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Zydek M, Petitt M, Fang-Hoover J, Adler B, Kauvar LM, Pereira L, Tabata T. HCMV infection of human trophoblast progenitor cells of the placenta is neutralized by a human monoclonal antibody to glycoprotein B and not by antibodies to the pentamer complex. Viruses 2014; 6:1346-64. [PMID: 24651029 PMCID: PMC3970154 DOI: 10.3390/v6031346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the major viral cause of congenital infection and birth defects. Primary maternal infection often results in virus transmission, and symptomatic babies can have permanent neurological deficiencies and deafness. Congenital infection can also lead to intrauterine growth restriction, a defect in placental transport. HCMV replicates in primary cytotrophoblasts (CTBs), the specialized cells of the placenta, and inhibits differentiation/invasion. Human trophoblast progenitor cells (TBPCs) give rise to the mature cell types of the chorionic villi, CTBs and multi-nucleated syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs). Here we report that TBPCs are fully permissive for pathogenic and attenuated HCMV strains. Studies with a mutant virus lacking a functional pentamer complex (gH/gL/pUL128-131A) showed that virion entry into TBPCs is independent of the pentamer. In addition, infection is blocked by a potent human neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb), TRL345, reactive with glycoprotein B (gB), but not mAbs to the pentamer proteins pUL130/pUL131A. Functional studies revealed that neutralization of infection preserved the capacity of TBPCs to differentiate and assemble into trophospheres composed of CTBs and STBs in vitro. Our results indicate that mAbs to gB protect trophoblast progenitors of the placenta and could be included in antibody treatments developed to suppress congenital infection and prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zydek
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Matthew Petitt
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - June Fang-Hoover
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Barbara Adler
- Division of Virology, Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9A, D-80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Lawrence M Kauvar
- Trellis Bioscience, LLC, 2-B Corporate Drive, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Lenore Pereira
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Takako Tabata
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Jorquera PA, Oakley KE, Tripp RA. Advances in and the potential of vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus. Expert Rev Respir Med 2014; 7:411-27. [PMID: 23964629 DOI: 10.1586/17476348.2013.814409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of serious lower respiratory track illness causing bronchiolitis and some mortality in infants and the elderly. Despite decades of research there is no licensed RSV vaccine. To enable the development of RSV vaccines, several major obstacles must be overcome including immature and waning immunity to RSV infection, the capacity of RSV to evade immunity and the failure of RSV infection to induce robust enduring immunity. Since the failure of the formalin-inactivated RSV vaccine trial, more cautious and deliberate progress has been made toward RSV vaccine development using a variety of experimental approaches. The scientific rational and the state of development of these approaches are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jorquera
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Disease, Animal Health Research Center, 111 Carlton Street, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Robinson MJ, Tan CS, Fenwick F, Chambers CJ, Routledge EG, Toms GL. Generation and epitope mapping of a sub-group cross-reactive anti-respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein monoclonal antibody which is protective in vivo. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1267-77. [PMID: 24415460 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Passively administered antibodies to conserved epitopes on the attachment (G) glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) have potential in the immunoprophylaxis of human infections. This study set out to generate monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) recognizing all prevalent lineages of HRSV and capable of immunoprophylaxis in mice. Two murine MAbs of broad specificity for prevalent virus strains were generated by immunization of mice with hRSV of sub-group A followed by selection of hybridomas on recombinant G glycoprotein from a sub-group B virus. The anti-G hybridomas generated secreted antibody of high affinity but negligible neutralizing capacity one of which was tested in mice and found to be protective against live virus challenge. Western blotting and partial epitope mapping on transiently expressed G-glycoprotein fragments indicate that these antibodies recognize a complex epitope on the protein backbone of the molecule involving residues both C'- and N-terminal to the central conserved motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Robinson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, The Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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McCutcheon KM, Gray J, Chen NY, Liu K, Park M, Ellsworth S, Tripp RA, Tompkins SM, Johnson SK, Samet S, Pereira L, Kauvar LM. Multiplexed screening of natural humoral immunity identifies antibodies at fine specificity for complex and dynamic viral targets. MAbs 2014; 6:460-73. [PMID: 24492306 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral entry targets with therapeutic neutralizing potential are subject to multiple escape mechanisms, including antigenic drift, immune dominance of functionally irrelevant epitopes, and subtle variations in host cell mechanisms. A surprising finding of recent years is that potent neutralizing antibodies to viral epitopes independent of strain exist, but are poorly represented across the diverse human population. Identifying these antibodies and understanding the biology mediating the specific immune response is thus difficult. An effective strategy for meeting this challenge is to incorporate multiplexed antigen screening into a high throughput survey of the memory B cell repertoire from immune individuals. We used this approach to discover suites of cross-clade antibodies directed to conformational epitopes in the stalk region of the influenza A hemagglutinin (HA) protein and to select high-affinity anti-peptide antibodies to the glycoprotein B (gB) of human cytomegalovirus. In each case, our screens revealed a restricted VH and VL germline usage, including published and previously unidentified gene families. The in vivo evolution of paratope specificity with optimal neutralizing activity was understandable after correlating biological activities with kinetic binding and epitope recognition. Iterative feedback between antigen probe design based on structure and function information with high throughput multiplexed screening demonstrated a generally applicable strategy for efficient identification of safe, native, finely tuned antibodies with the potential for high genetic barriers to viral escape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Keyi Liu
- Trellis Biosciences; South San Francisco, CA USA
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Tripp RA. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Modulation at the Virus-Host Interface Affects Immune Outcome and Disease Pathogenesis. Immune Netw 2013; 13:163-7. [PMID: 24198740 PMCID: PMC3817296 DOI: 10.4110/in.2013.13.5.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of the virus-host interface in the response to respiratory virus infection is not well-understood; however, it is at this juncture that host immunity to infection evolves. Respiratory viruses have been shown to modulate the host response to gain a replication advantage through a variety of mechanisms. Viruses are parasites and must co-opt host genes for replication, and must interface with host cellular machinery to achieve an optimal balance between viral and cellular gene expression. Host cells have numerous strategies to resist infection, replication and virus spread, and only recently are we beginning to understand the network and pathways affected. The following is a short review article covering some of the studies associated with the Tripp laboratory that have addressed how respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) operates at the virus-host interface to affects immune outcome and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens GA 30602, USA
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Boyoglu-Barnum S, Gaston KA, Todd SO, Boyoglu C, Chirkova T, Barnum TR, Jorquera P, Haynes LM, Tripp RA, Moore ML, Anderson LJ. A respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) anti-G protein F(ab')2 monoclonal antibody suppresses mucous production and breathing effort in RSV rA2-line19F-infected BALB/c mice. J Virol 2013; 87:10955-67. [PMID: 23885067 PMCID: PMC3807296 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01164-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and is the single most important cause of serious lower respiratory tract infections in young children, yet no highly effective treatment or vaccine is available. Increased airway resistance and increased airway mucin production are two manifestations of RSV infection in children. RSV rA2-line19F infection induces pulmonary mucous production and increased breathing effort in BALB/c mice and provides a way to assess these manifestations of RSV disease in an animal model. In the present study, we investigated the effect of prophylactic treatment with the F(ab')2 form of the anti-G protein monoclonal antibody (MAb) 131-2G on disease in RSV rA2-line19F-challenged mice. F(ab')2 131-2G does not affect virus replication. It and the intact form that does decrease virus replication prevented increased breathing effort and airway mucin production, as well as weight loss, pulmonary inflammatory-cell infiltration, and the pulmonary substance P and pulmonary Th2 cytokine levels that occur in mice challenged with this virus. These data suggest that the RSV G protein contributes to prominent manifestations of RSV disease and that MAb 131-2G can prevent these manifestations of RSV disease without inhibiting virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyhan Boyoglu-Barnum
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kelsey A. Gaston
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sean O. Todd
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Cemil Boyoglu
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tatiana Chirkova
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Thomas R. Barnum
- University of Georgia Odum School of Ecology, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Patricia Jorquera
- University of Georgia Department of Infectious Diseases, Animal Health Research Center, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Lia M. Haynes
- Division of Viral Diseases, NCIRD, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- University of Georgia Department of Infectious Diseases, Animal Health Research Center, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Martin L. Moore
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Emory University Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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57
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Gupta N, LeGoff J, Chamat S, Mercier-Delarue S, Touzelet O, Power UF, Kazatchkine MD, Simon F, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Bayry J, Kaveri SV. Affinity-purified respiratory syncytial virus antibodies from intravenous immunoglobulin exert potent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69390. [PMID: 23894466 PMCID: PMC3716625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed infections are one of the major therapeutic challenges, as the current strategies have had limited success. One of the most common and widespread conditions of mixed infection is respiratory syncytial virus-mediated pathology of the respiratory tract in children. There is a dire need for the development of novel therapeutic approaches during mixed infections. Therapeutic intravenous immunoglobulin preparations, obtained from plasma pools of healthy donors have been used in immune deficiencies. This study was thus designed to characterize the functional efficacy of RSV-specific antibodies in IVIg. To explore the functional ability of these affinity-purified RSV-specific antibodies, the antibody-dependent and complement dependent cytotoxicity was determined using peripheral cells of healthy donors. This study demonstrates the existence of highly potent RSV-specific antibodies in IVIg preparations and provides the basis for the use of IVIg as broad-spectrum protective shield to RSV-infected children during mixed infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimesh Gupta
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 872, Paris, France
- Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 16-Immunopathology and Therapeutic immunointervention, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 872, Paris, France
| | - Jerome LeGoff
- University Paris Diderot, Pres Sorbone Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Microbiology laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - Soulaima Chamat
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Fanar, Lebanon
| | | | - Olivier Touzelet
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ultan F. Power
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Michel D. Kazatchkine
- United Nation Secretary General Special Envoy on HIV/AIDS in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francois Simon
- University Paris Diderot, Pres Sorbone Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Microbiology laboratory, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Lacroix-Desmazes
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 872, Paris, France
- Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 16-Immunopathology and Therapeutic immunointervention, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 872, Paris, France
- International Associated Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-France and Indian council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 872, Paris, France
- Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 16-Immunopathology and Therapeutic immunointervention, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 872, Paris, France
- International Associated Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-France and Indian council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Srinivas V. Kaveri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 872, Paris, France
- Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe 16-Immunopathology and Therapeutic immunointervention, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 872, Paris, France
- International Associated Laboratory, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-France and Indian council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
- * E-mail:
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58
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McLellan JS, Chen M, Leung S, Graepel KW, Du X, Yang Y, Zhou T, Baxa U, Yasuda E, Beaumont T, Kumar A, Modjarrad K, Zheng Z, Zhao M, Xia N, Kwong PD, Graham BS. Structure of RSV fusion glycoprotein trimer bound to a prefusion-specific neutralizing antibody. Science 2013; 340:1113-7. [PMID: 23618766 PMCID: PMC4459498 DOI: 10.1126/science.1234914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The prefusion state of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion (F) glycoprotein is the target of most RSV-neutralizing activity in human sera, but its metastability has hindered characterization. To overcome this obstacle, we identified prefusion-specific antibodies that were substantially more potent than the prophylactic antibody palivizumab. The cocrystal structure for one of these antibodies, D25, in complex with the F glycoprotein revealed D25 to lock F in its prefusion state by binding to a quaternary epitope at the trimer apex. Electron microscopy showed that two other antibodies, AM22 and 5C4, also bound to the newly identified site of vulnerability, which we named antigenic site Ø. These studies should enable design of improved vaccine antigens and define new targets for passive prevention of RSV-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. McLellan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Man Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sherman Leung
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin W. Graepel
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiulian Du
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tongqing Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ulrich Baxa
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Etsuko Yasuda
- AIMM Therapeutics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Beaumont
- AIMM Therapeutics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Azad Kumar
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kayvon Modjarrad
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zizheng Zheng
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, 361005
| | - Min Zhao
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, 361005
| | - Ningshao Xia
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, 361005
| | - Peter D. Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barney S. Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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60
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Melero JA, Moore ML. Influence of respiratory syncytial virus strain differences on pathogenesis and immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2013; 372:59-82. [PMID: 24362684 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38919-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular epidemiology studies have provided convincing evidence of antigenic and sequence variability among respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) isolates. Circulating viruses have been classified into two antigenic groups (A and B) that correlate with well-delineated genetic groups. Most sequence and antigenic differences (both inter- and intra-groups) accumulate in two hypervariable segments of the G-protein gene. Sequences of the G gene have been used for phylogenetic analyses. These studies have shown a worldwide distribution of RSV strains with both local and global replacement of dominant viruses with time. Although data are still limited, there is evidence that strain variation may contribute to differences in pathogenicity. In addition, there is some but limited evidence that RSV variation may be, at least partially, immune (antibody) driven. However, there is the paradox in RSV that, in contrast to other viruses (e.g., influenza viruses) the epitopes recognized by the most effective RSV-neutralizing antibodies are highly conserved. In contrast, antibodies that recognize strain-specific epitopes are poorly neutralizing. It is likely that this apparent contradiction is due to the lack of a comprehensive knowledge of the duration and specificities of the human antibody response against RSV antigens. Since there are some data supporting a group- (or clade-) specific antibody response after a primary infection in humans, it may be wise to consider the incorporation of strains representative of groups A and B (or their antigens) in future RSV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Melero
- Unidad de Biología Viral, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain,
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61
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Caidi H, Harcourt JL, Tripp RA, Anderson LJ, Haynes LM. Combination therapy using monoclonal antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) G glycoprotein protects from RSV disease in BALB/c mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51485. [PMID: 23300550 PMCID: PMC3531420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options to control respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are limited, thus development of new therapeutics is high priority. Previous studies with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) reactive to an epitope proximal to the central conserved region (CCR) of RSV G protein (mAb 131-2G) showed therapeutic efficacy for reducing pulmonary inflammation RSV infection in BALB/c mice. Here, we show a protective effect in RSV-infected mice therapeutically treated with a mAb (130-6D) reactive to an epitope within the CCR of G protein, while treatment with a mAb specific for a carboxyl G protein epitope had no effect. Combined treatment with mAbs 130-6D and 131-2G significantly decreased RSV-associated pulmonary inflammation compared to either antibody alone. The results suggest that anti-RSV G protein mAbs that react at or near the CCR and can block RSV G protein-mediated activities are effective at preventing RSV disease and may be an effective strategy for RSV therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Caidi
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Harcourt
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Larry J. Anderson
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory Children’s Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lia M. Haynes
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases, Gastroenteritis and Respiratory Viruses Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lu ZJ, Deng SJ, Huang DG, He Y, Lei M, Zhou L, Jin P. Frontier of therapeutic antibody discovery: The challenges and how to face them. World J Biol Chem 2012; 3:187-96. [PMID: 23275803 PMCID: PMC3531614 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v3.i12.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have become an important class of modern medicines. The established technologies for therapeutic antibody discovery such as humanization of mouse antibodies, phage display of human antibody libraries and transgenic animals harboring human IgG genes have been practiced successfully so far, and many incremental improvements are being made constantly. These methodologies are responsible for currently marketed therapeutic antibodies and for the biopharma industry pipeline which are concentrated on only a few dozen targets. A key challenge for wider application of biotherapeutic approaches is the paucity of truly validated targets for biotherapeutic intervention. The efforts to expand the target space include taking the pathway approach to study the disease correlation. Since many new targets are multi-spanning and multimeric membrane proteins there is a need to develop more effective methods to generate antibodies against these difficult targets. The pharmaceutical properties of therapeutic antibodies are an active area for study concentrating on biophysical characteristics such as thermal stability and aggregation propensity. The immunogenicity of biotherapeutics in humans is a very complex issue and there are no truly predictive animal models to rely on. The in silico and T-cell response approaches identify the potential for immunogenicity; however, one needs contingency plans for emergence of anti-product antibody response for clinical trials.
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63
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Non-propagating, recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus vectors encoding respiratory syncytial virus proteins generate potent humoral and cellular immunity against RSV and are protective in mice. Immunol Lett 2012; 150:134-44. [PMID: 23261719 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract illness in infants, the elderly, and other high-risk individuals. Despite years of research in this field, there is no effective licensed vaccine to prevent RSV infection. We have generated candidate RSV vaccines using a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) replicon in which the attachment and fusion domains of the VSV glycoprotein (G) have been deleted (rVSV-Gstem), rendering the virus propagation-defective except in the presence of complementing VSV G provided in trans. A form of this vector encoding the RSV fusion protein (F) gene expressed high levels of F in vitro and elicited durable neutralizing antibody responses as well as complete protection against RSV challenge in vivo. Mice vaccinated with rVSV-Gstem-RSV-F replicons also developed robust cellular responses characterized by both primary and memory Th1-biased CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, a single high dose of the Gstem-RSV-F replicon was effective against challenge with both RSV A and B subgroup viruses. Finally, addition of an RSV glycoprotein (G)-expressing Gstem vector significantly improved the incomplete protection achieved with a single low dose of Gstem-RSV-F vector alone.
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Abstract
The natural human antibody response is a rich source of highly specific, neutralizing and self-tolerant therapeutic reagents. Recent advances have been made in isolating and characterizing monoclonal antibodies that are generated in response to natural infection or vaccination. Studies of the human antibody response have led to the discovery of crucial epitopes that could serve as new targets in vaccine design and in the creation of potentially powerful immunotherapies. With a focus on influenza virus and HIV, herein we summarize the technological tools used to identify and characterize human monoclonal antibodies and describe how these tools might be used to fight infectious diseases.
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65
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Gelfand EW. Development of asthma is determined by the age-dependent host response to respiratory virus infection: therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:713-9. [PMID: 22981683 PMCID: PMC3508171 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract virus infections are the major cause of asthma exacerbations. Severity of infection and age at initial encounter with virus appear to be major determinants of the risk for allergic asthma later in life. In animal models, reinfection of mice initially infected as neonates leads to markedly enhanced alterations in airway function and inflammation, unlike reinfection of older mice. Both innate and adaptive immune responses contribute to this susceptibility with lung dendritic cells showing marked differences in phenotype and function in young compared to older mice, and these differences are further enhanced following virus infection. These findings have implications for therapeutic targeting, for example, of RSV G and F surface proteins at different stages of the response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin W Gelfand
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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66
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Survey of the 2009 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2012; 24:892-914. [PMID: 22038797 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We took a different approach to reviewing the commercial biosensor literature this year by inviting 22 biosensor users to serve as a review committee. They set the criteria for what to expect in a publication and ultimately decided to use a pass/fail system for selecting which papers to include in this year's reference list. Of the 1514 publications in 2009 that reported using commercially available optical biosensor technology, only 20% passed their cutoff. The most common criticism the reviewers had with the literature was that "the biosensor experiments could have been done better." They selected 10 papers to highlight good experimental technique, data presentation, and unique applications of the technology. This communal review process was educational for everyone involved and one we will not soon forget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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67
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González PA, Bueno SM, Carreño LJ, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Respiratory syncytial virus infection and immunity. Rev Med Virol 2012; 22:230-44. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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68
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Collins PL, Melero JA. Progress in understanding and controlling respiratory syncytial virus: still crazy after all these years. Virus Res 2011; 162:80-99. [PMID: 21963675 PMCID: PMC3221877 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that infects everyone worldwide early in life and is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in the pediatric population as well as in the elderly and in profoundly immunosuppressed individuals. RSV is an enveloped, nonsegmented negative-sense RNA virus that is classified in Family Paramyxoviridae and is one of its more complex members. Although the replicative cycle of RSV follows the general pattern of the Paramyxoviridae, it encodes additional proteins. Two of these (NS1 and NS2) inhibit the host type I and type III interferon (IFN) responses, among other functions, and another gene encodes two novel RNA synthesis factors (M2-1 and M2-2). The attachment (G) glycoprotein also exhibits unusual features, such as high sequence variability, extensive glycosylation, cytokine mimicry, and a shed form that helps the virus evade neutralizing antibodies. RSV is notable for being able to efficiently infect early in life, with the peak of hospitalization at 2-3 months of age. It also is notable for the ability to reinfect symptomatically throughout life without need for significant antigenic change, although immunity from prior infection reduces disease. It is widely thought that re-infection is due to an ability of RSV to inhibit or subvert the host immune response. Mechanisms of viral pathogenesis remain controversial. RSV is notable for a historic, tragic pediatric vaccine failure involving a formalin-inactivated virus preparation that was evaluated in the 1960s and that was poorly protective and paradoxically primed for enhanced RSV disease. RSV also is notable for the development of a successful strategy for passive immunoprophylaxis of high-risk infants using RSV-neutralizing antibodies. Vaccines and new antiviral drugs are in pre-clinical and clinical development, but controlling RSV remains a formidable challenge.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Child
- Communicable Disease Control/organization & administration
- Cytokines/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Infant
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/drug therapy
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Virus Replication/genetics
- Virus Replication/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L. Collins
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - José A. Melero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain
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69
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Kacskovics I, Cervenak J, Erdei A, Goldsby RA, Butler JE. Recent advances using FcRn overexpression in transgenic animals to overcome impediments of standard antibody technologies to improve the generation of specific antibodies. MAbs 2011; 3:431-9. [PMID: 22048692 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.5.17023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review illustrates the salutary effects of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) overexpression in significantly improving humoral immune responses in the generation of antibodies for immunotherapy and diagnostics. These include: (1) improved IgG protection; (2) augmented antigen-specific humoral immune response with larger numbers of antigen specific B cells, thus offering a wider spectrum of clones; (3) generation of antibodies against weakly immunogenic antigens; (4) significant improvements in the number and substantial developments in the diversity of hybridomas. FcRn transgenesis thus confers a number of practical benefits, including faster antibody production, higher antibody yields and improved generation of hybridomas for monoclonal antibody production. Notably, these efficiencies in polyclonal antibody production were also demonstrated in FcRn transgenic rabbits. Overall, FcRn transgenic animals yield more antibodies and provide a route to the generation of antibodies against antigens of low immunogenicity that are difficult to obtain using currently available methods.
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70
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Corti D, Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A. High throughput cellular screens to interrogate the human T and B cell repertoires. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:430-5. [PMID: 21600751 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is growing consensus for an urgent need to develop efficient methods to analyze the human T and B cell response in order to understand its regulation, to unravel host-pathogen interactions and to design better vaccines. In this review we will consider different methods that have been developed to analyze human T and B cells and focus in particular on those based on high-throughput cell culture, such as memory B cell immortalization, plasma cell cultures and libraries of naïve or memory T cells. These culture-based methods can be used to interrogate with high efficiency the immune repertoires in order to characterize the frequency, function and specificity of naïve or memory T cells and to isolate potent and broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Corti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Via Vincenzo Vela 6, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
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71
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Kauvar LM, Harcourt JL, Haynes LM, Tripp RA. Therapeutic targeting of respiratory syncytial virus G-protein. Immunotherapy 2011; 2:655-61. [PMID: 20874649 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and young children and an important pathogen of the elderly and immune suppressed. The only intervention currently available is a monoclonal antibody against the RSV fusion protein, which has shown utility as a prophylactic for high-risk premature infants, but which has not shown postinfection therapeutic efficacy in the specific RSV-infected populations studied. Thus, for the major susceptible populations, there remains a great need for effective treatment. Recent results support monoclonal antibody targeting of the RSV G-protein for therapeutic use. This objective encompasses a dual mechanism: reduction in the ability of RSV G-protein to distort the host innate immune response, and direct complement-mediated antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Kauvar
- Trellis Bioscience, 2-B Corporate Drive, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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72
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Duvall M, Bradley N, Fiorini RN. A novel platform to produce human monoclonal antibodies: The next generation of therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies discovery. MAbs 2011; 3:203-8. [PMID: 21285537 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.2.14774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A new technology has been developed that allows human antibodies to be quickly generated against virtually any antigen. Using a novel process, naïve human B cells are isolated from tonsil tissue and transformed with efficiency up to 85%, thus utilizing a large portion of the human VDJ/VJ repertoire. Through ex vivo stimulation, the B cells class switch and may undergo somatic hypermutation, thus producing a human "library" of different IgG antibodies that can then be screened against any antigen. Since diversity is generated ex vivo, sampling immunized or previously exposed individuals is not necessary. Cells producing the antibody of interest can be isolated through limiting dilution cloning and the human antibody from the cells can be tested for biological activity. No humanization is necessary because the antibodies are produced from human B cells. By eliminating immunization and humanization steps, and screening a broadly diverse library, this platform should reduce both the cost and time involved in producing therapeutic monoclonal antibody candidates.
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73
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McGivney JB, Bishop E, Miller K, Casas-Finet J, Yang H, Wei Z, Strouse R, Schenerman M. Evaluation of a synthetic peptide as a replacement for the recombinant fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus in a potency ELISA. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 54:572-6. [PMID: 20943340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the development of a potency ELISA using a peptide derived from the motavizumab binding epitope of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F-protein. Motavizumab is an antibody therapeutic studied for the prevention of RSV disease. It binds to the RSV glycoprotein F (F-protein), blocking the ability of RSV to fuse with target cells. This binding is the basis for a potency ELISA, however, due to inefficient F-protein production, development of an alternative ligand for the potency ELISA was investigated. A series of synthetic peptides spanning the motavizumab epitope on F-protein were evaluated for motavizumab binding activity. A 26-mer peptide was identified with desirable motavizumab binding kinetics, as shown by ELISA and surface plasmon resonance. The peptide corresponds to a portion of the motavizumab binding domain on the F-protein, and is referred to as F-peptide. The binding of motavizumab to the F-peptide is used in a new motavizumab potency ELISA, which was shown to be robust and statistically comparable to the F-protein ELISA. In addition, based on a qualitative observation, this new ELISA may be able to detect motavizumab degradation with greater sensitivity compared to the F-protein ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B McGivney
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, MedImmune, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States.
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74
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Murata Y, Lightfoote PM, Biear JN, Falsey AR, Walsh EE. Humoral response to the central unglycosylated region of the respiratory syncytial virus attachment protein. Vaccine 2010; 28:6242-6. [PMID: 20655403 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To characterize the humoral response to the unglycosylated central region of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) attachment (G) protein, we generated glutathione S-transferase (GST)-RSV G subdomains (central core (CC), residues 151-190; proximal central core (PCC), 151-172; and distal central core (DCC), 173-190) to screen paired sera from RSV subtype A- or B-infected adults in hospitalized or outpatient settings. Following RSV infection, a >or=4-fold increase in homo- and heterosubtypic IgG response was noted in most subjects against the RSV G CC and PCC regions; in contrast, such titer increases against the RSV G DCC was only noted in a homosubtypic manner. Our results have implications for RSV G-based serological diagnostics and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Murata
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry and Infectious Diseases Unit, Rochester General Hospital, 601 Elmwood Avenue Box 689, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Yoshihiko
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