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Role of Adipose Tissue-Derived Autotaxin, Lysophosphatidate Signaling, and Inflammation in the Progression and Treatment of Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165938. [PMID: 32824846 PMCID: PMC7460696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that produces lysophosphatidate (LPA), which signals through six G-protein coupled receptors, promoting tumor growth, metastasis, and survival from chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Many cancer cells produce ATX, but breast cancer cells express little ATX. In breast tumors, ATX is produced by tumor-associated stroma. Breast tumors are also surrounded by adipose tissue, which is a major bodily source of ATX. In mice, a high-fat diet increases adipocyte ATX production. ATX production in obesity is also increased because of low-level inflammation in the expanded adipose tissue. This increased ATX secretion and consequent LPA signaling is associated with decreased adiponectin production, which results in adverse metabolic profiles and glucose homeostasis. Increased ATX production by inflamed adipose tissue may explain the obesity-breast cancer association. Breast tumors produce inflammatory mediators that stimulate ATX transcription in tumor-adjacent adipose tissue. This drives a feedforward inflammatory cycle since increased LPA signaling increases production of more inflammatory mediators and cyclooxygenase-2. Inhibiting ATX activity, which has implications in breast cancer adjuvant treatments, attenuates this cycle. Targeting ATX activity and LPA signaling may potentially increase chemotherapy and radiotherapy efficacy, and decrease radiation-induced fibrosis morbidity independently of breast cancer type because most ATX is not derived from breast cancer cells.
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Belrose JL, Prasad A, Sammons MA, Gibbs KM, Szaro BG. Comparative gene expression profiling between optic nerve and spinal cord injury in Xenopus laevis reveals a core set of genes inherent in successful regeneration of vertebrate central nervous system axons. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:540. [PMID: 32758133 PMCID: PMC7430912 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The South African claw-toed frog, Xenopus laevis, is uniquely suited for studying differences between regenerative and non-regenerative responses to CNS injury within the same organism, because some CNS neurons (e.g., retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush (ONC)) regenerate axons throughout life, whereas others (e.g., hindbrain neurons after spinal cord injury (SCI)) lose this capacity as tadpoles metamorphose into frogs. Tissues from these CNS regions (frog ONC eye, tadpole SCI hindbrain, frog SCI hindbrain) were used in a three-way RNA-seq study of axotomized CNS axons to identify potential core gene expression programs for successful CNS axon regeneration. RESULTS Despite tissue-specific changes in expression dominating the injury responses of each tissue, injury-induced changes in gene expression were nonetheless shared between the two axon-regenerative CNS regions that were not shared with the non-regenerative region. These included similar temporal patterns of gene expression and over 300 injury-responsive genes. Many of these genes and their associated cellular functions had previously been associated with injury responses of multiple tissues, both neural and non-neural, from different species, thereby demonstrating deep phylogenetically conserved commonalities between successful CNS axon regeneration and tissue regeneration in general. Further analyses implicated the KEGG adipocytokine signaling pathway, which links leptin with metabolic and gene regulatory pathways, and a novel gene regulatory network with genes regulating chromatin accessibility at its core, as important hubs in the larger network of injury response genes involved in successful CNS axon regeneration. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies deep, phylogenetically conserved commonalities between CNS axon regeneration and other examples of successful tissue regeneration and provides new targets for studying the molecular underpinnings of successful CNS axon regeneration, as well as a guide for distinguishing pro-regenerative injury-induced changes in gene expression from detrimental ones in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Belrose
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Aparna Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Morgan A Sammons
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Kurt M Gibbs
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Morehead State University, Morehead, KY, 40351, USA
| | - Ben G Szaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
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53
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Lee D, Kim YH, Kim JH. The Role of Lysophosphatidic Acid in Adult Stem Cells. Int J Stem Cells 2020; 13:182-191. [PMID: 32587135 PMCID: PMC7378901 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc20035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are undifferentiated multipotent precursor cells that are capable both of perpetuating themselves as stem cells (self-renewal) and of undergoing differentiation into one or more specialized types of cells. And these stem cells have been reported to reside within distinct anatomic locations termed “niches”. The long-term goals of stem cell biology range from an understanding of cell-lineage determination and tissue organization to cellular therapeutics for degenerative diseases. Stem cells maintain tissue function throughout an organism’s lifespan by replacing differentiated cells. To perform this function, stem cells provide a unique combination of multilineage developmental potential and the capacity to undergo self-renewing divisions. The loss of self-renewal capacity in stem cells underlies certain degenerative diseases and the aging process. This self-renewal regulation must balance the regenerative needs of tissues that persist throughout life. Recent evidence suggests lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of a variety of stem cells. In this review, we summarize the evidence linking between LPA and stem cell regulation. The LPA-induced signaling pathway regulates the proliferation and survival of stem cells and progenitors, and thus are likely to play a role in the maintenance of stem cell population in the body. This lipid mediator regulatory system can be a novel potential therapeutics for stem cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjun Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Yun Hak Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
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Histopathological Signatures of the Femoral Head in Patients with Osteonecrosis and Potential Applications in a Multi-Targeted Approach: A Pilot Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10113945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Osteonecrosis (ON) of the femoral head is a disabling disease for which limited treatment options exist. Identifying therapeutic targets of its evolution could provide crucial insights into multi-targeted approaches. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the histopathological features of patients with non-traumatic femoral head (NTFH) and post-traumatic femoral head (PTFH) ON to produce a fresh vision for clinical use. (2) Methods: We got biopsies from patients with different ON stages, according to the ARCO system. Samples from multi-organ donors were used as controls. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluations were performed on the osteochondral unit. (3) Results: The PTFH group displayed several fibrotic reactions, a small stem cell pool and a lower international cartilage repair society (ICRS)-I score than NTFH, which instead presented intact cartilage similar to the controls. Immunostaining for collagen I and autotaxin confirmed these features in the PTFH group, which displayed top levels of MMP-13 involved in cartilage loss and reduced CB-2 in the underlying bone. Both groups manifested a similar pattern of apoptotic and pain mediators. (4) Conclusions: The different histopathological features suggest a multi-disciplinary and multi-targeted approach for ON. Further studies are necessary to measure the effect size to gain clinical evidence.
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Cas MD, Roda G, Li F, Secundo F. Functional Lipids in Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3074. [PMID: 32349258 PMCID: PMC7246500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are apolar small molecules known not only as components of cell membranes but also, in recent literature, as modulators of different biological functions. Herein, we focused on the bioactive lipids that can influence the immune responses and inflammatory processes regulating vascular hyperreactivity, pain, leukocyte trafficking, and clearance. In the case of excessive pro-inflammatory lipid activity, these lipids also contribute to the transition from acute to chronic inflammation. Based on their biochemical function, these lipids can be divided into different families, including eicosanoids, specialized pro-resolving mediators, lysoglycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and endocannabinoids. These bioactive lipids are involved in all phases of the inflammatory process and the pathophysiology of different chronic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, type-1 diabetes, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Dei Cas
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20131 Milan, Italy
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56
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Tang X, Benesch MGK, Brindley DN. Role of the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate axis in the development of resistance to cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158716. [PMID: 32305571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine to produce lysophosphatidate (LPA), which signals through six G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Signaling through LPA is terminated by its degradation by a family of three lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). LPP1 also attenuates signaling downstream of the activation of LPA receptors and some other GPCRs. The ATX-LPA axis mediates a plethora of activities such as cell proliferation, survival, migration, angiogenesis and inflammation, which perform an important role in facilitating wound healing. This wound healing response is hijacked by cancers where there is decreased expression of LPP1 and LPP3 and increased expression of ATX. This maladaptive regulation of LPA signaling also causes chronic inflammation, which has been recognized as one of the hallmarks in cancer. The increased LPA signaling promotes cell survival and migration and attenuates apoptosis, which stimulates tumor growth and metastasis. The wound healing functions of increased LPA signaling also protect cancer cells from effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this review, we will summarize knowledge of the ATX-LPA axis and its role in the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We will also offer insights for developing strategies of targeting ATX-LPA axis as a novel part of cancer treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Lysophospholipids and their receptors: New data and new insights into their function edited by Susan Smyth, Viswanathan Natarajan and Colleen McMullen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Matthew G K Benesch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador A1B 3V6, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada; Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2S2, Canada.
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Genetic deletion of Autotaxin from CD11b+ cells decreases the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226050. [PMID: 32240164 PMCID: PMC7117669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted lysophospholipase D catalyzing the extracellular production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a growth factor-like signaling lysophospholipid. ATX and LPA signaling have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of different chronic inflammatory diseases and various types of cancer. In this report, deregulated ATX and LPA levels were detected in the spinal cord and plasma of mice during the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Among the different sources of ATX expression in the inflamed spinal cord, F4/80+ CD11b+ cells, mostly activated macrophages and microglia, were found to express ATX, further suggesting an autocrine role for ATX/LPA in their activation, an EAE hallmark. Accordingly, ATX genetic deletion from CD11b+ cells attenuated the severity of EAE, thus proposing a pathogenic role for the ATX/LPA axis in neuroinflammatory disorders.
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58
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Hwang HJ, Park T, Kim M, Shin HS, Hwang W, Min YK, Song SG, Park D, Lee CH. A Novel Therapeutic Reagent, KA-1002 for Alleviating Lysophosphatidic Acid-Mediated Inflammation Related Gene Expression in Swine Macrophages. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10030534. [PMID: 32210054 PMCID: PMC7142756 DOI: 10.3390/ani10030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Inflammatory diseases are a key factor reducing the productivity of animals in a livestock industrial environment. We have identified a novel lysophosphatidic acid signaling antagonist, KA-1002, which alleviates lysophosphatidic acid-mediated a broad range of inflammation related gene expression in swine macrophages. Specifically, we found that KA-1002 significantly alleviated LPA-induced genes related with inflammation such as a role of macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells in rheumatoid arthritis and STAT3 signal pathway. Taken together, KA-1002 could be considered a novel therapeutic reagent candidate for swine inflammatory diseases. Abstract Stresses and various infectious reagents caused multiple inflammatory diseases in swine in a livestock industrial environment. Therefore, there is a need for an effective therapeutic or preventive agent that could alleviate chronic and acute inflammation. We found that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a stress-induced potent endogenous inflammatory molecule, causes a broad range-regulation of inflammation related genes inflammation in swine macrophages. We further investigated the genome scaled transcriptional regulatory effect of a novel LPA-signaling antagonist, KA-1002 on swine macrophages, inducing the alleviated LPA-mediated inflammation related gene expression. Therefore, KA-1002 could potentially serve as a novel therapeutic or preventive agent to maintain physiologically healthy and balanced conditions of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Jeong Hwang
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Center for Information-Based Drug Research, Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (M.K.); (H.-s.S.); (W.H.); (Y.K.M.)
| | - Tamina Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Miok Kim
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Center for Information-Based Drug Research, Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (M.K.); (H.-s.S.); (W.H.); (Y.K.M.)
- Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34137, Korea
| | - Hee-su Shin
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Center for Information-Based Drug Research, Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (M.K.); (H.-s.S.); (W.H.); (Y.K.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Wooyeon Hwang
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Center for Information-Based Drug Research, Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (M.K.); (H.-s.S.); (W.H.); (Y.K.M.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyunghee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Yong Ki Min
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Center for Information-Based Drug Research, Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (M.K.); (H.-s.S.); (W.H.); (Y.K.M.)
| | - Suk-gil Song
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea;
| | - Daeui Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (C.H.L.); Tel.: +82-42-610-8251 (D.P.); +82-42-860-7414 (C.H.L.)
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- Bio and Drug Discovery Division, Center for Information-Based Drug Research, Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Korea; (H.-J.H.); (M.K.); (H.-s.S.); (W.H.); (Y.K.M.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (C.H.L.); Tel.: +82-42-610-8251 (D.P.); +82-42-860-7414 (C.H.L.)
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KA-1002, a Novel Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling Antagonist, Alleviates Bovine Tracheal Cell Disruption and Inflammation. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020295. [PMID: 32069887 PMCID: PMC7070416 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: The industrial livestock environment can cause stress and weakened immunity in cattle, leading to microbial infections which reduce productivity. As such, there is a need for an effective therapeutic agent that can alleviate uncontrolled destructive respiratory inflammation. We found that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a potent endogenous stress-induced inflammatory agent, causes respiratory tissue damage and triggers inflammation in bovine bronchial cells. LPA also inflames pulmonary bovine blood vessel cells to produce inflammatory cytokines. These findings strongly suggest that LPA is a highly important endogenous material exacerbating bovine respiratory diseases. We further identified a novel LPA-signaling antagonist, KA-1002, and showed that it alleviated LPA-mediated bovine tracheal cell disruption and inflammation. Therefore, KA-1002 could potentially serve as a novel therapeutic agent to maintain physiologically healthy and balanced conditions in bovine respiratory tracts.
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The roles of autotaxin/lysophosphatidic acid in immune regulation and asthma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158641. [PMID: 32004685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) species are present in almost all organ systems and play diverse roles through its receptors. Asthma is an airway disease characterized by chronic allergic inflammation where various innate and adaptive immune cells participate in establishing Th2 immune response. Here, we will review the contribution of LPA and its receptors to the functions of immune cells that play a key role in establishing allergic airway inflammation and aggravation of allergic asthma.
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61
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Eckert N, Permanyer M, Yu K, Werth K, Förster R. Chemokines and other mediators in the development and functional organization of lymph nodes. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:62-83. [PMID: 30977201 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs like lymph nodes (LNs) are the main inductive sites for adaptive immune responses. Lymphocytes are constantly entering LNs, scanning the environment for their cognate antigen and get replenished by incoming cells after a certain period of time. As only a minor percentage of lymphocytes recognizes cognate antigen, this mechanism of permanent recirculation ensures fast and effective immune responses when necessary. Thus, homing, positioning, and activation as well as egress require precise regulation within LNs. In this review we discuss the mediators, including chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and others that are involved in the formation of the LN anlage and subsequent functional organization of LNs. We highlight very recent findings in the fields of LN development, steady-state migration in LNs, and the intranodal processes during an adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Eckert
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Werth
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Elevated Autotaxin and LPA Levels During Chronic Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associate with Systemic Immune Activation. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121867. [PMID: 31769428 PMCID: PMC6966516 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating autotaxin (ATX) is elevated in persons with liver disease, particularly in the setting of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HCV/HIV infection. It is thought that plasma ATX levels are, in part, attributable to impaired liver clearance that is secondary to fibrotic liver disease. In a discovery data set, we identified plasma ATX to be associated with parameters of systemic immune activation during chronic HCV and HCV/HIV infection. We and others have observed a partial normalization of ATX levels within months of starting interferon-free direct-acting antiviral (DAA) HCV therapy, consistent with a non-fibrotic liver disease contribution to elevated ATX levels, or HCV-mediated hepatocyte activation. Relationships between ATX, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and parameters of systemic immune activation will be discussed in the context of HCV infection, age, immune health, liver health, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
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63
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McDougall JJ. Osteoarthritis is a neurological disease – an hypothesis. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2019; 1:100005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2019.100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Deregulated Lysophosphatidic Acid Metabolism and Signaling in Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111626. [PMID: 31652837 PMCID: PMC6893780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide due to late diagnosis and scarcity of treatment options. The major risk factor for liver cancer is cirrhosis with the underlying causes of cirrhosis being viral infection (hepatitis B or C), metabolic deregulation (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the presence of obesity and diabetes), alcohol or cholestatic disorders. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid with numerous effects, most of them compatible with the hallmarks of cancer (proliferation, migration, invasion, survival, evasion of apoptosis, deregulated metabolism, neoangiogenesis, etc.). Autotaxin (ATX) is the enzyme responsible for the bulk of extracellular LPA production, and together with LPA signaling is involved in chronic inflammatory diseases, fibrosis and cancer. This review discusses the most important findings and the mechanisms related to ATX/LPA/LPAR involvement on metabolic, viral and cholestatic liver disorders and their progression to liver cancer in the context of human patients and mouse models. It focuses on the role of ATX/LPA in NAFLD development and its progression to liver cancer as NAFLD has an increasing incidence which is associated with the increasing incidence of liver cancer. Bearing in mind that adipose tissue accounts for the largest amount of LPA production, many studies have implicated LPA in adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation, liver steatosis, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and lipogenesis. At the same time, LPA and ATX play crucial roles in fibrotic diseases. Given that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is usually developed on the background of liver fibrosis, therapies that both delay the progression of fibrosis and prevent its development to malignancy would be very promising. Therefore, ATX/LPA signaling appears as an attractive therapeutic target as evidenced by the fact that it is involved in both liver fibrosis progression and liver cancer development.
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Magkrioti C, Galaris A, Kanellopoulou P, Stylianaki EA, Kaffe E, Aidinis V. Autotaxin and chronic inflammatory diseases. J Autoimmun 2019; 104:102327. [PMID: 31471142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein, widely present in biological fluids including blood. ATX catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a growth factor-like, signaling phospholipid. LPA exerts pleiotropic effects mediated by its G-protein-coupled receptors that are widely expressed and exhibit overlapping specificities. Although ATX also possesses matricellular properties, the majority of ATX reported functions in adulthood are thought to be mediated through the extracellular production of LPA. ATX-mediated LPA synthesis is likely localized at the cell surface through the possible interaction of ATX with integrins or other molecules, while LPA levels are further controlled by a group of membrane-associated lipid-phosphate phosphatases. ATX expression was shown to be necessary for embryonic development, and ATX deficient embryos exhibit defective vascular homeostasis and aberrant neuronal system development. In adult life, ATX is highly expressed in the adipose tissue and has been implicated in diet-induced obesity and glucose homeostasis with multiple implications in metabolic disorders. Additionally, LPA has been shown to affect multiple cell types, including stromal and immune cells in various ways. Therefore, LPA participates in many processes that are intricately involved in the pathogenesis of different chronic inflammatory diseases such as vascular homeostasis, skeletal and stromal remodeling, lymphocyte trafficking and immune regulation. Accordingly, increased ATX and LPA levels have been detected, locally and/or systemically, in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, most notably idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic liver diseases, and rheumatoid arthritis. Genetic and pharmacological studies in mice have confirmed a pathogenetic role for ATX expression and LPA signaling in chronic inflammatory diseases, and provided the proof of principle for therapeutic interventions, as exemplified by the ongoing clinical trials for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Apostolos Galaris
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Athens, Greece.
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Fujii T, Nagamatsu T, Schust DJ, Ichikawa M, Kumasawa K, Yabe S, Iriyama T, Hirota Y, Osuga Y, Aoki J, Yatomi Y, Fujii T. Placental expression of lysophosphatidic acid receptors in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 82:e13176. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagamatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Danny J. Schust
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health University of Missouri Columbia MO USA
| | - Mayuko Ichikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Keiichi Kumasawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Saitama Medical Center Saitama Japan
| | - Takayuki Iriyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasushi Hirota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku University Miyagi Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
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67
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Lerner R, Pascual Cuadrado D, Post JM, Lutz B, Bindila L. Broad Lipidomic and Transcriptional Changes of Prophylactic PEA Administration in Adult Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:527. [PMID: 31244590 PMCID: PMC6580993 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Beside diverse therapeutic properties of palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) including: neuroprotection, inflammation and pain alleviation, prophylactic effects have also been reported in animal models of infections, inflammation, and neurological diseases. The availability of PEA as (ultra)micronized nutraceutical formulations with reportedly no side effects, renders it accordingly an appealing candidate in human preventive care, such as in population at high risk of disease development or for healthy aging. PEA’s mode of action is multi-facetted. Consensus exists that PEA’s effects are primarily modulated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and that PEA-activated PPARα has a pleiotropic effect on lipid metabolism, inflammation gene networks, and host defense mechanisms. Yet, an exhaustive view of how the prophylactic PEA administration changes the lipid signaling in brain and periphery, thereby eliciting a beneficial response to various negative stimuli remains still elusive. We therefore, undertook a broad lipidomic and transcriptomic study in brain and spleen of adult mice to unravel the positive molecular phenotype rendered by prophylactic PEA. We applied a tissue lipidomic and transcriptomic approach based on simultaneous extraction and subsequent targeted liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring (LC-MRM) and mRNA analysis by qPCR, respectively. We targeted lipids of COX-, LOX- and CYP450 pathways, respectively, membrane phospholipids, lipid products of cPLA2, and free fatty acids, along with various genes involved in their biosynthesis and function. Additionally, plasma lipidomics was applied to reveal circulatory consequences and/or reflection of PEA’s action. We found broad, distinct, and several previously unknown tissue transcriptional regulations of inflammatory pathways. In hippocampus also a PEA-induced transcriptional regulation of neuronal activity and excitability was evidenced. A massive downregulation of membrane lipid levels in the splenic tissue of the immune system with a consequent shift towards pro-resolving lipid environment was also detected. Plasma lipid pattern reflected to a large extent the hippocampal and splenic lipidome changes, highlighting the value of plasma lipidomics to monitor effects of nutraceutical PEA administration. Altogether, these findings contribute new insights into PEA’s molecular mechanism and helps answering the questions, how PEA prepares the body for insults and what are the “good lipids” that underlie this action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Lerner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Diego Pascual Cuadrado
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia M Post
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Laura Bindila
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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68
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Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidic Acid Axis Blockade Improves Inflammation by Regulating Th17 Cell Differentiation in DSS-Induced Chronic Colitis Mice. Inflammation 2019; 42:1530-1541. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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69
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Suryadevara V, Huang L, Kim SJ, Cheresh P, Shaaya M, Bandela M, Fu P, Feghali-Bostwick C, Di Paolo G, Kamp DW, Natarajan V. Role of phospholipase D in bleomycin-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial DNA damage, and pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L175-L187. [PMID: 31090437 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00320.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a pernicious lung disease characterized by alveolar epithelial apoptosis, dysregulated repair of epithelial injury, scar formation, and respiratory failure. In this study, we identified phospholipase D (PLD)-generated phosphatidic acid (PA) signaling in the development of pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Of the PLD isoenzymes, the protein expression of PLD2, but not PLD1, was upregulated in lung tissues from IPF patients and bleomycin challenged mice. Both PLD1 (Pld1-/-)- and PLD2 (Pld2-/-)-deficient mice were protected against bleomycin-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis, thereby establishing the role of PLD in fibrogenesis. The role of PLD1 and PLD2 in bleomycin-induced lung epithelial injury was investigated by infecting bronchial airway epithelial cells (Beas2B) with catalytically inactive mutants of PLD (hPLD1-K898R or mPld2-K758R) or downregulation of expression of PLD1 or PLD2 with siRNA. Bleomycin stimulated mitochondrial (mt) superoxide production, mtDNA damage, and apoptosis in Beas2B cells, which was attenuated by the catalytically inactive mutants of PLD or PLD2 siRNA. These results show a role for PLD1 and PLD2 in bleomycin-induced generation of mt reactive oxygen species, mt DNA damage, and apoptosis of lung epithelial cells in mice. Thus, PLD may be a novel therapeutic target in ameliorating experimental PF in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyani Suryadevara
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Longshuang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Seok-Jo Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and the Jesse Brown VA Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Paul Cheresh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and the Jesse Brown VA Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark Shaaya
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mounica Bandela
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Panfeng Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center , New York, New York
| | - David W Kamp
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and the Jesse Brown VA Medical Center , Chicago, Illinois
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois
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70
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Müller DC, Kauppi A, Edin A, Gylfe Å, Sjöstedt AB, Johansson A. Phospholipid levels in blood during community-acquired pneumonia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216379. [PMID: 31063483 PMCID: PMC6504044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids, major constituents of bilayer cell membranes, are present in large amounts in pulmonary surfactant and play key roles in cell signaling. Here, we aim at finding clinically useful disease markers in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) using comprehensive phospholipid profiling in blood and modeling of changes between sampling time points. Serum samples from 33 patients hospitalized with CAP were collected at admission, three hours after the start of intravenous antibiotics, Day 1 (at 12–24 h), Day 2 (at 36–48 h), and several weeks after recovery. A profile of 75 phospholipid species including quantification of the bioactive lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) was determined using liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. To control for possible enzymatic degradation of LPCs, serum autotaxin levels were examined. Twenty-two of the 33 patients with a clinical diagnosis of CAP received a laboratory-verified CAP diagnosis by microbial culture or microbial DNA detection by qPCR. All major phospholipid species, especially the LPCs, were pronouncedly decreased in the acute stage of illness. Total and individual LPC concentrations increased shortly after the initiation of antibiotic treatment, concentrations were at their lowest 3h after the initiation, and increased after Day 1. The total LPC concentration increased by a change ratio of 1.6–1.7 between acute illness and Day 2, and by a ratio of 3.7 between acute illness and full disease resolution. Autotaxin levels were low in acute illness and showed little changes over time, contradicting a hypothesis of enzymatic degradation causing the low levels of LPCs. In this sample of patients with CAP, the results demonstrate that LPC concentration changes in serum of patients with CAP closely mirrored the early transition from acute illness to recovery after the initiation of antibiotics. LPCs should be further explored as potential disease stage biomarkers in CAP and for their potential physiological role during recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Müller
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna Kauppi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alicia Edin
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Åsa Gylfe
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders B. Sjöstedt
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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71
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Law SH, Chan ML, Marathe GK, Parveen F, Chen CH, Ke LY. An Updated Review of Lysophosphatidylcholine Metabolism in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051149. [PMID: 30845751 PMCID: PMC6429061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is increasingly recognized as a key marker/factor positively associated with cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. However, findings from recent clinical lipidomic studies of LPC have been controversial. A key issue is the complexity of the enzymatic cascade involved in LPC metabolism. Here, we address the coordination of these enzymes and the derangement that may disrupt LPC homeostasis, leading to metabolic disorders. LPC is mainly derived from the turnover of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in the circulation by phospholipase A2 (PLA2). In the presence of Acyl-CoA, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) converts LPC to PC, which rapidly gets recycled by the Lands cycle. However, overexpression or enhanced activity of PLA2 increases the LPC content in modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and oxidized LDL, which play significant roles in the development of atherosclerotic plaques and endothelial dysfunction. The intracellular enzyme LPCAT cannot directly remove LPC from circulation. Hydrolysis of LPC by autotaxin, an enzyme with lysophospholipase D activity, generates lysophosphatidic acid, which is highly associated with cancers. Although enzymes with lysophospholipase A1 activity could theoretically degrade LPC into harmless metabolites, they have not been found in the circulation. In conclusion, understanding enzyme kinetics and LPC metabolism may help identify novel therapeutic targets in LPC-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hui Law
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Lin Chan
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, MacKay Medical College, Taipei 10449, Taiwan.
| | - Gopal K Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Manasagangothri, University of Mysore, Mysore-570006, India.
| | - Farzana Parveen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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72
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Mechanisms of bergenin treatment on chronic bronchitis analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry based on metabolomics. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:2270-2277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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73
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Yanagida K, Igarashi H, Yasuda D, Kobayashi D, Ohto-Nakanishi T, Akahoshi N, Sekiba A, Toyoda T, Ishijima T, Nakai Y, Shojima N, Kubota N, Abe K, Kadowaki T, Ishii S, Shimizu T. The Gα12/13-coupled receptor LPA4 limits proper adipose tissue expansion and remodeling in diet-induced obesity. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97293. [PMID: 30568036 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) can dynamically expand and remodel through adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia. The relative contribution of these 2 mechanisms to WAT expansion is a critical determinant of WAT function and dysfunction in obesity. However, little is known about the signaling systems that determine the mechanisms of WAT expansion. Here, we show that the GPCR LPA4 selectively activates Gα12/13 proteins in adipocytes and limits continuous remodeling and healthy expansion of WAT. LPA4-KO mice showed enhanced expression of mitochondrial and adipogenesis genes and reduced levels of inhibitory phosphorylation of PPARγ in WAT, along with increased production of adiponectin. Furthermore, LPA4-KO mice showed metabolically healthy obese phenotypes in a diet-induced obesity model, with continuous WAT expansion, as well as protection from WAT inflammation, hepatosteatosis, and insulin resistance. These findings unravel a potentially new signaling system that underlies WAT plasticity and expandability, providing a promising therapeutic approach for obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yanagida
- Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Igarashi
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yasuda
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Daiki Kobayashi
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Takayo Ohto-Nakanishi
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Akahoshi
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sekiba
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Tsudoi Toyoda
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences
| | - Tomoko Ishijima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences
| | - Yuji Nakai
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences
| | - Nobuhiro Shojima
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Naoto Kubota
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Keiko Abe
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Satoshi Ishii
- Department of Immunology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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74
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Preventing acute asthmatic symptoms by targeting a neuronal mechanism involving carotid body lysophosphatidic acid receptors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4030. [PMID: 30279412 PMCID: PMC6168495 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06189-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma accounts for 380,000 deaths a year. Carotid body denervation has been shown to have a profound effect on airway hyper-responsiveness in animal models but a mechanistic explanation is lacking. Here we demonstrate, using a rat model of asthma (OVA-sensitized), that carotid body activation during airborne allergic provocation is caused by systemic release of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Carotid body activation by LPA involves TRPV1 and LPA-specific receptors, and induces parasympathetic (vagal) activity. We demonstrate that this activation is sufficient to cause acute bronchoconstriction. Moreover, we show that prophylactic administration of TRPV1 (AMG9810) and LPA (BrP-LPA) receptor antagonists prevents bradykinin-induced asthmatic bronchoconstriction and, if administered following allergen exposure, reduces the associated respiratory distress. Our discovery provides mechanistic insight into the critical roles of carotid body LPA receptors in allergen-induced respiratory distress and suggests alternate treatment options for asthma. Acute bronchoconstriction is the leading cause of asthmatic sudden death following allergen exposure. The authors show that the systemic increase of LPA following inhaled allergen or bradykinin challenge activates the carotid bodies through TRPV1 and LPA-specific receptors and that systemic TRPV1 and LPA-specific receptor antagonists ameliorate acute bronchoconstriction.
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75
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Ninou I, Kaffe E, Müller S, Budd DC, Stevenson CS, Ullmer C, Aidinis V. Pharmacologic targeting of the ATX/LPA axis attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2018; 52:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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76
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Zhang P, Chen Y, Zhang T, Zhu J, Zhao L, Li J, Wang G, Li Y, Xu S, Nilsson Å, Duan RD. Deficiency of alkaline SMase enhances dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice with upregulation of autotaxin. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1841-1850. [PMID: 30087205 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m084285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal alkaline SMase (Alk-SMase) cleaves phosphocholine from SM, platelet-activating factor (PAF), and lysophosphatidylcholine. We recently found that colitis-associated colon cancer was 4- to 5-fold enhanced in Alk-SMase KO mice. Here, we further studied the pathogenesis of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in WT and KO mice. Compared with WT mice, KO mice demonstrated greater body weight loss, more severe bloody diarrhea, broader inflammatory cell infiltration, and more serious epithelial injury. Higher levels of PAF and lower levels of interleukin (IL)10 were identified in KO mice 2 days after DSS treatment. A greater and progressive increase of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) was identified. The change was associated with increased autotaxin expression in both small intestine and colon, which was identified by immunohistochemistry study, Western blot, and sandwich ELISA. The upregulation of autotaxin coincided with an early increase of PAF. IL6 and TNFα were increased in both WT and KO mice. At the later stage (day 8), significant decreases in IL6, IL10, and PAF were identified, and the decreases were greater in KO mice. In conclusion, deficiency of Alk-SMase enhances DSS-induced colitis by mechanisms related to increased autotaxin expression and LPA formation. The early increase of PAF might be a trigger for such reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Medical Laboratory Science and Technology College, Harbin Medical University, Daqing Campus, Daqing, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Gastroenterology and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tao Zhang
- Medical Laboratory Science and Technology College, Harbin Medical University, Daqing Campus, Daqing, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Medical Laboratory Science and Technology College, Harbin Medical University, Daqing Campus, Daqing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Medical Laboratory Science and Technology College, Harbin Medical University, Daqing Campus, Daqing, China
| | - Jianshuang Li
- Medical Laboratory Science and Technology College, Harbin Medical University, Daqing Campus, Daqing, China
| | - Guangzhi Wang
- Medical Laboratory Science and Technology College, Harbin Medical University, Daqing Campus, Daqing, China
| | - Yongchun Li
- Medical Laboratory Science and Technology College, Harbin Medical University, Daqing Campus, Daqing, China
| | - Shuchang Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Åke Nilsson
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rui-Dong Duan
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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77
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Lysophospholipid Signaling in the Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10070227. [PMID: 29987226 PMCID: PMC6071084 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the important cancer hallmarks, metabolism reprogramming, including lipid metabolism alterations, occurs in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). It plays an important role in tumorigenesis, progression, and metastasis. Lipids, and several lysophospholipids in particular, are elevated in the blood, ascites, and/or epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) tissues, making them not only useful biomarkers, but also potential therapeutic targets. While the roles and signaling of these lipids in tumor cells are extensively studied, there is a significant gap in our understanding of their regulations and functions in the context of the microenvironment. This review focuses on the recent study development in several oncolipids, including lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine-1-phosphate, with emphasis on TME in ovarian cancer.
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78
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Ramesh S, Govindarajulu M, Suppiramaniam V, Moore T, Dhanasekaran M. Autotaxin⁻Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071827. [PMID: 29933579 PMCID: PMC6073975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain contains various forms of lipids that are important for maintaining its structural integrity and regulating various signaling cascades. Autotaxin (ATX) is an ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-2 enzyme that hydrolyzes extracellular lysophospholipids into the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA is a major bioactive lipid which acts through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and plays an important role in mediating cellular signaling processes. The majority of synthesized LPA is derived from membrane phospholipids through the action of the secreted enzyme ATX. Both ATX and LPA are highly expressed in the central nervous system. Dysfunctional expression and activity of ATX with associated changes in LPA signaling have recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This review focuses on the current understanding of LPA signaling, with emphasis on the importance of the autotaxin–lysophosphatidic acid (ATX–LPA) pathway and its alterations in AD and a brief note on future therapeutic applications based on ATX–LPA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Ramesh
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Manoj Govindarajulu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Vishnu Suppiramaniam
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Timothy Moore
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Muralikrishnan Dhanasekaran
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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79
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Ninou I, Magkrioti C, Aidinis V. Autotaxin in Pathophysiology and Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:180. [PMID: 29951481 PMCID: PMC6008954 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophospholipid signaling is emerging as a druggable regulator of pathophysiological responses, and especially fibrosis, exemplified by the relative ongoing clinical trials in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients. In this review, we focus on ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase-phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2), or as more widely known Autotaxin (ATX), a secreted lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) largely responsible for extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production. In turn, LPA is a bioactive phospholipid autacoid, forming locally upon increased ATX levels and acting also locally through its receptors, likely guided by ATX's structural conformation and cell surface associations. Increased ATX activity levels have been detected in many inflammatory and fibroproliferative conditions, while genetic and pharmacologic studies have confirmed a pleiotropic participation of ATX/LPA in different processes and disorders. In pulmonary fibrosis, ATX levels rise in the broncheoalveolar fluid (BALF) and stimulate LPA production. LPA engagement of its receptors activate multiple G-protein mediated signal transduction pathways leading to different responses from pulmonary cells including the production of pro-inflammatory signals from stressed epithelial cells, the modulation of endothelial physiology, the activation of TGF signaling and the stimulation of fibroblast accumulation. Genetic or pharmacologic targeting of the ATX/LPA axis attenuated disease development in animal models, thus providing the proof of principle for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Ninou
- Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Christiana Magkrioti
- Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Athens, Greece
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80
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Sagini K, Costanzi E, Emiliani C, Buratta S, Urbanelli L. Extracellular Vesicles as Conveyors of Membrane-Derived Bioactive Lipids in Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041227. [PMID: 29670015 PMCID: PMC5979532 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been established as an additional way to transmit signals outside the cell. They are membrane-surrounded structures of nanometric size that can either originate from the membrane invagination of multivesicular bodies of the late endosomal compartment (exosomes) or bud from the plasma membrane (microvesicles). They contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids—namely miRNA, but also mRNA and lncRNA—which are derived from the parental cell, and have been retrieved in every fluid of the body. As carriers of antigens, either alone or in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and class I molecules, their immunomodulatory properties have been extensively investigated. Moreover, recent studies have shown that EVs may carry and deliver membrane-derived bioactive lipids that play an important function in the immune system and related pathologies, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, specialized pro-resolving mediators, and lysophospholipids. EVs protect bioactive lipids from degradation and play a role in the transcellular synthesis of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Here, we summarized the role of EVs in the regulation of immune response, specifically focusing our attention on the emerging role of EVs as carriers of bioactive lipids, which is important for immune system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krizia Sagini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Eva Costanzi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Carla Emiliani
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
- Centro di Eccellenza sui Materiali Innovativi Nanostrutturati (CEMIN), University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Sandra Buratta
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Lorena Urbanelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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81
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Ringelhan M, McKeating JA, Protzer U. Viral hepatitis and liver cancer. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0274. [PMID: 28893941 PMCID: PMC5597741 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B and C viruses are a global health problem causing acute and chronic infections that can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These infections are the leading cause for HCC worldwide and are associated with significant mortality, accounting for more than 1.3 million deaths per year. Owing to its high incidence and resistance to treatment, liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with HCC representing approximately 90% of all primary liver cancer cases. The majority of viral-associated HCC cases develop in subjects with liver cirrhosis; however, hepatitis B virus infection can promote HCC development without prior end-stage liver disease. Thus, understanding the role of hepatitis B and C viral infections in HCC development is essential for the future design of treatments and therapies for this cancer. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on hepatitis B and C virus hepatocarcinogenesis and highlight direct and indirect risk factors. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Human oncogenic viruses’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ringelhan
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstrasse 30, 81675 Muenchen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hopsital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Muenchen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Institute for Advanced Science, Technical University of Munich, Muenchen, Germany .,Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Trogerstrasse 30, 81675 Muenchen, Germany .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich.,Institute for Advanced Science, Technical University of Munich, Muenchen, Germany
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82
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Benesch MGK, MacIntyre ITK, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN. Coming of Age for Autotaxin and Lysophosphatidate Signaling: Clinical Applications for Preventing, Detecting and Targeting Tumor-Promoting Inflammation. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10030073. [PMID: 29543710 PMCID: PMC5876648 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A quarter-century after the discovery of autotaxin in cell culture, the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate (LPA)-lipid phosphate phosphatase axis is now a promising clinical target for treating chronic inflammatory conditions, mitigating fibrosis progression, and improving the efficacy of existing cancer chemotherapies and radiotherapy. Nearly half of the literature on this axis has been published during the last five years. In cancer biology, LPA signaling is increasingly being recognized as a central mediator of the progression of chronic inflammation in the establishment of a tumor microenvironment which promotes cancer growth, immune evasion, metastasis, and treatment resistance. In this review, we will summarize recent advances made in understanding LPA signaling with respect to chronic inflammation and cancer. We will also provide perspectives on the applications of inhibitors of LPA signaling in preventing cancer initiation, as adjuncts extending the efficacy of current cancer treatments by blocking inflammation caused by either the cancer or the cancer therapy itself, and by disruption of the tumor microenvironment. Overall, LPA, a simple molecule that mediates a plethora of biological effects, can be targeted at its levels of production by autotaxin, LPA receptors or through LPA degradation by lipid phosphate phosphatases. Drugs for these applications will soon be entering clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G K Benesch
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL AlB 3V6, Canada.
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Iain T K MacIntyre
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL AlB 3V6, Canada.
| | - Todd P W McMullen
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada.
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
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83
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Rodriguez Cetina Biefer H, Heinbokel T, Uehara H, Camacho V, Minami K, Nian Y, Koduru S, El Fatimy R, Ghiran I, Trachtenberg AJ, de la Fuente MA, Azuma H, Akbari O, Tullius SG, Vasudevan A, Elkhal A. Mast cells regulate CD4 + T-cell differentiation in the absence of antigen presentation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:1894-1908.e7. [PMID: 29470999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given their unique capacity for antigen uptake, processing, and presentation, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are critical for initiating and regulating innate and adaptive immune responses. We have previously shown the role of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in T-cell differentiation independently of the cytokine milieu, whereas the precise mechanisms remained unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to further dissect the mechanism of actions of NAD+ and determine the effect of APCs on NAD+-mediated T-cell activation. METHODS Isolated dendritic cells and bone marrow-derived mast cells (MCs) were used to characterize the mechanisms of action of NAD+ on CD4+ T-cell fate in vitro. Furthermore, NAD+-mediated CD4+ T-cell differentiation was investigated in vivo by using wild-type C57BL/6, MC-/-, MHC class II-/-, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP)-/-, 5C.C7 recombination-activating gene 2 (Rag2)-/-, and CD11b-DTR transgenic mice. Finally, we tested the physiologic effect of NAD+ on the systemic immune response in the context of Listeria monocytogenes infection. RESULTS Our in vivo and in vitro findings indicate that after NAD+ administration, MCs exclusively promote CD4+ T-cell differentiation, both in the absence of antigen and independently of major APCs. Moreover, we found that MCs mediated CD4+ T-cell differentiation independently of MHC II and T-cell receptor signaling machinery. More importantly, although treatment with NAD+ resulted in decreased MHC II expression on CD11c+ cells, MC-mediated CD4+ T-cell differentiation rendered mice resistant to administration of lethal doses of L monocytogenes. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our study unravels a novel cellular and molecular pathway that regulates innate and adaptive immunity through MCs exclusively and underscores the therapeutic potential of NAD+ in the context of primary immunodeficiencies and antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Rodriguez Cetina Biefer
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timm Heinbokel
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Nephrology, Charite Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Virginia Camacho
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Mass
| | - Koichiro Minami
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Yeqi Nian
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Suresh Koduru
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rachid El Fatimy
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Initiative for RNA Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Ionita Ghiran
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Mass
| | | | - Miguel A de la Fuente
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Haruhito Azuma
- Department of Urology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Stefan G Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Anju Vasudevan
- Angiogenesis and Brain Development Laboratory, Division of Basic Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Mass
| | - Abdallah Elkhal
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplantation Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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84
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Chiurchiù V, Leuti A, Maccarrone M. Bioactive Lipids and Chronic Inflammation: Managing the Fire Within. Front Immunol 2018; 9:38. [PMID: 29434586 PMCID: PMC5797284 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an immune response that works as a contained fire that is pre-emptively sparked as a defensive process during infections or upon any kind of tissue insult, and that is spontaneously extinguished after elimination or termination of the damage. However, persistent and uncontrolled immune reactions act as a wildfire that promote chronic inflammation, unresolved tissue damage and, eventually, chronic diseases. A wide network of soluble mediators, among which endogenous bioactive lipids, governs all immune processes. They are secreted by basically all cells involved in inflammatory processes and constitute the crucial infrastructure that triggers, coordinates and confines inflammatory mechanisms. However, these molecules are also deeply involved in the detrimental transition from acute to chronic inflammation, be it for persistent or excessive action of pro-inflammatory lipids or for the impairment of the functions carried out by resolving ones. As a matter of fact, bioactive lipids have been linked, to date, to several chronic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, diabetes, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and multiple sclerosis. This review summarizes current knowledge on the involvement of the main classes of endogenous bioactive lipids—namely classical eicosanoids, pro-resolving lipid mediators, lysoglycerophospholipids/sphingolipids, and endocannabinoids—in the cellular and molecular mechanisms that lead to the pathogenesis of chronic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Chiurchiù
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research (CERC), Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leuti
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research (CERC), Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,European Center for Brain Research (CERC), Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
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85
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Shirakabe K, Higashiyama M, Furuhashi H, Takajo T, Maruta K, Okada Y, Kurihara C, Watanabe C, Komoto S, Tomita K, Nagao S, Miura S, Saruta M, Hokari R. Amelioration of colitis through blocking lymphocytes entry to Peyer's patches by sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase inhibitor. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:1608-1616. [PMID: 29336057 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1, a therapeutic target of the S1P1 agonist FTY720, plays a crucial role in lymphocyte migration and is expressed in several cells including naïve T lymphocytes and endothelial cells. 2-Acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutyl imidazole (THI), an inhibitor of S1P lyase, exhibits immunomodulatory activity through increasing the S1P concentration in the secondary lymphoid organs, but its effects on colitis remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify how THI affects colitis and migration of naïve T lymphocytes in Peyer's patches (PPs). METHODS The effect of THI on gut immunity was investigated by analyzing the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis model, lymphocyte components in thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDLs), and microscopic movement of TDLs in PPs. RESULTS 2-Acetyl-4-tetrahydroxybutyl imidazole ameliorated DSS-induced colitis histologically by causing a significant decrease in colonic lymphocyte infiltration and expression of mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokines. THI suppressed the inflow of naïve T lymphocytes into the thoracic duct. Microscopic observation of PPs in control animals revealed that many TDLs egressed to the stroma and migrated to lymph capillaries after attaching to the high endothelial venules (HEVs). THI or FTY720 treatment in recipient animals blocked lymphocyte egression from the HEVs to the stroma. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to clarify the ameliorating effects of THI on DSS-induced colitis. Microscopic observations demonstrated the involvement of HEVs in the egression of S1P-dependent gut-tropic T lymphocytes to lymph capillaries. This S1P lyase inhibitor might become a novel immunosuppressant for inflammatory bowel disease therapy by blocking infiltration of lymphocytes through HEVs into the stroma in PPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Shirakabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Higashiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Furuhashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takajo
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Maruta
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Okada
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chie Kurihara
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Chikako Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Komoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kengo Tomita
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Nagao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Soichiro Miura
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Saruta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Hokari
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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Rindlisbacher B, Schmid C, Geiser T, Bovet C, Funke-Chambour M. Serum metabolic profiling identified a distinct metabolic signature in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - a potential biomarker role for LysoPC. Respir Res 2018; 19:7. [PMID: 29321022 PMCID: PMC5764001 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a lethal lung disease of unknown etiology. Patients present loss of lung function, dyspnea and dry cough. Diagnosis requires compatible radiologic imaging and, in undetermined cases, invasive procedures such as bronchoscopy and surgical lung biopsy. The pathophysiological mechanisms of IPF are not completely understood. Lung injury with abnormal alveolar epithelial repair is thought to be a major cause for activation of profibrotic pathways in IPF. Metabolic signatures might indicate pathological pathways involved in disease development and progression. Reliable serum biomarker would help to improve both diagnostic approach and monitoring of drug effects. METHOD The global metabolic profiles measured by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) of ten stable IPF patients were compared to the ones of ten healthy participants. The results were validated in an additional study of eleven IPF patients and ten healthy controls. RESULTS We discovered 10 discriminative metabolic features using multivariate and univariate statistical analysis. Among them, we identified one metabolite at a retention time of 9.59 min that was two times more abundant in the serum of IPF patients compared to healthy participants. Based on its ion pattern, a lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) was proposed. LysoPC is a precursor of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) - a known mediator for lung fibrosis with its pathway currently being evaluated as new therapeutic drug target for IPF and other fibrotic diseases. CONCLUSIONS We identified a LysoPC by UHPLC-HRMS as potential biomarker in serum of patients with IPF. Further validation studies in a larger cohort are necessary to determine its role in IPF. TRIAL REGISTRATION Serum samples from IPF patients have been obtained within the clinical trial NCT02173145 at baseline and from the idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP) cohort study. The study was approved by the Swiss Ethics Committee, Bern (KEK 002/14 and 246/15 or PB_2016-01524).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rindlisbacher
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Schmid
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Geiser
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Bovet
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Funke-Chambour
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidic Acid: From Inflammation to Cancer Development. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:9173090. [PMID: 29430083 PMCID: PMC5753009 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9173090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a ubiquitous lysophospholipid and one of the main membrane-derived lipid signaling molecules. LPA acts as an autocrine/paracrine messenger through at least six G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), known as LPA1–6, to induce various cellular processes including wound healing, differentiation, proliferation, migration, and survival. LPA receptors and autotaxin (ATX), a secreted phosphodiesterase that produces this phospholipid, are overexpressed in many cancers and impact several features of the disease, including cancer-related inflammation, development, and progression. Many ongoing studies aim to understand ATX-LPA axis signaling in cancer and its potential as a therapeutic target. In this review, we discuss the evidence linking LPA signaling to cancer-related inflammation and its impact on cancer progression.
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88
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Ware R, Kumar V. Complexity and function of natural killer T cells with potential application to hepatic transplant survival. Liver Transpl 2017; 23:1589-1592. [PMID: 28945950 PMCID: PMC6075735 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the major innate-like lymphocyte populations enriched in the liver consists of natural killer T (NKT) cells, which recognize self and foreign lipid antigens presented by the nonpolymorphic class I major histocompatibility complex-like molecule CD1d. NKT cells express natural killer cell markers as well as T cell receptors (TCRs) and can be classified into 2 categories: type I NKT cells use a semi-invariant TCR, whereas type II NKT cells express diverse but still limited TCRs. An emerging body of evidence points to their opposing roles in inflammation, including ischemia/reperfusion injury. Improved understanding of their roles in experimental models as well as in humans and the means by which their function can be manipulated may provide therapeutic benefit in liver diseases and in organ transplantation. Liver Transplantation 23 1589-1592 2017 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randle Ware
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla CA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Medicine; University of California, San Diego; La Jolla CA
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89
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Navarini L, Afeltra A, Gallo Afflitto G, Margiotta DPE. Polyunsaturated fatty acids: any role in rheumatoid arthritis? Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:197. [PMID: 29017507 PMCID: PMC5634864 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are members of the family of fatty acids and are included in the diet. Particularly, western diet is usually low in n-3 PUFAs and high in n-6 PUFAs. PUFAs play a central role in the homeostasis of immune system: n-6 PUFAs have predominantly pro-inflammatory features, while n-3 PUFAs seem to exert anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis in which many inflammatory pathways contribute to joint and systemic inflammation, disease activity, and structural damage. Research on PUFAs could represent an important opportunity to better understand the pathogenesis and to improve the management of RA patients. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, EBSCO-Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), CNKI and Wanfang to identify primary research reporting the role of n-3 PUFAs in rheumatoid arthritis both in humans and in animal models up to the end of March 2017. Results Data from animal models allows to hypothesize that n-3 PUFAs supplementation may represent an interesting perspective in future research as much in prevention as in treating RA. In humans, several case-control and prospective cohort studies suggest that a high content of n-3 PUFAs in the diet could have a protective role for incident RA in subjects at risk. Moreover, n-3 PUFAs supplementation has been assessed as a valuable therapeutic option also for patients with RA, particularly in order to improve the pain symptoms, the tender joint count, the duration of morning stiffness and the frequency of NSAIDs assumption. Conclusions n-3 PUFAs supplementation could represent a promising therapeutic option to better control many features of RA. The impact of n-3 PUFAs on radiographic progression and synovial histopathology has not been yet evaluated, as well as their role in early arthritis and the combination with biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Navarini
- Unit of Allergology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonella Afeltra
- Unit of Allergology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Gallo Afflitto
- Unit of Allergology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Paolo Emanuele Margiotta
- Unit of Allergology, Immunology, Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128, Rome, Italy
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90
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Pantsar T, Singha P, Nevalainen TJ, Koshevoy I, Leppänen J, Poso A, Niskanen JM, Pasonen-Seppänen S, Savinainen JR, Laitinen T, Laitinen JT. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 2,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives as autotaxin inhibitors. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:97-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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91
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Mathieu P, Arsenault BJ, Boulanger MC, Bossé Y, Koschinsky ML. Pathobiology of Lp(a) in calcific aortic valve disease. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2017; 15:797-807. [DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2017.1367286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Mathieu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Benoit J. Arsenault
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Chloé Boulanger
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
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92
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Dhodapkar MV, Kumar V. Type II NKT Cells and Their Emerging Role in Health and Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1015-1021. [PMID: 28115591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
NKT cells recognize lipid Ags presented by a class I MHC-like molecule CD1d, a member of the CD1 family. Although most initial studies on NKT cells focused on a subset with semi-invariant TCR termed invariant NKT cells, the majority of CD1d-restricted lipid-reactive human T cells express diverse TCRs and are termed type II NKT cells. These cells constitute a distinct population of circulating and tissue-resident effector T cells with immune-regulatory properties. They react to a growing list of self- as well as non-self-lipid ligands, and share some properties with both invariant NKT and conventional T cells. An emerging body of evidence points to their role in the regulation of immunity to pathogens/tumors and in autoimmune/metabolic disorders. An improved understanding of the biology of these cells and the ability to manipulate their function may be of therapeutic benefit in diverse disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav V Dhodapkar
- Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT 06510; .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven CT 06510.,Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510; and
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
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93
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Zhang MZ, Wang X, Yang H, Fogo AB, Murphy BJ, Kaltenbach R, Cheng P, Zinker B, Harris RC. Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor Antagonism Protects against Diabetic Nephropathy in a Type 2 Diabetic Model. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:3300-3311. [PMID: 28739650 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2017010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) functions through activation of LPA receptors (LPARs). LPA-LPAR signaling has been implicated in development of fibrosis. However, the role of LPA-LPAR signaling in development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) has not been studied. We examined whether BMS002, a novel dual LPAR1 and LPAR3 antagonist, affects development of DN in endothelial nitric oxide synthase-knockout db/db mice. Treatment of these mice with BMS002 from 8 to 20 weeks of age led to a significant reduction in albuminuria, similar to that observed with renin-angiotensin system inhibition (losartan plus enalapril). LPAR inhibition also prevented the decline in GFR observed in vehicle-treated mice, such that GFR at week 20 differed significantly between vehicle and LPAR inhibitor groups (P<0.05). LPAR inhibition also reduced histologic glomerular injury; decreased the expression of profibrotic and fibrotic components, including fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin, connective tissue growth factor, collagen I, and TGF-β; and reduced renal macrophage infiltration and oxidative stress. Notably, LPAR inhibition slowed podocyte loss (podocytes per glomerulus ±SEM at 8 weeks: 667±40, n=4; at 20 weeks: 364±18 with vehicle, n=7, and 536±12 with LPAR inhibition, n=7; P<0.001 versus vehicle). Finally, LPAR inhibition minimized the production of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a marker of oxidative stress, in podocytes and increased the phosphorylation of AKT2, an indicator of AKT2 activity, in kidneys. Thus, the LPAR antagonist BMS002 protects against GFR decline and attenuates development of DN through multiple mechanisms. LPAR antagonism might provide complementary beneficial effects to renin-angiotensin system inhibition to slow progression of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, .,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, and
| | - Xin Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
| | - Haichun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, and.,Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Brian J Murphy
- Fibrosis Discovery Biology or Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey; and
| | - Robert Kaltenbach
- Fibrosis Discovery Biology or Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey; and
| | - Peter Cheng
- Fibrosis Discovery Biology or Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey; and
| | - Bradley Zinker
- Fibrosis Discovery Biology or Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey; and
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, .,Vanderbilt Center for Kidney Disease, and.,United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee
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94
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Naz S, Kolmert J, Yang M, Reinke SN, Kamleh MA, Snowden S, Heyder T, Levänen B, Erle DJ, Sköld CM, Wheelock ÅM, Wheelock CE. Metabolomics analysis identifies sex-associated metabotypes of oxidative stress and the autotaxin-lysoPA axis in COPD. Eur Respir J 2017. [PMID: 28642310 PMCID: PMC5898938 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02322-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease and a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the sex dependency of circulating metabolic profiles in COPD. Serum from healthy never-smokers (healthy), smokers with normal lung function (smokers), and smokers with COPD (COPD; Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stages I–II/A–B) from the Karolinska COSMIC cohort (n=116) was analysed using our nontargeted liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry metabolomics platform. Pathway analyses revealed that several altered metabolites are involved in oxidative stress. Supervised multivariate modelling showed significant classification of smokers from COPD (p=2.8×10−7). Sex stratification indicated that the separation was driven by females (p=2.4×10−7) relative to males (p=4.0×10−4). Significantly altered metabolites were confirmed quantitatively using targeted metabolomics. Multivariate modelling of targeted metabolomics data confirmed enhanced metabolic dysregulation in females with COPD (p=3.0×10−3) relative to males (p=0.10). The autotaxin products lysoPA (16:0) and lysoPA (18:2) correlated with lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s) in males with COPD (r=0.86; p<0.0001), but not females (r=0.44; p=0.15), potentially related to observed dysregulation of the miR-29 family in the lung. These findings highlight the role of oxidative stress in COPD, and suggest that sex-enhanced dysregulation in oxidative stress, and potentially the autotaxin–lysoPA axis, are associated with disease mechanisms and/or prevalence. Oxidative stress and the autotaxin–lysoPA axis evidence sex-associated metabotypes in the serum of COPD patientshttp://ow.ly/kAeE309MpdI
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Naz
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Kolmert
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Instituet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mingxing Yang
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Dept of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stacey N Reinke
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Anas Kamleh
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stuart Snowden
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tina Heyder
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Dept of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bettina Levänen
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Dept of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David J Erle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine and Lung Biology Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C Magnus Sköld
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Dept of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa M Wheelock
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Dept of Medicine Solna and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Both authors contributed equally
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Dept of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden .,Both authors contributed equally
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95
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Nikolaou A, Kokotou MG, Limnios D, Psarra A, Kokotos G. Autotaxin inhibitors: a patent review (2012-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:815-829. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1323331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maroula G. Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Limnios
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Psarra
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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96
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Quan M, Cui JJ, Feng X, Huang Q. The critical role and potential target of the autotaxin/lysophosphatidate axis in pancreatic cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317694544. [PMID: 28347252 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317694544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin, an ecto-lysophospholipase D encoded by the human ENNP2 gene, is expressed in multiple tissues, and participates in numerous critical physiologic and pathologic processes including inflammation, pain, obesity, embryo development, and cancer via the generation of the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidate. Overwhelming evidences indicate that the autotaxin/lysophosphatidate signaling axis serves key roles in the numerous processes central to tumorigenesis and progression, including proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, metastasis, cancer stem cell, tumor microenvironment, and treatment resistance by interacting with a series of at least six G-protein-coupled receptors (LPAR1-6). This review provides an overview of the autotaxin/lysophosphatidate axis and collates current knowledge regarding its specific role in pancreatic cancer. With a deeper understanding of the critical role of the autotaxin/lysophosphatidate axis in pancreatic cancer, targeting autotaxin or lysophosphatidate receptor may be a potential and promising strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Quan
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiu-Jie Cui
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qian Huang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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97
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Lyu L, Wang B, Xiong C, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang J. Selective export of autotaxin from the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7011-7022. [PMID: 28298439 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.774356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) or ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2) is a secretory glycoprotein and functions as the key enzyme for lysophosphatidic acid generation. The mechanism of ATX protein trafficking is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that p23, a member of the p24 protein family, was the protein-sorting receptor required for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export of ATX. A di-phenylalanine (Phe-838/Phe-839) motif in the human ATX C-terminal region was identified as a transport signal essential for the ATX-p23 interaction. Knockdown of individual Sec24 isoforms by siRNA revealed that ER export of ATX was impaired only if Sec24C was down-regulated. These results suggest that ATX is selectively exported from the ER through a p23, Sec24C-dependent pathway. In addition, it was found that AKT signaling played a role in ATX secretion regulation to facilitate ATX ER export by enhancing the nuclear factor of activated T cell-mediated p23 expression. Furthermore, the di-hydrophobic amino acid motifs (FY) also existed in the C-terminal regions of human ENPP1 and ENPP3. Such a p23, Sec24C-dependent selective ER export mechanism is conserved among these ENPP family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lyu
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Baolu Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chaoyang Xiong
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- From the Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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98
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Busnelli M, Manzini S, Hilvo M, Parolini C, Ganzetti GS, Dellera F, Ekroos K, Jänis M, Escalante-Alcalde D, Sirtori CR, Laaksonen R, Chiesa G. Liver-specific deletion of the Plpp3 gene alters plasma lipid composition and worsens atherosclerosis in apoE -/- mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44503. [PMID: 28291223 PMCID: PMC5349609 DOI: 10.1038/srep44503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The PLPP3 gene encodes for a ubiquitous enzyme that dephosphorylates several lipid substrates. Genome-wide association studies identified PLPP3 as a gene that plays a role in coronary artery disease susceptibility. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of Plpp3 deletion on atherosclerosis development in mice. Because the constitutive deletion of Plpp3 in mice is lethal, conditional Plpp3 hepatocyte-specific null mice were generated by crossing floxed Plpp3 mice with animals expressing Cre recombinase under control of the albumin promoter. The mice were crossed onto the athero-prone apoE-/- background to obtain Plpp3f/fapoE-/-Alb-Cre+ and Plpp3f/fapoE-/-Alb-Cre- offspring, the latter of which were used as controls. The mice were fed chow or a Western diet for 32 or 12 weeks, respectively. On the Western diet, Alb-Cre+ mice developed more atherosclerosis than Alb-Cre- mice, both at the aortic sinus and aorta. Lipidomic analysis showed that hepatic Plpp3 deletion significantly modified the levels of several plasma lipids involved in atherosclerosis, including lactosylceramides, lysophosphatidic acids, and lysophosphatidylinositols. In conclusion, Plpp3 ablation in mice worsened atherosclerosis development. Lipidomic analysis suggested that the hepatic Plpp3 deletion may promote atherosclerosis by increasing plasma levels of several low-abundant pro-atherogenic lipids, thus providing a molecular basis for the observed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Busnelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Manzini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Parolini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia S Ganzetti
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Dellera
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Minna Jänis
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Diana Escalante-Alcalde
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, División de Neurociencias Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Mx. 04510, México
| | - Cesare R Sirtori
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Chiesa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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99
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Yamamoto Y, Itoh T, Yamamoto K. A study of synthetic approaches to 2-acyl DHA lysophosphatidic acid. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:8186-8192. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01771e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A salt formation suppresses acyl migration of DHA lysophosphatidic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry
- Showa Pharmaceutical University
- Machida
- Japan
| | - Toshimasa Itoh
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry
- Showa Pharmaceutical University
- Machida
- Japan
| | - Keiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry
- Showa Pharmaceutical University
- Machida
- Japan
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100
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Shah P, Cheasty A, Foxton C, Raynham T, Farooq M, Gutierrez IF, Lejeune A, Pritchard M, Turnbull A, Pang L, Owen P, Boyd S, Stowell A, Jordan A, Hamilton NM, Hitchin JR, Stockley M, MacDonald E, Quesada MJ, Trivier E, Skeete J, Ovaa H, Moolenaar WH, Ryder H. Discovery of potent inhibitors of the lysophospholipase autotaxin. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5403-5410. [PMID: 27780639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid (ATX-LPA) axis has been implicated in several disease conditions including inflammation, fibrosis and cancer. This makes ATX an attractive drug target and its inhibition may lead to useful therapeutic agents. Through a high throughput screen (HTS) we identified a series of small molecule inhibitors of ATX which have subsequently been optimized for potency, selectivity and developability properties. This has delivered drug-like compounds such as 9v (CRT0273750) which modulate LPA levels in plasma and are suitable for in vivo studies. X-ray crystallography has revealed that these compounds have an unexpected binding mode in that they do not interact with the active site zinc ions but instead occupy the hydrophobic LPC pocket extending from the active site of ATX together with occupying the LPA 'exit' channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritom Shah
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Anne Cheasty
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Caroline Foxton
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Tony Raynham
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Muddasar Farooq
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Irene Farre Gutierrez
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Aurore Lejeune
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Michelle Pritchard
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Andrew Turnbull
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Leon Pang
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Paul Owen
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Susan Boyd
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Alexandra Stowell
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Allan Jordan
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Niall M Hamilton
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - James R Hitchin
- Drug Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Martin Stockley
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Ellen MacDonald
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Mar Jimenez Quesada
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Elisabeth Trivier
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Jana Skeete
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Moolenaar
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hamish Ryder
- Cancer Research Technology, Discovery Laboratories, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
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