continue to mount. Odd-chain fatty acids (FAs) are a type of valuable lipid with various applications: they can serve as biomarkers, intermediates in the production of flavor and fragrance compounds, fuels, and plasticizers. Microorganisms naturally produce FAs, but such FAs are primarily even-chain; only negligible amounts of odd-chain FAs are generated. As a result, studies using microorganisms to produce odd-chain FAs have had limited success. Here, our objective was to biosynthesize odd-chain FAs de novo in Yarrowia lipolytica using inexpensive carbon sources, namely glucose, without any propionate supplementation. To achieve this goal, we constructed a modular metabolic pathway containing seven genes. In the engineered strain expressing this pathway, the percentage of odd-chain FAs out of total FAs was higher than in the control strain (3.86 vs. 0.84%). When this pathway was transferred into an obese strain, which had been engineered to accumulate large amounts of lipids, odd-chain fatty acid production was 7.2 times greater than in the control (0.05 vs. 0.36 g/L). This study shows that metabolic engineering research is making progress toward obtaining efficient cell factories that produce odd-chain FAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kyoung Park
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Rodrigo Ledesma-Amaro
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology and Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Nicaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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86
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Balgoma D, Zelleroth S, Grönbladh A, Hallberg M, Pettersson C, Hedeland M. Anabolic androgenic steroids exert a selective remodeling of the plasma lipidome that mirrors the decrease of the de novo lipogenesis in the liver. Metabolomics 2020; 16:12. [PMID: 31925559 PMCID: PMC6954146 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) is a source of public concern because of their adverse effects. Supratherapeutic doses of AASs are known to be hepatotoxic and regulate the lipoproteins in plasma by modifying the metabolism of lipids in the liver, which is associated with metabolic diseases. However, the effect of AASs on the profile of lipids in plasma is unknown. OBJECTIVES To describe the changes in the plasma lipidome exerted by AASs and to discuss these changes in the light of previous research about AASs and de novo lipogenesis in the liver. METHODS We treated male Wistar rats with supratherapeutic doses of nandrolone decanoate and testosterone undecanoate. Subsequently, we isolated the blood plasma and performed lipidomics analysis by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. RESULTS Lipid profiling revealed a decrease of sphingolipids and glycerolipids with palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, and oleic acids. In addition, lipid profiling revealed an increase in free fatty acids and glycerophospholipids with odd-numbered chain fatty acids and/or arachidonic acid. CONCLUSION The lipid profile presented herein reports the imprint of AASs on the plasma lipidome, which mirrors the downregulation of de novo lipogenesis in the liver. In a broader perspective, this profile will help to understand the influence of androgens on the lipid metabolism in future studies of diseases with dysregulated lipogenesis (e.g. type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Balgoma
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Uppsala Biomedicinska Centrum BMC, Husargatan 3, Box 574, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Zelleroth
- The Beijer Laboratory, Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alfhild Grönbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Biological Research on Drug Dependence, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Curt Pettersson
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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87
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Oligosaccharides from Morinda officinalis Slow the Progress of Aging Mice by Regulating the Key Microbiota-Metabolite Pairs. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:9306834. [PMID: 31929824 PMCID: PMC6942866 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9306834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is considered an important factor in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Active research on the association between the metabolome and the gut microbiome is ongoing and can provide a large amount of beneficial information about the interactions between the microbiome and the metabolome. Previous studies have shown that the oligosaccharides from Morinda officinalis (OMO) can delay the progress of AD in model animals by regulating the diversity of the gut microbiome and metabolic components, and the correlation between the gut microbiome and metabolic components still needs to be further verified. This study applied a new two-level strategy to investigate and ensure the accuracy and consistency of the results. This strategy can be used to determine the association between the gut microbiome and serum metabolome in APP/PS1 transgenic mice and C57BL/6J male mice. The “4C0d-2 spp.-Cholesterol,” “CW040 spp.-L-valine,” “CW040 spp.-L-acetylcarnitine,” “RF39 spp.-L-valine,” “TM7-3 spp.-L-valine,” and “TM7-3 spp.-L-acetylcarnitine” associations among specific “microbiota-metabolite” pairs were further identified based on univariate and multivariate correlation analyses and functional analyses. The key relevant pairs were verified by an independent oligosaccharide intervention study, and the gut microbiome and serum metabolome of the OMO intervention group were similar to those of the normal group. The results indicate that OMO can significantly suppress Alzheimer's disease by regulating the key microbiota-metabolite pairs. Therefore, this two-level strategy is effective in identifying the principal correlations in large datasets obtained from combinations of multiomic studies and further enhancing our understanding of the correlation between the brain and gut in patients with AD.
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88
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Guillocheau E, Legrand P, Rioux V. Trans-palmitoleic acid (trans-9-C16:1, or trans-C16:1 n-7): Nutritional impacts, metabolism, origin, compositional data, analytical methods and chemical synthesis. A review. Biochimie 2019; 169:144-160. [PMID: 31837411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 2010s, dietary trans-palmitoleic acid (trans-9-hexadecenoic acid, trans-9-C16:1 in the Δ-nomenclature, trans-C16:1 n-7 in the Ω-nomenclature, TPA) has been epidemiologically associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in humans. Thanks to these findings, TPA has become a nutrient of interest. However, there is a lot of unresolved crucial questions about this dietary fatty acid. Is TPA a natural trans fatty acid? What kind of foods ensures intakes in TPA? What about its metabolism? How does dietary TPA act to prevent type 2 diabetes? What are the biological mechanisms involved in this physiological effect? Clearly, it is high time to answer all these questions with the very first review specifically dedicated to this intriguing fatty acid. Aiming at getting an overview, we shall try to give an answer to all these questions, relying on appropriate and accurate scientific results. Briefly, this review underlines that TPA is indeed a natural trans fatty acid which is metabolically linked to other well-known natural trans fatty acids. Knowledge on physiological impacts of dietary TPA is limited so far to epidemiological data, awaiting for supplementation studies. In this multidisciplinary review, we also emphasize on methodological topics related to TPA, particularly when it comes to the quantification of TPA in foods and human plasma. As a conclusion, we highlight promising health benefits of dietary TPA; however, there is a strong lack in well-designed studies in both the nutritional and the analytical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Guillocheau
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus-Ouest - Rennes, France; French Dairy Interbranch Organization (CNIEL), Technical and Scientific Department - Paris, France
| | - Philippe Legrand
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus-Ouest - Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Rioux
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus-Ouest - Rennes, France.
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Abstract
AbstractDietary protein insufficiency has been linked to excessive TAG storage and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in developing countries. Hepatic TAG accumulation following a low-protein diet may be due to altered peroxisomal, mitochondrial and gut microbiota function. Hepatic peroxisomes and mitochondria normally mediate metabolism of nutrients to provide energy and substrates for lipogenesis. Peroxisome biogenesis and activities can be modulated by odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA) and SCFA that are derived from gut bacteria, for example, propionate and butyrate. Also produced during amino acid metabolism by peroxisomes and mitochondria, propionate and butyrate concentrations correlate inversely with risk of obesity, insulin resistance and NAFLD. In this horizon-scanning review, we have compiled available evidence on the effects of protein malnutrition on OCFA production, arising from loss in mitochondrial, peroxisomal and gut microbiota function, and its association with lipid accumulation in the liver. The methyl donor amino acid composition of dietary protein is an important contributor to liver function and lipid storage; the presence and abundance of dietary branched-chain amino acids can modulate the composition and metabolic activity of the gut microbiome and, on the other hand, can affect protective OCFA and SCFA production in the liver. In preclinical animal models fed with low-protein diets, specific amino acid supplementation can ameliorate fatty liver disease. The association between low dietary protein intake and fatty liver disease is underexplored and merits further investigation, particularly in vulnerable groups with dietary protein restriction in developing countries.
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90
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Geer Wallace MA, Pleil JD, Madden MC. Identifying organic compounds in exhaled breath aerosol: Non-invasive sampling from respirator surfaces and disposable hospital masks. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2019; 137:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2019.105444. [PMID: 34121762 PMCID: PMC8193830 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2019.105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled breath aerosol (EBA) is an important non-invasive biological medium for detecting exogenous environmental contaminants and endogenous metabolites present in the pulmonary tract. Currently, EBA is typically captured as a constituent of the mainstream clinical tool referred to as exhaled breath condensate (EBC). This article describes a simpler, completely non-invasive method for collecting EBA directly from different forms of hard-surface plastic respirator masks and disposable hospital paper breathing masks without first collecting EBC. The new EBA methodology bypasses the complex EBC procedures that require specialized collection gear, dry ice or other coolant, in-field sample processing, and refrigerated transport to the laboratory. Herein, mask samples collected from different types of plastic respirators and paper hospital masks worn by volunteers in the laboratory were analyzed using high resolution-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR-LC-MS) and immunochemistry. The results of immunochemistry analysis revealed that cytokines were collected above background on both plastic respirator surfaces and paper hospital masks, confirming the presence of human biological constituents. Non-targeted HR-LC-MS analyses demonstrated that larger exogenous molecules such as plasticizers, pesticides, and consumer product chemicals as well as endogenous biochemicals, including cytokines and fatty acids were also detected on mask surfaces. These results suggest that mask sampling is a viable technique for EBA collection to assess potential inhalation exposures and endogenous indicators of health state.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ariel Geer Wallace
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
- Corresponding author: M. Ariel Geer Wallace, , 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA, (919) 541-7526
| | - Joachim D. Pleil
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Michael C. Madden
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Gerl MJ, Klose C, Surma MA, Fernandez C, Melander O, Männistö S, Borodulin K, Havulinna AS, Salomaa V, Ikonen E, Cannistraci CV, Simons K. Machine learning of human plasma lipidomes for obesity estimation in a large population cohort. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000443. [PMID: 31626640 PMCID: PMC6799887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with changes in the plasma lipids. Although simple lipid quantification is routinely used, plasma lipids are rarely investigated at the level of individual molecules. We aimed at predicting different measures of obesity based on the plasma lipidome in a large population cohort using advanced machine learning modeling. A total of 1,061 participants of the FINRISK 2012 population cohort were randomly chosen, and the levels of 183 plasma lipid species were measured in a novel mass spectrometric shotgun approach. Multiple machine intelligence models were trained to predict obesity estimates, i.e., body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and body fat percentage (BFP), and validated in 250 randomly chosen participants of the Malmö Diet and Cancer Cardiovascular Cohort (MDC-CC). Comparison of the different models revealed that the lipidome predicted BFP the best (R2 = 0.73), based on a Lasso model. In this model, the strongest positive and the strongest negative predictor were sphingomyelin molecules, which differ by only 1 double bond, implying the involvement of an unknown desaturase in obesity-related aberrations of lipid metabolism. Moreover, we used this regression to probe the clinically relevant information contained in the plasma lipidome and found that the plasma lipidome also contains information about body fat distribution, because WHR (R2 = 0.65) was predicted more accurately than BMI (R2 = 0.47). These modeling results required full resolution of the lipidome to lipid species level, and the predicting set of biomarkers had to be sufficiently large. The power of the lipidomics association was demonstrated by the finding that the addition of routine clinical laboratory variables, e.g., high-density lipoprotein (HDL)- or low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- cholesterol did not improve the model further. Correlation analyses of the individual lipid species, controlled for age and separated by sex, underscores the multiparametric and lipid species-specific nature of the correlation with the BFP. Lipidomic measurements in combination with machine intelligence modeling contain rich information about body fat amount and distribution beyond traditional clinical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michal A. Surma
- Lipotype GmbH, Dresden, Germany
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Satu Männistö
- Public Health Promotion Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Borodulin
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aki S. Havulinna
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM-HiLife), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carlo V. Cannistraci
- Biomedical Cybernetics Group, Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC), Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Department of Physics, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Complex Network Intelligence Lab, Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Simons
- Lipotype GmbH, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
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92
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Xu Z, You W, Zhou Y, Chen W, Wang Y, Shan T. Cold-induced lipid dynamics and transcriptional programs in white adipose tissue. BMC Biol 2019; 17:74. [PMID: 31530289 PMCID: PMC6749700 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In mammals, cold exposure induces browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) and alters WAT gene expression and lipid metabolism to boost adaptive thermogenesis and maintain body temperature. Understanding the lipidomic and transcriptomic profiles of WAT upon cold exposure provides insights into the adaptive changes associated with this process. Results Here, we applied mass spectrometry and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to provide a comprehensive resource for describing the lipidomic or transcriptome profiles in cold-induced inguinal WAT (iWAT). We showed that short-term (3-day) cold exposure induces browning of iWAT, increases energy expenditure, and results in loss of body weight and fat mass. Lipidomic analysis shows that short-term cold exposure leads to dramatic changes of the overall composition of lipid classes WAT. Notably, cold exposure induces significant changes in the acyl-chain composition of triacylglycerols (TAGs), as well as the levels of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids in iWAT. RNA-seq and qPCR analysis suggests that short-term cold exposure alters the expression of genes and pathways involved in fatty acid elongation, and the synthesis of TAGs, sphingolipids, and glycerophospholipids. Furthermore, the cold-induced lipid dynamics and gene expression pathways in iWAT are contrary to those previously observed in metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging, suggesting beneficial effects of cold-induced WAT browning on health and lifespan. Conclusion We described the significant alterations in the composition of glyphospholipids, glycerolipids, and sphingolipids and expression of genes involved in thermogenesis, fatty acid elongation, and fatty acid metabolism during the response of iWAT to short-term cold exposure. We also found that some changes in the levels of specific lipid species happening after cold treatment of iWAT are negatively correlated to metabolic diseases, including obesity and T2D. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12915-019-0693-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziye Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenjing You
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanbing Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wentao Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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93
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Abstract
The cause of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is not limited to impaired insulin signalling but also involves the complex interplay of multiple metabolic pathways. The analysis of large data sets generated by metabolomics and lipidomics has shed new light on the roles of metabolites such as lipids, amino acids and bile acids in modulating insulin sensitivity. Metabolites can regulate insulin sensitivity directly by modulating components of the insulin signalling pathway, such as insulin receptor substrates (IRSs) and AKT, and indirectly by altering the flux of substrates through multiple metabolic pathways, including lipogenesis, lipid oxidation, protein synthesis and degradation and hepatic gluconeogenesis. Moreover, the post-translational modification of proteins by metabolites and lipids, including acetylation and palmitoylation, can alter protein function. Furthermore, the role of the microbiota in regulating substrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity is unfolding. In this Review, we discuss the emerging roles of metabolites in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and T2DM. A comprehensive understanding of the metabolic adaptations involved in insulin resistance may enable the identification of novel targets for improving insulin sensitivity and preventing, and treating, T2DM.
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Peng J, Xiong J, Cui C, Huang N, Zhang H, Wu X, Yang Y, Zhou Y, Wei H, Peng J. Maternal Eicosapentaenoic Acid Feeding Decreases Placental Lipid Deposition and Improves the Homeostasis of Oxidative Stress Through a Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) Independent Manner. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900343. [PMID: 31408587 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Maternal obesity has been associated with increased placental lipotoxicity and impaired mitochondrial function. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) is an important regulator of both lipid metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. The present study aims to determine whether supplementation of the maternal diet with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) can decrease placental lipid deposition and improve antioxidant ability, in a SIRT1-dependent manner. METHODS AND RESULTS Pregnant SIRT1+/- mice (mated with male SIRT1+/- ) are fed a high-fat diet consisting of 60% of the kcal from fat, or an equienergy EPA diet for 18.5 d. Supplementation with EPA significantly changes maternal plasma, placental and fetal fatty acid composition, and decreases placental and fetal lipid content. In addition, placental antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation products are increased, placental uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and PPARγ coactivator-1 α (PGC1α) expression are activated, and mitochondrial swelling decreases. While SIRT1 deficiency has little effect on placental fatty acid composition and lipid content, decreased fetal lipid deposition is observed, placental PGC1α expression decreases, mitochondrial swelling increases, and placental total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity increases. Both EPA and SIRT1 have no effect on BODIPY-FL-C16 uptake. Interestingly, there is no significant interaction between diet and genotype. CONCLUSION Maternal EPA feeding decreases placental lipid deposition and improves placental oxidative stress homeostasis independent of SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jia Xiong
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Chenbin Cui
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ningning Huang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - XiaoYu Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yuanfei Zhou
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China.,The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
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Surendran A, Aliani M, Ravandi A. Metabolomic characterization of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11742. [PMID: 31409856 PMCID: PMC6692400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to discover the metabolomic changes in plasma that occur during human Ischemia-Reperfusion (I/R) injury and to evaluate the diagnostic utility of plasma metabolomic biomarkers for determination of myocardial injury. Deciphering the details of plasma metabolome in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients before and after primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PPCI) would allow for better understanding of the mechanisms involved during acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in humans. We performed a detailed non-targeted metabolomic analysis of plasma from 27 STEMI patients who had undergone PPCI in the first 48 hrs employing a LC-MS approach. Plasma metabolome at ischemic condition was compared to multiple time points after PPCI which allowed us to focus on changes in the reperfusion phase. Classification of the differential metabolites based on chemical taxonomy identified a major role for lipids and lipid-derived molecules. Biochemical pathway analysis identified valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, vitamin B6 metabolism and glutathione metabolism as the most significant metabolic pathways representing early response to I/R injury. We also identified phenyl alanine, tyrosine, linoleic acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism as the most significant pathways representing late response to I/R injury. A panel of three metabolites pentadecanoic acid, linoleoyl carnitine and 1-linoleoylglycerophosphocholine was discovered to have diagnostic value in determining the extent of I/R injury based on cardiac biomarkers. Using a non-targeted LC-MS approach, we have successfully generated the most comprehensive data to date on significant changes in the plasma metabolome in STEMI patients who had undergone PPCI in the first 48 hrs showing that lipid metabolites represent the largest cohort of molecules undergoing significant change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Surendran
- Cardiovascular Lipidomics Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital, Albrechtsen Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michel Aliani
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
| | - Amir Ravandi
- Cardiovascular Lipidomics Laboratory, St. Boniface Hospital, Albrechtsen Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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The elongation of very long-chain fatty acid 6 gene product catalyses elongation of n-13 : 0 and n-15 : 0 odd-chain SFA in human cells. Br J Nutr 2019; 121:241-248. [PMID: 30602402 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518003185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Normal odd-chain SFA (OCSFA), particularly tridecanoic acid (n-13 : 0), pentadecanoic acid (n-15 : 0) and heptadecanoic acid (n-17 : 0), are normal components of dairy products, beef and seafood. The ratio of n-15 : 0:n-17 : 0 in ruminant foods (dairy products and beef) is 2:1, while in seafood and human tissues it is 1:2, and their appearance in plasma is often used as a marker for ruminant fat intake. Human elongases encoded by elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (ELOVL)1, ELOVL3, ELOVL6 and ELOVL7 catalyse biosynthesis of the dominant even-chain SFA; however, there are no reports of elongase function on OCSFA. ELOVL transfected MCF7 cells were treated with n-13 : 0, n-15 : 0 or n-17 : 0 (80 µm) and products analysed. ELOVL6 catalysed elongation of n-13 : 0→n-15 : 0 and n-15 : 0→n-17 : 0; and ELOVL7 had modest activity toward n-15 : 0 (n-15 : 0→n-17 : 0). No elongation activity was detected for n-17 : 0→n-19 : 0. Our data expand ELOVL specificity to OCSFA, providing the first molecular evidence demonstrating ELOVL6 as the major elongase acting on OCSFA n-13 : 0 and n-15 : 0 fatty acids. Studies of food intake relying on OCSFA as a biomarker should consider endogenous human metabolism when relying on OCSFA ratios to indicate specific food intake.
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Jiménez-Cepeda A, Dávila-Said G, Orea-Tejeda A, González-Islas D, Elizondo-Montes M, Pérez-Cortes G, Keirns-Davies C, Castillo-Aguilar LF, Verdeja-Vendrell L, Peláez-Hernández V, Sánchez-Santillán RN. Dietary intake of fatty acids and its relationship with FEV 1/FVC in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2018; 29:92-96. [PMID: 30661707 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The deterioration of pulmonary function has been associated with increased levels of systemic inflammation that can be stimulated by consumption of saturated fatty acids and trans fats. We hypothesized that fatty acids intake impact on pulmonary function. However, evidence about the impact of different types of fatty acids on pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is limited and heterogeneous. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between intake of fatty acids and pulmonary function in patients with COPD. METHODS Cross sectional study of patients diagnosed with COPD. The relationship between consumption of fatty acids and the FEV1/FVC ratio obtained by spirometry was assessed. Patients with exacerbations during the prior 2 months, diagnosis of asthma or administration of a dietary supplement were excluded. RESULTS A simple linear regression showed that for each gram of carbohydrates and total l fatty acids intake, the FEV1/FVC ratio decreased -0.03 ml (β: -0.03, 95% CI -0.06 to -0.01, p = 0.008) and -0.009 ml (β: -0.00, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.00, p = 0.031) respectively. Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) was associated with an increase of 0.47 ml in the FEV1/FVC ratio for each milligram intake (β: 0.47, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.91, p = 0.031). Subsequently, when adjusted for calories intake, an increase of 0.53 ml was observed in the FEV1/FVC for each milligram of C15:0 fatty acid intake (β:0.53, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.97, p = 0.018). CONCLUSION A positive association was observed between pentadecanoic acid and the FEV1/FVC ratio with a beneficial effect on patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abril Jiménez-Cepeda
- Heart Failure and Respiratory Distress Clinic at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Giselle Dávila-Said
- Heart Failure and Respiratory Distress Clinic at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Arturo Orea-Tejeda
- Heart Failure and Respiratory Distress Clinic at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Dulce González-Islas
- Heart Failure and Respiratory Distress Clinic at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Elizondo-Montes
- Heart Failure and Respiratory Distress Clinic at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Guillermo Pérez-Cortes
- Heart Failure and Respiratory Distress Clinic at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Candace Keirns-Davies
- Heart Failure and Respiratory Distress Clinic at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Luis Felipe Castillo-Aguilar
- Heart Failure and Respiratory Distress Clinic at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Leslie Verdeja-Vendrell
- Heart Failure and Respiratory Distress Clinic at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Viridiana Peláez-Hernández
- Heart Failure and Respiratory Distress Clinic at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Rocío Nayelí Sánchez-Santillán
- Heart Failure and Respiratory Distress Clinic at Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico.
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98
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Hanning AR, Wang X, Hashemi Z, Wan S, England A, Jacobs RL, Chan CB. Both low- and regular-fat cheeses mediate improved insulin sensitivity and modulate serum phospholipid profiles in insulin-resistant rats. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 64:144-151. [PMID: 30502658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dietary recommendations for cheese usually promote low (LOW)- over regular (REG)-fat versions due to the saturated fat. Conversely, epidemiological evidence shows that cheese consumption associates with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. To investigate how cheese influences diabetes-related outcomes, a feeding trial comparing LOW and REG cheese was conducted in high-fat, lard-based diet (HFD)-fed insulin-resistant rats followed by evaluation of potential mechanisms. After 4 weeks of HFD, LOW or REG was added at 7 and 10 g/100 g diet, respectively, for another 8 weeks. Following either an oral glucose or insulin tolerance test to assess glucoregulation, rats were euthanized and serum was collected for metabolomic and lipid analyses. Hepatic tissue was used to measure glucoregulatory enzymes and lipid content. Both LOW and REG improved insulin sensitivity without effect on oral glucose tolerance, insulin secretion or body weight. Serum metabolomics identified 33 metabolites of interest, with 21 being phosphatidylcholines (PCs) or lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs). HFD rats had significantly reduced LPC C16:1, C17:0, C18:1, C20:3 and C24:0, and these effects were normalized by LOW or REG cheese. Fourteen PC species were lowest in the HFD group and normalized by cheese feeding. Serum choline was elevated sevenfold in HFD- but not cheese-fed rats compared with rats fed low-fat diet. Liver triglyceride was elevated by LOW feeding. In conclusion, inclusion of both LOW and REG cheeses in the diet of insulin-resistant rats improves in vivo glucoregulation. This is associated with altered phospholipid metabolism, including cheese-mediated normalization of species that are decreased by high-fat feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik Rz Hanning
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 6-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 1E3.
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 6-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 1E3.
| | - Zohre Hashemi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 6-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 1E3.
| | - Sereana Wan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 6-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 1E3.
| | - Alexandra England
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, 7-53 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7.
| | - René L Jacobs
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 6-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 1E3; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, 4-74 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2R3.
| | - Catherine B Chan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 6-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 1E3; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, 7-53 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7.
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99
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Stander Z, Luies L, Mienie LJ, Keane KM, Howatson G, Clifford T, Stevenson EJ, Loots DT. The altered human serum metabolome induced by a marathon. Metabolomics 2018; 14:150. [PMID: 30830390 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endurance races have been associated with a substantial amount of adverse effects which could lead to chronic disease and long-term performance impairment. However, little is known about the holistic metabolic changes occurring within the serum metabolome of athletes after the completion of a marathon. OBJECTIVES Considering this, the aim of this study was to better characterize the acute metabolic changes induced by a marathon. METHODS Using an untargeted two dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry metabolomics approach, pre- and post-marathon serum samples of 31 athletes were analyzed and compared to identify those metabolites varying the most after the marathon perturbation. RESULTS Principle component analysis of the comparative groups indicated natural differentiation due to variation in the total metabolite profiles. Elevated concentrations of carbohydrates, fatty acids, tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, ketones and reduced concentrations of amino acids indicated a metabolic shift between various fuel substrate systems. Additionally, elevated odd-chain fatty acids and α-hydroxy acids indicated the utilization of α-oxidation and autophagy as alternative energy-producing mechanisms. Adaptations in gut microbe-associated markers were also observed and correlated with the metabolic flexibility of the athlete. CONCLUSION From these results it is evident that a marathon places immense strain on the energy-producing pathways of the athlete, leading to extensive protein degradation, oxidative stress, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 inhibition and autophagy. A better understanding of this metabolic shift could provide new insights for optimizing athletic performance, developing more efficient nutrition regimens and identify strategies to improve recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinandré Stander
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Laneke Luies
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
| | - Lodewyk J Mienie
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Karen M Keane
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, NE1 8ST, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, NE1 8ST, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa
| | - Tom Clifford
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, NE1 8ST, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma J Stevenson
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom, 2531, South Africa.
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