51
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Shih T, De S, Barnes BJ. RNAi Transfection Optimized in Primary Naïve B Cells for the Targeted Analysis of Human Plasma Cell Differentiation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1652. [PMID: 31396212 PMCID: PMC6664017 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon antigen recognition, naïve B cells undergo rapid proliferation followed by differentiation to specialized antibody secreting cells (ASCs), called plasma cells. Increased circulating plasma cells are reported in patients with B cell-associated malignancies, chronic graft-vs.-host disease, and autoimmune disorders. Our aim was to optimize an RNAi-based method that efficiently and reproducibly knocks-down genes of interest in human primary peripheral B cells for the targeted analysis of ASC differentiation. The unique contributions of transcriptional diversity in species-specific regulatory networks and the mechanisms of gene function need to be approached directly in human B cells with tools to hone our basic inferences from animal models to human biology. To date, methods for gene knockdown in human primary B cells, which tend to be more refractory to transfection than immortalized B cell lines, have been limited by losses in cell viability and ineffective penetrance. Our single-step siRNA nucleofector-based approach for human primary naïve B cells demonstrates reproducible knockdown efficiency (~40–60%). We focused on genes already known to play key roles in murine ASC differentiation, such as interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and AID. This study reports a validated non-viral method of siRNA delivery into human primary B cells that can be applied to study gene regulatory networks that control human ASC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Shih
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Disease, Northwell Health, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Saurav De
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Disease, Northwell Health, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Betsy J Barnes
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Disease, Northwell Health, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States.,Departments of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY, United States
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52
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Krueger CC, Thoms F, Keller E, Vogel M, Bachmann MF. Virus-Specific Secondary Plasma Cells Produce Elevated Levels of High-Avidity Antibodies but Are Functionally Short Lived. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1831. [PMID: 31447844 PMCID: PMC6691049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most vaccines aim at inducing durable antibody responses and are designed to elicit strong B cell activation and plasma cell (PC) formation. Here we report characteristics of a recently described secondary PC population that rapidly originates from memory B cells (MBCs) upon challenge with virus-like particles (VLPs). Upon secondary antigen challenge, all VLP-specific MBCs proliferated and terminally differentiated to secondary PCs or died, as they could not undergo multiple rounds of re-stimulation. Secondary PCs lived in bone marrow and secondary lymphoid organs and exhibited increased production of antibodies with much higher avidity compared to primary PCs, supplying a swift wave of high avidity antibodies early after antigen recall. Unexpectedly, however, secondary PCs were functionally short-lived and most of them could not be retrieved in lymphoid organs and ceased to produce antibodies. Nevertheless, secondary PCs are an early source of high avidity antibodies and induction of long-lived MBCs with the capacity to rapidly differentiate to secondary PCs may therefore be an underestimated possibility to induce durable protection by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Krueger
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Thoms
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Elsbeth Keller
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, The Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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53
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Palm AKE, Henry C. Remembrance of Things Past: Long-Term B Cell Memory After Infection and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1787. [PMID: 31417562 PMCID: PMC6685390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of vaccines is dependent on the generation and maintenance of immunological memory. The immune system can remember previously encountered pathogens, and memory B and T cells are critical in secondary responses to infection. Studies in mice have helped to understand how different memory B cell populations are generated following antigen exposure and how affinity for the antigen is determinant to B cell fate. Additionally, such studies were fundamental in defining memory B cell niches and how B cells respond following subsequent exposure with the same antigen. On the other hand, human studies are essential to the development of better, newer vaccines but sometimes limited by the difficulty to access primary and secondary lymphoid organs. However, work using human influenza and HIV virus infection and/or immunization in particular has significantly advanced today's understanding of memory B cells. This review will focus on the generation, function, and longevity of B-cell mediated immunological memory (memory B cells and plasma cells) in response to infection and vaccination both in mice and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin E Palm
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Carole Henry
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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54
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Jochems SP, de Ruiter K, Solórzano C, Voskamp A, Mitsi E, Nikolaou E, Carniel BF, Pojar S, German EL, Reiné J, Soares-Schanoski A, Hill H, Robinson R, Hyder-Wright AD, Weight CM, Durrenberger PF, Heyderman RS, Gordon SB, Smits HH, Urban BC, Rylance J, Collins AM, Wilkie MD, Lazarova L, Leong SC, Yazdanbakhsh M, Ferreira DM. Innate and adaptive nasal mucosal immune responses following experimental human pneumococcal colonization. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:4523-4538. [PMID: 31361601 PMCID: PMC6763269 DOI: 10.1172/jci128865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) is a common cause of respiratory infection, but also frequently colonizes the nasopharynx in the absence of disease. We used mass cytometry to study immune cells from nasal biopsy samples collected following experimental human pneumococcal challenge in order to identify immunological mechanisms of control of Spn colonization. Using 37 markers, we characterized 293 nasal immune cell clusters, of which 7 were associated with Spn colonization. B cell and CD161+CD8+ T cell clusters were significantly lower in colonized than in noncolonized subjects. By following a second cohort before and after pneumococcal challenge we observed that B cells were depleted from the nasal mucosa upon Spn colonization. This associated with an expansion of Spn polysaccharide–specific and total plasmablasts in blood. Moreover, increased responses of blood mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells against in vitro stimulation with pneumococcus prior to challenge associated with protection against establishment of Spn colonization and with increased mucosal MAIT cell populations. These results implicate MAIT cells in the protection against pneumococcal colonization and demonstrate that colonization affects mucosal and circulating B cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Jochems
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Karin de Ruiter
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Carla Solórzano
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Astrid Voskamp
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Elena Mitsi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elissavet Nikolaou
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz F Carniel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sherin Pojar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Esther L German
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús Reiné
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Helen Hill
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Robinson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Angela D Hyder-Wright
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pascal F Durrenberger
- Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Repair, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephen B Gordon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Hermelijn H Smits
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Britta C Urban
- Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Rylance
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea M Collins
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D Wilkie
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lepa Lazarova
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel C Leong
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Daniela M Ferreira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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55
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Roco JA, Mesin L, Binder SC, Nefzger C, Gonzalez-Figueroa P, Canete PF, Ellyard J, Shen Q, Robert PA, Cappello J, Vohra H, Zhang Y, Nowosad CR, Schiepers A, Corcoran LM, Toellner KM, Polo JM, Meyer-Hermann M, Victora GD, Vinuesa CG. Class-Switch Recombination Occurs Infrequently in Germinal Centers. Immunity 2019; 51:337-350.e7. [PMID: 31375460 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Class-switch recombination (CSR) is a DNA recombination process that replaces the immunoglobulin (Ig) constant region for the isotype that can best protect against the pathogen. Dysregulation of CSR can cause self-reactive BCRs and B cell lymphomas; understanding the timing and location of CSR is therefore important. Although CSR commences upon T cell priming, it is generally considered a hallmark of germinal centers (GCs). Here, we have used multiple approaches to show that CSR is triggered prior to differentiation into GC B cells or plasmablasts and is greatly diminished in GCs. Despite finding a small percentage of GC B cells expressing germline transcripts, phylogenetic trees of GC BCRs from secondary lymphoid organs revealed that the vast majority of CSR events occurred prior to the onset of somatic hypermutation. As such, we have demonstrated the existence of IgM-dominated GCs, which are unlikely to occur under the assumption of ongoing switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Roco
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sebastian C Binder
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Nefzger
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Paula Gonzalez-Figueroa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Pablo F Canete
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Julia Ellyard
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Qian Shen
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Philippe A Robert
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jean Cappello
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Harpreet Vohra
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Carla R Nowosad
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Arien Schiepers
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lynn M Corcoran
- Molecular Immunology Division, the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jose M Polo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology, and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease and Centre for Personalised Immunology, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia; China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Renji Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China.
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56
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Auladell M, Jia X, Hensen L, Chua B, Fox A, Nguyen THO, Doherty PC, Kedzierska K. Recalling the Future: Immunological Memory Toward Unpredictable Influenza Viruses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1400. [PMID: 31312199 PMCID: PMC6614380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent and durable immunological memory forms the basis of any successful vaccination protocol. Generation of pre-existing memory B cell and T cell pools is thus the key for maintaining protective immunity to seasonal, pandemic and avian influenza viruses. Long-lived antibody secreting cells (ASCs) are responsible for maintaining antibody levels in peripheral blood. Generated with CD4+ T help after naïve B cell precursors encounter their cognate antigen, the linked processes of differentiation (including Ig class switching) and proliferation also give rise to memory B cells, which then can change rapidly to ASC status after subsequent influenza encounters. Given that influenza viruses evolve rapidly as a consequence of antibody-driven mutational change (antigenic drift), the current influenza vaccines need to be reformulated frequently and annual vaccination is recommended. Without that process of regular renewal, they provide little protection against “drifted” (particularly H3N2) variants and are mainly ineffective when a novel pandemic (2009 A/H1N1 “swine” flu) strain suddenly emerges. Such limitation of antibody-mediated protection might be circumvented, at least in part, by adding a novel vaccine component that promotes cross-reactive CD8+ T cells specific for conserved viral peptides, presented by widely distributed HLA types. Such “memory” cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can rapidly be recalled to CTL effector status. Here, we review how B cells and follicular T cells are elicited following influenza vaccination and how they survive into a long-term memory. We describe how CD8+ CTL memory is established following influenza virus infection, and how a robust CTL recall response can lead to more rapid virus elimination by destroying virus-infected cells, and recovery. Exploiting long-term, cross-reactive CTL against the continuously evolving and unpredictable influenza viruses provides a possible mechanism for preventing a disastrous pandemic comparable to the 1918-1919 H1N1 “Spanish flu,” which killed more than 50 million people worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Auladell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Jia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Luca Hensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendon Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Annette Fox
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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57
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Levels MJ, Fehres CM, van Baarsen LG, van Uden NO, Germar K, O'Toole TG, Blijdorp IC, Semmelink JF, Doorenspleet ME, Bakker AQ, Krasavin M, Tomilin A, Brouard S, Spits H, Baeten DL, Yeremenko NG. BOB.1 controls memory B-cell fate in the germinal center reaction. J Autoimmun 2019; 101:131-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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58
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Meli G, Weber TS, Duffy KR. Sample path properties of the average generation of a Bellman-Harris process. J Math Biol 2019; 79:673-704. [PMID: 31069504 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-019-01373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Motivated by a recently proposed design for a DNA coded randomised algorithm that enables inference of the average generation of a collection of cells descendent from a common progenitor, here we establish strong convergence properties for the average generation of a super-critical Bellman-Harris process. We further extend those results to a two-type Bellman-Harris process where one type can give rise to the other, but not vice versa. These results further affirm the estimation method's potential utility by establishing its long run accuracy on individual sample-paths, and significantly expanding its remit to encompass cellular development that gives rise to differentiated offspring with distinct population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfelice Meli
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Tom S Weber
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Ken R Duffy
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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59
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Abstract
A single exposure to many viral and bacterial pathogens typically induces life-long immunity, however, the development of the protective immunity to Plasmodium parasites is strikingly less efficient and achieves only partial protection, with adults residing in endemic areas often experiencing asymptomatic infections. Although naturally acquired immunity to malaria requires both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, antibodies govern the control of malarial disease caused by the blood-stage form of the parasites. A large body of epidemiological evidence described that antibodies to Plasmodium antigens are inefficiently generated and rapidly lost without continued parasite exposure, suggesting that malaria is accompanied by defects in the development of immunological B cell memory. This topic has been of focus of recent studies of malaria infection in humans and mice. This review examines the main findings to date on the processes that modulate the acquisition of memory B cell responses to malaria, and highlights the importance of closing outstanding gaps of knowledge in the field for the rational design of next generation therapeutics against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Ly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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60
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Yman V, White MT, Asghar M, Sundling C, Sondén K, Draper SJ, Osier FHA, Färnert A. Antibody responses to merozoite antigens after natural Plasmodium falciparum infection: kinetics and longevity in absence of re-exposure. BMC Med 2019; 17:22. [PMID: 30696449 PMCID: PMC6352425 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1255-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies against merozoite antigens are key components of malaria immunity. The naturally acquired antibody response to these antigens is generally considered short-lived; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Prospective studies of travellers with different levels of prior exposure, returning to malaria-free countries with Plasmodium infection, offer a unique opportunity to investigate the kinetics and composition of the antibody response after natural infection. METHODS Adults diagnosed with P. falciparum malaria in Stockholm, Sweden (20 likely malaria naïve and 41 with repeated previous exposure during residency in sub-Saharan Africa) were sampled at diagnosis and 10 days and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Total and subclass-specific IgG responses to P. falciparum merozoite antigens (AMA-1, MSP-119, MSP-2, MSP-3, and RH5) and tetanus toxoid were measured by multiplex bead-based immunoassays and ELISA. Mathematical modelling was used to estimate the exposure-dependent longevity of antibodies and antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). RESULTS A majority of individuals mounted detectable antibody responses towards P. falciparum merozoite antigens at diagnosis; however, the magnitude and breadth were greater in individuals with prior exposure. In both exposure groups, antibody levels increased rapidly for 2 weeks and decayed thereafter. Previously exposed individuals maintained two- to ninefold greater antibody levels throughout the 1-year follow-up. The half-lives of malaria-specific long-lived ASCs, responsible for maintaining circulating antibodies, ranged from 1.8 to 3.7 years for merozoite antigens and were considerably short compared to tetanus-specific ASCs. Primary infected individuals did acquire a long-lived component of the antibody response; however, the total proportion of long-lived ASCs generated in response to infection was estimated not to exceed 10%. In contrast, previously exposed individuals maintained substantially larger numbers of long-lived ASCs (10-56% of total ASCs). CONCLUSION The short-lived nature of the naturally acquired antibody response, to all tested merozoite antigens, following primary malaria infection can be attributed to a combination of a poor acquisition and short half-life of long-lived ASCs. Greater longevity is acquired with repeated infections and can be explained by the maintenance of larger numbers of long-lived ASCs. These insights advance our understanding of naturally acquired malaria immunity and will guide strategies for further development of both vaccines and serological tools to monitor exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Yman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Michael T White
- Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Muhammad Asghar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klara Sondén
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Faith H A Osier
- Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Program, Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, PO Box 230-80108, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Färnert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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61
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Decreased percentage of memory B cells is independently associated with increased susceptibility to infection in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:2081-2090. [PMID: 30276601 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Infection is a common complication and cause of death in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). B lymphocytes, which are an important component of the immune system, play a significant role in defending against pathogen invasion. However, in patients on MHD, the connection between infection and B cell subsets remains largely unknown. Our study aims to clarify the potential role of the distribution of B cell subsets in the infection process in patients on MHD. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, basic information was collected from 175 patients on MHD from July 2016 to July 2017 at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University. The distributions of the B cell subsets in patients with and without infection were analyzed using flow cytometry to determine the role of B lymphocyte subsets in the infection process in patients on MHD. RESULTS Among the 175 patients, 45 suffered from infection. The respiratory tract was the most common infection site, accounting for 67.86% of all infections. After adjustment using multivariate logistic regression models, memory B cells [per 1% increase, odds ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 0.949 (0.915, 0.984), P < 0.01], switched memory B cells [per 1% increase, odds ratio (95% CI): 0.939 (0.898, 0.982), P < 0.01], naïve B cells [per 1% increase, odds ratio (95% CI): 1.042 (1.009, 1.075), P < 0.05] and IgG titers [per 1 g/L increase, odds ratio (95% CI): 0.779 (0.630, 0.963), P < 0.05] were independent risk factors for infection in dialysis patients. CONCLUSION A decrease in memory B cells is independently associated with an increased risk of infection in patients on dialysis.
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62
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Dam EM, Maier AC, Hocking AM, Carlin J, Ng B, Buckner JH. Increased Binding of Specificity Protein 1 to the IL21R Promoter in B Cells Results in Enhanced B Cell Responses in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1978. [PMID: 30233580 PMCID: PMC6134023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells are implicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) based on the presence of autoantibodies and the therapeutic response to B cell depletion. IL-21 has a significant role in B cell development and function. Here we assess B cell responses to IL-21 and the mechanisms responsible for altered IL-21R expression in RA. Flow cytometry of PBMC and cultured B cells was used to quantify protein and mRNA levels of IL-21R, IL-21 signaling through pSTAT3, specificity protein 1 (SP1) and to determine cytokine production (IL-6) and maturation status of B cells in RA and healthy control subjects. SP1 binding to the IL21R promoter region in B cells was assessed with ChIP-qPCR. We demonstrate an increase in IL-21R expression in total and memory B cells from RA subjects, which correlated with responsiveness to IL-21 stimulation. Stimulation of naïve RA B cells with IL-21 and CD40L resulted in an increase in differentiation into plasmablasts and an increase in IL-6 production in comparison to healthy controls, which was dose dependent on IL-21 stimulation. IL-21R expression on memory B cells in RA synovial fluid was comparable to peripheral blood making our study pertinent to understanding B cell responses in the joint and site of inflammation. We identified an increase in SP1 protein and mRNA in RA B cells and demonstrate an increase in binding of SP1 to the IL21R promoter region, which suggests a mechanism by which IL-21R expression is enhanced on B cells in RA. Taken together, our results indicate a mechanism by which IL-21 enhances B cell development and function in RA through an SP1 mediated increase in IL-21R expression on B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Dam
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alison C Maier
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anne M Hocking
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Carlin
- Division of Rheumatology, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Bernard Ng
- Rheumatology Section, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jane H Buckner
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
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63
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Abstract
Problem-solving strategies in immunology currently utilize a series of ad hoc, qualitative variations on a foundation of Burnet's formulation of clonal selection theory. These modifications, including versions of two-signal theory, describe how signals regulate lymphocytes to make important decisions governing self-tolerance and changes to their effector and memory states. These theories are useful but are proving inadequate to explain the observable genesis and control of heterogeneity in cell types, the nonlinear passage of cell fate trajectories and how the input from multiple environmental signals can be integrated at different times and strengths. Here, I argue for a paradigm change to place immune theory on a firmer philosophical and quantitative foundation to resolve these difficulties. This change rejects the notion of identical cell subsets and substitutes the concept of a cell as comprised of autonomous functional mechanical components subject to stochastic variations in construction and operation. The theory aims to explain immunity in terms of cell population dynamics, dictated by the operation of cell machinery, such as randomizing elements, division counters, and fate timers. The effect of communicating signals alone and in combination within this system is determined with a cellular calculus. A series of models developed with these principles can resolve logical cell fate and signaling paradoxes and offer a reinterpretation for how self-non-self discrimination and immune response class are controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D. Hodgkin
- Immunology DivisionThe Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVic.Australia
- Department of Medical BiologyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
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64
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Kucharski AJ, Lessler J, Cummings DAT, Riley S. Timescales of influenza A/H3N2 antibody dynamics. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004974. [PMID: 30125272 PMCID: PMC6117086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunity influences the evolution and impact of influenza strains. Because individuals are infected with multiple influenza strains during their lifetime, and each virus can generate a cross-reactive antibody response, it is challenging to quantify the processes that shape observed immune responses or to reliably detect recent infection from serological samples. Using a Bayesian model of antibody dynamics at multiple timescales, we explain complex cross-reactive antibody landscapes by inferring participants' histories of infection with serological data from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of influenza A/H3N2 in southern China and Vietnam. We find that individual-level influenza antibody profiles can be explained by a short-lived, broadly cross-reactive response that decays within a year to leave a smaller long-term response acting against a narrower range of strains. We also demonstrate that accounting for dynamic immune responses alongside infection history can provide a more accurate alternative to traditional definitions of seroconversion for the estimation of infection attack rates. Our work provides a general model for quantifying aspects of influenza immunity acting at multiple timescales based on contemporary serological data and suggests a two-armed immune response to influenza infection consistent with competitive dynamics between B cell populations. This approach to analysing multiple timescales for antigenic responses could also be applied to other multistrain pathogens such as dengue and related flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kucharski
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Derek A. T. Cummings
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Steven Riley
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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65
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Kim ST, Choi JY, Lainez B, Schulz VP, Karas DE, Baum ED, Setlur J, Gallagher PG, Craft J. Human Extrafollicular CD4 + Th Cells Help Memory B Cells Produce Igs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1359-1372. [PMID: 30030323 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are necessary for germinal center B cell maturation during primary immune responses; however, the T cells that promote humoral recall responses via memory B cells are less well defined. In this article, we characterize a human tonsillar CD4+ T cell subset with this function. These cells are similar to Tfh cells in terms of expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR5 and the inhibitory receptor PD-1, IL-21 secretion, and expression of the transcription factor BCL6; however, unlike Tfh cells that are located within the B cell follicle and germinal center, they reside at the border of the T cell zone and the B cell follicle in proximity to memory B cells, a position dictated by their unique chemokine receptor expression. They promote memory B cells to produce Abs via CD40L, IL-10, and IL-21. Our results reveal a unique extrafollicular CD4+ T cell subset in human tonsils, which specialize in promoting T cell-dependent humoral recall responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Taek Kim
- Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520.,Rheumatology, Department of General Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jin-Young Choi
- Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Begona Lainez
- Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Vincent P Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - David E Karas
- Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Eric D Baum
- Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Jennifer Setlur
- Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Patrick G Gallagher
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520.,Department of Pathology and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Joe Craft
- Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; .,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
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66
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Peripheral blood memory B cell frequency predicts conversion from clinically isolated syndrome to multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2018; 23:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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67
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Good-Jacobson KL. Strength in diversity: Phenotypic, functional, and molecular heterogeneity within the memory B cell repertoire. Immunol Rev 2018; 284:67-78. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim L. Good-Jacobson
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University; Clayton Vic. Australia
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68
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Liu Y, McDaniel JR, Khan S, Campisi P, Propst EJ, Holler T, Grunebaum E, Georgiou G, Ippolito GC, Ehrhardt GRA. Antibodies Encoded by FCRL4-Bearing Memory B Cells Preferentially Recognize Commensal Microbial Antigens. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:3962-3969. [PMID: 29703863 PMCID: PMC5988966 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
FCRL4, a low-affinity IgA Ab receptor with strong immunoregulatory potential, is an identifying feature of a tissue-based population of memory B cells (Bmem). We used two independent approaches to perform a comparative analysis of the Ag receptor repertoires of FCRL4+ and FCRL4- Bmem in human tonsils. We determined that FCRL4+ Bmem displayed lower levels of somatic mutations in their Ag receptors compared with FCRL4- Bmem but had similar frequencies of variable gene family usage. Importantly, Abs with reactivity to commensal microbiota were enriched in FCRL4+ cells, a phenotype not due to polyreactive binding characteristics. Our study links expression of the immunoregulatory FCRL4 molecule with increased recognition of commensal microbial Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jonathan R McDaniel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Srijit Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Paolo Campisi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; and
| | - Evan J Propst
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; and
| | - Theresa Holler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada; and
| | - Eyal Grunebaum
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Götz R A Ehrhardt
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;
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69
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Martin GE, Pace M, Thornhill JP, Phetsouphanh C, Meyerowitz J, Gossez M, Brown H, Olejniczak N, Lwanga J, Ramjee G, Kaleebu P, Porter K, Willberg CB, Klenerman P, Nwokolo N, Fox J, Fidler S, Frater J. CD32-Expressing CD4 T Cells Are Phenotypically Diverse and Can Contain Proviral HIV DNA. Front Immunol 2018; 9:928. [PMID: 29780387 PMCID: PMC5946760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to both characterize and eradicate the HIV reservoir have been limited by the rarity of latently infected cells and the absence of a specific denoting biomarker. CD32a (FcγRIIa) has been proposed to be a marker for an enriched CD4 T cell HIV reservoir, but this finding remains controversial. Here, we explore the expression of CD32 on CD3+CD4+ cells in participants from two primary HIV infection studies and identify at least three distinct phenotypes (CD32low, CD32+CD14+, and CD32high). Of note, CD4 negative enrichment kits remove the majority of CD4+CD32+ T cells, potentially skewing subsequent analyses if used. CD32high CD4 T cells had higher levels of HLA-DR and HIV co-receptor expression than other subsets, compatible with their being more susceptible to infection. Surprisingly, they also expressed high levels of CD20, TCRαβ, IgD, and IgM (but not IgG), markers for both T cells and naïve B cells. Compared with other populations, CD32low cells had a more differentiated memory phenotype and high levels of immune checkpoint receptors, programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1), Tim-3, and TIGIT. Within all three CD3+CD4+CD32+ phenotypes, cells could be identified in infected participants, which contained HIV DNA. CD32 expression on CD4 T cells did not correlate with HIV DNA or cell-associated HIV RNA (both surrogate measures of overall reservoir size) or predict time to rebound viremia following treatment interruption, suggesting that it is not a dominant biomarker for HIV persistence. Our data suggest that while CD32+ T cells can be infected with HIV, CD32 is not a specific marker of the reservoir although it might identify a population of HIV enriched cells in certain situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve E Martin
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Pace
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John P Thornhill
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Division of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Morgane Gossez
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Brown
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Olejniczak
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Julianne Lwanga
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Disease, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gita Ramjee
- HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Kholoud Porter
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nneka Nwokolo
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Fox
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine and Infectious Disease, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Division of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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70
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Hofmann K, Clauder AK, Manz RA. Targeting B Cells and Plasma Cells in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:835. [PMID: 29740441 PMCID: PMC5924791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Success with B cell depletion using rituximab has proven the concept that B lineage cells represent a valid target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, and has promoted the development of other B cell targeting agents. Present data confirm that B cell depletion is beneficial in various autoimmune disorders and also show that it can worsen the disease course in some patients. These findings suggest that B lineage cells not only produce pathogenic autoantibodies, but also significantly contribute to the regulation of inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the multiple pro- and anti-inflammatory roles of B lineage cells play in autoimmune diseases, in the context of recent findings using B lineage targeting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hofmann
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Clauder
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Rudolf Armin Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
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71
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Darwiche W, Gubler B, Marolleau JP, Ghamlouch H. Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B-Cell Normal Cellular Counterpart: Clues From a Functional Perspective. Front Immunol 2018; 9:683. [PMID: 29670635 PMCID: PMC5893869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the clonal expansion of small mature-looking CD19+ CD23+ CD5+ B-cells that accumulate in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs. To date, no consensus has been reached concerning the normal cellular counterpart of CLL B-cells and several B-cell types have been proposed. CLL B-cells have remarkable phenotypic and gene expression profile homogeneity. In recent years, the molecular and cellular biology of CLL has been enriched by seminal insights that are leading to a better understanding of the natural history of the disease. Immunophenotypic and molecular approaches (including immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable gene mutational status, transcriptional and epigenetic profiling) comparing the normal B-cell subset and CLL B-cells provide some new insights into the normal cellular counterpart. Functional characteristics (including activation requirements and propensity for plasma cell differentiation) of CLL B-cells have now been investigated for 50 years. B-cell subsets differ substantially in terms of their functional features. Analysis of shared functional characteristics may reveal similarities between normal B-cell subsets and CLL B-cells, allowing speculative assignment of a normal cellular counterpart for CLL B-cells. In this review, we summarize current data regarding peripheral B-cell differentiation and human B-cell subsets and suggest possibilities for a normal cellular counterpart based on the functional characteristics of CLL B-cells. However, a definitive normal cellular counterpart cannot be attributed on the basis of the available data. We discuss the functional characteristics required for a cell to be logically considered to be the normal counterpart of CLL B-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Darwiche
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Brigitte Gubler
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie Moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Marolleau
- EA 4666 Lymphocyte Normal - Pathologique et Cancers, HEMATIM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Service d'Hématologie Clinique et Thérapie cellulaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Hussein Ghamlouch
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1170, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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72
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Chen Q, Wen K, Lv A, Liu M, Ni K, Xiang Z, Liu Y, Tu W. Human Vγ9Vδ2-T Cells Synergize CD4 + T Follicular Helper Cells to Produce Influenza Virus-Specific Antibody. Front Immunol 2018; 9:599. [PMID: 29670614 PMCID: PMC5893649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Vγ9Vδ2-T cells recognize nonpeptidic antigens and exert effector functions against microorganisms and tumors, but little is known about their roles in humoral immune response against influenza virus infection. Herein, in the coculture of autologous human B cells, dendritic cells and/or naïve CD4 T cells, and Vγ9Vδ2-T cells, we demonstrated that Vγ9Vδ2-T cells could facilitate H9N2 influenza virus-specific IgG and IgM productions in a CD4 T cell-dependent manner. Vγ9Vδ2-T cells promoted the differentiation of CXCR5+PD1+CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, CD19+IgD−CD38++ plasma cells (PCs), and drove B cell proliferation as well as immunoglobulin class switching. Interestingly, Vγ9Vδ2-T cells acquired Tfh-associated molecules such as CXCR5, PD1, CD40L, and ICOS during influenza virus stimulation, especially in the presence of CD4 T cells. Moreover, Vγ9Vδ2-T cells promoted CD4 T cells to secrete IL-13 and IL-21, and neutralizing IL-13 and IL-21 significantly reduced the number of CD19+IgD−CD38++ PCs. Using humanized mice, we further demonstrated that Vγ9Vδ2-T cells could synergize CD4 T cells to produce influenza virus-specific antibody. Our findings provide a greater scope for Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in adaptive immunity, especially for the Tfh development and humoral immune responses against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Chen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Wen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Aizhen Lv
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Ni
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Yinping Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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73
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Induction of human dendritic cell maturation by naïve and memory B-cell subsets requires different activation stimuli. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:1074-1076. [PMID: 29568116 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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74
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Szymula A, Palermo RD, Bayoumy A, Groves IJ, Ba abdullah M, Holder B, White RE. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen EBNA-LP is essential for transforming naïve B cells, and facilitates recruitment of transcription factors to the viral genome. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006890. [PMID: 29462212 PMCID: PMC5834210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen leader protein (EBNA-LP) is the first viral latency-associated protein produced after EBV infection of resting B cells. Its role in B cell transformation is poorly defined, but it has been reported to enhance gene activation by the EBV protein EBNA2 in vitro. We generated EBNA-LP knockout (LPKO) EBVs containing a STOP codon within each repeat unit of internal repeat 1 (IR1). EBNA-LP-mutant EBVs established lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from adult B cells at reduced efficiency, but not from umbilical cord B cells, which died approximately two weeks after infection. Adult B cells only established EBNA-LP-null LCLs with a memory (CD27+) phenotype. Quantitative PCR analysis of virus gene expression after infection identified both an altered ratio of the EBNA genes, and a dramatic reduction in transcript levels of both EBNA2-regulated virus genes (LMP1 and LMP2) and the EBNA2-independent EBER genes in the first 2 weeks. By 30 days post infection, LPKO transcription was the same as wild-type EBV. In contrast, EBNA2-regulated cellular genes were induced efficiently by LPKO viruses. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that EBNA2 and the host transcription factors EBF1 and RBPJ were delayed in their recruitment to all viral latency promoters tested, whereas these same factors were recruited efficiently to several host genes, which exhibited increased EBNA2 recruitment. We conclude that EBNA-LP does not simply co-operate with EBNA2 in activating gene transcription, but rather facilitates the recruitment of several transcription factors to the viral genome, to enable transcription of virus latency genes. Additionally, our findings suggest that EBNA-LP is essential for the survival of EBV-infected naïve B cells. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects almost everyone. Once infected, people harbor the virus for life, shedding it in saliva. Infection of children is asymptomatic, but a first infection during adolescence or adulthood can cause glandular fever (infectious mononucleosis). EBV is also implicated in several different cancers. EBV infection of B cells (antibody-producing immune cells) can drive them to replicate almost indefinitely (‘transformation’), generating cell lines. We have investigated the role of an EBV protein (EBNA-LP) which is thought to support gene activation by the essential virus protein EBNA2. We have made an EBV in which the EBNA-LP gene has been disrupted. This virus (LPKO) shows several properties. 1. It is reduced in its ability to transform B cells; 2. ‘Naïve’ B cells (those whose antibodies have not adapted to fight infections) die two weeks after LPKO infection; 3. Some virus genes fail to turn on immediately after LPKO infection. 4. Binding of EBNA2 and various cellular factors to these genes is delayed. 5. EBNA-LP does not affect EBNA2-targeted cellular genes in the same way. This shows that EBNA-LP is more important in naïve B cells, and that it helps to turn on virus genes, but not cell genes.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- B-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genome, Viral
- HEK293 Cells
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Leukemia, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/virology
- Pregnancy
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Viral Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szymula
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Palermo
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amr Bayoumy
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Groves
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Ba abdullah
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Holder
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert E. White
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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75
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Plant-made virus-like particle vaccines bearing the hemagglutinin of either seasonal (H1) or avian (H5) influenza have distinct patterns of interaction with human immune cells in vitro. Vaccine 2017; 35:2592-2599. [PMID: 28389100 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The recent emergence of avian influenza strains has fuelled concern about pandemic preparedness since vaccines targeting these viruses are often poorly immunogenic. Weak antibody responses to vaccines have been seen across multiple platforms including plant-made VLPs. To better understand these differences, we compared the in vitro responses of human immune cells exposed to plant-made virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines targeting H1N1 (H1-VLP) and H5N1 (H5-VLP). METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy adults were stimulated ex vivo with 2-5µg/mL VLPs bearing the hemagglutinin (HA) of either H1N1 (A/California/7/2009) or H5N1 (A/Indonesia/5/05). VLP-immune cell interactions were characterized by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry 30min after stimulation with dialkylaminostyryl dye-labeled (DiD) VLP. Expression of CD69 and pro-inflammatory cytokines were used to assess innate immune activation 6h after stimulation. RESULTS H1- and H5-VLPs rapidly associated with all subsets of human PBMC but exhibited unique binding preferences and frequencies. The H1-VLP bound to 88.7±1.6% of the CD19+ B cells compared to only 21.9±1.8% bound by the H5-VLP. At 6h in culture, CD69 expression on B cells was increased in response to H1-VLP but not H5-VLP (22.79±3.42% vs. 6.15±0.82% respectively: p<0.0001). Both VLPs were rapidly internalized by CD14+ monocytes resulting in the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e.: IL-8, IL-1β, TNFα and IL-6). However, a higher concentration of the H5-VLP was required to induce a comparable response and the pattern of cytokine production differed between VLP vaccines. CONCLUSIONS Plant-made VLP vaccines bearing H1 or H5 rapidly elicit immune activation and cytokine production in human PBMC. Differences in the VLP-immune cell interactions suggest that features of the HA proteins themselves, such as receptor specificity, influence innate immune responses. Although not generally considered for inactivated vaccines, the distribution and characteristics of influenza receptor(s) on the immune cells themselves may contribute to both the strength and pattern of the immune response generated.
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76
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Sandoval H, Kodali S, Wang J. Regulation of B cell fate, survival, and function by mitochondria and autophagy. Mitochondrion 2017; 41:58-65. [PMID: 29175010 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
B cells are responsible for protective antibody production after differentiation into antibody-secreting cells during humoral immune responses. From early B cell development in the bone marrow, to their maturation in the periphery, activation in the germinal center, and differentiation into plasma cells or memory B cells, B cells display ever-changing functions and properties. Autophagy and mitochondria play important roles in B cell development, activation, and differentiation to accommodate the phenotypic and environmental changes encountered over the lifetime of the cell. Among their many functions, mitochondria and autophagy generate energy, mediate cell survival, and produce/eliminate reactive oxygen species that can serve as signal molecules to regulate differentiation. As B cells mature and differentiate into plasma or memory cells, both autophagic and mitochondrial functions undergo significant changes. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the role of the autophagosome and mitochondria in regulating B cell fate, survival, and function. Moreover, we will discuss the interplay between these two highly metabolic organelles during B cell development, maturation, and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Sandoval
- Immunobiology and Transplant Research Section, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Srikanth Kodali
- Immunobiology and Transplant Research Section, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jin Wang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Research Section, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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77
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Re-educating immunity in respiratory allergies: the potential for hematopoietic stem cell-mediated gene therapy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 96:21-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1611-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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78
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Syrett CM, Sindhava V, Hodawadekar S, Myles A, Liang G, Zhang Y, Nandi S, Cancro M, Atchison M, Anguera MC. Loss of Xist RNA from the inactive X during B cell development is restored in a dynamic YY1-dependent two-step process in activated B cells. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007050. [PMID: 28991910 PMCID: PMC5648283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female lymphocytes is uniquely regulated, as the inactive X (Xi) chromosome lacks localized Xist RNA and heterochromatin modifications. Epigenetic profiling reveals that Xist RNA is lost from the Xi at the pro-B cell stage and that additional heterochromatic modifications are gradually lost during B cell development. Activation of mature B cells restores Xist RNA and heterochromatin to the Xi in a dynamic two-step process that differs in timing and pattern, depending on the method of B cell stimulation. Finally, we find that DNA binding domain of YY1 is necessary for XCI in activated B cells, as ex-vivo YY1 deletion results in loss of Xi heterochromatin marks and up-regulation of X-linked genes. Ectopic expression of the YY1 zinc finger domain is sufficient to restore Xist RNA localization during B cell activation. Together, our results indicate that Xist RNA localization is critical for maintaining XCI in female lymphocytes, and that chromatin changes on the Xi during B cell development and the dynamic nature of YY1-dependent XCI maintenance in mature B cells predisposes X-linked immunity genes to reactivation. Females are predisposed to develop various autoimmune disorders, and the genetic basis for this susceptibility is the X-chromosome. X-linked genes are dosage compensated between sexes by X-chromosome Inactivation (XCI) during embryogenesis and maintained into adulthood. Here we show that the chromatin of the inactive X loses epigenetic modifications during B cell lineage development. We found that female mature B cells, which are the pathogenic cells in autoimmunity, have a dynamic two-step mechanism of maintaining XCI during stimulation. The transcription factor YY1, which regulates DNA looping during V(D)J recombination in B cells, is necessary for relocalizing Xist RNA back to the inactive X in activated B cells. YY1 deletion ex vivo in mature B cells impairs heterochromatin mark enrichment on the inactive X, and results in increased X-linked gene expression. We demonstrate that the DNA binding domain of YY1 is sufficient for localizing Xist RNA to the inactive X during B cell stimulation. Our study indicates that Xist RNA localization is critical for maintaining XCI in female lymphocytes. We propose that chromatin changes on the Xi during B cell development and the dynamic nature of YY1-dependent XCI maintenance in mature B cells predisposes X-linked immunity genes to reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille M. Syrett
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
| | - Vishal Sindhava
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Suchita Hodawadekar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
| | - Arpita Myles
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Guanxiang Liang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
| | - Satabdi Nandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
| | - Michael Cancro
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Michael Atchison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
| | - Montserrat C. Anguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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79
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Tooze JA, Hamzic E, Willis F, Pettengell R. Differences between chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma cells by proteomic profiling and SNP microarray analysis. Cancer Genet 2017; 218-219:20-38. [PMID: 29153094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The majority of malignant cells in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) circulate in the peripheral blood whereas small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) cells reside in tissues. The aim of this study was to detect differences in chemokine receptor expression, DNA single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) microarray analysis and proteomic profiling to help elucidate why the cells remain in their respective environments. We identified by flow cytometric studies of chemokine receptors and DNA SNP microarray analysis significant differences between cells from CLL and SLL patients. Proteomic analysis revealed two potential markers (m/z 3091 and 8707) to distinguish the two disorders. There was a significantly greater expression of leucocyte trafficking receptor CXCR3 (CD183) and migration and homing receptor CXCR4 (CD184), and significantly lower expression of cell adhesion molecule integrin α4 chain (CD49d), on CLL cells, compared with SLL cells. Conversely, SNP microarrays revealed greater numbers of copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity chromosomal aberrations, as well as gross chromosomal aberrations, in the SLL group, compared with the CLL group. These findings revealed that there was a significantly greater expression of trafficking, migration and homing receptors and significantly lower expression of adhesion molecules on CLL cells than on SLL cells, and that SLL may be a more progressive disease than CLL, with a more complex genotype.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Humans
- Integrin alpha4/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/classification
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Proteomics/methods
- Receptors, CXCR3/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Tooze
- Department of Haematology, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Edita Hamzic
- Department of Haematology, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Fenella Willis
- Department of Haematology, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Ruth Pettengell
- Department of Haematology, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
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80
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Goswami M, Prince G, Biancotto A, Moir S, Kardava L, Santich BH, Cheung F, Kotliarov Y, Chen J, Shi R, Zhou H, Golding H, Manischewitz J, King L, Kunz LM, Noonan K, Borrello IM, Smith BD, Hourigan CS. Impaired B cell immunity in acute myeloid leukemia patients after chemotherapy. J Transl Med 2017; 15:155. [PMID: 28693586 PMCID: PMC5504716 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in adaptive immune cells after chemotherapy in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) may have implications for the success of immunotherapy. This study was designed to determine the functional capacity of the immune system in adult patients with AML who have completed chemotherapy and are potential candidates for immunotherapy. Methods We used the response to seasonal influenza vaccination as a surrogate for the robustness of the immune system in 10 AML patients in a complete remission post-chemotherapy and performed genetic, phenotypic, and functional characterization of adaptive immune cell subsets. Results Only 2 patients generated protective titers in response to vaccination, and a majority of patients had abnormal frequencies of transitional and memory B-cells. B-cell receptor sequencing showed a B-cell repertoire with little evidence of somatic hypermutation in most patients. Conversely, frequencies of T-cell populations were similar to those seen in healthy controls, and cytotoxic T-cells demonstrated antigen-specific activity after vaccination. Effector T-cells had increased PD-1 expression in AML patients least removed from chemotherapy. Conclusion Our results suggest that while some aspects of cellular immunity recover quickly, humoral immunity is incompletely reconstituted in the year following intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy for AML. The observed B-cell abnormalities may explain the poor response to vaccination often seen in AML patients after chemotherapy. Furthermore, the uncoupled recovery of B-cell and T-cell immunity and increased PD-1 expression shortly after chemotherapy might have implications for the success of several modalities of immunotherapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1252-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghali Goswami
- Myeloid Malignancies Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive Room 10CRC 5-5216, Bethesda, MD, 20814-1476, USA.
| | | | - Angelique Biancotto
- Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lela Kardava
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian H Santich
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Foo Cheung
- Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuri Kotliarov
- Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinguo Chen
- Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rongye Shi
- Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huizhi Zhou
- Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hana Golding
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jody Manischewitz
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lisa King
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lauren M Kunz
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Christopher S Hourigan
- Myeloid Malignancies Section, Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive Room 10CRC 5-5216, Bethesda, MD, 20814-1476, USA
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81
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Torigoe M, Iwata S, Nakayamada S, Sakata K, Zhang M, Hajime M, Miyazaki Y, Narisawa M, Ishii K, Shibata H, Tanaka Y. Metabolic Reprogramming Commits Differentiation of Human CD27 +IgD + B Cells to Plasmablasts or CD27 -IgD - Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28626065 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
B cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the relevance of the metabolic pathway in the differentiation of human B cell subsets remains unknown. In this article, we show that the combination of CpG/TLR9 and IFN-α markedly induced the differentiation of CD27+IgD+ unswitched memory B cells into CD27hiCD38hi plasmablasts. The response was accompanied by mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation and increased lactate production, indicating a shift to glycolysis. However, CpG alone induced the differentiation of unswitched memory B cells into CD27-IgD- memory B cells with high cytokine production, but such differentiation was suppressed by IFN-α. AMP-activated protein kinase activation enhanced the differentiation to CD27-IgD- B cells, but it attenuated mTORC1 activation and differentiation into plasmablasts. High mTORC1 activation was noted in CD19+ B cells of patients with SLE and correlated with plasmablast differentiation and disease activity. Taken together, differential metabolic reprogramming commits the differentiation of human unswitched memory B cells into plasmablasts (the combination of CpG and IFN-α amplifies mTORC1-glycolysis pathways) or CD27-IgD- memory B cells (CpG alone amplifies the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway). The former metabolic pathway may play a pivotal role in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Torigoe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.,Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan; and
| | - Shigeru Iwata
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakayamada
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Kei Sakata
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan.,Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Mingzeng Zhang
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Maiko Hajime
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miyazaki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Manabu Narisawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Koji Ishii
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan; and
| | - Hirotaka Shibata
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Rheumatology and Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu, Oita 879-5593, Japan; and
| | - Yoshiya Tanaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan;
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82
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Abstract
We comprehensively review memory B cells (MBCs), covering the definition of MBCs and their identities and subsets, how MBCs are generated, where they are localized, how they are maintained, and how they are reactivated. Whereas naive B cells adopt multiple fates upon stimulation, MBCs are more restricted in their responses. Evolving work reveals that the MBC compartment in mice and humans consists of distinct subpopulations with differing effector functions. We discuss the various approaches to define subsets and subset-specific roles. A major theme is the need to both deliver faster effector function upon reexposure and readapt to antigenically variant pathogens while avoiding burnout, which would be the result if all MBCs generated only terminal effector function. We discuss cell-intrinsic differences in gene expression and signaling that underlie differences in function between MBCs and naive B cells and among MBC subsets and how this leads to memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Weisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; ,
| | - Mark Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; ,
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83
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Trück J, Thompson A, Morales-Aza B, Clutterbuck EA, Voysey M, Clarke E, Snape MD, Kelly DF, Finn A, Pollard AJ. Memory B cell response to a PCV-13 booster in 3.5year old children primed with either PCV-7 or PCV-13. Vaccine 2017; 35:2701-2708. [PMID: 28392142 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pneumococcal protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines provide direct protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae through the induction of persistent anti-polysaccharide antibodies, and by priming for a rapid secondary antibody response. Memory B cells (BMEM) generated during an initial immune response are responsible for both the more rapid and quantitatively greater secondary antibody response and are also thought to contribute to the ongoing production of plasma cells providing long-term antibody persistence. We recruited 3.5-year-old children who had participated in a previous clinical trial comparing infant immunization with either a 7-valent (PCV-7) or a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) to investigate whether prior priming with pneumococcal antigens influences BMEM responses. Blood was taken before and 1month after a PCV-13 booster. BMEM were quantified using a cultured ELISpot assay for pneumococcal serotypes 1, 3, 4, 14, 19A, 23F, and with diphtheria and tetanus toxoid as controls, and then correlated with serotype-specific IgG concentrations and opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) titers. In total, blood samples from 62 participants were available for analysis. Serotype-specific BMEM frequencies were generally low at baseline (before boost) although for serotypes 14 and 3, they were significantly higher in children primed with PCV-13 than PCV-7 primed children. Following the PCV-13 booster, BMEM frequencies increased and were not different between the groups for all serotypes. A strong inverse correlation was found between antibody concentrations and OPA titers at baseline and BMEM following booster vaccination for serotype 3 but not for other serotypes suggesting that, for this serotype, pre-existing serotype-specific antibodies may inhibit BMEM formation in response to vaccination. Clinicaltrials.gov registration number: NCT01095471.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Trück
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
| | - Amber Thompson
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Begonia Morales-Aza
- Bristol Children's Vaccine Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Clutterbuck
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Merryn Voysey
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ed Clarke
- Bristol Children's Vaccine Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit, The Gambia, Gambia
| | - Matthew D Snape
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Dominic F Kelly
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Finn
- Bristol Children's Vaccine Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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84
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Moliva JI, Turner J, Torrelles JB. Immune Responses to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination: Why Do They Fail to Protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis? Front Immunol 2017; 8:407. [PMID: 28424703 PMCID: PMC5380737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is the current leading cause of death due to a single infectious organism. Although curable, the broad emergence of multi-, extensive-, extreme-, and total-drug resistant strains of M.tb has hindered eradication efforts of this pathogen. Furthermore, computational models predict a quarter of the world’s population is infected with M.tb in a latent state, effectively serving as the largest reservoir for any human pathogen with the ability to cause significant morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization has prioritized new strategies for improved vaccination programs; however, the lack of understanding of mycobacterial immunity has made it difficult to develop new successful vaccines. Currently, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is the only vaccine approved for use to prevent TB. BCG is highly efficacious at preventing meningeal and miliary TB, but is at best 60% effective against the development of pulmonary TB in adults and wanes as we age. In this review, we provide a detailed summary on the innate immune response of macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils in response to BCG vaccination. Additionally, we discuss adaptive immune responses generated by BCG vaccination, emphasizing their specific contributions to mycobacterial immunity. The success of future vaccines against TB will directly depend on our understanding of mycobacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Moliva
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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85
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Wang Z, Ma Y, Liu F, Chen L, Gao R, Zhang W. Autoantibodies against mono- and tri-methylated lysine display similar but also distinctive characteristics. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172166. [PMID: 28222195 PMCID: PMC5319698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies can be either harmful or beneficial to the body. The beneficial autoantibodies play important roles in immunosurveillance, clearance of body waste and maintenance of immune homeostasis. Despite their importance, however, people’s knowledge on the protective autoantibodies is still very limited. In the current study, we examined two autoantibodies that recognized epitopes with only one amino acid. One was against mono-methylated lysine (Kme) and the other was against tri-methylated lysine (Kme3). We found that the antibodies were highly specific and not polyreactive. They did not cross-react each other. Although anti-Kme antibodies were IgM only, a large proportion of the anti-Kme3 antibodies were switched to the IgG isotype. Mass spectrometric analysis showed that both of the antibodies were mainly derived from IGHV 3–7 and/or IGHV3-74 germ line genes with conserved CDR2. De novo sequencing showed that there was a mutation at either of the SS positions on the CDR1 region, which changed one of the serine residues to a basic amino acid, i.e., arginine or lysine. We also found that neither of the antibodies was expressed at birth, and their earliest appearance was approximately 5 months after birth. All healthy human beings expressed the antibodies when they reached age two and maintained the expression thereafter throughout their life. Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus had lower levels of the IgM isotype antibodies. Serum levels of the two IgM antibodies were closely correlated, implying that they were produced by cells from the same B cell subset. We also found that both anti-Kme and anti-Kme3 antibodies could bind and might take part in the clearance of neutrophil extracellular traps released from activated cells. In conclusion, although anti-Kme and anti-Kme3 antibodies share many similarities in their origins, they are different antibodies and have different characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
| | - Younan Ma
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
| | - Fan Liu
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Linjie Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunoloy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Ruitong Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing China
- * E-mail:
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86
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Memory B Cells are Major Targets for Effective Immunotherapy in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. EBioMedicine 2017; 16:41-50. [PMID: 28161400 PMCID: PMC5474520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered to be a CD4, Th17-mediated autoimmune disease, supportive evidence is perhaps circumstantial, often based on animal studies, and is questioned by the perceived failure of CD4-depleting antibodies to control relapsing MS. Therefore, it was interestingly to find that current MS-treatments, believed to act via T cell inhibition, including: beta-interferons, glatiramer acetate, cytostatic agents, dimethyl fumarate, fingolimod, cladribine, daclizumab, rituximab/ocrelizumab physically, or functionally in the case of natalizumab, also depleted CD19+, CD27+ memory B cells. This depletion was substantial and long-term following CD52 and CD20-depletion, and both also induced long-term inhibition of MS with few treatment cycles, indicating induction-therapy activity. Importantly, memory B cells were augmented by B cell activating factor (atacicept) and tumor necrosis factor (infliximab) blockade that are known to worsen MS. This creates a unifying concept centered on memory B cells that is consistent with therapeutic, histopathological and etiological aspects of MS.
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87
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Cobey S, Hensley SE. Immune history and influenza virus susceptibility. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 22:105-111. [PMID: 28088686 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Antibody responses to influenza viruses are critical for protection, but the ways in which repeated viral exposures shape antibody evolution and effectiveness over time remain controversial. Early observations demonstrated that viral exposure history has a profound effect on the specificity and magnitude of antibody responses to a new viral strain, a phenomenon called 'original antigenic sin.' Although 'sin' might suppress some aspects of the immune response, so far there is little indication that hosts with pre-existing immunity are more susceptible to viral infections compared to naïve hosts. However, the tendency of the immune response to focus on previously recognized conserved epitopes when encountering new viral strains can create an opportunity cost when mutations arise in these conserved epitopes. Hosts with different exposure histories may continue to experience distinct patterns of infection over time, which may influence influenza viruses' continued antigenic evolution. Understanding the dynamics of B cell competition that underlie the development of antibody responses might help explain the low effectiveness of current influenza vaccines and lead to better vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 19104, USA.
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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88
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Karahan GE, Claas FHJ, Heidt S. B Cell Immunity in Solid Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2017; 7:686. [PMID: 28119695 PMCID: PMC5222792 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of B cells to alloimmune responses is gradually being understood in more detail. We now know that B cells can perpetuate alloimmune responses in multiple ways: (i) differentiation into antibody-producing plasma cells; (ii) sustaining long-term humoral immune memory; (iii) serving as antigen-presenting cells; (iv) organizing the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs; and (v) secreting pro- as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines. The cross-talk between B cells and T cells in the course of immune responses forms the basis of these diverse functions. In the setting of organ transplantation, focus has gradually shifted from T cells to B cells, with an increased notion that B cells are more than mere precursors of antibody-producing plasma cells. In this review, we discuss the various roles of B cells in the generation of alloimmune responses beyond antibody production, as well as possibilities to specifically interfere with B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonca E Karahan
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Frans H J Claas
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Heidt
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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89
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Rizzi M, Lorenzetti R, Fischer K, Staniek J, Janowska I, Troilo A, Strohmeier V, Erlacher M, Kunze M, Bannert B, Kyburz D, Voll RE, Venhoff N, Thiel J. Impact of tofacitinib treatment on human B-cells in vitro and in vivo. J Autoimmun 2016; 77:55-66. [PMID: 27793425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
B-cells are pivotal to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and tofacitinib, a JAK inhibitor, is effective and safe in its treatment. Tofacitinib interferes with signal transduction via cytokine receptors using the common γ-chain. Despite extensive data on T-lymphocytes, the impact of tofacitinib on B-lymphocytes is poorly understood. In this study we assessed the effect of tofacitinib on B-lymphocyte differentiation and function. Tofacitinib treatment strongly impaired in vitro plasmablast development, immunoglobulin secretion and induction of B-cell fate determining transcription factors, Blimp-1, Xbp-1, and IRF-4, in naïve B-cells. Interestingly, class switch and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA) induction was only slightly reduced in activated naïve B-cells. The effect of tofacitinib on plasmablast formation, immunoglobulin secretion and proliferation was less profound, when peripheral blood B-cells, including not only naïve but also memory B-cells, were stimulated. In line with these in vitro results, the relative distribution of B-cell populations remained stable in tofacitinib treated patients. Nevertheless, a temporary increase in absolute B-cell numbers was observed 6-8 weeks after start of treatment. In addition, B-cells isolated from tofacitinib treated patients responded rapidly to in vitro activation. We demonstrate that tofacitinib has a direct impact on human naïve B-lymphocytes, independently from its effect on T-lymphocytes, by impairing their development into plasmablasts and immunoglobulin secretion. The major effect of tofacitinib on naïve B-lymphocyte development points to the potential inability of tofacitinib-treated patients to respond to novel antigens, and suggests planning vaccination strategies prior to tofacitinib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rizzi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Raquel Lorenzetti
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathleen Fischer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Staniek
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iga Janowska
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arianna Troilo
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Valentina Strohmeier
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Erlacher
- Clinic for Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mirjam Kunze
- Department of Gynaecology, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Bannert
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Rheumatology, University of Basel, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Kyburz
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Basel, Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard E Voll
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nils Venhoff
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Thiel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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90
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Park MS, Kim JI, Park S, Lee I, Park MS. Original Antigenic Sin Response to RNA Viruses and Antiviral Immunity. Immune Netw 2016; 16:261-270. [PMID: 27799871 PMCID: PMC5086450 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.5.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immune system has evolved to fight against foreign pathogens. It plays a central role in the body's defense mechanism. However, the immune memory geared to fight off a previously recognized pathogen, tends to remember an original form of the pathogen when a variant form subsequently invades. This has been termed 'original antigenic sin'. This adverse immunological effect can alter vaccine effectiveness and sometimes cause enhanced pathogenicity or additional inflammatory responses, according to the type of pathogen and the circumstances of infection. Here we aim to give a simplified conceptual understanding of virus infection and original antigenic sin by comparing and contrasting the two examples of recurring infections such as influenza and dengue viruses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Sook Park
- Department of Microbiology, The Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, The Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sehee Park
- Department of Microbiology, The Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Ilseob Lee
- Department of Microbiology, The Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, The Institute of Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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91
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Vijayan D, Mohd Redzwan N, Avery DT, Wirasinha RC, Brink R, Walters G, Adelstein S, Kobayashi M, Gray P, Elliott M, Wong M, King C, Vinuesa CG, Ghilardi N, Ma CS, Tangye SG, Batten M. IL-27 Directly Enhances Germinal Center B Cell Activity and Potentiates Lupus in Sanroque Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3008-3017. [PMID: 27619997 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GC) give rise to high-affinity and long-lived Abs and are critical in immunity and autoimmunity. IL-27 supports GCs by promoting survival and function of T follicular helper cells. We demonstrate that IL-27 also directly enhances GC B cell function. Exposure of naive human B cells to rIL-27 during in vitro activation enhanced their differentiation into CD20+CD38+CD27lowCD95+CD10+ cells, consistent with the surface marker phenotype of GC B cells. This effect was inhibited by loss-of-function mutations in STAT1 but not STAT3 To extend these findings, we studied the in vivo effects of IL-27 signals to B cells in the GC-driven Roquinsan/san lupus mouse model. Il27ra-/-Roquinsan/san mice exhibited significantly reduced GCs, IgG2a(c)+ autoantibodies, and nephritis. Mixed bone marrow chimeras confirmed that IL-27 acts through B cell- and CD4+ T cell-intrinsic mechanisms to support GCs and alter the production of pathogenic Ig isotypes. To our knowledge, our data provide the first evidence that IL-27 signals directly to B cells promote GCs and support the role of IL-27 in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Vijayan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Norhanani Mohd Redzwan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Danielle T Avery
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Rushika C Wirasinha
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Robert Brink
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Giles Walters
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2605, Australia.,Australian National University Medical School, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen Adelstein
- Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Masao Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Paul Gray
- University of New South Wales School of Women's and Children's Health, Sydney, New South Wales 2031, Australia
| | - Michael Elliott
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Melanie Wong
- Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia; and
| | - Cecile King
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Nico Ghilardi
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Marcel Batten
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; .,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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92
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Moens L, Kane A, Tangye SG. Naïve and memory B cells exhibit distinct biochemical responses following BCR engagement. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:774-86. [PMID: 27101923 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is characterized by the rapid reactivation of memory B cells that produce large quantities of high-affinity antigen-specific antibodies. This contrasts the response of naïve B cells, and the primary immune response, which is much slower and of lower affinity. Memory responses are critical for protection against infectious diseases and form the basis of most currently available vaccines. Although we have known about the phenomenon of long-lived memory for centuries, the biochemical differences underlying these diverse responses of naïve and memory B cells is incompletely resolved. Here we investigated the nature of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling in human splenic naïve, IgM(+) memory and isotype-switched memory B cells following multivalent BCR crosslinking. We observed comparable rapid and transient phosphorylation kinetics for proximal (phosphotyrosine and spleen tyrosine kinase) and propagation (B-cell linker, phospholipase Cγ2) signaling components in these different B-cell subsets. However, the magnitude of activation of downstream components of the BCR signaling pathway were greater in memory compared with naïve cells. Although no differences were observed in the magnitude of Ca(2+) mobilization between subsets, IgM(+) memory B cells exhibited a more rapid Ca(2+) mobilization and a greater depletion of the Ca(2+) endoplasmic reticulum stores, while IgG(+) memory B cells had a prolonged Ca(2+) uptake. Collectively, our findings show that intrinsic signaling features of B-cell subsets contribute to the robust response of human memory B cells over naïve B cells. This has implications for our understanding of memory B-cell responses and provides a framework to modulate these responses in the setting of vaccination and immunopathologies, such as immunodeficiency and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Moens
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alisa Kane
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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93
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Diverse activation and differentiation of multiple B-cell subsets in patients with atopic dermatitis but not in patients with psoriasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 137:118-129.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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94
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Claes N, Fraussen J, Stinissen P, Hupperts R, Somers V. B Cells Are Multifunctional Players in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis: Insights from Therapeutic Interventions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:642. [PMID: 26734009 PMCID: PMC4685142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by autoimmune inflammation and neurodegeneration. Historically, damage to the CNS was thought to be mediated predominantly by activated pro-inflammatory T cells. B cell involvement in the pathogenesis of MS was solely attributed to autoantibody production. The first clues for the involvement of antibody-independent B cell functions in MS pathology came from positive results in clinical trials of the B cell-depleting treatment rituximab in patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) MS. The survival of antibody-secreting plasma cells and decrease in T cell numbers indicated the importance of other B cell functions in MS such as antigen presentation, costimulation, and cytokine production. Rituximab provided us with an example of how clinical trials can lead to new research opportunities concerning B cell biology. Moreover, analysis of the antibody-independent B cell functions in MS has gained interest since these trials. Limited information is present on the effects of current immunomodulatory therapies on B cell functions, although effects of both first-line (interferon, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, and teriflunomide), second-line (fingolimod, natalizumab), and even third-line (monoclonal antibody therapies) treatments on B cell subtype distribution, expression of functional surface markers, and secretion of different cytokines by B cells have been studied to some extent. In this review, we summarize the effects of different MS-related treatments on B cell functions that have been described up to now in order to find new research opportunities and contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Claes
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences , Diepenbeek , Belgium
| | - Judith Fraussen
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences , Diepenbeek , Belgium
| | - Piet Stinissen
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences , Diepenbeek , Belgium
| | - Raymond Hupperts
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Academic MS Center Limburg, Zuyderland Medisch Centrum, Sittard, Netherlands
| | - Veerle Somers
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences , Diepenbeek , Belgium
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95
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Vásquez C, Franco MA, Angel J. Rapid Proliferation and Differentiation of a Subset of Circulating IgM Memory B Cells to a CpG/Cytokine Stimulus In Vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139718. [PMID: 26439739 PMCID: PMC4595470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating human IgM expressing memory B cells have been incompletely characterized. Here, we compared the phenotype and in vitro functional response (capacity to proliferate and differentiate to antibody secreting cells) in response to CpG and a cytokine cocktail (IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10) of sorted naïve B cells, IgM memory B cells and isotype-switched circulating memory B cells. Compared to naïve B cells, IgM memory B cells had lower integrated mean fluorescence intensity (iMFI) of BAFF-R, CD38, CD73, and IL-21R, but higher iMFI of CD95, CD11c, TLR9, PD-1, and CD122. Compared to switched memory B cells, IgM memory B cells had higher iMFI of BAFF-R, PD-1, IL-21R, TLR9, and CD122, but lower iMFI of CD38, CD95, and CD73. Four days after receiving the CpG/cytokine cocktail, higher frequencies of IgM than switched memory B cells—and these in turn greater than naïve cells—proliferated and differentiated to antibody secreting cells. At this time point, a small percentage (median of 7.6%) of stimulated IgM memory B cells changed isotype to IgG. Thus, among the heterogeneous population of human circulating IgM memory B cells a subset is capable of a rapid functional response to a CpG/cytokine stimulus in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Vásquez
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel A. Franco
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juana Angel
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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96
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Fuery A, Richmond PC, Currie AJ. Human Infant Memory B Cell and CD4+ T Cell Responses to HibMenCY-TT Glyco-Conjugate Vaccine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133126. [PMID: 26191794 PMCID: PMC4507978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carrier-specific T cell and polysaccharide-specific B cell memory responses are not well characterised in infants following glyco-conjugate vaccination. We aimed to determine if the number of Meningococcal (Men) C- and Y- specific memory B cells and; number and quality of Tetanus Toxoid (TT) carrier-specific memory CD4+ T cells are associated with polysaccharide-specific IgG post HibMenCY-TT vaccination. Healthy infants received HibMenCY-TT vaccine at 2, 4 and 6 months with a booster at 12 months. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and polysaccharide-specific memory B cells enumerated using ELISpot. TT-specific memory CD4+ T cells were detected and phenotyped based on CD154 expression and intracellular TNF-α, IL-2 and IFN-γ expression following stimulation. Functional polysaccharide-specific IgG titres were measured using the serum bactericidal activity (SBA) assay. Polysaccharide-specific Men C- but not Men Y- specific memory B cell frequencies pre-boost (12 months) were significantly associated with post-boost (13 months) SBA titres. Regression analysis showed no association between memory B cell frequencies post-priming (at 6 or 7 months) and SBA at 12 months or 13 months. TT-specific CD4+ T cells were detected at frequencies between 0.001 and 0.112 as a percentage of CD3+ T cells, but their numbers were not associated with SBA titres. There were significant negative associations between SBA titres at M13 and cytokine expression at M7 and M12. Conclusion: Induction of persistent polysaccharide-specific memory B cells prior to boosting is an important determinant of secondary IgG responses in infants. However, polysaccharide-specific functional IgG responses appear to be independent of the number and quality of circulating carrier-specific CD4+ T cells after priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Fuery
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Peter C. Richmond
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Perth, WA 6008, Australia
- Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Currie
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
- * E-mail:
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97
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Gavillet BM, Mondoulet L, Dhelft V, Eberhardt CS, Auderset F, Pham HT, Petre J, Lambert PH, Benhamou PH, Siegrist CA. Needle-free and adjuvant-free epicutaneous boosting of pertussis immunity: Preclinical proof of concept. Vaccine 2015; 33:3450-5. [PMID: 26067183 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The limited durability of pertussis vaccine-induced protection requires novel approaches to reactivate immunity and limit pertussis resurgence in older children and adults. We propose that periodic boosters could be delivered using a novel epicutaneous delivery system (Viaskin) to deliver optimized pertussis antigens such as genetically-detoxified pertussis toxin (rPT). To best mimic the human situation in which vaccine-induced memory cells persist, whereas antibodies wane, we developed a novel adoptive transfer murine model of pertussis immunity. This allowed demonstrating that a single application of Viaskin delivering rPT and/or pertactin and filamentous hemagglutinin effectively reactivates vaccine-induced pertussis immunity and protects against Bordetella pertussis challenge. Recalling pertussis immunity without needles nor adjuvant may considerably facilitate the acceptance and application of periodic boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatris Mastelic Gavillet
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Lucie Mondoulet
- DBV Technologies, Green Square, 80/84 rue des Meuniers, 92220 Bagneux, France
| | - Véronique Dhelft
- DBV Technologies, Green Square, 80/84 rue des Meuniers, 92220 Bagneux, France
| | - Christiane Sigrid Eberhardt
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Floriane Auderset
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hong Thai Pham
- BioNet-Asia Co., Ltd., 19 Udomsuk 37, Sukhumvit 103, Bangjak, Prakanong, Bangkok 10260, Thailand
| | - Jean Petre
- BioNet-Asia Co., Ltd., 19 Udomsuk 37, Sukhumvit 103, Bangjak, Prakanong, Bangkok 10260, Thailand
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Vaccine Immunology, Departments of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Jasiulewicz A, Lisowska KA, Pietruczuk K, Frąckowiak J, Fulop T, Witkowski JM. Homeostatic 'bystander' proliferation of human peripheral blood B cells in response to polyclonal T-cell stimulation in vitro. Int Immunol 2015; 27:579-88. [PMID: 25995267 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of maintenance of adequate numbers of B lymphocytes and of protective levels of immunoglobulins in the absence of antigenic (re)stimulation remain not fully understood. Meanwhile, our results presented here show that both peripheral blood naive and memory B cells can be activated strongly and non-specifically (in a mitogen-like fashion) in 5-day in vitro cultures of anti-CD3- or concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy people. This polyclonal, bystander activation of the B cells includes multiple divisions of most of them (assessed here by the flow cytometric technique of dividing cell tracking) and significant antibody [immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG] secretion. Observed proliferation of the CD19(+) B cells depends on contact with stimulated T helper (Th) cells (via CD40-CD40L interaction) and on the response of B cells to secreted interleukins IL-5, IL-10 and IL-4, and is correlated with the levels of these Th-derived molecules, while it does not involve the ligation of the BCR/CD19 complex. We suggest that the effect might reflect the situation occurring in vivo as the homeostatic proliferation of otherwise non-stimulated, peripheral B lymphocytes, providing an always ready pool for efficient antibody production to any new (or cognate) antigen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jasiulewicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna A Lisowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Pietruczuk
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Frąckowiak
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
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99
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Wong KJ, Timbrell V, Xi Y, Upham JW, Collins AM, Davies JM. IgE+ B cells are scarce, but allergen-specific B cells with a memory phenotype circulate in patients with allergic rhinitis. Allergy 2015; 70:420-8. [PMID: 25556717 DOI: 10.1111/all.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the critical role of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in allergy, circulating IgE+ B cells are scarce. Here, we describe in patients with allergic rhinitis B cells with a memory phenotype responding to a prototypic aeroallergen. METHODS Fifteen allergic rhinitis patients with grass pollen allergy and 13 control subjects were examined. Blood mononuclear cells stained with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) were cultured with Bahia grass pollen. Proliferation and phenotype were assessed by multicolour flow cytometry. RESULTS In blood of allergic rhinitis patients with high serum IgE to grass pollen, most IgE(hi) cells were CD123+ HLA-DR(-) basophils, with IgE for the major pollen allergen (Pas n 1). Both B and T cells from pollen-allergic donors showed higher proliferation to grass pollen than nonallergic donors (P = 0.002, and 0.010, respectively), whereas responses to vaccine antigens and mitogen did not differ between groups. Allergen-driven B cells that divided rapidly (CD19(mid) CD3(-) CFSE(lo) ) showed higher CD27 (P = 0.008) and lower CD19 (P = 0.004) and CD20 (P = 0.004) expression than B cells that were slow to respond to allergen (CD19(hi) CD3(-) CFSE(mid) ). Moreover, rapidly dividing allergen-driven B cells (CD19(mid) CFSE(lo) CD27(hi) ) showed higher expression of the plasmablast marker CD38 compared with B cells (CD19(hi) CFSE(mid) CD27(lo) ) that were slow to divide. CONCLUSION Patients with pollen allergy but not control donors have a population of circulating allergen-specific B cells with the phenotype and functional properties of adaptive memory B-cell responses. These cells could provide precursors for allergen-specific IgE production upon allergen re-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. J. Wong
- Lung and Allergy Research Centre; School of Medicine; The University of Queensland; Woolloongabba Qld Australia
| | - V. Timbrell
- Lung and Allergy Research Centre; School of Medicine; The University of Queensland; Woolloongabba Qld Australia
| | - Y. Xi
- Lung and Allergy Research Centre; School of Medicine; The University of Queensland; Woolloongabba Qld Australia
| | - J. W. Upham
- Lung and Allergy Research Centre; School of Medicine; The University of Queensland; Woolloongabba Qld Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine; Princess Alexandra Hospital; Woolloongabba Qld Australia
| | - A. M. Collins
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; University of New South Wales; Kensington NSW Australia
| | - J. M. Davies
- Lung and Allergy Research Centre; School of Medicine; The University of Queensland; Woolloongabba Qld Australia
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100
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Rozovski U, Grgurevic S, Bueso-Ramos C, Harris DM, Li P, Liu Z, Wu JY, Jain P, Wierda W, Burger J, O'Brien S, Jain N, Ferrajoli A, Keating MJ, Estrov Z. Aberrant LPL Expression, Driven by STAT3, Mediates Free Fatty Acid Metabolism in CLL Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:944-53. [PMID: 25733697 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED While reviewing chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) bone marrow slides, we identified cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles in CLL cells but not in normal B cells. Because lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which catalyzes hydrolysis of triglycerides into free fatty acids (FFA), is aberrantly expressed in CLL, we investigated whether LPL regulates the oxidative metabolic capacity of CLL cells. We found that unlike normal B cells, CLL cells metabolize FFAs. Because STAT3 is constitutively activated in CLL cells and because we identified putative STAT3 binding sites in the LPL promoter, we sought to determine whether STAT3 drives the aberrant expression of LPL. Transfection of luciferase reporter gene constructs driven by LPL promoter fragments into MM1 cells revealed that STAT3 activates the LPL promoter. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed that STAT3 binds to the LPL promoter. Furthermore, transfection of CLL cells with STAT3-shRNA downregulated LPL transcripts and protein levels, confirming that STAT3 activates the LPL gene. Finally, transfection of CLL cells with LPL-siRNAs decreased the capacity of CLL cells to oxidize FFAs and reduced cell viability. IMPLICATIONS Our study suggests that CLL cells adopt their metabolism to oxidize FFA. Activated STAT3 induces LPL, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides into FFA. Therefore, inhibition of STAT3 is likely to prevent the capacity of CLL cells to utilize FFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Rozovski
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Srdana Grgurevic
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Carlos Bueso-Ramos
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David M Harris
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ji Yuan Wu
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Preetesh Jain
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - William Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jan Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan O'Brien
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nitin Jain
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Alessandra Ferrajoli
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael J Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zeev Estrov
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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